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词块教学法在英语写作中的作用

发布时间:2021-03-01 18:12:02

『壹』 英语词块的分类和词块与语言输出的关系(要特别详细的5000字)

看来我们是同一学校的,词块这部分的资料网上不好找,你还是选择错题分类吧,比较容易,真的!!我们老师说过的

『贰』 如何将词块法应用于高中英语词汇教学中

1.语音教学和构词法教学
2.语境教学
余德民(2002)认为,由篇章构成的语境包含的内容把篇章中的词语联系起来,使学生更容易从心理词汇中提取词汇,有利于词汇的记忆,因此,脱离语境孤立地学习词汇仅仅是一种记忆训练,很难使学生在实践中灵活使用该词汇。在实际操作过程中,许多学生为了应付老师检查听写,往往临时抱佛脚,机械地死记硬背一些单词,而不是结合课文中具体语境下词汇的用法帮助记忆,所以出现“今天记住明天忘”,“听写过后就不会”的情况。教师要指导学生养成正确的英语学习习惯,比如在布置学生预习词汇时要有意识地指导他们找出相关词汇在课文中具体语境下的用法,自然地把词汇记忆和语境结合起来,这样既奠定了语言基础,如对词汇、短语的掌握,又为阅读做好了铺垫,而且学生能感到所记忆的内容是有形有意义的,自然就提高了记忆的积极性,一举几得。
3.语块教学
语块称词块,是语言体系中一种具体特定语义和结构,以固定或半固定形式存在的词语组合,如短语、固定搭配、习惯用语和句子框架结构。把词块通过一定的规则整合在一起就可以生成有意义的句子。在学习词汇时如果能以词组或语块为单位,则不仅会大大增加学生短时记忆的信息量,而且会减少语言输出过程中的错误率。Nattinger和DeCarrico(1992)把语块分为四类:多词语块(polywords),俗语语块(institutionalized expressions),短语架构语块(phrasal constrains)和句子构建语块(sentence builders)。
在词汇教学中,可以以教材为依托,对能够让学生进行语块学习的词语就尽可能引导他们进行语块学习,按照对学生理解和表达有帮助、有指导意义的方式进行语块教学。以必修3第二单元为例,笔者围绕Healthy Eating这一话题进行语块教学,如:
(1)讨论好恶某种食物这一话题的语块
My favorite food/fruit/meat is...
I am fond of...
I don’t often eat...
I really hate...
I can’t stand...
(2)讨论食物种类的语块
fried/smoked chicken;breast of chicken cooked with garlic;barbecued mutton rolls;ice cream;fried eggplant/rice;
(3)相同结构组织的语块
lose weight/heart/interest/face/confidence
(4)语言功能语块
What could have happened?
Nothing could be better.
Something terrible must have happened.
通过语块教学,学生学到的明显不是一堆孤立的词汇,而是通过简单整合或替换就可以准确无误用来交际的有意义的活的语言材料,所以花同样的时间记忆语块的优势就很明显了。在日常教学中,还有许多方面可以进行语块整合,比如同义词语块,交际用语中各种话题功能的语块等。
4.游戏教学
儿童认知规律表明,就英语学习来说,语言学习和语言习得同等重要。语言习得,如幼儿学母语,是在一种全天然的环境中,学习者按照自身的兴趣和需求,在真实情景下,通过使用目标语进而掌握该语言,如网上与他人用英语聊天、交流、交友,出国用英语问路、购物等。就目前高中生学习英语而言,完全的英语语境是不太实际的,但可以尽可能多模仿或创造英语习得环境,增加语言输入及输出的机会,使词汇在这样的习得过程中得到充分运用,作为有生命力的语言组成部分有效地为学生所掌握,游戏教学能获得这种效果。
(1)限时猜词游戏
五人一组,由一个同学用英语描述或解释目标词汇(限制在所学单元),其余四个人猜。在有限的时间内(如三分钟)猜出单词最多的组获胜。因时间有限,要求描述者用语准确简练、表达清晰,猜词的人要反应敏锐,这样组员才能配合默契。这个游戏除了对词汇熟悉并充分调动学生的词汇库存之外,对他们的语言表达和听力也是极好的训练。
(2)串词联句游戏
任意给出所学单元的几个词汇(一般是五个词性不一的单词或短语),由学生发挥想象力,用这几个词说出几个句子构成一个合理的场景或故事,越合理越精彩者获胜。
(3)情境创设编故事、对话或短剧游戏
以Healthy Eating为例,可以利用本单元词汇设置超市购买食材——蔬菜、肉类、调料的对话,可以是朋友间谈论美食,可以是医患之间咨询健康生活方式及节食,还可以是餐厅就餐时顾客与服务员之间的对话。这些话题都贴近学生的生活,紧跟时代热点,学生有话可说,既丰富了

