Ⅰ 英语写作能力包括哪些方面
要写出优秀的英语文章,首先必须对语法掌握透彻、保证绝不会出现语法错误,然后就是专有一个属较高的词汇量,这是最基础的两点;接下来就是看你对英语中常用的短语、句型等熟悉与否;到这儿,其实就能写出词汇丰富,语法正确和表达通顺的文章了,其实已经很不错了。
但是能让文章非常优秀而地道的关键,就看你对英语中惯用的句型和表达方式熟不熟悉,能不能得心应手的使用;很多学外语的人都知道,不同语言中对同样意思的表达是千差万别的,所以有时候一些中文句子直译成英语,虽然并没有词汇语法错误,但是总觉得有"中式英语"的感觉,那就是因为在翻译过程中没有对表达方式进行相应的转换。例如"你现在靠自己了",可能大部分会翻译为"You depend on yourself now.",是完全正确的,但如果翻译成"You're on your own now."是不是更好?
Ⅱ 关于如何提高英语写作能力的英语作文
应试作文的话看范文就可以了,
一般提高作文能力有一下几个办法:
1。引用谚语内
2。使用常用短语容和句型 eg:enable sb to do/deprive one of sth
3。作比较 on the other hand
4。关联词 therefore/so
5。用明确词表明自己观点 to the best of my knowledge
6。常用序数词 eg first second
7。作文指导网络eag英语培训
Ⅲ 如何提高英语写作能力 英语作文
一般咱们在写到图画类或图表类作文时,首先应该描述图画或者图表的内容。可是很多同学不知道该用怎样的句式开头,以下几个句式,大家可以学习:
1。 As is symbolically illustrated in the cartoon …
2。 As is shown in the pie chart…
这两个句式用as引导的非限定性定语从句引出图画或图表内容,意为“漫画以象征的手法为我们阐述了一个观点……”,“正如饼状图显示的那样……”。
3。 From the picture we can see…
该句式中的亮点是将介词短语做状语置于句首,不影响句子的整体结构。
4。 Portrayed in the set of drawings above are/is…
5。 Emerging from the drawing is a miracle:…
6。 Described by the bar chart above are/is…
这三个句式都是倒装结构,非常漂亮。放在篇首,能够在茫茫考卷中,吸引阅读组老师的眼球,分数定会提升。
7。 The cartoonist laid out the image elaborately, placing。。。at the center of picture。
8。 The implication conveyed in the cartoon is that…
这两个句式中使用了分词结构placing…和conveyed。大家在学专升本语法时,知道分词结构是专升本英语中的高频考点。如果在写作中能够灵活运用这一高频考点,阅读组老师自然会觉得咱们考生功底深厚,作文定能得到理想分数。
9。 The photo exhibits us an eye-catching scene:…
该句式用特殊标点符号(冒号)引出图画描述的具体内容。这样的句式,比较方便,考生使用起来比较灵活。
首段图画或图表内容描述清楚后,一定要在作文中提出自己对该现象或者哲理的看法或观点,这样的作文才有深度。
一想到提出看法、观点,同学们脑海中立刻浮现的句式“ in my opinion”,” from my point of view”,“as far as I am concerned”…。这些句式太过于平凡,无法让阅卷组老师眼前一亮。那怎样让阅卷组老师欢喜呢?以下几个句式,供大家学习:
1。 It is undeniable that…(不可否认……)
2。 It is obvious that…(明显的是……)
3。 It occurs to me that…(我想到……)
4。 I give my vote to the former/ the latter opinion。 (我同意前者/后者的观点)
5。 be supported by sound reasons(有充分的理由支持)
6。 As the proverb goes…(正如谚语所说……)
Ⅳ 英语写作:是能力重要还是学历重要
In my opinion, diploma may be more important in the old time of China since there were few university students, while it is not the same case today.
The importance of ability and diploma both depends on how it is recognized by the company or how it is related to the employees’ salaries. A person who holds a diploma is considered to be higher ecated and thus relatively has higher opportunity to enter the door of a company. However, it becomes worthless if the person is lack of practical ability. As there are too many graates, most of the companies prefer give an interview to choose the abler one, instead of offering training afterward. It happens because employers think a good academic student may not be good at using their knowledge in the workplace.
