1. 英语报告作文格式(模板)
写报告,第一点一定要说,报告里的都是FACTS,所以不能有任何个人观点,反问句,专和缩写。
比如people don not 一定不能写成属people don't
每个小节都必须有TOPIC SENTENCE, SUPPORT SENTENSE, SUMMARY。
一小节不能低于7句话。
文章结构。
第一个篇幅是介绍,简短,明了,幽默点也行,说清楚下面要谈论的是什么。
第二第三第四篇幅,主要内容,规则不提,上面说清了。报告是关于电影的话,可以先说这部电影讲述了什么,然后写人们在看这部电影的时候是什么反映,票房什么的,都可以,绝对不能写“我是怎么想的”
最后一节,总结,三句句子带过。
报告结束。
2. 英语作文万能模板
一.用于作文开头的万能模板
1、Many people insist that...很多人(坚持)认为……
这句话乍看没亮点,但将众人皆知的"think"换为"insist"有没有觉得高大上了许多?
2、With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that...随着科技的发展,越来越多的人认为……
3、A lot of people seem to think that...很多人似乎认为……
二.引出不同观点的万能模板
1、People's views on... vary from person to person. Some hold that... . However, others believe that....人们对……的观点因人而异。有些人认为.....然而其他人却认为……
看这个长度就已然鹤立鸡群。其实,也是一个蛮简单也好记的模板。
2、Attitudes towards (drugs) vary from person to person. 人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异。
乍一看,跟上句的开头神似,其实就是省略掉了"people's",不仅清爽而且好像高端了一些。
3、People may have different opinions on...人们对……可能会有不同的见解。
又是一个婉转的句子,展示其客观性。
4、There are different opinions among people as to...关于……人们的观点大不相同。
"different"虽拉低了水准,但"as to"又拯救了回来。
5、Different people hold different attitudes toward (failure).对(失败)人们的态度各不相同。
这句话貌似亮点不多,顶多一个"hold",但也是安全牌,容易理解。
三.得出最终结论的万能模板
1、Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that...把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论……
很完全的答法,"take sth into consideration"短语的应用,加分。
2、Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that...考虑所有这些因素,我们可能会得出合理的结论……
"Take into account sth"短语似乎又比上句的"take sth into consideration"提升了一个层次。
3、Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that...因此,自然我们得出以下结论。。。
"Hence"一词用在文章中大气吧,但别平时口语中用,否则即使老外也用一种看老古董的眼神看你。。。
再特意提一句:"we'd better"在这里不是“不得不”或“最好”的意思,而是一种自然而然,水到渠成的得出结论。
4、There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits.毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点。
短语"there is no doubt that"上线,同时运用我们的老朋友"as well as"增加看点。
5、All in all, we cannot live without... But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.总之,我们没有……是无法生活的。但同时,我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题。
这句话一般用于作文结尾,属万能句式,句式较为简单,方便操作。
四.提出最终建议的万能模板
1、It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了。
"It is high time" 打头,为该句增色。注:that 后跟虚拟语气,后跟动词的一般过去式,表示“是某人做。。。的时候了”或者“是某人不做。。。的时候了”
2、It is time to take the advice of ... and to put special emphasis on the improvement of ...该是采纳……的建议,并对……的进展给予非常重视的时候了。
去掉一个"high",画风完全不一样,不用过去式,只需用"to do"来替代。
3、There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of ...毫无疑问,对……问题应予以足够的重视。
"there is no doubt that"+被动还是蛮经典的组合。
4、Obviously,.... If we want to do something... , it is essential that...显然,如果我们想做某事,我们需要……
这句有些老生常谈,稍微不“常”的就是"essential" 替代了"important"。
5、Only in this way can we... 只有这样,我们才能...
Only+倒装,经典万能句式,还能看出点水平呢。
6、It must be realized that... 我们必须意识到...
把人人都会的"I realized"升格为被动语态,省略了主语,监考老师绝对会眼前一亮的!
