Ⅰ 如何写一片关于跨文化交际的英语作文
Western traditional Culture
The bombers in London and the insurgents in Iraq may think that they are avenging themselves on Western civilization. Some in Washington, London and Tel Aviv may think that they are blocking the ambition of radical Muslims to create some marvelous new caliphate to rule the world. Both are wrong.
The civilizations at war are modernity on the one hand and the traditional world on the other. The Islamic fundamentalists' terrorist attacks on the West are merely a sideshow - a bitter but doomed reaction to a war that modern society has already largely won, with liberals and conservatives united in their battle against the values, assumptions and mode of life of the vast majority of non-modern mankind.
They Westerners believe they are creating, as Roger Cohen recently wrote in The International Herald Tribune, "a century that will make a diverse world more unified, prosperous and free than ever before."
The liberals and the conservatives of modern Western society firmly believe that. It is inconceivable to them that the traditional world, in which everyone except themselves lives, remains a valid choice for those who live in it.
The modern world is the aggressor, determined - without even seriously thinking about it - to destroy the backward civilizations of everyone else, which it sees as discredited remnants of the past. To destroy them is progress. Progress leads - where?
Here they run into the problem of utopia.
Utopia in a world dominated by religion is a reward for a worthy life, and is enjoyed in an afterlife. It exists outside of time. Or after time has come to a stop, in a timeless paradise.
Ⅱ 从跨文化交际的角度，谈谈中国和美国间文化的不同的英语作文
摘要：习语既是语言文化的一部分，又是语言文化的镜子。这些习语承载了不同的民族文化特色和文化信息。英语中丰富的习语表现了语言所蕴含的多姿多彩的西方文化。为再现原文的表现力，在翻译中，除了力求忠实原文，还应根据目的语的文化特点，对不同的源语言作相应的艺术加工，以真正实现跨文化交际。本文通过对比分析英语和汉语的文化共性和差异，探讨如何实现英语习语的翻译。
关键词：跨文化交际英语习语翻译
一、引言
语言是文化的载体，是文化的一个重要组成部分，文化要通过语言来交流和传承，语言只能依附于某种特定的文化而存在。人们在对语言与文化二者的关系研究的过程中，逐渐产生了一门新的学科——跨文化交际学。而在语言这个大家庭中，习语是其中的核心和精华。如果没有习语，语言将会变得枯燥乏味，毫无生气。反之，如果运用得当，习语可增强语言的表达能力。英语是世界上词汇最丰富的语言之一，英语习语更显得纷繁浩瀚，渗透着浓郁的西方文化气息。如何准确传达习语所包含的独特文化内涵，并再现原作的表现力，往往是翻译的难点。本文试图从跨文化语言交际的角度来探讨如何翻译英语习语。
二、跨文化交际及习语翻译的相关概念
随着文化交流的日益频繁和交际理论的兴起，翻译研究已经从纯语言的角度转向文化角度，翻译被广泛地视作是文化交流的行为。(尤今·奈达，2001：82)既然任何语言文本都不可能脱离文化背景存在，翻译必然不仅和语言有关，也和文化有关。从本质上看，翻译是以一种语言为载体的文化内涵转换为另一种文化形式的广义的文化翻译。因此，翻译可以视为一种跨文化交际的行为，是不同国度、不同种族、或不同文化背景下的人们之间进行相互间的交流与交往。
英语是世界上最丰富和发达的语言之一，有大量的习语。习语是语言的结晶，是语言使用者长期以来使用的形式简洁且意思精辟的定形性的、文化承载量最为丰富的词组或短语。史密斯在《词汇和语法》一书中说：“我们最好的习语和最好的词一样，不是产生于图书馆、会客室或华丽的剧院，而是在工厂、厨房和农场里产生的。”可见，习语确实是一个民族文化典型特征的反映。
由于习语在语言中的重要地位，习语的翻译早已引起了翻译界的重视，恰如其分的习语翻译对跨文化交际起着至关重要的作用。习语蕴涵着丰富的民族文化内涵的语言符号，而这种文化词语的翻译和理解也正是我们进行各种跨文化阅读理解和翻译活动的难点所在。
总而言之，翻译是一座语言和文化交流的桥梁。在跨文化交际中，习语是文化的典型特征，应受到高度的重视。在翻译英汉习语时，应充分注意其文化性。
三、习语翻译的方法和例析
我们可以把文化对比的结果归为三类：完全一致、部分一致、以及文化冲突和文化空缺。
(一)文化完全一致的情况
习语是人民大众在劳动中创造出来的，与人和人生活的环境密切相关。因此，习语与一个民族的地理环境、历史背景、经济生活、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、心理状态、价值观念等方面有着不可分割的联系。习语好比一面镜子，能清楚地反映出一个民族文化的特色。习语一般都运用恰当的比喻，并能引起联想，但这种联想是由民族的现实环境和生活经验决定的。世界各地的人都同住一个地球，有些经历和意识是相似的。例如，中英两个民族的人民在古代因缺乏科学知识，都把人的“心脏(heart)”当作灵魂、思维、感情的中枢，因而在汉英两种语言中部出现了大批围绕“心脏”的习语。如：
with a heavy heart心情沉重