Therefore, the trend of companies’ recruitment system indicates that ability becomes more and more important nowadays.
在我看来,文凭也许在中国的旧社会中显得更加重要,因为那时只有很少的大学生,但今时今日已经不同了。
能力和学历哪一个更重要取决于哪一个更被公司认可,或者哪一个更能和员工的工资挂钩。一个持有文凭的人被认为是经过高等教育的,因此会有相对高一些的机会踏入公司门槛,但是如果这个人非常缺乏实践能力,文凭也会显得一文不值。因为现在有太多的大学生了,大多数公司都会采取面试的方式筛选较有能力的人,而不是招聘过后才慢慢培训。这是因为现在的雇主会认为一个学术方面很优秀的学生未必能够在工作岗位上运用他们的知识。
因此,从公司的应征新人的系统趋势就可以看出,个人能力在现今变得越来越重要了。
自己刚写的,希望可以帮到你。
Ⅳ 如何提高英语作文的写作能力
一、提高英语作文的写作能力的方法:
写作素材的选择上, 我们可以充分利用课本文章的阅读从而培养学生的写作能力。
英语课本教材的教学目的就在于培养学生的阅读理解和写作思维能力,从课本所选的题材上看它反映了英语国家的历史、地理、文化习俗, 风土人情、名人故事、戏剧文学、广告,还有关于生物、体育、保险和世界粮食等方面的内容,课文的体裁有叙述文、传记、故事、报道、说明文等,文章在选材上更具有时代感,其思想性、知识性和真实性。这些都与考纲相吻合,课文后安排有大量的课文理解练习。如回答问题、排列顺序、判断正误、说明指代、课文缩写、添加标题等,由此我们认为,教材本身就是非常好的培养学生阅读理解和写作能力的素材、并具不可替代的作用,所以我们对教材应充分地利用和把握,我们的具体的做法是对于每一篇课文我们首先是把它作为一篇阅读材料来处理,其次才讲解其中的语言点,而决了不是只把它看作是几个语言点的载体——把几个语言点摘出来一说就过去了,然后再进行模仿写作,比如把课文某些段落让学生读后根据自己的理解译成中文,再让学生看着自己写的中文译回英文,通过自己的英文与课文进行对照比较,找到自己在写作和句子表达上的不足,从而提高自己的写作思维能力。
要通过阅读着眼写作,学会写作首先要理解作者的写作思路。
教学中我们发现学生在阅读方法上存在最大的问题是“ 只见树木不见森林”学生往往错误地认为把每个句子都读懂了,就是理解了文章主旨,实际上并没有明白作者的真正写作意图,也就是阅读出发点就是为了读,而不是写。所以我们经常向学生强调,要想提高自己的写作,首先要去理解所读文章每一句话的含义,更要明白每个句子在文中的地位和作用,还要弄清句与句,段与段之间的逻辑关系,看清文章的结构及作者的思路,文章的中心是什么,作者是怎样围绕中心展开叙述的,作者的观点和态度是怎样的以及他的写作目的是什么,只有把这些问题都搞清了才算是真正理解了文章,才能去指导学生自己的写作。这对于别人和自己的错误和不同表达的优劣就能一目了然,集众家所长,非常有助于总体的提高。此种做法落实了写作的训练,使平时在家不愿意练写作的学生也不得不写,同时也省去教师占用大量课外时间去逐篇批改错误基本相同的作文。
我们可以进行与阅读结合的以写作为目的的课文听写、默写和背诵训练。
(1)首先做好课文的听写和默写练习。
听写和默写练习,一般可在每一单元教完之后进行。背诵是写作的基础。我们要求学生背课本上的精彩章节和“新概念英语”上的短文以及一些常见常用的复杂句型。如给学生总结了10大名句并要求熟记。总之,让学生凭自己的能力与摸索解决新问题,掌握新知识。在此过程中学生的英文思维写作能力也得以真正提高。
(2)读与写相结合, 把阅读的成果应用到写作中去。
俗话说,读书破万卷,下笔如有神。这句话正是反映出读与写之间的逻辑关系,试想没有输入,何谈输出呢,不阅读,就像人不吸收营养,即使写出来的文章也是干巴巴缺少养分的。还有一句话,熟读唐诗三百首,不会作诗也会吟。我们前面强调了读的重要性以及读对写的促进作用,但是只有把两者结合起来,读才能起到它应有的作用,这就要求我们在写作时把阅读当中获得的好的词汇、句子或者表达方式运用到自己的写作中来,使得自己的写作不断提高。有了阅读素材的积累之后接下来就是要写了。大脑里有了东西写就好写了,给题目之后每个学生都能凑上一百来字数,可是,要论文章水平就难说了。如果平时课堂上一次都不训练,教师对学生作文一次都不进行针对性的纠错和批改,学生的写作还是提不上去的。那么,如何能够在短时间内提高学生写作水平呢?具体如何训练才能把两者有机结合起来呢?