五.英语四级作文预示后果万能模板
1、Obviously, if we don't control the problem, the chances are that... will lead us in danger.很明显,如果我们不能控制这一问题,很有可能我们会陷入危险。
"the chances are that"替代了"may",果然说话拐弯的生物不止是中国人。
2、No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that...毫无疑问,除非我们采取有效措施,否则很可能会……
作文结尾万用句,毫无破绽。
3、It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation.应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展。
"It is urgent that"+被动,效果不错滴。
3. 高考英语作文类型模板
英语书信的常见写作模板
开头部分:
How nice to hear from you again.
Let me tell you something about the activity.
I’m glad to have received your letter of Apr. 9th.
I’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a visit.
I’m writing to thank you for your help ring my stay in America.
结尾部分:
With best wishes.
I’m looking forward to your reply.
I’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.
口头通知常见写作模板
呼语及开场白部分:
Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.
正文部分:
All the teachers and students are required to attend it.
Please take your notebooks and make notes.
Please listen carefully and we’ll have a discussion in groups.
Please come on time and don’t be late.
结束语部分:
Please come and join in it.
Everybody is welcome to attend it.
I hope you’ll have a nice time here.
That’s all. Thank you.
议论文模板
1.正反观点式议论文模板
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题)
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧)
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点)
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点)
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由)
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点) オ
2.“A或者B”类议论文模板:
导入:
第1段: Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因)
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势)
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论) オ
3.观点论述类议论文模板:
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对)
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下)
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由)
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构)
4."How to"类议论文模板:
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段: Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法)
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)
图表作文写作模板
The chart gives us an overall picture of the 图表主题.
The first thing we notice is that 图表最大特点 .
This means that as (进一步说明).
We can see from the statistics given that 图表细节一 .
After 动词-ing 细节一中的第一个变化,
the动词-ed+幅度+时间(紧跟着的变化) .
The figures also tell us that图表细节二 .
In the column, we can see that accounts for (进一步描述).
Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that (结论).
The reason for this, as far as I am concerned is that (给出原因).
It is high time that we (发出倡议).
图画类写作模板:
1.开头
Look at this picture./The picture shows that.../From this picture, we can see.../As is shown in the picture.../As is seen in the picture...
2.衔接句
As we all know, .../As is known to all,.../It is well known that.../In my opinion,.../As far as I am concerned,.../This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.
3.结尾句
In conclusion.../In brief.../On the whole.../In short.../In a word.../Generally speaking.../As has been stated...
4. 英语作文万能模板有哪些
一、开头句型5. 谁有各种类型的 英语作文模板
希望我收集的下面的资料能帮上你。
高考英语作文常用写作句式句型汇总
一.开头用语:
良好的开端等于成功的一半.在写作文时,通常以最简单也最常用的方式---开门见山法。也就是说, 直截了当地提出你对这个问题的看法或要求,点出文章的中心思想。
1.议论论文:
A. Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages.
B. Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient.
C. When it comes to computers, some people think they have brought us a lot of convenience. However,...
D. Opinions are divided on the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city and in the countryside.
E. As is known to all/ As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily life.
F. Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view.
2. 书信:
A. I am writing to you to apply for admission to your university as a visiting scholar.
B. I read an advertisement in today’s China Daily and I apply for the job...
C. Thank you for your letter of May 5.
D. How happy I am to receive your letter of January 9.
E. How nice to hear from you again.
3. 口头通知或介绍情况:
A. Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please. I have an announcement to make.
B. Attention, please. I have something important to tell you.
C. Mr. Green, Welcome to our school. To begin with, let me introce Mr. Wang to you.
4. 演讲稿:
A. Ladies and gentlemen, I feel very much honored to have a chance here to make a speech on the subject -- A Balance Diet and Health.
B. Good morning everyone! Allow me, first of all, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greeting to our distinguished guest.
二.并列用语:
as well as, not only…but (also), including,
A. Not only do computers play an important part in science and technology, but also play an informative role in our daily life.
B. All of us, including the teachers / the teachers included, will attend the lecture.
C. He speaks French as well as English.=He speaks English, and French as well.=He speaks not only English but also French.