『叁』 什么是词块(lexical chunks)词块在词汇教学中有什么意义

词块 (lexical chunks) 即指词的搭配组合。是真实交际中高频率出现的大于单一一个词的语言现象,形式相对稳定。一般来说,词块包括习语、词语搭配、短语等等。语块不仅指 “in the end” 这样的连续性短语结构;也包括不连续的句子框架,如“not only...but also ”,还包括一些完整的句子,如“How do you do? ”。Cruse将它定义为“习惯性一起使用的词系列。”[1]Michael Lewis把它看作“自然文本中词的共用达到统计学意义数量的方式”[2]。国内学者卫乃兴在总结各学派的观点后把它定义为:在文本中实现一定的非成语意义并以一定的语法形式因循组合使用的一个词语系列,构成该序列的词语相互预期,以大于偶然的几率共现。[3]从以上定义可以看出搭配具有共现性、重复性、习惯性和自然性。词块可以是两个或两个以上的词组合在一起,它的组成成分可以是:形容词 名词:a large number,名词 名词:pocket money,动词 名词:pay the bill,副词 形容词:seriously injured,动词 形容词 名词:learn a foreign language,动词 副词:live together, 副词 动词:half understand,动词 介词 名词:speak into the telephone等。有的还可以更长,有的甚至是句子,如:How do you do? 在Lewis看来,词块按照其组成成分之间关系密切的程度可分为固定搭配, 如rancid butter, curry favor,半固定搭配,如hold a meeting, ride a horse和松散搭配,如white,wine, red wine。这些词块有完整的意义,可以直接运用于口笔头交际。

词块在词汇教学中的意义有:

Michael Lewis指出语言包含词块, 当词块组合在一起时就产生了连贯的语篇。语言交际主要靠典型的词语搭配来表达意义,运用搭配可以使人思维更快,使交际效率更高。因此搭配对于学习者来说非常重要,尤其是那些固定搭配和半固定搭配。当学习者使用搭配进行交际的时候,他们从心理词典中迅速提取大量的语言成品,减少了大脑语言加工的时间,加快了语言产出的速度,而且提高了语言使用的准确性和流利性。[4] 因为母语使用者在听话时都会下意识地根据对方使用的词组搭配去预测对方将要说出的话,口语交际中多使用固定搭配还可以弥补发音不准带来的不足,增强语言的可理解性。因此掌握词块是实现顺利交际的重要途径, 是外语学习者的主要任务之一。

在多年的大学英语教学中尝试过许多帮助学生增强词块意识, 掌握词块的方法,发现下列词块训练方法易于操作,学生反馈的效果较好。(1)让学生划出阅读文中的词块,对于水平较低的学生可以要求他们只划出名词 名词,动词 名词, 形容词 名词等由基本词构成的常用词块。这样既可增强词块意识又可熟悉常用词块。(2)教师可以从语料库中提取数行某词构成词块的索引行,展示词块出现的语境让学生去发现它组合的规律,可以更准确地掌握词的意义和用法。(3)教师给出一段文章,让学生快速浏览后进行词块完形练习,或将某些关键词块隐去,让学生根据上下文将其补全,既巩固了语言知识,又提高了语言应用能力。 (4)给出一组词或词组,让学生挑出其中不能与某个常用词构成地道搭配的词,能够较好地排除母语负迁移的影响。[6]其它形式的词块训练还包括:汉英词块配对练习,改正错误搭配练习,这样的练习可以让学生更好地了解英、汉语不同的搭配观念,消除错误印象,强化正确搭配。对于高水平的学生可以多做习语搭配的练习;另外在读文章或听文章、对话后多做概括大意训练,可以使短时记忆中的词块在语言输出中得到强化。

(人教版)必修2 Unit 4 Wildlife Protection 一课中出现的词块有:

1 decrease to 减少到 2. decrease by减少了

3. die out 灭亡 4. loss of缺少
5. in peace 和平地 6. in danger of 处于危险中
7. burst into laughter 突然大笑 8. protect…from…保护…不受(伤害)
9.appreciate doing sth 感激做某事 10. long before 很久以前
11.before long 很快,不久 12. come into being 形成
13.for sure 一定要,必须 14.so that 以致于,为了
15.in relief 如释重负,松了口气 16.pat attention to 注意
17.according to 按照,根据 18.in such a short time 在如此短的时间内
19. have an effect on 对…产生影响 20. succeed in doing sth 成功地做某事

『肆』 如何将词块法应用于高中英语写作教学中

1.语音教学和构词法教学 2.语境教学 余德民(2002)认为,由篇章构成的语境包含的专内容把篇章中的词语联系起属来,使学生更容易从心理词汇中提取词汇,有利于词汇的记忆,因此,脱离语境孤立地学习词汇仅仅是一种记忆训练,很难使学生在实践中灵活。

『伍』 词块教学法有什么局限性,弊端,在写作中

课堂上,大多数老师往往操作过于简单:以课后词汇表为本,以一本词典为据,逐一回将每个单词答的义项罗列下来教给学生,没有参考“课程标准”进行筛选,更没有语境的创设。这就是目前部分中学英语词汇教学的现状,该种教学模式存在以下不足之处:
1.不分主次,加大学生的识记量
2.忽略词汇呈现的逻辑顺序
3.造成英汉词汇是一一对应的错觉
4.忽视词汇的语用功能
5.忽略词汇的文化性