heart and soul全心全意
heart to heart心心相印
另外，中国人和英国人共同的劳动经历也使这两个民族产生一些相同的人生经验：
strike while the iron is hot趁热打铁
more haste less speed欲速不达
to pass fish eyes for pearls鱼目混珠
Ⅲ 从跨文化角度谈汉英思维及表达方式的差异，汉译英
汉英思维，跨文化来角度自， 上说中国文化博大精深，从古时候起以思为主，，认识事物静脉络都比较清晰，比方说中国山水画，而外文化比较细腻，如油画，在表达方式方面，中国推崇婉转表达，忍，而在外国推崇镂骨表达。
Ⅳ 跨文化作文，要求300字，英文的，急用！
Intercultural communication skills are important in today's
workplace environment. These skills can help you avoid unnecessary
misunderstandings and misinterpretations e to ineffective communication. You
can forestall frustration, tension and decreased proctivity. Improve
intercultural communication skills by learning about other peoples' cultures,
behaviors and communication styles; unlock the potential for a creative and
dynamic cross-cultural environment.
Below are keys to how to pay attention to intercultural communication
and make success in it.
Be Respectful
Treat others with respect and address them appropriately;
this is especially important for closing and opening conversations. If you're
unsure of how to address someone, ask first.
Ask Questions
Be an attentive listener. Always check for understanding,
and ask questions if you have any doubts.
Learn About Other Cultures
In order to avoid insensitive comments and
misunderstandings, research and learn about specific cultures. At the same
time, avoid overgeneralizing and stereotyping. Each person is an indivial, so
try not to make assumptions about a person of another culture based on what you
have learned. Instead, aim for a better understanding and more effective communication.
Avoid Using Slang and Idioms
Use specific and relevant words when speaking. Slang and
idioms will not be understood by people of other cultures; try not to put
others in a position that requires them to "read between the lines."
Think before you speak. Clarify or rephrase your dialogue when you catch
yourself saying something that may be misinterpreted.
Be Aware
Be aware of your body and energy; nonverbal cues and
gestures may communicate more than you think. At the same time, pay attention
to and be aware of others' nonverbal cues and gestures.
Ⅳ 写一篇有关跨文化阅读的英文小作文，不超过50句话。顺带写一点对这门
业精于勤而荒于嬉,汗水是滋润灵魂的甘露,勤奋是实现理想的阶梯.爱迪生就是内凭着这样的信念,试验容了几千种物质,做了几万次实验,终于发明了电灯.而在东方,著名的书法家王羲之也是一位持之以恒的人.他每天坚持练字,写完后就会在家门外的池塘里洗笔.久而久之,那一弯池水都被王羲之给染成了黑色了,如墨一般.纵观古今中外的伟人,在成就一番事业之前,没有一位不是付出了常人难以想象的努力后取得的.而作为普通人的我们,不是更应该留下勤奋的汗水吗?就拿我外公来说吧,他最近迷上了英语.每天早上起来的第一件事,就是拿着英语书和录音机,一边听着磁带,一边照着书读.一读,就是一两个小时.“功夫不负有心人”,不到两个星期,外公就认识了20个英语单词了.要想成功,就要付出百分之百的努力.在当今世界里,科技飞速发展,青年学子肩负着振兴中华的历史使命.为此,我们一定要勤奋学习,练好本领,将来成为祖国的栋梁之才
Ⅵ 英语作文 文化差异在跨文化交流的重要性
In Muslim countries, people have knowledge about touch as part of its culture as a whole, and they eat with the right hand or do happy things, with his left hand to touch others is a kind of social insult, because the left hand is used when urine. In traditional Chinese culture, "face" is more important than everything. Face for women is a lifeline. If you touch a Chinese girl's face, that's made a faux pas. The use of touch in different parts of the body is visible and varies by region and culture. If indiscriminately to all intimate sexual contact, the world will be a mess.