D. E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.
三.对比用语:
on one hand ,on the other hand, on the contrary/contrary to ..., though, for one thing ;for another, nevertheless
A. I know the Internet can only be used at home or in the office, but on the other hand, it is becoming more and more popular for much information as well as clear and vivid pictures.
B. It is hard work; I enjoy it though.
C. Contrary to what I had originally thought, the trip turned out to be fun.
四. 递进用语:
even, besides, what’s more, as for, so…that…, worse still, moreover, furthermore; but for, in addition, to make matters worse
A. The house is too small for a family of four, and furthermore/besides/what’s more/moreover /in addition/worse still , it is in a bad location.
五. 例证用语:
in one’s opinion, that is to say, for example, for instance, as a matter of fact, in fact, namely
A. As a matter of fact, advertisement plays an informative role in our daily life.
B. There is one more topic to discuss, namely/that is ( to say ), the question of ecation.
六. 时序用语:
first/firstly, meanwhile, before long, ever since, while, at the same time, in the meantime, shortly after, nowadays,
A. They will be here soon. Meanwhile, let’s have coffee.
B. Firstly, let me deal with the most important difficulty.
七. 强调用语:
especially, indeed, at least, at the most, What in the world/on earth.. , not at all ,
A. Noise is unpleasant, especially when you are trying to sleep.
B What in the world/on earth are you doing?
八. 因果用语:
thanks to, because, as a result, because of/as a result of , without, with the help of..., owe ...to...
A. The company has a successful year, thanks mainly to the improvement in export sales.
B. As a result, many of us succeeded in passing the College Entrance Examinations.
九. 总结用语:
in short; briefly/ in brief ; generally speaking, in a word, as you know, as is known to all
A. Generally speaking, sending an e-mail is more convenient than sending letters.
B. In short, measures must be taken to prevent the environment being polluted.
常用句型
(一)段首句
1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……
There are different opinions among people as to……Some people suggest that
……
2. 俗话说(常言道)……,它是我们前辈的经历,但是,即使在今天,它在许多场合仍然适用。
There is an old saying……It's the experience of our forefathers,however,it
is correct in many cases even today.
3. 现在,……,它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先,……;其次,……。更为糟糕的是……。
Today, …… which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ……
Second,……What makes things worse is that…….
4. 现在,……很普遍,许多人喜欢……,因为……,另外(而且)……。
Nowadays,it is common to ……. Many people like …… because ……
Besides,……
5. 任何事物都是有两面性,……也不例外。它既有有利的一面,也有不利的一面。
Everything has two sides and …… is not an exception,it has both advantages
and disadvantages.
6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同,一些人认为(说)……,在他们看来,……
People’s opinions about …… vary from person to person. Some people say
that ……To them,……
7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……,这个问题变得越来越严重。
Man is now facing a big problem …… which is becoming more and more serious.
8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题,特别是在年青人当中,将引发激烈的辩论。
……has become a hot topic among people,especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.
9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用,它给我们带来了许多好处,但同时也引发一些严重的问题。
……has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it
has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.
10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……,但是为什么呢?
According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph,it
can be seen that……while. Obviously,……but why?
(二)中间段落句
1. 相反,有一些人赞成……,他们相信……,而且,他们认为……。
On the contrary,there are some people in favor of……t the same time,they
say……
2. 但是,我认为这不是解决……的好方法,比如……。最糟糕的是……。
But I don't think it is a very good way to solve …….For example,……Worst
of all,…….
3. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的,(也是)非常重要的。首先,……。而且……,最重要的是……
……is necessary and important to our country's development and construction. First,……What's
more, ……Most important of all,……
4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先,我们可以……。
There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can……
5. 面临……,我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……,另一方面,
Confronted with……we should take a series of effective measures to…….
For one thing,For another,
6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……,另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。
It is high time that something was done about it. For example. ……In addition.……All
these measures will certainly…….
7. 为什么……?第一个原因是……;第二个原因是……;第三个原因是……。总的来说,……的主要原因是由于……
Why…… The first reason is that ……The second reason is ……The
third is…….For all this, the main cause of ……use to …….
