1. 动态评价方法主要针对什么
动态评价考虑了资金时间价值。
资产阶级经济学在分析方法上相对应的两个类别。前者研究什么是均衡状态及达到均衡状态所要求具备的条件，但不涉及达到均衡状态的过程或达到均衡状态所需要的时间，后者研究各经济变量随时间推移而不断发生的变化，探讨各经济变量调整的“时延”及其对经济体系变动的影响过程。
分析方法渊源 运用静态和动态两种分析方法去研究社会经济问题,在经济学发展史上由来已久。例如,人们在D.李嘉图的著作中，既可看到他在生产技术条件不变的假定下，研究商品价值和价格如何形成以及价格永远围绕着价值而升降的静态分析；也可看到他关于随着人口增加、农产品涨价，名义工资上涨，而利润率势必趋于下降的动态分析。J.S.密尔是第一个在经济学中区别静态和动态概念的经济学家。他的《政治经济学原理，及其在社会哲学中的若干应用》（1848）一书，就是区分为静态经济与动态经济两部分来加以论述的。
首先明确提出要用静态与动态的分析方法来研究经济学和社会经济问题的，则是美国经济学家J.B.克拉克。他在《财富的分配》（1899）一书中提出，静态经济学所研究的是一个静态社会里起作用的经济规律；在这个静态社会里，人口、生产技术、资本数量、生产组织和方法乃至消费者的欲望,都被假设为恒定不变,社会处于“静止状态”。他认为,只有在这个既有完整的组织而又不受社会进步所干扰的静态社会里,一切经济范畴（如价值标准、工资、利息、利润等）,才是“自然的”或“标准的”。而动态经济学所研究的，则是现实社会中起作用的经济规律;在现实社会里,一切事物和现象（如人类的欲望、人口、生产技术与设备、生产组织与方法、所生产的财富种类）都在不断变化。克拉克认为，静态的社会只是一种假想，实际上并不存在；动态的社会才是实际的社会。但他强调指出，在静态社会起作用的各种力量，不但在动态社会中起作用，而且是动态社会中最强大的力量；现实生活中的各种价值范畴（如价格、工资、利息等），实际上是一系列动态势力与静态势力共同作用的结果。例如,在一个盛行着竞争的市场上,虽然总是由动态势力来决定各种价值范畴（如商品价值、工资、利息等）的升降，但也总是由静态势力来驱使着各种价值范畴围绕着各自的“自然标准”而上下波动，从而使实际生活中的价格、工资、利息经常比较接近于各自的“自然标准”。
J.A.熊彼特更明确规定，静态经济学的研究对象是“经济循环”，动态经济学的研究对象
2. 静态评估方法和动态评估方法有哪些
一、静态评价法就是采用方案评价的静态指标，在不考虑资金时间价值的前题下，对项目或方案的经济效益进行计算比较的一种方法。把一个项目的费用和效益数量化，可以使我们把一系列的费用、效益概括成几个简单的指标，以便提供对一个项目进行全面的评估和决策的依据。
1、投资回收期法
回收期法又叫返本期法，或叫偿还年限法，是以项目的净收益抵偿全部投资（包括固定资产投资和流动资产投资）所需要时间的一种评价方法。对于投资者来讲，投资回收期越短越好，它是反映工业项目财务上清偿能力的重要指标。投资回收期自建设开始年算起，但也应同时写明自投产开始年算起的投资回收期。
2、追加投资回收期法（差额投资回收期）
投资回收期只用于一个方案的判断，追加投资回收期是用于两个或两个以上方案比较的一种经济评价方法。追加回收期是指一个方案比另一个方案多追加的投资，用两个方案的年成本节约额去补偿所需要的年限。若追加投资回收期小于标准投资回收期，则投资大的方案较优；反之，投资小的方案较优。
3、计算费用法
计算费用法又称最小费用总额法，这种方法就是把参与比较的各方案投资和经营费用这两项性质不同的费用，利用标准投资回收期（或标准投资效果系数）将经营费用（或投资额）折算成与投资（或经营费用）相类似的费用，然后相加再比较方案的优劣。
4、投资收益率法
投资收益率又称投资效果系数，是指项目投产后每年的净收益与总投资额的比率。
投资收益率是评价项目经济性的正指标，把求得的投资收益率与标准的投资收益率相比较，若大于标准的投资收益率，则方案是一个较优的方案。
二、动态评价方法
技术经济动态评价方法：年值法、现时价值法、内部收益率法和外部收益率、收益成本比值法。
（一）年值法
在考虑资金时间价值的条件下，计算项目在寿命期内的每年的成本或收益净值。
1. 年成本：只考虑寿命期内每年的支出成本。只用于择优（AC成越小越好）
2.净年值：考虑项目寿命期内全部现金流。既可判别可行又可择优
（二）现时价值法
1.现值成本法(PW法)：考虑寿命期内的全部费用支出的现值。只用于择优。
2.净现值法(NPV法)：考虑到收入和支出的总现值，即净现值。 既可判断可行性，又可择优。
3.净现值指数（净现值率）
注意：净将来值，净年度等值，费用年值。
4、现值法评价（优缺点）
（1）优点：直观，“量”明确．
（2）缺点：容易忽视投资的“质”的方面,多方案决策时，有利于高投资的方案．期望收益率的选取带有主观因素，选择不当，则影响决策的正确性。择优需要与其他指标（NPVI）配合。