4, gestures
Experts suggested that people can make as many as 700000 different body signals, only "various" as a metaphor has been pale, any attempts to classify them also only is disappointing. So we can only from the common communication message to interpret some behavior of the code from the posture and culture meaning.
Gesturing, action is a little different, can with the original intention is different; Wrong, to some gestures can also cause unexpected reactions. In the second world war, the British prime minister Winston Churchill said made a victory (victory) V gestures - pose a V with your index finger and middle finger. When making this gesture, hand to the audience. Winston Churchill is don't know is a mistake, put his back to the audience. Drew boos from the crowd, someone clap, some people become speechless, people couldn't help laughing. The prime minister is other gestures mean. That's not said "victory" V, but a nasty action.
In Britain and the United States and other western countries, sometimes will see some people standing in the road, the cars drove by stretching out a cock thumb fists. This is request a lift, said your thumb downwards said "bad", while the Japanese out of the little finger said "lover", in the United States, people use waving to say goodbye, while in South America, when people see this kind of action not only won't die, it will run to come over to you. In the United States, the thumb and forefinger knead into a circle, the remaining three fingers apart straight up, said the word "0 k"; In Japan, the gesture said money (okane); In the Arab people, this action is often accompanied by his teeth and said together. A finger in the temple, the Chinese said, the United States and Brazil say mad. Put your fingers on the throat said the Russian full; The Japanese have said the action was "fired". Americans, Japanese sipped his mouth to eat in order to be appropriately, while the indians for mouth munching on good manners. If an American inadvertently put chopsticks straight into the bowl, and then gave the Chinese eat rice, Chinese minds could greatly unhappy, because according to Chinese custom, for the dead when the chopsticks into the bowl. Americans with a finger temple said a pistol suicide, reflects the American private gun ownership is not surprising that social and cultural background. Japanese poke to belly said seppuku, reflects the spirit of bushido in Japan's traditional culture. In New Guinea, and put your hands around the neck said suicide; In China, the gesture was beheaded, is take the legacy of the "head" the ancient criminal law.
The range and speed of the attitude motion and posture and sitting habits also reflects the different cultural background and mentality. The hand movements of the jews is far more freedom than general German hand movements, so that life in Germany ring world war ii the jews will try to control your hand movements, so as to avoid exposure. Young white balloon, the young black is a slower pace, this was related with their social environment. In Oriental eyes, the United States women's bold and vigorous, because their steps is larger than the Oriental woman, his spine was more direct. In western eyes, the Japanese women are a deliberate steps reflect their gentleness and submission. The British arms folded on his chest said on the sidelines or are not allowed to be involved, as China's "do nothing"; Americans emphasize optional habitat and the hysteresis of personality, often woman.she sit down or stand a pair of easily spread, so when a foreign teacher in class to sit in the desk, American Chinese students was all too clear. But in Germany and other European countries, compares a standard way of life, people pays attention to the etiquette, the appearance of the lazy is often considered as vulgar and rude. On the attitude motion of the different cultures and sometimes obvious, sometimes subtle difference is often easy to cause the contacts misconct, may even make communication interruption completely. Understanding these differences and take the necessary means of compensation, for people to understand each other in the intercultural communication, avoid misunderstanding, to bridge cultural gaps, no doubt is of great significance.