8. 然而,正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样,……也有它的不利的一面,象……。
However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ……also has
its own disadvantages, such as ……
9. 尽管如此,我相信……更有利。
Nonetheless, I believe that ……is more advantageous.
10. 完全同意……这种观点(陈述),主要理由如下:
I fully agree with the statement that ……because…….
(三)结尾句
1. 至于我,在某种程度上我同意后面的观点,我认为……
As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. I
think that ……
2. 总而言之,整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题。只有这样,我们才能在将来……。
In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ……Only in this way can ……in the future.
3. 但是,……和……都有它们各自的优势(好处)。例如,……,而……。然而,把这两者相比较,我更倾向于(喜欢)……
But ……and……have heir own advantages. For example, …… while……
Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to……
4. 就我个人而言,我相信……,因此,我坚信美好的未来正等着我们。因为……
Personally, I believe that…… Consequently, I’m confident that a bright
future is awaiting us because……
5. 随着社会的发展,……。因此,迫切需要……。如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自己的一份力量,这个社会将要变得越来越好。
With the development of society, ……So it's urgent and necessary to ……If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better
and better.
6. 至于我(对我来说,就我而言),我认为……更合理。只有这样,我们才能……
For my part, I think it reasonable to…… Only in this way can you……
7. 对我来说,我认为有必要……。原因如下:第一,……; 第二,……;最后……但同样重要的是……
In my opinion, I think it necessary to……The reasons are as follows. First
……second …… Last but not least,……
8. 在总体上很难说……是好还是坏,因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而,就我个人而言,我发现……。
It is difficult to say whether ……is good or not in general as it depends
very much on the situation of…….however, from a personal point of view
find……
9. 综上所述,我们可以清楚地得出结论……
From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion
that……
10. 如果我们不采取有效的方法,就可能控制不了这种趋势,就会出现一些意想不到的不良后果,所以,我们应该做的是……
If we can not take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable
result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is
常用句型:
开头:
When it comes to ..., some think ...
There is a public debate today that ...
A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one?
Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus.
提出观点:
Now there is a growing awareness that...
It is time we explore the truth of ...
Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.
进一步提出观点:
... but that is only part of the history.
Another equally important aspect is ...
A is but one of the many effects. Another is ...
Besides, other reasons are...
提出假想例子的方式:
Suppose that...
Just imagine what would be like if...
It is reasonable to expect...
It is not surprising that...
举普通例子:
For example(instance),...
... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)
A good case in point is...
A particular example for this is...
引用:
One of the greatest early writers said ...
"Knowledge is power", such is the reward of ...
"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).
"......". How often we hear such words like there.
讲故事
(先说故事主体),this story is not rare.
..., such delimma we often meet in daily life.
..., the story still has a realistic significance.
提出原因:
There are many reasons for ...
Why .... , for one thing,...
The answer to this problem involves many factors.
Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...
The first reason can be obiviously seen.
Most people would agree that...
Some people may neglect that in fact ...
Others suggest that...
Part of the explanation is ...
进行对比:
The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of...
Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...
Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.
A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...
承上启下:
To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see...
A study of ... will make this point clear
让步:
Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...
I do not deny that A has its own merits.
结尾:
From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw
the conclusion that ...
In summary, it is wiser ...
In short...
6. 英语作文类型及模板高职2015
表示强调的连接词
, Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also, above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially. Obviously, clearly.
表示比较的连接词
like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally.
表示对比的连接词
by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, unlike, yet, in contrast.
表示列举的连接词
for example, for instance, such as, take ...for example. Except (for), to illustrate.
表示时间的连接词
later, next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, ring, nowadays, since, lately, as soon as, afterwards, temporarily, earlier, now, after a while.
( http://www.3venglish.com整理收集)
表示顺序的连接词
first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, last, next, above all, last but not the least, first and most important.
表示可能的连接词
presumably, probably, perhaps.
用于解释的连接词
in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms.
表示递进的连接词
What is more, in addition, and, besides, also, furthermore, too, moreover, furthermore, as well as, additionally, again.