通过阅读积累丰富学生自己的写作词库
(1)很多学生认为作文训练的开始是在高三,但事实上整个中学阶段英语的学习过程都为高三考试作文的完美呈现提供了有力的支持。在高考阅卷当中,很多老师愕然于学生表达的苍白。在表达观点的语句中,诸如“ I think A i s good,but B i s notgood.”的句子,略作改变我们可以把它调整A is just to the point in claiming that.,A plays a crucial role in the forming ofa good(character,society)等等,当然我们可以非常简单的把问题归结到学生不会变通,思维具有局限性,不过真正原因恐怕是缺乏必要的知识输入,即大量的课内和课外阅读。再例如big这样一个简单单词我们通过阅读可以在不同的文章和语境中搜集到: large 、huge 、vast 、great 、immense 、“ 大”的含义的词,当然max也都可以解释“大”而用到不同的语境之中。再就是通过作文对相关词汇的学习和收集;这就可以从两个方面加以总结和学习。
(2)是常见主题词汇的联系:我们可以使用一些brainstorm的办法,比如提出environment从而带出pollution,atmosphere,greenpeace,recycle等等词汇。其二是有些与写作相关的连接词和表达词的积累:如排序用词:first,second,last but not least;连接词what is more,fur ther more,on theother hand;表达关键性的词汇.plays thepr imary role in.,表达显示内容的词汇:the simple picture reveals a profound truththat.
在阅读基础上针对写作目的的句子翻译训练
高考书面表达尽管一共也不过十几个句子,但这绝非是简单的“中译英”,高考对此提出了较高的要求,这就要求我们在平时的阅读中注意学习地道规范的好句子,然后再通过句子翻译训练,运用到不同要求的写作中。例如,2007年高考英语关于礼物的作文,某同学想要表达:赠送礼物的目的主要是为了表达对朋友的关心,同是这件礼物也是显示两人多年友谊的象征。I presentthi s gi f t as a symbol of our e ternalfriendship,thus showing my sincere concernfor your situation.在这个长句当中,对于句式的使用,分词的判断和运用都和翻译的功力有关。没有阅读的积累难以写出这样地道的句子。又如在表达义群时国人喜欢使用短句平行结构,而英语则会用长句定从句,同时也有一个句子结构顺序的问题。
始于阅读而见于写作的必要的英文思维训练
(1)我们在这里不得不承认,很多学生在语言基础和写作能力上存在一定的差距,一个有词汇量会翻译的学生未必就是一个写作高手。因为作文过程中毕竟还存在一个思维的过程。曾经在课上和学生讨论到写作的问题,比如给出“控制私车数量”这一主题时,学生往往很难讲出除了“ 环保”以外的原因,也正应如此学生习作的时候往往会给人“绕”的印象。往往在平时进行一些横纵两个方向的“ 为什么”类的思维训练时有相当大的益处的。仍以此前的题目为例:纵向上我们可以想到私车对于个人来说不是每人都可以获得的奢侈品,对于社会发展来说,过多的车辆是不利于公共系统的进步的,对于环境来说是不利于环境保护的;横向上来说可以从个人,集体和社会可以做些什么事情来改变这个社会问题。
(2)有位名人曾说过“: 好的先生不是教书,不是教学生,乃是教学生学”。写作中通过设疑创设情境,让学生积极运用所学的知识,大胆英语思维对于写作是有帮助的。如:为了教给学生写作中过去进行时的运用,出示一副简笔画有关一位学生在学习的情况,而旁边有他的爸爸在看报。我们可以组织学生们看图说话并积极用英文发言,把同学们的发言稿整理下来就是一篇不错的英文习作。无论是听说还是读写教学,学生应该始终是课堂学习活动的主体,教师应注重培养学生英语思维能力,让他们更多地自主学习、独立思维的时间与空间;让学生在学习中学会用正确的英文表达习惯,以达到英文思维的意识,和规范流畅表达的目的。
二、写作步骤
认真审题,确定文体和时态,细读要点,清楚词数要求。
确定文章层次,要点描写全面,适当过渡,不要太过随意发挥。