『陆』 英语写作在英语学习中的重要性

别急 会把英语写作能力提高的
谈谈如何提高英语写作能力

关键词:英语写作能力 原则 方法
引言:英语写作能力是英语听、说、读、写四种基本能力之一,英语写作能有效地促进语言知识的内化。Swain(1985)提出“可理解输出”假设,认为包括写在内的语言产生性运用有助于学习者检验目的语句法结构和词语的使用,促进语言运用的自动化,有效地达到了语言习得的目的。通过写作,英语知识不断得到巩固并内在化,有利于英语技能的全面发展。但是,英语写作又是广大英语学习者最感头痛的问题之一,且容易被教师忽视,笔者以为如何提高英语写作能力值得我们认真研究。本文就此谈谈初浅的看法。
一、提高英语写作能力的原则
(一)渐进性原则。要坚持“句—段—篇”的训练程序,由易到难,循序渐进。在英语写作的初始阶段,要始终注意培养学生良好的写作习惯,狠抓基本功训练。在学生掌握了基本句型并能写出简单句子后,再要求学生根据一些体例写出小段的文章。在段落写作中要引导学生分析段落的结构、段落的中心句、句与句之间的逻辑关系、写作手法等,这样有利于下一步一篇文章的写作。在文章写作中要教会学生如何构思文章、如何运用正确的写作技巧等。
(二)多样性原则。要坚持训练形式的多样化及写作文体的多样性。从形式上而言,可以用回答提问的口头作文,也可以用续写故事;可以改写课文,也可以仿写课文;可以写提纲训练谋篇布局,也可以写拓展段训练发散思维……。从文体上而言,可以写说明文、议论文、记叙文,也可以写书信、便条、通知等实用文体。
(三)结合性原则。要坚持听说读训练和写训练相结合。根据语言习得理论,学习者在学习时常先通过听和读吸取语言知识,从而了解别人的思想,再通过说和写来表达自己的思想,让别人了解自己。大量的听说训练能促进读写能力的提高。因此,写与听说读紧密结合,进行多元化的能力训练,可使学生的各项能力互相影响、互相渗透、互相促进。
(四)控制性原则。要坚持写作前的指导,控制学生的汉语语言思维,发展英语语言思维。语言学习在很大程度上主要是模仿,而非随心所欲地自由表达。教师要加强写作前的指导,可给出范文让学生模仿,以熟悉其语篇结构。同时要控制其汉语语言思维,尽可能让学生习惯英语语言思维,以便于学生学习和掌握地道、正确的英语。
(五)持久性原则。要坚持长期、正确的写作训练。英语写作能力的提高并非一朝一夕之事,而是一个长期的、艰巨的、渐进的过程。这就要求教师、学生都要有充分的思想准备,要有坚韧不拔的意志和必胜的信心。
二、提高英语写作能力的方法。
(一)通过积累词汇量,提高英语写作能力。犹如土木砖石是建筑的材料一样,词汇是说话写作的必需材料,也是制约写作能力提高的瓶颈。可以想象,如果要写一个句子,10个单词有8个单词拼写错误或拼写不出,有2
个单词用法不当,又怎么能清楚地表达自己的思想呢?因此,在平时的教学中要强调学生记忆单词,记住单词的拼读、用法、意思等。记忆单词的方法有很多,各人有各人的记忆方法和习惯,可因人而异。教师可通过要求学生朗读单词、听写单词、默写单词、遣词造句、词汇竞赛等多种方法促进学生记单词。记忆单词是一个长期的反复的过程,要长期地坚持下去,才能不断积累大量的词汇,为英语写作打下坚实的基础。
(二)通过扩大阅读量,提高英语写作能力。古人云“熟读唐诗三百首,不会作诗也会吟”,这是汉语的一种学习方法,同样可借鉴于英语写作。多阅读是学生增加接触英语语言材料、接受信息、活跃思维、增长智力的一种途径,同时也是培养学生英语思维能力、提高理解力、增强语感、巩固和扩大词汇量的一种好方法,有利于促进英语写作能力的提高。在阅读训练中,教师要注意以下问题:一是指导阅读方法,分析文章结构、中心思想、段落中心句、写作方法等,帮助学生掌握各类文章的结构及写作方法。二要精读与泛读相结合,通过推敲优秀的文章来学会写作方法和选词用词;通过大量的泛读来吸取信息量,扩大词汇量。三要扩大阅读量。提供阅读的材料涉及面要广,才能不断扩大学生的知识面,使学生适应各种题材的写作。
(三)通过提高听说能力,提高英语写作能力。英语听说读写四种能力是相互影响、相互促进的,提高听说能力必定会促进写作能力的提高。要提高听说能力关键在于创设一个良好的英语环境。教师要尽可能地用英语授课,多开展专门的听说训练,同时开展丰富多彩的课外英语活动,让学生沉浸在英语海洋中去领略、去体会、去使用英语,久而久之,学生自然能使用正确的、地道的英语进行交谈与写作。
(四)通过重视写作过程,提高英语写作能力。长期以来,英语写作成果教学法(THE PRODUCT
APPROACH)在我国居于主导地位,教师根据写作的终成品来判断写作的成败,重视写作的技术性细节(如格式、拼写、语法等),忽视写作过程的指导。根据D.Rumechart和J.McClelland提出的连通论(Connectionism)理论,写作包括写前阶段、具体写作、文章修改三个基本过程,这三个过程并非是线性排列,而是循环往复,穿插进行的。教师只有重视加强对写作三个过程的指导,才能更好地提高英语写作能力。在写作前阶段,教师重在指导学生如何挖掘题材,训练发散性思维,以及如何选择材料、谋篇布局等。在具体写作中,教师重在指导学生如何紧扣主题、运用正确的写作方法等。在文章修改中,教师重在指导学生如何修改语法及用词的错误。
(五)通过多写英语摘要,提高英语写作能力。英语摘要是把一篇文章的要点摘录出来,用自己的语言使之独立成一篇短文,这不是简单的摘录,而是忠于原文意思的再创作。写英语摘要有利于学生了解原文的文化背景、理解原文的中心意思、弄清原文的篇章结构,从而提高学生的逻辑思维能力和谋篇布局能力。
(六)通过发展英语语言思维能力,提高英语写作能力。英语写作是运用已掌握的内在化语言知识和表达方法,通过思维进行外在化输出的创作,因此英语语言思维能力在英语写作中作用非凡。对于我国学生而言,在英语写作中易受汉语语言思维的影响,难以直接用英语语言进行思维,不利于英语写作能力的提高,因此发展其英语语言思维能力尤为重要。教师要注意对学生的英语语言思维进行多方位、多角度的训练:要采取各种方法训练学生英语语言思维的广阔性、深刻性、发散性和创造性;要教会学生用英语思考问题、回答问题;要从训练形象思维开始,逐步过渡到抽象思维训练;在课文讲解中要尽可能不用汉语翻译而用英语解释,消除汉语思维的影响;要努力创设良好的英语环境,在英语交际中发展英语思维能力。