5, facial gestures
Human feelings and desires, formed in the unconscious of the change of physical behavior, and the use of facial changes is more difficult to gauge the number. Bai juyi: "looking back a smile hundred flatters, natural make-up without color", wrote the most subtle expression effect. In tonga, raise your eyebrows said "yes" or "I agree". In Peru, for "money" or "pay me". Blink of an eye, in Taiwan, blink of an eye to the person is considered to be impolite. Blink one eye, in Australia, blink one eye gestured to the woman, even if is intended to be friendly, is also considered not decent. Pull their eyelids, in Europe and some Latin American countries, pull eyelid motioned with his finger to "take care" or "I care". Hold the ear, in India, says repent or the sincere heart. Signal in the UK it's a secret or confidential. In Italy, said a friendly warning. Thumb tip of nose, this is Europe's one of the most common gestures, said sarcasm. His hands and to strengthen the sarcasm. Twisted nose, in Puerto Rico said questions: "what happened?" . Fingers on the cheek turn, mainly Italian said a gestures of praise. Caresses cheek, in Greece, Italy and Spain indicated that she was "lovely" in Yugoslavia sign for "success".
The expression of emotion is learned in the cultural context, their performance because of the different culture. In China and english-speaking countries no matter smile or laugh, usually friendly, approval, satisfaction, happy, happy, but in some cases, the Chinese smile may cause in the west wall. Here is a letter from the author extracts from American friends talked about some behavior cause misunderstanding in communication between different cultures:
One problem is that China's laugh laugh with the United States have different meaning. For instance, when an American bicycle storage, carelessly bicycle down, he will feel embarrassed by his action does not move. If the Chinese beside laughing at this moment, he will feel being ridiculed, very angry. I also see a similar situation happened in the restaurant. A foreigner accidentally dropped a plate, he would feel very embarrassed, and present the Chinese people laugh, make him more feel not the taste, and angry, and disgust.
Of course, the Chinese the smile has many meanings. Can say: "don't be a matter", "laugh", "it doesn't matter", "we often do this kind of thing." However, for people who do not understand the meaning, a smile will make them feel unhappy, but also to laugh off.
The han nationality in the guests came, only sensible and smiling, and the American Indian tribes have to laugh and cry to meet the arrival of the guests. In some cultures, smacking lips is approved; In Chinese culture, said flavor; In British culture, said there was no taste; In many Mediterranean countries, it is exaggerated pain and sad. Not just happy and friendly smile said, also can transfer information of apology and forgiveness. On the bus because of the brakes and step on someone's feet, smile is equal to say "I'm sorry, please forgive me. Encounter with a stranger or collide, smile to the other party said he hadn't hostile. Service instry often with smile on her face is welcome and friendly said. Oriental is more implicative, feelings is not lighter than the leakage, unlike in the west, especially the Latin people, can see his desires. The Chinese habit in the face to hide feelings, instead of showing affection. Chinese proverb "face" and "face" to the person more use facial expressions to the state of trance humanization. So "sense" and "to read one 's face" has become one of indispensable means of cross-cultural communication.
National differences of body language is the result of cultural differences, is the result of the nationality of culture vary widely. And culture not only has national character, but also timely and worldwide. The nationality of culture reflect the past history of culture, modernity reflects the actual state of culture, the world is to cover the entire earth and breaking through the cultural features of the entire human race, it transcends the specific ethnic groups, the cultural limitations of a particular region, the different national culture attribute a flexible as a universal significance, to raise its specific national culture quality to a new height. In cross-cultural communication, we should not only keep the nature of national culture, and try to catch up the trend of The Times, constantly to update with outstanding achievements in the heterogeneous culture tradition of national culture, promote the development of national culture.