先打草稿,通读修改后再抄写,字迹必须要工整。
三、写作技巧
学生认真审题后,常规情况要总体把握,要点描述要齐全,不能有遗漏;正确选择使用人称时态,逻辑要清楚;组词成句,语法要正确;组句成文,过渡要自然,要有条理有层次;遇到不会写或没学过的词,找学过的同义词代替,或者换个表达方式;训练学生适当使用从句。熟能生巧,只要我们坚持要求学生每次完成写作练习时都要按照这些写作技巧去做,学生的写作技巧就能提高。
初学一门外语,运用过程中错误是难免的,有些学生出的错是我们所料不及的,所以教师对学生的作文进行点评也很重要。学生交的作文我们要及时批阅并及时总结,表扬写得好的作文或句子,指出普遍存在的问题,并找出一些代表性的句子让学生改错,一减少类似错误的重复出现,随后展示好的作文和一些佳句,可装订成册也可在教室墙上开辟一个“优秀写作园地”,把写的好的作文张贴出来,让学生互相学习,不断改进。
Ⅵ 英语写作在英语学习中的重要性
别急 会把英语写作能力提高的
谈谈如何提高英语写作能力
关键词:英语写作能力 原则 方法
引言:英语写作能力是英语听、说、读、写四种基本能力之一,英语写作能有效地促进语言知识的内化。Swain(1985)提出“可理解输出”假设,认为包括写在内的语言产生性运用有助于学习者检验目的语句法结构和词语的使用,促进语言运用的自动化,有效地达到了语言习得的目的。通过写作,英语知识不断得到巩固并内在化,有利于英语技能的全面发展。但是,英语写作又是广大英语学习者最感头痛的问题之一,且容易被教师忽视,笔者以为如何提高英语写作能力值得我们认真研究。本文就此谈谈初浅的看法。
一、提高英语写作能力的原则
(一)渐进性原则。要坚持“句—段—篇”的训练程序,由易到难,循序渐进。在英语写作的初始阶段,要始终注意培养学生良好的写作习惯,狠抓基本功训练。在学生掌握了基本句型并能写出简单句子后,再要求学生根据一些体例写出小段的文章。在段落写作中要引导学生分析段落的结构、段落的中心句、句与句之间的逻辑关系、写作手法等,这样有利于下一步一篇文章的写作。在文章写作中要教会学生如何构思文章、如何运用正确的写作技巧等。
(二)多样性原则。要坚持训练形式的多样化及写作文体的多样性。从形式上而言,可以用回答提问的口头作文,也可以用续写故事;可以改写课文,也可以仿写课文;可以写提纲训练谋篇布局,也可以写拓展段训练发散思维……。从文体上而言,可以写说明文、议论文、记叙文,也可以写书信、便条、通知等实用文体。
(三)结合性原则。要坚持听说读训练和写训练相结合。根据语言习得理论,学习者在学习时常先通过听和读吸取语言知识,从而了解别人的思想,再通过说和写来表达自己的思想,让别人了解自己。大量的听说训练能促进读写能力的提高。因此,写与听说读紧密结合,进行多元化的能力训练,可使学生的各项能力互相影响、互相渗透、互相促进。
(四)控制性原则。要坚持写作前的指导,控制学生的汉语语言思维,发展英语语言思维。语言学习在很大程度上主要是模仿,而非随心所欲地自由表达。教师要加强写作前的指导,可给出范文让学生模仿,以熟悉其语篇结构。同时要控制其汉语语言思维,尽可能让学生习惯英语语言思维,以便于学生学习和掌握地道、正确的英语。
(五)持久性原则。要坚持长期、正确的写作训练。英语写作能力的提高并非一朝一夕之事,而是一个长期的、艰巨的、渐进的过程。这就要求教师、学生都要有充分的思想准备,要有坚韧不拔的意志和必胜的信心。
二、提高英语写作能力的方法。
(一)通过积累词汇量,提高英语写作能力。犹如土木砖石是建筑的材料一样,词汇是说话写作的必需材料,也是制约写作能力提高的瓶颈。可以想象,如果要写一个句子,10个单词有8个单词拼写错误或拼写不出,有2
个单词用法不当,又怎么能清楚地表达自己的思想呢?因此,在平时的教学中要强调学生记忆单词,记住单词的拼读、用法、意思等。记忆单词的方法有很多,各人有各人的记忆方法和习惯,可因人而异。教师可通过要求学生朗读单词、听写单词、默写单词、遣词造句、词汇竞赛等多种方法促进学生记单词。记忆单词是一个长期的反复的过程,要长期地坚持下去,才能不断积累大量的词汇,为英语写作打下坚实的基础。