表示让步的连接词
although, after all, in spite of..., despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, whatever may happen.
表示转折的连接词
however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on theother hand, unfortunately. whereas
表示原因的连接词
for this reason, e to, thanks to, because, because of, as, since, owing to.
表示结果的连接词
(3V英语学习网收集整理)
as a result, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence.
用于总结的连接词
on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, to sum up, in brief, in summary, to conclude, to summarize, in short.
其他类型连接词
Mostly, occasionally, currently, naturally, mainly, exactly, evidently, frankly, commonly, for this purpose, to a large extent, for most of us, in many cases, in this case,
居里夫妇
比埃尔·居里(Pierre Curie)1859年5月15日生于巴黎一个医生家庭里。在他的儿童和少年时期,性格上好个人沉思,不易改变思路,沉默寡言,反应缓慢,不适应普通学校的灌注式知识训练,不能跟班学习,人们都说他心灵迟钝,所以从小没有进过小学和中学。父亲常带他到乡间采集动、植、矿物标本,培养了他对自然的浓厚兴趣,学到了如何观察事物和如何解释它们的初步方法。居里14岁时,父母为他请了一位数理教师,他的数理进步极快,16岁便考得理学学士学位,进入巴黎大学后两年,又取得物理学硕士学位。1880年,他21岁时,和他哥哥雅克·居里一起研究晶体的特性,发现了晶体的压电效应。1891年,他研究物质的磁性与温度的关系,建立了居里定律:顺磁质的磁化系数与绝对温度成反比。他在进行科学研究中,还自己创造和改进了许多新仪器,例如压电水晶秤、居里天平、居里静电计等。1895年7月25日比埃尔·居里与玛丽·居里结婚。
玛丽·居里(Marie Curie)1867年11月7日生于沙皇俄国统治下的华沙,父亲是中学教员。16岁她以金质奖章毕业于华沙中学,因家庭无力供她继续读书,而不得不去担任家庭教师达六年之久。后来靠自己的一点积蓄和姐姐的帮助,于1891年去巴黎求学。在巴黎大学,她在极为艰苦的条件下勤奋地学习,经过四年,获得了物理和数学两个硕士学位。
居里夫妇结婚后次年,即1896年,贝可勒耳发现了铀盐的放射性现象,引起这对青年夫妇的极大兴趣,居里夫人决心研究这一不寻常现象的实质。她先检验了当时已知的所有化学元素,发现了钍和钍的化合物也具有放射性。她进一步检验了各种复杂的矿物的放射性,意外地发现沥青铀矿的放射性比纯粹的氧化铀强四倍多。她断定,铀矿石除了铀之外,显然还含有一种放射性更强的元素。
居里以他作为物理学家的经验,立即意识到这一研究成果的重要性,放下自己正在从事的晶体研究,和居里夫人一起投入到寻找新元素的工作中。不久之后,他们就确定,在铀矿石里不是含有一种,而是含有两种未被发现的元素。1898年7月,他们先把其中一种元素命名为钋,以纪念居里夫人的祖国波兰。没过多久,1898年12月,他们又把另一种元素命名为镭。为了得到纯净的钋和镭,他们进行了艰苦的劳动。在一个破棚子里,日以继夜地工作了四年。自己用铁棍搅拌锅里沸腾的沥青铀矿渣,眼睛和喉咙忍受着锅里冒出的烟气的刺激,经过一次又一次的提炼,才从几吨沥青铀矿渣中得到十分之一克的镭。由于发现放射性,居里夫妇和贝可勒耳共同获得了1903年诺贝尔物理学奖。