Ⅶ 跨文化视角下的中西文化差异在商务礼仪中的体现，用英语翻译。做为论文题目，麻烦了
作者：北京未来之舟礼仪培训机构
《礼记·曲礼上》说：“入境而问禁，入国而问俗，入门而问讳”。随着国际交往的频繁和普遍，这就要求商务人士了解并得体运用国际商务礼仪，才能友好、真诚地进行交流、沟通和合作。
我国和西方国家商务交往最多。由于文化背景的不同，导致在具体礼仪上有很多截然不同的地方。具体来说有七个方面，必须首先有所了解。
1、对待赞美
我们和西方人在对待赞美的态度上大不相同。别人赞美的时候，尽管内心十分喜悦，但表面上总是表现得不敢苟同，对别人的赞美予以礼貌的否定，以示谦虚：“还不行！”、“马马虎虎吧！”、“哪能与你相比啊！”、“过奖了！”等。
而西方人对待赞美的态度可谓是“喜形于色”，总是用“Thank you”来应对别人的赞美。
2、待客和做客
我们和人相处的时候，总是习惯从自己的角度去为别人着想。这表现在待客和做客上，尽责的客人总是尽量不去麻烦主人，不让主人破费，因而对于主人的招待总是要礼貌地加以谢绝。比如，主人问客人想喝点什么，客人一般会说“我不渴”或“不用麻烦了”；主人在餐桌上为客人斟酒，客人总要加以推辞，说“够了，够了”，而事实上，客人并不一定是不想喝，往往只是客气而已。所以，称职的主人不会直接问客人想要什么，而是主动揣摩客人的需求，并积极地给予满足。在餐桌上，殷勤好客的主人总是不停地给客人劝酒劝菜。所以，中国人的待客和做客场面往往气氛热烈：一方不停地劝，另一方则不停地推辞。
而外国人特别是西方人，无论是主人还是客人，大家都非常直率，无需客套。当客人上门了，主人会直截了当地问对方“想喝点什么”；如果客人想喝点什么，可以直接反问对方“你有什么饮料”，并选择一种自己喜欢的饮料；如果客人确实不想喝，客人会说“谢谢！我不想喝”。在餐桌上，主人会问客人还要不要再来点，如果客人说够了，主人一般不会再向客人劝吃请喝。
3、谦虚和自我肯定
我们一直视谦虚为美德。不论是对于自己的能力还是成绩，总是喜欢自谦。如果不这样可能会被指责为“不谦虚”、“狂妄自大”。比如，中国学者在作演讲前，通常会说：“我学问不深，准备也不充分，请各位多指教”；在宴会上，好客的主人面对满桌子的菜却说：“没有什么菜，请随便吃”；当上司委以重任，通常会谦虚地说：“我恐怕难以胜任。”
而外国人特别是西方人没有自谦的习惯。他们认为，一个人要得到别人的承认，首先必须自我肯定。所以，他们对于自己的能力和成绩总是实事求是地加以评价。宴请的时候，主人会详尽地向客人介绍所点菜的特色，并希望客人喜欢；而被上司委以重任的时候，他们会感谢上司，并表示自己肯定能干好。
4、劝告和建议
无论是中国人，还是西方人，都喜欢向自己的亲朋好友提一些友好的建议和劝告，以示关心和爱护。但中西方人在提劝告和建议的方式上却有很大区别。
中国人向朋友提建议和劝告的时候，往往都非常直接，常用“应该”、“不应该”，“要”、“不要”这些带有命令口气的词。比如，“天气很冷，要多穿点衣服，别感冒了！”、“路上很滑，走路要小心！”、“你要多注意身体！”、“你该刮胡子了！”、“你该去上班了！”等。
西方人在向亲朋好友提劝告和建议的时候，措词非常婉转，比如，“今天天气很冷，我要是你的话，我会加件毛衣”、“你最好还是把胡子刮了吧。”一般来说，双方关系越接近，说话的语气越直接。但即使是最亲密的人之间，也不会使用像我们那样的命令语气。否则，会被认为不够尊重自己独立的人格。
5、个人隐私权
西方人非常注重个人隐私权。在日常交谈中，大家一般不会涉及对方的“私人问题”。这些私人问题包括：年龄、婚姻状况、收入、工作、住所、经历、宗教信仰、选举等。同时，人们还特别注重个人的私人生活空间。别人房间里的壁橱、桌子、抽屉，以及桌子上的信件、文件和其他文稿都不应随便乱动、乱翻(如果需要借用别人物品，必须得到对方的许可)。假如别人在阅读或写作，也不能从背后去看对方阅读和写作的内容，即使对方只是在阅读报纸或杂志。
空间距离上也很在意。即使在公共场所，大家都十分自觉地为对方留出一定私人空间。比如，排队的时候他们总是习惯和别人保持1米以上的距离。
我们的个人隐私观念比较淡薄。特别是在亲朋好友之间，大家喜欢不分你我，共同分享对方的私人生活。另外，长者往往可以随意问及晚辈的私人生活，以显示关心。
6、时间安排
西方人大多时间观念很强，日程安排很紧凑。如果要拜会或是宴请西方人，一定要提前预约，预约时间通常在一周以上。如果你没有预约而突然拜访或是临时约请对方，对方一般会拒绝你。而且，对于工作时间和个人时间有严格的区分。如果是工作交往，应选择在对方的工作时间里进行；如果是私人交往，就要选择在对方下班的时间里进行。
另外，时间上，忌讳日期13和星期五。特别既是13号又是星期五的日子，往往不安排任何外出事宜。
而我们很多人的时间观念不是太强。没有预约的突然造访和临时约请都相当普遍，即使提前预约也往往在一周以内。
另外，职业人在时间分配上往往公私不分，下班以后谈公事或是上班时间谈私事都是寻常之事。
7、礼尚往来