（三）内部收益率法和外部收益率
（即资本的边际效率）指在项目寿命期内净现值为零时的贴现率。
（四）收益成本比值法
是指项目在整个寿命期内收益的等价值（年值）与成本的等价值（年值）之比．
三、静态分析和动态分析，作为进行时点分析和时期分析或过程分析的两种既有区别又有联系的分析方法，是有用的分析工具。它们可以在不同的理论指导下加以运用。在马克思主义经济理论的指导下运用静态分析和动态分析方法，有助于改进经济分析的质量。西方静态经济学和动态经济学是静态分析方法和动态分析方法分别与资产阶级庸俗经济理论相结合的产物。马歇尔的均衡价格论，作为一种静态经济理论，则是静态分析方法与边际效用论，生产费用论等庸俗理论相结合的产物；而哈罗德的动态经济学，则是动态分析方法与凯恩斯理论相结合的产物。对待这类静态经济学和动态经济学的理论，应该进行有批判的分析。
3. 英语写作评价标准是什么
五种判分标准，大家来了解下，评估评估自己的水平。
20～17分：
内容切题，包内括提纲的容全部要点;表达清楚，文字连贯;句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。文章长度符合要求。
16～13分：
内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点;表达比较清楚，文字基本连贯;句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误。文章长度符合要求。
12～10分：
内容切题，基本包括提纲的要点;表达基本清楚;句子结构和用词有少量错误。文章长度符合要求。
9～5分：
错误。文章长度基本符合要求。
4. 谁能帮我找一片英语作文叫how to appreciate(评估) the value of money
Money is not omnipotent
I was always wondered why I love money so much though I never lacking money since I was a teenager. Considered the value of society, we donnot express our desires on money no matter we are poor or wealthy. But I am keen on making money which is really hard for me to conceal.
Money is surely not omnipotent, but it must be the only one similar to omnipotent rather than others.Have you ever thought about this? The money doesn't means several notes ,but the FREEDOM.The freedom of choice, the freedom of practising your dream no matter it is crazy or unbelievable, the freedom of being your own master not the slave. Actually, I don't care how much money I own now. What caused me exciting is the process of earning money.I turst the standard to test my ability and power as IELTS can test my poor English. Money cannot buy everthing just like I cannot own everthing by myself.
Yesterday, I attend a lecture hold by Longer inistituion.I heard that if I could get 7.0 in IELTS I can rewared a scholarship for 500 RMB. I know that become another force to my second struggle. If you feel disappointed to such a snob(maybe this word is not very proper),.I am sorry and I promise I will not hurt anyone while I am kissing money.