1906年,比埃尔·居里因车祸不幸逝世,年仅47岁。比埃尔·居里去世后,居里夫人忍受着巨大的悲痛,接任了她丈夫在巴黎大学的物理学教授职位,成为该校第一位女教授。她继续放射性的研究工作。1910年,她和法国化学家德别爱尔诺一起分析出纯镭元素,确定了镭的原子量和在元素周期表中的位置。她还测出了氡和其他一些放射性元素的半衰期,整理出放射性元素衰变的系统关系。由于这些重大成就,又荣获1911年诺贝尔化学奖,成为历史上仅有的两次获得诺贝尔奖的科学家。
居里夫妇亲自体验了镭的生理效应,他们曾不止一次地被镭射线烫伤。他们与医生一起研究将镭用于治疗癌症,开创了放射性疗法。第一次世界大战期间,她为了自己的祖国波兰和第二祖国法国,参加了战地卫生服务工作,组织X光汽车和X光照相室为伤兵服务,还用镭来治疗伤兵,起了很大的作用。
大战结束后,居里夫人回到巴黎她创建的镭学研究所,继续自己的研究工作并培养青年学者。晚年完成了钋和锕的提炼。居里夫人在无任何防护设施的情况下从事了35年的镭元素研究,加上大战期间四年建立X射线室的工作,射线严重地损害了她的健康,引起她严重贫血。1934年5月她不得不离开自己心爱的实验室,并于1934年7月4日与世长辞。
居里夫妇一生淡泊、谦虚,不喜欢世俗的恭维与赞扬,不关心个人的名利与地位。在发现镭和提炼成功以后,他们不请求专利,也不保留任何权利。他们认为,镭是一种元素,应该属于全人类。他们向全世界公开他们的提镭方法。对他们花费十几年制备出来的、约值十万美元的一克多镭,全部交给了镭学研究所,不取分文。对美国妇女界捐赠给她的一克镭,也不据为私有,一半给了法国镭学研究所,一半给了华沙的镭学研究所。在将镭用于治疗癌症时,他们本可以一夜之间成为百万富翁,但是他们商定,不要他们的发明带来的一切物质利益。他们辛勤劳动的目的,是为人类从新发现中获得幸福。
门捷列夫与元素周期表
宇宙万物是由什么组成的?古希腊人以为是水、土、火、气四种元素,古代中国则相信金、木、水、火、土五种元素之说。到了近代,人们才渐渐明白:元素多种多样,决不止于四五种。18世纪,科学家已探知的元素有30多种,如金、银、铁、氧、磷、硫等,到19世纪,已发现的元素已达54种。
人们自然会问,没有发现的元素还有多少种?元素之间是孤零零地存在,还是彼此间有着某种联系呢?
门捷列夫发现元素周期律,揭开了这个奥秘。
原来,元素不是一群乌合之众,而是像一支训练有素的军队,按照严格的命令井然有序地排列着,怎么排列的呢?门捷列夫发现:元素的原子量相等或相近的,性质相似相近;而且,元素的性质和它们的原子量呈周期性的变化。
门捷列夫激动不已。他把当时已发现的60多种元素按其原子量和性质排列成一张表,结果发现,从任何一种元素算起,每数到8个就和第一个元素的性质相近,他把这个规律称为“八音律”。
门捷列夫是怎样发现元素周期律的呢?
1834年2月7日,伊万诺维奇·门捷列夫诞生于西伯利亚的托波尔斯克,父亲是中学校长。16岁时,进入圣彼得堡师范学院自然科学教育系学习。毕业后,门捷列夫去德国深造,集中精力研究物理化学。1861年回国,任圣彼得堡大学教授。
在编写无机化学讲义时,门捷列夫发现这门学科的俄语教材都已陈旧,外文教科书也无法适应新的教学要求,因而迫切需要有一本新的、能够反映当代化学发展水平的无机化学教科书。
这种想法激励着年轻的门捷列夫。当门捷列夫编写有关化学元素及其化合物性质的章节时,他遇到了难题。按照什么次序排列它们的位置呢?当时化学界发现的化学元索已达63种。为了寻找元素的科学分类方法,他不得不研究有关元素之间的内在联系。
研究某一学科的历史,是把握该学科发展进程的最好方法。门捷列夫深刻地了解这一点,他迈进了圣彼得堡大学的图书馆,在数不尽的卷帙中逐一整理以往人们研究化学元素分类的原始资料……
门捷列夫抓住了化学家研究元素分类的历史脉络,夜以继日地分析思考,简直着了迷。夜深人静,圣彼得堡大学主楼左侧的的门捷列夫的居室仍然亮着灯光,仆人为了安全起见,推开了门捷列夫书房的门。