西方人(除拉美人)不是很重视礼尚往来，尽管他们也常常在节日、生日和拜访时向亲朋好友赠送礼物。他们一般不看重礼品的价值(因而喜欢赠送一些小礼物)，认为向朋友赠送礼物不是为了满足朋友的某种需求，而只是为了表达感情。而中国人大多比较看重礼品的价值，礼品的价值一定程度上代表了送礼人的情意。
另外，在送礼的方式上，东西方也存在明显的差异。西方人在收到礼物的时候，一般要当着送礼人的面打开礼物包装，并对礼物表示赞赏。如果不当面打开礼物包装，送礼人会以为对方不喜欢他(她)送的礼物。
而我们大多不会当着送礼人的面打开礼物包装，除非送礼人要求对方这么做。这么做的目的是为了表示自己看重的是相互间的情谊，而不是物质利益，如果当着送礼人的面打开礼物包装，就有重利轻义的嫌疑。
Ⅷ 跨文化带给我们什么的英语作文
Cross the cuture will give us what?I think that will give us know about this world?You can know about the different people,cuture,customs,and know some friends and so on.And know about some different cuture also will help you a lot ,you can study French,Japanese,Kerone,Germany,Spanish and so on.You can know about many friends.You can talk with the different people's the different cuture.You also can read the different's social's newspaper,listen to the difference music,custom.Cross the cuture will give us friends
Ⅸ 跨文化交际的作文600字不是英文的
由于汉英文化存在着截然不同的传统和风俗习惯，人们的生活方式、思维方式、价值观念、语言习惯等都有很大的差别，许多日常行为在两种语言的交际活动中也存在明显的文化差异。本文旨在通过对比分析汉英文化中褒奖行为的异同点及常见的语用失误，使大家进一步了解语言只有在一定的文化背景下及语境中被正确使用，才能体现出它们的交际价值，这对我们的日常交际、英语教学及语言研究有极大的启示和帮助。
[关键词]跨文化交际 汉英文化差异 褒奖语及应答 语用失误
一、引言
语言是文化的载体，是文化的一个密不可分的组成部分，它既反映文化，也受文化的影响。语言使用除了受到结构规则，即语音、词汇、语法等的制约，还会受到使用规则的制约，这儿的使用规则即指语言所属的社会文化，社会文化决定语言使用是否得体。由于文化的迁移，外语学习者常常会将自己的文化模式套入新的语言文化中，而“文化既有其统一性、延续性和共有性，又有其差异性和变化性。”（胡文仲，1985）
褒奖行为这种社会现象存在于每个社会群体，存在于各种不同的语言文化中，不同层面、不同程度地反映着人们的交际活动，它不仅可以缩短交际者之间的距离，而且可以联络感情，巩固和加强交际者之间的团结，起到社会润滑油的作用。美国语言学家Pomerantz指出，褒奖语是一种支撑性行为（supportive action），也是一种评价性行为（assessment action），也就是说，称赞语不仅有称赞的性质，也有评价的性质。下面让我们来探讨一下汉英文化在褒奖这一言语行为上的相似点及文化差异，并对由此产生的语用失误作一分析，这样可以使我们更好地了解在跨汉英文化交际时如何恰如其分地称赞对方并知道怎样对对方的称赞做出正确得体的语言回应，这对我们的日常交际、英语教学及语言研究都有极其重要的作用。
二、汉英文化中褒奖行为的相似点
1．注重礼貌待人
言语交际中所体现的礼貌程度，在一定意义上标志着一个社会的文明程度，反映着一个民族的精神风貌。中国是文明古国，礼仪之邦，在人际交往中，人们极为重视谦虚、恭敬的态度和礼貌的语言。
英语文化中也充分体现了对言语行为中礼貌原则的体现。利奇（Leech ，1983）在前人研究的基础上，从语用学和人际交往中修辞的角度，对交际活动中的礼貌原则进行了新的归纳和分类，即由得体准则（tact maxim）、慷慨准则（generosity maxim）、赞誉准则（approbation maxim）、谦虚准则（modesty maxim）、一致准则（agreement maxim）和同情准则（sympathy maxim）等六个准则构成。
后来的一些东西方学者相继从不同角度对言语交际中的礼貌现象进行了探讨，使礼貌成为语用学研究的重要课题之一。礼貌原则反映到行为中，在称赞、感谢等表达上，汉语和英语存在着不少相似之处。如，
（1） 你做的饭真好吃。
（2） Thank you for your help.