(二)通过扩大阅读量,提高英语写作能力。古人云“熟读唐诗三百首,不会作诗也会吟”,这是汉语的一种学习方法,同样可借鉴于英语写作。多阅读是学生增加接触英语语言材料、接受信息、活跃思维、增长智力的一种途径,同时也是培养学生英语思维能力、提高理解力、增强语感、巩固和扩大词汇量的一种好方法,有利于促进英语写作能力的提高。在阅读训练中,教师要注意以下问题:一是指导阅读方法,分析文章结构、中心思想、段落中心句、写作方法等,帮助学生掌握各类文章的结构及写作方法。二要精读与泛读相结合,通过推敲优秀的文章来学会写作方法和选词用词;通过大量的泛读来吸取信息量,扩大词汇量。三要扩大阅读量。提供阅读的材料涉及面要广,才能不断扩大学生的知识面,使学生适应各种题材的写作。
(三)通过提高听说能力,提高英语写作能力。英语听说读写四种能力是相互影响、相互促进的,提高听说能力必定会促进写作能力的提高。要提高听说能力关键在于创设一个良好的英语环境。教师要尽可能地用英语授课,多开展专门的听说训练,同时开展丰富多彩的课外英语活动,让学生沉浸在英语海洋中去领略、去体会、去使用英语,久而久之,学生自然能使用正确的、地道的英语进行交谈与写作。
(四)通过重视写作过程,提高英语写作能力。长期以来,英语写作成果教学法(THE PRODUCT
APPROACH)在我国居于主导地位,教师根据写作的终成品来判断写作的成败,重视写作的技术性细节(如格式、拼写、语法等),忽视写作过程的指导。根据D.Rumechart和J.McClelland提出的连通论(Connectionism)理论,写作包括写前阶段、具体写作、文章修改三个基本过程,这三个过程并非是线性排列,而是循环往复,穿插进行的。教师只有重视加强对写作三个过程的指导,才能更好地提高英语写作能力。在写作前阶段,教师重在指导学生如何挖掘题材,训练发散性思维,以及如何选择材料、谋篇布局等。在具体写作中,教师重在指导学生如何紧扣主题、运用正确的写作方法等。在文章修改中,教师重在指导学生如何修改语法及用词的错误。
(五)通过多写英语摘要,提高英语写作能力。英语摘要是把一篇文章的要点摘录出来,用自己的语言使之独立成一篇短文,这不是简单的摘录,而是忠于原文意思的再创作。写英语摘要有利于学生了解原文的文化背景、理解原文的中心意思、弄清原文的篇章结构,从而提高学生的逻辑思维能力和谋篇布局能力。
(六)通过发展英语语言思维能力,提高英语写作能力。英语写作是运用已掌握的内在化语言知识和表达方法,通过思维进行外在化输出的创作,因此英语语言思维能力在英语写作中作用非凡。对于我国学生而言,在英语写作中易受汉语语言思维的影响,难以直接用英语语言进行思维,不利于英语写作能力的提高,因此发展其英语语言思维能力尤为重要。教师要注意对学生的英语语言思维进行多方位、多角度的训练:要采取各种方法训练学生英语语言思维的广阔性、深刻性、发散性和创造性;要教会学生用英语思考问题、回答问题;要从训练形象思维开始,逐步过渡到抽象思维训练;在课文讲解中要尽可能不用汉语翻译而用英语解释,消除汉语思维的影响;要努力创设良好的英语环境,在英语交际中发展英语思维能力。
写好英语段落的三个标准
首先,一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想,该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题(stick or hold to the topic),这就是段落的统一性(unity)。其次,一个段落必须有若干推展句,使主题思想得到充分展开,从而给读者一个完整的感觉,这就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者,一个段落不是杂乱无章的,而是有机的组合,句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑,从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅(smooth),这就是连贯性(coherence)。下面我们就对这三个标准分别加以说明。
1、统一性
一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心,任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例:
Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.