“安东!”门捷列夫站起来对仆人说:“到实验室去找几张厚纸,把筐也一起拿来。”
安东是门捷列夫教授家的忠实仆人。他走出房门,莫名其妙地耸耸肩膀,很快就拿来一卷厚纸。
“帮我把它剪开。”
门捷列夫一边吩咐仆人,一边动手在厚纸上画出格子。
“所有的卡片都要像这个格于一样大小。开始剪吧,我要在上面写字。”
门捷列大不知疲倦地工作着。他在每一张卡片上都写上了元素名称、原于量、化合物的化学式和主要性质。筐里逐渐装满了卡片。门捷列夫把它们分成几类,然后摆放在一个宽大的实验台上。
接下来的日子,门捷列夫把元素卡片进行系统地整理。门捷列夫的家人看到一向珍惜时间的教授突然热衷于“纸牌”感到奇怪。门捷列夫旁若无人,每天手拿元素卡片像玩纸牌那样,收起、摆开,再收起、再摆开,皱着眉头地玩“牌”……
冬去春来。门捷列夫没有在杂乱无章的元素卡片中找到内在的规律。有一大,他又坐到桌前摆弄起“纸牌”来了,摆着,摆着,门捷列夫像触电似的站了起
来,在他面前出现了完全没有料到的现象,每一行元素的性质都是按照原子量的增大而从上到下地逐渐变化着。
门捷列夫激动得双手不断颤抖着。“这就是说,元素的性质与它们的原子量呈周期性有关系。”门捷列夫兴奋地在室内踱着步子,然后,迅速地抓起记事簿在上面写道:“根据元素原子量及其化学性质的近似性试排元素表。”
1869年2月底,门捷列夫终于在化学元素符号的排列中,发现了元素具有周期性变化的规律。同年,德国化学家迈尔根据元素的物理性质及其他性质,也制出了一个元素周期表。到了1869年底,门捷列夫已经积累了关于元素化学组成和性质的足够材料。
无影周期表有什么用呢?它可非同一般。
一是可以据此有计划、有目的的去探寻新元素,既然元素是按原子量的大小有规律地排列,那么,两个原子量悬殊的元素之间,一定有未被发现的元素,门捷列夫据此预付了类硼、类铝、类硅、类锆4个新元素的存在,不久,预言得到证实。以后,别的科学家又发现了镓、钪、锗等元素。迄今,人们发现的新元素已经远远超过上个世纪的数量。归根到底,都得利于门氏的元素周期表。相信在广大青少年朋友中,一定会涌现出许多新的化学家,进一步打开微观世界之谜。
二是可以矫正以前测得的原子量,门捷列夫在编元素周期表时,重新修定了一大批元素的原于量(至少有17个)。因为根据元素周期律,以前测定的原于量许多显然不准确。以铟为例,原以为它和锌一样是二价时,所以测定其原子量为75,根据周期表发现钢和铝都是二价的,断定其原子量应为113。它正好在钙和锡之间的空位上,性质也合适。后来的科学实验,证实门氏的猜想完全正确。最令人惊异的是,1875年法国化学家布瓦博德朗宣布发现了新元素镓,它的比重为4.7,原子量是59点几.门捷列夫根据周期表,断定镓的性质与铝相似,比重应为5.9,原子量应为68,而且估计镓是由钠还原而得.一个根本没有见过镓的人,竟然对它的第一个发现者测定的数据加以纠正,布氏感到非常惊讶,实验的结果,果然和门氏判断极为接近,比重为5.94,原子量为69.9,按门氏提供的方法,布氏新提纯了镓,原来不准确的数据是由于称中含有钠,大大减少了它本身的原子量和比重。
三是有了周期表,人类在认识物质世界的思维方面有了新飞跃。例如,通过周期表,有力地证实了量变引起质变的定律,原子量变化,引起了元素的质变。再如,从周期表可以看出,对立元素(金属和非金属)之间在对立的同时,明显存在统一和过渡的关系。现在哲学上有一个定律,说事物总是从简单到复杂螺旋
式上升。元素周期表正是如此,它把已发现的元素分成8个家族,每族划分5个周期,每个周期、每一类中的元素,都按原子量由小到大排列,周而复始。
元素周期律一举连中三元,使人类认识到化学元素性质发生变化是由量变到质变的过程,把原来认为各种元素之间彼此孤立、互不相关的观点彻底打破了,使化学研究从只限于对无数个别的零星事实作无规律的罗列中摆脱出来,从而奠定了现代化学的基础。
航天精英钱学森
中国航天事业的发展是与钱学森的名字联系在一起的。 钱学森1911年12月11日出生于上海,1934年毕业于上海