help the poor people
Poverty, unemployment, poor sleep, seems to be running sore, and the length of the body in the United States, the rich countries are the United States of shame. At the same time, we must realize that the Americans living in poverty line is not in utter despair. I stay in the home where John is a guest Veterans. 54, no fixed. Summer time, he did in the local scenery and play a small role in the theatre. He has a pair of dexterous hands, can do carpentry, bricklayer, plumbing. I have nothing bad at home, I need not worry that John went to live in huts and told him that he would recover, he would Gu Well. I always say : "John, why do not you find? You so capable? "John always suspire :" can not find a job. After the closure of the timber instry, many workers as labour, food crafts like me who rely on such things, I can not compete. " Said to be temporary, John stayed in my home, I have lived in 1945. He often said : "You can not buy a house, otherwise I had no place to live. "I said :" No, we retired here in the future. I am here to build a communal illusion future, mutual care to. "John .... Small when their parents divorce, he early to the soldiers when no continuing school. After the soldiers returned, because people look Meanwhile, as do actors. The world may lack anything, but the lack of performers. However, John's in some local drama, live with the Dayton, Dayton did not stray artists life. One before, half a lifetime later. Now, the government money every month to his 300 pieces of food. In addition, he has no other money. Live in my house guest rooms, free of charge. As such, the poor living below the poverty line, according to the U.S. Census Bureau released this week reported that 12.7% of the total U.S. population. Poverty is living in the United States, you have to see that part. Poverty, unemployment, poor sleep, seems to be running sore, and the length of the body in the United States, the rich countries are the United States of shame. At the same time, we must realize that the Americans living in poverty line is not in utter despair. The real meaning of poverty in the United States is no quick hands, not weight, not drinking, not living. America does not have the money to go to school e to poverty or suicide cases, I am afraid, is no. American poor starvation small. On the contrary, many poor are potbellied because they eat too much popular goods of dependable quality food. Those foods are cheaper cheaper, but less health. In the United States, many government projects, non-government organizations, volunteer organizations to help poor people. In these cases, the first is a national social security system. If you are disabled, 65 years or older, who have no income or income less than 2,000 pieces of indivials, 3,000 pieces of couples, the U.S. federal government will give indivials up to 579 pounds per month, a couple 869 pounds life. In addition, the state governments have different benefits, and therefore a poor end of the grant than this number high. High degree are different, because everyone is different. If children, the federal government will also grant to each child. Therefore, many poor children to live by. Health more children, more money to the government, some people do not want to work more to the point. In the United States, children in public schools is free of charge. Free, not only free tuition and for those living below the poverty line families children, the school also provides a free lunch, free books. So, the children can go to school. In the United States, the obligation of free ecation is welcome. There are thousands of non-government organizations the United States, a variety of volunteer organizations to help the poor. This summer I came back from China, I lived on the reservation in the small city volunteer to help those in poverty or inability to cook the elderly. I participated in this project in various towns in the United States are called "wheel of rice." This is a private non-profit organizations, mainly to help those frail elderly. Any elderly can call home meal delivery to the requesting organization. Some of these meals to the local money, some places these meal is free. This summer, my specific job is to drive twice each week to deliver meals. Each week, the local newspaper will be published this week issued food menus. Encourage people to drive elderly home meal delivery all. The project in the town I live, from the collection of donations to purchase food, the preparation of food to food is the obligation of staff to do. Our small city, some 100 elderly people rely on the project along. They have no money or no ability to cook, "wheel of rice," the rice to their doorstep. Like organizations in the United States without a few of its various parts. Help those people who did not find meaningful who is the basic principle of American social life, very ordinary things.