写好英语段落的三个标准

首先,一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想,该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题(stick or hold to the topic),这就是段落的统一性(unity)。其次,一个段落必须有若干推展句,使主题思想得到充分展开,从而给读者一个完整的感觉,这就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者,一个段落不是杂乱无章的,而是有机的组合,句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑,从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅(smooth),这就是连贯性(coherence)。下面我们就对这三个标准分别加以说明。
1、统一性
一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心,任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例:
Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.
本段的主题句是段首句,controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country.文中出现两个irrelevant sentences,一个是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie,这一段是讲的是Joe and I ,中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。还有,Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。考生在四级统考的作文卷上常常因为造出irrelevant sentences(不相关语句)而丢分,值得引起注意。再看一个例子:
My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.
本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit,但段中有两个irrelevant sentences,一个是I bought two new suitcases last week,另一个是My mother was a premature baby.
从上面两个例子可以看出,native speakers同样会造出来irrelevant sentences.卷面上如果这种句子多了,造成偏题或离题,那问题就更严重了。
2、完整性
正象我们前面说得那样,一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现,如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实,就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样,虽然有推展句,但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待,给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。例如:
Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work —— you proce something rather than more anxiety or depression.
本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是“a mind in turmoil”(心境不平静)Physical work又如何能改变这种情况?为什么它能起therapy的作用?读者得不到明确的答案。由于四级统考的作文部分只要求写一篇100~120个词的三段式短文,每一段只有大约40个词左右,因此,要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。例如:
It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.
段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法,必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释,整个段落内容空洞,简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话,就可以把主题解释清楚了。比如下段:
It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming “Help”?
3、连贯性(coherence)
连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面,前者指的是内在的逻辑性,后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连,句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系;反之,只有意连而没有形连,有时行文就不够流畅。
1)、意连
段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序,不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思,边写边想,写写停停,那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。
A.按时间先后排列(chronological arrangement)
We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.
本段从“rose”(起床)写起,然后是吃早餐(“not to miss breakfast”, “closing at nine o'clock”),然后是“close to noon”,一直写到这一天结束(“By nine——”)。
B. 按位置远近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如:
From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的写法是由远及近,从远处(“from a distance”)写起,然后“get closer”,再到(“ten feet away”),最后是“inside the pagoda”……当然,按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。根据需要,也可以由近及远,由表及里等等。
C. 按逻辑关系排列(logical arrangement)
a. 按重要性顺序排列(arrangement in order of importance)
If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.
这一段谈的是表达能力,它的重要性与职业,身份有关,从“not need much skill”或“of little importance”到“more important”,最后是“most important”。
b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement)
If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that “sanguine” and “sanguinary” mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.
这一段谈的是a writer's carelessness,先给出一个general statement作为主题句,然后通过5个 ”perhaps”加以例证。
c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement)
I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.
本段的主题句是段首句,它仅提出一个问题:为什么两只猫会被搞混。然后对两者进行比较,末句才下结论。
2)、形连
行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现。请读下面这一段文字并找出文中用以承上启下的词语:
Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, ring his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graate on schele. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.
本文中起承上启下的词语有两种,一种是转换词语(transitional words or phrases),另一种是起转换作用的其他连接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有:first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally.后者依次是:he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有词汇105个,所使用的转换词语及其他连接用语共26个词,约占该段总词汇量的四分之一。由此可见,掌握好transitions不仅对行文的流(smoothness)有益,而且对于学生在半个小时内写足四级短文所要求的120个词也是不无好处的。
一个段落里如果没有transitions也就很难有coherence了。我们看下面一个例子:Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
本段中除了第6句开头出现一个起过渡作用的”it”之外,没有使用其他的过渡词语。这样,文中出现许多重复的词语,全段读起来也显得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的过渡词语来修饰的话,这一段就成了下面一个流畅连贯的段落:
Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
4、有损连贯性的几种情况:
考生在写作中经常出现下面几种错误:
1、不必要的改变时态,比如:
In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway.
2、不必要的改变单复数,比如:
Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.
3、不必要的改变人称,比如:
Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.
因此写作中,一定要注意时态,人称以及数的变化是否正确,要注意保持一致。

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