『壹』 请推荐几本英语摘要写作的书 ,谢谢。
其实新概念三和四就很好,建议你看看。那个小本的配套参考书上每科都有摘要写作
『贰』 英语论文摘要应该如何写
英语论文摘要又称文摘,是论文的重要组成部分,它是以提供文献内容梗概为日的,不加版评论和补权充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不需阅读全文,就可获得重要的信息。摘要通常置于文题之后,文章之首。在论文发表后,论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词,并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。具体的格式结构要点你可以来中国鸣网学术站看看。
『叁』 英语摘要写作新概念
1、Yes,there are a large crowd of people .
2、In twenty minutes' time.
3、At five to twelve,the clock stopped.
4、Yes,the big clock refused to welcome the New Year.
5、Everybody began to laugh and sing.
『肆』 英文论文摘要部分怎么写有什么规范
摘要写作也不是很难,参考下面的步骤来试试吧!
1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法专的文字属语言,以提供论文内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地阐述论文重要内容的短文。
2、英文摘要必须符合“拥有与论文同等量的主要信息”的原则。为此,英文摘要应重点包括4个要素,即研究目的、方法、结果、结论。在这4个要素中,后2个是最重要的。在执行上述原则时,有些情况下,英文摘要可包括研究工作的主要对象和范围,以及具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。
3、英文摘要句型力求简单,通常有10个意义完整语句顺畅的句子。
4、英文摘要不应有引言中出现的内容,也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论,不得简单重复题名中已有的信息;不用非公知公用的符号和术语,不用引文,除非该论文证实或否定了他人已发表的论文,缩略语、略称、代号,除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外,在首次出现时必须加以说明;科技论文写作时应注意的其他事项,如采用法定计量单位,正确使用语言文字和标点符号等,也同样适用于英文摘用的编写。
『伍』 如何撰写英文摘要
英文摘要是科学家在现代科技交流中高速地输入和输出信息的重要手段。本文讨论了优秀英文摘要的基本要素,包括文摘的功能,文摘的种类,文摘的内容和文摘的风格。同时提供了简明的英文摘要写作指南。
文摘是长篇文献的缩影,它置于论文、技术报告、专论、和其他文献之前,概括总结和突出文献的要点.在科技文献急骤增加的信息时代,各种文献杂志和检索系统情报库应运而生,种类越来越多,覆盖面越来越广,信息量越来越大。文摘已成为科技人员输人和输出信息的重要手段,成为科学交流中传递科技情报的重要方式.为了促进国际交流,各国科技出版物都附有英文摘要.本文拟从英文摘要的功能、种类、内容和文体风格等方面对英文摘要的写法进行探讨。
学术论文英文摘要写作要点
理想的文摘通常应包括以下主要内容:目的和范围、方法和过程、结果和结论。
一般的英文摘要为 200 词左右的一段文章,用标准的英语、规范的语法和完整的句子,简明扼要地陈述一次文献的目的、方法、结果和结论。文摘自身要完整,可以不依附于一次文献而独立存在。它应尽可能多地包含一次文献的信息,最好能保持一次文献的基调和风格,但不能出现一次文献里没有的东西。由于篇幅的限制,文摘不宜列举例证,不宜引用他人的作品,不宜使用插图和表格。为了提高可读性 (readability),文摘中应尽量少用或不用非标准的缩写词及符号,方程式和分子式,不宜过多地运用太专业化的术语。好的文摘应是:信息准确,文字精炼,连贯流畅,逻辑性强,通俗易懂,引人人胜。
1. 文摘的开头
文摘关系到读者是否阅读文献全文,文摘的开头多种多样。下面这两种方法是比较好的,用得比较普遍。
(1) 用陈述目的和范围的主题句开始。这种方法开门见山,直截了当,使读者一下就抓住文摘的中心。如:
(2) 在回顾历史或总结现状的基础上提出问题。引出文献的主题。这种方法逻辑性强,丝丝入扣,使读者产生一种非一口气读完,找到解决问题的方法方肯罢休的强烈愿望。如:
2. 文摘的结尾
文摘的结尾如同文摘的开头一样,给人以深刻的印象。文摘的结尾方法多种多样,但下面两种方法使用得比较经常。
(1) 用「结论」结尾。如果是源于实验的论文文摘,常在结尾指出这些实验结果表明什么;如果论文是关于一种新方法、新工艺或新装置,结尾时可指明其用途或价值。如:
(2) 指出文献中的其他内容。
3. 文摘的人称
绝大多数英文摘要都使用第三人称(但不使用 he 和 she),间或出现 the author(s),the writer(s) 和第一人称 we,即使原文献作者只有 1 人,也宜用「we」而不宜用「I」。请看下面这篇文摘,作者是 Ahmed E. Kamal.