5. 怎样才能提高英语写作水平，还有标点符号的应用呢
就写作而言，英语语言基本功具体表现在哪些方面？准备应考的学生在复习过程中，应该做好哪些工作？
第一，正确对待词汇学习语音、语法和词汇既是语言的三大要素，又是表达功能的手段，也是进行交际和思维的最重要的手段。词汇是语言体系中结构和意义的统一体，是语言的主要的基本单位。没有建筑材料就不能盖房子，同样，没有词汇的交际也是不可想象的。我国英语学习者，尤其是大学英语学习者，虽然非常重视英语词汇学习，但词汇一直是他们的难项和弱项。在英语写作方面，有的习作表现是用词过于简单、平淡、用词面窄；有的习作中出现了不少晦涩的偏词，但这些词本身可能出现搭配、贴切性等问题。因此，在学习生词时，要认真掌握词的确切含义及其用法。比如，tough一词在下面不同的搭配里，含义都有所不同。She was having a tough time with that difficult task．（艰难的时刻）He is known as a tough teacher，（严厉的老师）My boss is a tough man to convince．（顽固的人） The competiion is really tough．（激烈的）Cooperatingwith himis a tough matter．（棘手的）另外，同学们在阅读文章时，不要一味地去死记硬背艰深的生词，片面追求晦涩、偏僻词汇，应该学会欣赏“小词大意”的写法。比如，下面这些句子语言优美，意义深远，但所用的词汇几乎都是初中接触过的。If winter comes，can Spring be far behind？Government of the people，by the people，for the people．Ask not what your country can do for you，ask what you can do for your Country．当然，考研高分评分标准之一就是作文的用词面较宽。同学们平时练习写作时，要加强基本功训练，习作中语言及思想水平要尽量与自己的阅读材料相当。开始练习写作的同学，可以强行要求自己习作中有5至8处使用新学的语言点，而且在使用时要争取核对原文或字典，做到正确使用。久而久之“学以致用”的意识会越来越强，学的动力也会更强大些，写的兴趣也会更浓厚。
第二，注意通过阅读提高篇章写作水平 阅读与写作两者之间存在相互依赖、相互促进的关系。阅读应该是学习写作的基础和源泉。通过阅读，我们可以比较全面地了解和掌握词语、句型和篇章结构等知识，从而提高写作的技巧和技能。另一方面，写作要求学生用词准确、造句规范、文字连贯，表达思想清楚，因此，写作体现阅读效果，也是提高阅读效果的最好途径。语言阅读“输入”（input）量的不断扩大，必然意味着语言“输出”（outPut） 即写的能力的提高。同学们在进行读与写练习时，要注意篇章结构。一篇好的文章应该是词汇、语法、内容的完美结合。不少同学在阅读中出现“只见树木、不见森林”的现象，即通过查找字典，文章中所有单词的意思都明白了，但文章的中心大意还是不知所云。这就说明同学们缺乏篇章学习的训练。因此，同学们在阅读时，一定要注意把握文章语义整体的统一性。写作过程中，要注意选择具有表达力的主题句(topic sentence）。主题句的好坏，直接关系到文章的条理性、连贯性，甚至文章的逻辑性。主题句即表达段落大意的句子。主题句的作用就是将段落各句有机地结合在一起，保证一个段落所有细节的统一性。如果对主题句的处理欠妥，文章的结构和条理就会变得模糊不清，段落的统一性就会遭到破坏。
第三，打好语言基本功，避免“粗心语言错”众所周知，在听、说、读、写四种技能中，写最能反映一个人的语言功底。习作者的构思、论点、论据，到单词的拼写、书写、文章的结构、修辞等，都能比较全面地反映习作者的语言运用能力。但是，学生习作中却大量存在基本的语法错误。这些语法错误，如果被挑出来，拿给习作者看，他们很快知道错在哪里。如果将这些语法错误编写成正误判断题，那些习作者本人也能作出正确的判断。
“粗心语法错误”的存在，说明大学生平时虽然花在英语学习上的时间比较多，但缺乏足够的笔头练习，而且对语言形式的敏感性（senstiVity to lngulfor forms）不够。请看下组错误例句，均属于典型的“粗心语法错误”
（选自2002年硕土研究生入学考试作文8分答卷）
误：A beautiful American girl is in traditional Chinese costume Is smiling．
正：A beautiful American girl in traditional Chinese costume is smiling．
误：With the wide pace of globalization，cultures differences are shrinking．
正：With the globalization，differences between cultures are shrinking．
误：In the Past we are stranged to see a person In other countries' costume．
正：In the past we would feel strange to see a person in other countries' costume．
误：The result is brought up by the shrinkage of cultures differences between national
and international．
正：The phenomenon occurs，because the differences between national and international cultures are diminishing．
误：With the development of economy，people in all over the world interact deeply．
正：With the economic globalization，people all over the world interact with each other more widely．
第四，注意学习掌握一些英语修辞手法许多同学平时阅读习惯只注重字词的学习，忽略学习积累一些修辞手法，并认为英语修辞在考试作文中没有用武之地。殊不知，只要我们留心，英语修辞在平日的阅读材料里还是俯拾皆是的。如下面的句子看似简单，但都使用了排比结构。
Before Christmas，I made fruitcakes, decorated the house and wrapped dozens of toys. We enourage our children to be competitive，to get ahead，to make money，to acquire possessions, The human being longs for a sense of being accomPlished，of being able to do things，with his hand， with his mind，with his will．
而且，要在考试中拿高分，也要注意恰当地使用修辞手段。如下面一段文章的作者通过三次使用介词in引出的补语短语，构成一系列排比结构，句式结构有变化（作文高分标准之一），而且达到很好的修辞效果，语言地道、优雅，行文流畅。
So when you see someone in difficulty of in distress and in need of help，don't hesitate to give your love to him.
I believe then the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in．
第五，学会对自己的习作进行正确、动态的评估 不少学生反映平时在进行写作练习，因为没有老师批阅，不知写作水平是否有提高，因此缺乏学习成就感和自信心。我们认为，学生应该逐步提高给自己习作打分的能力。具体做法是将自己的习作，参照评分标准，与有关参考书中几个分数段样卷做对比分析。首先，对自己目前的英语写作水平作一个客观的评估，然后，找出自己目前作文与更高一个分数段作文的之间的不足，在今后的写作中，注意用更高的标准要求自己。
当然，没有经过辅导班训练的同学可能无法敏锐地察觉出自己的问题。但只要同学们对自己的习作经常提出各种各样的问题，并勤查字典，对语言的判断力，一定会不断提高。记住：字典是我们英语学习过程中，最权威、最耐心的老师。
6. 如何开展初中英语写作评价与反馈的课堂教学叙事研究
一直以来,有关初中英语写作教学的研究源源不断,但对于版写作评价与反馈的课堂教学的研究并不多。本文权通过一课例对写作评价与反馈的课堂教学进行叙事研究,旨在探索初中英语写作评价与反馈的课堂教学设计思路。分析发现,重视写作内容的发掘、写作过程的指导、写作结果的评价以及写作课堂交际策略的使用有助于明确写作评价与反馈的课堂教学设计思路。
7. 什么是动态评估
动态评估是一种关注个体未来发展水平的互动式测量模式。它通过教学和干预等把个体的学习过程和学习结果结合起来,考察个体的未来发展水平或学习潜能。
8. 英语作文的写作方法及技巧
您好!