2. 提倡谦虚态度
一般认为谦虚是中国文化所具有的美德，但是，在英语文化中也是一个重要的内容。在汉语的谦虚表达中，对于来自对方的称赞和评价，一般不采用全面赞同的应答，而采取“缩小规模”来表示同意的策略。如，
（1） 甲：你刚才唱歌唱得真好听。
乙：是吗？不过我觉得我没大放开。
（2） A： You have a nice one-room apartment.
B： Yes. The rent is expensive. It is a burden.
说话人通过赞同、认可来称赞对方的行为，听话人通过谦虚、礼貌的态度来应答，从而创造出“和”的气氛，这是汉英语言在会话中的典型表现。褒奖行为带上了社交礼节的特点，在日常生活中维持了人们之间的圆满关系。
3．讲究协调和谐
很多东方国家包括中国有史以来在社会结构上一直是家族式的，形成一种聚合模式，其特点是从众意识较强，不想突出个人，注重与他人“和为贵”。我们不难发现在学校里，有些说话讲究艺术性的老师批评学生时很讲策略，如你的文章写得很好，要是字再漂亮些就更棒了。老师把批评书法和称赞文章结合起来，减弱了批评的味道，学生容易接受，对维护和谐的师生关系起到了良好作用。中国有以“和”为轴心的文化，中国人常常无意识地、微妙地运用这种“和”文化来相互理解，彼此达到和谐的关系。
英语国家大都是异族混居的国家，成为一种离散模式，其特征表现为相互疏远，讲究个体独处。不过，他们的社会也并非没有在“协调”上下功夫。西方语言哲学家及语用学家格赖斯（Grice）在1968年就提出了会话所需要的四个协调原则：（1）说直话，不要说没有十分把握的话；（2）掌握信息数量，不要给予超出所需的信息；（3）说有关内容的话，不要离题；（4）说话要明快、简洁、条理清楚。这四个原则被认为是语言交际的一般会话原则。
三、汉英文化中褒奖行为的差异
1．褒奖方式的差异
一个美国学生和一个中国学生应邀去日本朋友家做客，虽然过后中国学生对美国学生说日本饭菜并不迎合他的口味，但在吃饭及做客后告别时，他却一直不停地在主人面前说饭菜如何地美味可口。美国学生觉得中国学生说了假话，让人听上去很虚伪。他认为如果是自己的话，他会说一些感谢的话，但同时也会率直地指出饭菜不合口味。对此，中国学生的解释是说饭菜可口是感谢的一种表达，并不是虚伪的恭维。
英语文化中，人们习惯把对对方的敬佩和感激用不同的言语行为表现出来，假使要称赞他们，也是采用评论性的、限制性的，而且是高姿态的称赞方式；而中国人面对同一对象时，其称赞、感谢的言辞是不带评价的、全面肯定的、低姿态的，往往被西方人看成过分谦虚了，是虚情假意、恭维奉承的表现。
2．褒奖范围的差异及不同观念
汉英文化中不同的传统和价值观念导致了褒奖范围的差异，在西方的文化背景下，宗教信仰、收入、年龄等都是需要避讳的话题，如我们对此类问题进行称赞会使话题陷入尴尬境地，影响双方的进一步交流。和英语中的褒奖话语相对比，汉语中出现频率较高的褒奖语涉及到对对方性格、内在品德及精神的赞美和钦佩，如常可以听到以下的寒暄语。
（1） 你脾气真好，对孩子这么有耐心。
（2） 你起得总这么早！
（3） 你学习真努力！
传统和价值观念的不同还体现在对于同一褒奖点人们的不同观念。一种文化普遍认可或认为是具有价值的行为，在另一种文化中却得不到承认，或加以摈弃；一种文化认为是文明的、适宜的言语，在另一种文化中却被认为是落后的、无礼的行为。让我们对以下几个方面的话题进行探讨，对此会有比较深刻的理解。
①体重。这是一个在两种语言中出现频率都很高的话题。过去，中国人见面如果说对方“发福了”“胖了”是一种恭维，但现在人们的生活水平的提高带来了对健康及审美的需求，很多人反倒愿意听别人说自己“瘦了”，可我们仍不能否认，在传统文化的影响下，说对方“发福了”“胖了”仍含有恭维对方生活条件优越的含义，而说对方“瘦了”一般情况下也表达了对其身体状况的关切；在英语文化中却没有这种含义，人们把体重超标看作是不健康的标志，所以说对方胖会被理解成暗指对方体质下降，而说对方“瘦了”毫无疑问是句恭维话，