交大。1935年赴美留学,1938年在加利福尼亚理工学院著名专家冯卡门指导下获博士学位。1943年,他与马林纳合作完成的研究报告《远程火箭的评论与初步分析》,为美国40年代研制成功地对地导弹和探空火箭奠定了理论基础。其设计思想被用于“女兵下士”探空火箭和“二等兵A”导弹的实际设计中,所获经验直接导致了美国“中士”地对地导弹的研制成功,并成为后来美国采用复合推进剂火箭发动机的‘北极星”、“民兵”、“海神”导弹和反弹道导弹的先驱。
此后,钱学森又在超高速及跨音速空气动力学、薄壳稳定理论方面对航空工程理论有许多开创性的贡献。他和卡门一起提出的高速音速流动理论,为飞行器克服音障和热障提供了依据,以他和卡门名字命名的卡门一钱学森公式成为空气动力计算上的权威公式,并被用于高亚音速飞机的气动设计。
由于他对火箭技术理论卓有建树,并于1949年提出核火箭的功能设想,因而在当时被公认为火箭技术方面的权威学者。
1955年,钱学森冲破美国当局的层层阻挠回到了祖国,投身于创建中国航天事业当中。1956年2月17日,他向国务院提交了一份《建立我国国防工业意见书》,最光为我国火箭技术的发展提出了极为重要的实施方案。同年10月,他又受命组建我国第一个火箭研究院——国防部第五研究院,并担任第一任院长。
接着,他长期担任航天研制的技术领导。在他的参与下,1960年11月我国发射成功第一枚仿制火箭,1964年6
月29日我国第一枚自行设计的中近程火箭飞行试验取得成功。1965年钱学森建议制订人造卫星研制计划并列人国家任务,最终使我国第一颗卫星于1970年到太空邀游。
在50年代初,钱学森把控制论发展为一门技术科学——工程控制论,为飞行器的制导理论提供了基础。他还创立了系统工程理论,并广泛应用。
由于钱学森在中国航天科技方面的卓越成就,1989年6月,国际理工研究所向他颁发了小罗克韦尔奖章;1991年
10月,我国政府授予他“杰出贡献科学家”的称号
7. 英语作文书信格式范文
一,英语作文书信格式:
1,最上面顶格写你要把信写给谁。
2,第二段写你要对这个朋友要说的话。
3,写完后最后的一行写上你自己的名字。
二,范文:
Dear Mike,I am glad to introce my family to you. My family is a warm and happy family.There are 5 people in my family, my grandpa, my grandma, my father, my motherand I. My grandparents are both teachers, they are still teaching in a university.Grandpa is for maths, and Grandma is for English, sometimes their students cometo our home to send their greetings to them. My father is working in an American factory,he is very busy. Every evening he is doing his work in the midnight. At weekend he alwaysgoes to factory for his work. My mother is a nurse. Her hospital is near my home. I am a student in Junior high school. I hope you will introce your family to meyours
sincerely
Tom
拓展资料:英语写作文的注意事项:
避免使用汉语式英语。
避免使用汉语式英语。
时态、语态要准确无误。
主谓语要一致。主谓语要完整。
注意冠词用法、名词单复数、标点符号和大小写等。
注意语序 (感叹句,疑问句,宾语从句。
书写规范, 卷面整洁,以避免不必要的失分。