一般应做到
内容切题:不能走题、偏题
表达清楚:要让别人知道你想说什么，不要用你认为能看懂的汉语式英文句子
意义连贯:中英文化差异造成思维方式和文字表述方式的不同，英文表述更注重事实，所以写英语作文不要过多的进行心理、环境描写，120个字的作文结构要缜密，理由和例子要简洁有力，说明问题，不要东拉西扯。
句法多变:为避免文章平淡、呆板，可使用不同的句式:强调句、倒装句、否定句等等
语言正确:不要犯低级的语法错误
英语作文其实不难，如果你的英语底子不好，不太擅长使用比较复杂的语法，词汇量也比较有限的话。建议用最简单的句子表达意思，句式越简单越好，能表达意思就好，一些生辟的单词如果不会不需要直译，可以用些词组。能表达意思就好，如果不会用用多了反而容易出错，平时作业时可以慢慢积累，可以试着用些当作练习，考试时就不必了，原因就不多说了。我觉得要写好英语作文还是平时多积累些，加上一些练习，比如平时可以多看些英语美文，如果有时间也可以刻意记些，时间长了语感自然就出来了，考试时有可能不知不觉的就闪出了平时的记忆。
多用连接词!
递进型:besides
;what's
more
;let
alone解释型:that
is
(to
say);in
other
words转折型:however;but;yet;otherwise列举型:for
example;such
as
;on
the
other
hand因果型:since;therefore;as
a
result并列型:and;or;also;as
well
as总结型:in
a
word
;in
short;
on
the
whole;in
conclusion见解型:in
my
opinion;speaking;as
far
as
I
am
concerned
祝您成功
9. 老师要求写一篇英语作文，要求对一个网站的可信度进行评估，请教各位应该怎么写，有资料也可以
您好，这里是关于网站信用度的一些essays，
What Makes Web Sites Credible? A Report on a Large Quantitative Study BJ Fogg, Jonathan Marshall, Othman Laraki, Alex Osipovich, Chris Varma, Nicholas Fang, Jyoti Paul, Akshay Rangnekar, John Shon, Preeti Swani, Marissa Treinen Persuasive Technology Lab Stanford University Corra Hall, Stanford, CA 94309 USA [email protected], www.webcredibility.org ABSTRACT The credibility of web sites is becoming an increasingly important area to understand. To expand knowledge in this domain, we concted an online study that investigated how different elements of Web sites affect people’s perception of credibility. Over 1400 people participated in this study, both from the U.S. and Europe, evaluating 51 different Web site elements. The data showed which elements boost and which elements hurt perceptions of Web credibility. Through analysis we found these elements fell into one of seven factors. In order of impact, the five types of elements that increased credibility perceptions were “-world feel,” “ease of use,” “expertise,” “trustworthiness,” and “tailoring.” The two types of elements that hurt credibility were “commercial implications” and “amateurism.” This large-scale study lays the groundwork for further research into the elements that affect Web credibility. The results also suggest implications for designing credible Web sites. Keywords Credibility, World Wide Web, trustworthiness, expertise, captology, usability, online research, Web design. INTRODUCTION In the last few years we have seen a proliferation of Web sites with low-quality information, as well as sites that are outright misleading. Anecdotal evidence suggests that Web users are becoming more skeptical of the information they find online and may be wary of Web-based experiences. As a result, Web designers now face increasing pressure to enhance the credibility of their sites [6, 8]. But to this point, designing for Web credibility has been more art than science, leaving many Web designers to rely on intuition alone, without any support from quantitative research. Given the importance of Web credibility, it is remarkable that so few quantitative studies exist. Although some private companies have created proprietary knowledge about designing for maximum Web credibility, only a handful of studies in this area are public.
感谢您的支持，谢谢，希望我的回答对您有帮助！
10. 英语中的动态有哪些呢
进行时，过去式，将来时，