②金钱。对中国人来说，称赞对方的家庭背景、经济状况是一种恭维，在很多情况下这种恭维还会带有羡慕的成分；在英语文化中则不然，人们更看重个人通过努力而得来的财富，这种观念在本杰明·富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin）的著作中得到了体现——“God helps those who help themselves”（自助者天助）。
③友谊。汉英两种文化背景下的人都重视友情，但中国人的人际关系取向以情感为中心，认为朋友，特别是好朋友之间应该互相帮助，互讲义气，所以我们常常会听到“真够意思”“够哥们”“够义气”这样的恭维，这在英语文化中是听不到的。以英语文化为背景的人际关系取向以工作、志趣和活动为中心，朋友关系中仍然强调独立、自主和竞争，相互之间没有义务和责任。所以，一个人如果没有给他身处困境中的朋友提供帮助是很正常、无可厚非的。
④外貌。中国女性在公开场合或丈夫在场时受到异性对自己外貌的褒奖时，多数人会觉得不好意思，有时甚至会觉得不雅，有失体统；英语中人们对女性外貌、化妆和服装等的称赞是很普遍、很自然的，而且自由度很大，基本上不受年龄、地位、场合和熟识程度的限制。
⑤家庭成员。中国人倾向称赞对方的家庭成员，尤其是对方的孩子；英语文化背景下的人们倾向家庭成员之间互相称赞。之所以存在这种差异是因为中国人家庭观念浓厚，认为家庭和个人是一体的，所以家庭成员之间互相称赞有“自我表扬”之嫌，而称赞对方的家人事实上就是在称赞听话者本人；而多数西方人自我观念意识强，这种独立性往往使他们对自己的家庭成员不吝赞美。如，
（1） 你女儿长得真漂亮！
（2） 这么短时间不见，你儿子长这么高了！
（3）（母亲对女儿） You look so lovely in your new dress!
（4）（丈夫对妻子）What a nice dinner you gave us!
Ⅹ 求一篇关于英国的跨文化交流/文化差异的英语作文!大学水平
Since the world has various culture, the distinction between different culture is obivious, too.
Such cross- cultural communication sometimes can be difficult. They are originated from misunderstanding, discrimination, or merely unfamiliar with other culture. The influences of such misunderstanding are usually negative. For instance, negotiation with foreign partners may be prevented e to lacking of relevant knowledge of their culture.
Then what can we do to decrease, if can not eliminate such misunderstanding? First and foremost, it is fundermental to get in touch with different culture so as to know more. We can take advantage of network, as well as magzines and other materials to master more knowledge of other cultures.
In this age, cross- cultural communication is inevitable. Thus, it is important and necessary to take part in such trend and communicate effectively.
不是特别明白你作文的意思和要求，按我的理解写了文化差异和跨文化交流，如果你是需要英国的跨文化交流，你再修改下，大同小异。