本段的主题句是段首句,controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country.文中出现两个irrelevant sentences,一个是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie,这一段是讲的是Joe and I ,中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。还有,Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。考生在四级统考的作文卷上常常因为造出irrelevant sentences(不相关语句)而丢分,值得引起注意。再看一个例子:
My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.
本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit,但段中有两个irrelevant sentences,一个是I bought two new suitcases last week,另一个是My mother was a premature baby.
从上面两个例子可以看出,native speakers同样会造出来irrelevant sentences.卷面上如果这种句子多了,造成偏题或离题,那问题就更严重了。
2、完整性
正象我们前面说得那样,一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现,如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实,就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样,虽然有推展句,但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待,给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。例如:
Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work —— you proce something rather than more anxiety or depression.
本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是“a mind in turmoil”(心境不平静)Physical work又如何能改变这种情况?为什么它能起therapy的作用?读者得不到明确的答案。由于四级统考的作文部分只要求写一篇100~120个词的三段式短文,每一段只有大约40个词左右,因此,要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。例如:
It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.
段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法,必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释,整个段落内容空洞,简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话,就可以把主题解释清楚了。比如下段:
It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming “Help”?
3、连贯性(coherence)
连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面,前者指的是内在的逻辑性,后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连,句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系;反之,只有意连而没有形连,有时行文就不够流畅。
1)、意连
段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序,不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思,边写边想,写写停停,那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。
A.按时间先后排列(chronological arrangement)
We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.
本段从“rose”(起床)写起,然后是吃早餐(“not to miss breakfast”, “closing at nine o'clock”),然后是“close to noon”,一直写到这一天结束(“By nine——”)。
B. 按位置远近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如:
From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的写法是由远及近,从远处(“from a distance”)写起,然后“get closer”,再到(“ten feet away”),最后是“inside the pagoda”……当然,按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。根据需要,也可以由近及远,由表及里等等。
C. 按逻辑关系排列(logical arrangement)
a. 按重要性顺序排列(arrangement in order of importance)
If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.
这一段谈的是表达能力,它的重要性与职业,身份有关,从“not need much skill”或“of little importance”到“more important”,最后是“most important”。
b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement)
If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that “sanguine” and “sanguinary” mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.
这一段谈的是a writer's carelessness,先给出一个general statement作为主题句,然后通过5个 ”perhaps”加以例证。
c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement)
I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.
本段的主题句是段首句,它仅提出一个问题:为什么两只猫会被搞混。然后对两者进行比较,末句才下结论。
2)、形连
行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现。请读下面这一段文字并找出文中用以承上启下的词语:
Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, ring his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graate on schele. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.
本文中起承上启下的词语有两种,一种是转换词语(transitional words or phrases),另一种是起转换作用的其他连接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有:first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally.后者依次是:he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有词汇105个,所使用的转换词语及其他连接用语共26个词,约占该段总词汇量的四分之一。由此可见,掌握好transitions不仅对行文的流(smoothness)有益,而且对于学生在半个小时内写足四级短文所要求的120个词也是不无好处的。
一个段落里如果没有transitions也就很难有coherence了。我们看下面一个例子:Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
本段中除了第6句开头出现一个起过渡作用的”it”之外,没有使用其他的过渡词语。这样,文中出现许多重复的词语,全段读起来也显得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的过渡词语来修饰的话,这一段就成了下面一个流畅连贯的段落:
Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
4、有损连贯性的几种情况:
考生在写作中经常出现下面几种错误:
1、不必要的改变时态,比如:
In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway.
2、不必要的改变单复数,比如:
Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.
3、不必要的改变人称,比如:
Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.
因此写作中,一定要注意时态,人称以及数的变化是否正确,要注意保持一致。
Ⅶ 英语写作能力
英语来作文不是单词记自得多就可以写好的,就像语文作文不是说认的字多就可以写好,而要学会巧妙运用,使你想说的话表达得更出色。单词记得多却不会写作文,就是因为不会运用,记得很死。建议多读文章,读的时候不能像做阅读一样理解意思就可以,而要专门训练自己,找出文中所有的短语和复合句、倒装句等特别句势,加深印象。这样一可以加强语感,二看得多了记得多了也就自然知道怎么用了。一句汉语翻译成英语可以有很多表达方法,都正确,但有平淡无奇和精彩之分。要写出精彩的句子其实从句的运用很重要。但简单句也不能忽视哦,不然文章会看起来太冗长。总之,我的心得就是,跟语文的一种写作技巧一样,长短结合,就显得比较耐读,比较有深度。平时的积累也是很重要的,有一些万能句势一定要记下来。我用过5.3的《高考作文写作技巧》,还是很有帮助的。
Ⅷ 写作的重要性写一篇英语作文
As is known to all, writing is an important andnecessary skill for all students. However, many students don’t reallyunderstand the true importance of writing, as they just consider writing as atask of exam. As far as I am concerned, writing has deeper importance in manyways.
众所周知,写作对所有的学生来说是一项重要和必要的技能。但是,很多学生没有真正明白写作的重要性,因为他们只把写作当做是考试的一项任务。在我看来,写作在很多方面更重要。
Firstly, improving our ability of using words is abasic function of writing. For example, in order to write a good Englishcomposition, we must use every word carefully as much as possible to ensure itscorrectness. In the process, we have improved our ability of using words andwriting skills imperceptibly. In this aspect, writing is a good way tostrengthen our ability.
首先,提高我们用词能力是写作的一个基本功能。例如,为了写好一篇英语作文,我们必须极可能谨慎使用每一个词以确保文章的正确性。在这个过程中,我们不知不觉地提高了我们用词能力和写作技巧。从这一方面来看,写作是加强能力的一个好方法。
Moreover, writing is an effective way to enlarge ourvocabulary. Different compositions we write need different vocabularies.Therefore, the more compositions we write, the more vocabularies we get. At thesame time, it is helpful to enlarge our reading.
其次,写作是扩展我们的词汇量的有效方法。我们所写的不同作文需要不同的词汇。所以,我们写得越多,我们就掌握越多的词汇。同时,这也有助于我们扩大阅读量。
And last but not the least, writing makes greatcontribution to our logical thinking and analysis ability. For one thing, towrite a good composition, we must collect and arrange writing materialssystematically so that we can show off what is essential and what is not soimportant. In the process of dealing with materials, we are also learning toanalyze and deal with the different problems. For another, it is also a processto practice our own thinking ability and form different thoughts. By dealing withall kinds of compositions, we can get in touch with more thoughts and becomewiser.
最后但不是最不重要的一点,写作对我们的逻辑思维和分析能力很有帮助。一方面,为了写好一篇作文,我们必须系统地收集和整理写作材料以便能够掌握什么事必要的,什么又不是那么重要的。在处理材料的过程中,我们也学会分析和处理不同问题。另一方面,这也是一个锻炼我们思考能力和形成不同思维的过程。通过处理各种各样的作文,我们可以接触到更多的想法从而变得更理智。
In a word, writing is an important skill, especiallyfor language learners. Thus, we should improve our writing ability as much aspossible to improve our overall levels.
总之,写作是一项重要的技能,特别是对语言学习者。因此,我们应该尽可能提高我们的学做能力以提高我们各方面水平。
Ⅸ 怎样提高自己的英语写作能力
想想以前小学的时候写作文,我们是怎么提高写作能力的?
首先是老师教你怎么分自然段,专怎么表达主题,有了基本属的骨架以后,我们再来用优美的句子填充内容,这个时候就会去买很多满分作文,优秀作文来看,背诵一些优美段落。
英语写作也是一样的,把基本架了解以后,就要多看别人写的优美文章,那些漂亮的从句,漂亮的用法,都可以跟着学,并且在自己写的时候,要把它用进去。