4. 文摘的语态
目前各国出版的英文摘要中,相当一部分用被动语态写成,以减少主观因素,增强客观性。如:
5. 文摘中的缩写词
由于篇幅原因,在学术论文英文摘要中广泛使用缩写词,其使用频率远远超出其他类型的文献。
英文摘要写作要素
准备简明、完整、独立的文摘
简要地陈述文献的目的、方法、结果和结论
在有限的篇幅里尽量多容纳文献的内容
文摘中定量定性信息应与文献中的相符
使用标准英语和准确术语,遵循传统语法和标点规则
不要在文摘里出现文献里没有的东西
不要在文摘中陈述背景知识和引用他人作品
不用非标准的缩写词、符号,也不用图表和其他非文字性材料
当不太熟悉的缩写词第一次出现时,应注出全文
删去不必要的单词、短语和句子
『陆』 英语summary摘要写作,求帮助。原文在下
不知道要求多少字啊
Skin-Diving
To be a good skin-diver it is not essential to be a top-class swimmer. If you can swim reasonably well use good equipment and take normal safety precautions, a whole new world of adventure and underwater beauty can be yours to explore.
The normal basic equipment required consists of fins, and a snorkel tube, a mask and (if desired) a nose-clip. The functions of each equipment were introced.With this equipment a lot of pleasure can be had merely by swimming on thesurface in fairly shallow water.
For skin-diver at greater depths than 20-30 feet, special aqua-lung equipment is needed.With an ordinary aqua-lung depths of 350 feet have been reached, and may be exceeded. The use of this method needs a lot of practice and training that can be obtained from qualified divers in a sub aqua club.
『柒』 英文摘要格式
一、标题
一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。
如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。
二、提纲
英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。
主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。
需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。
三、摘要
1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言,提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。(内容基本与中文摘要相同,但不用完全逐句对应)。
2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页(1页即可),放在中文摘要页之后。
3、英文字体与行间距: 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”,1.5倍行间距。
4、英文题目: 使用三号字加粗。
5、英文摘要: “Absract”顶格,使用四号字,并加粗。
6、英文关键词: “Key Words”顶格,使用四号字并加粗。
四、正文
有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。
正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。
在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。
五、文中引述
正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。
引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。
六、文献目录
论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:
目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。
目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。
标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为2.5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为0.6cm;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为0.6cm,不必留出更多空白。
各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。
英语论文摘要又称文摘,是论文的重要组成部分,它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不需阅读全文,就可获得重要的信息。
摘要通常置于文题之后,文章之首。在论文发表后,论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词,并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。
论文的作用
论文为进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段,又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。不同的人发表论文的作用也不同:
1、评职称(晋升职称):研究生 毕业需要;教师 、医护人员 、科研院所的人员、企业员工 等 晋升高一级的职称时,发表期刊论文是作为一项必须的参考指标。
2、申报基金、课题 :教育、科技、卫生系统 每年申报的国家自然科学基金项目、其它各种基金项目、各种研究课题时,发表论文 是作为 基金或课题 完成的一种研究成果的结论性展示。
3、世界性基础领域的研究,比如在医学、数学、物理、化学、生命科学 等领域开展的基础性研究,公开发表论文 是对最新科技 科学研究成果、研究方法的一种展示和报道。以推动整个社会的科技进步等。
『捌』 英语概要写作
1.题型介绍
◆选材特点
(1)所需阅读的短文词数在以内;
(2)所选材料体裁没有限制,以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。
◆评分参考
阅卷时主要考虑以下内容:
(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况;
(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性;
(3)上下文的连贯性;
(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。
注意:理解准确,涵盖全部要求,完全使用自己的语言,准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇,得分相应比较高。相反,如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象,得分档次将会大大降低;所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。
2考查能力
概要写作,简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括,写出文章的中心大意,也可称之为摘要。写概要时,读者要是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来,而不是抄袭文章的原句,更不是把细节性信息作为中心,而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换,对文章的具体信息进行概括,再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力,同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此,概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达,是二者的有机结合体,是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。
3写作步骤
1)细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文,掌握文章主旨和结构,明确各段的大意。
2)弄清要求。新高考的概要写作是写全文概要,不是写某一部分的概要,或者就某些问题写出要点。
3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构,将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4)在写作时要特别注意下面几点:
(1)概要应包括原文中的主要事实,略去不必要的细节。
(2)安排好篇幅的比例,概要应同原文保持协调,即用较多的文字写重要内容,用较少的文字写次要内容。
(3)注意要点之间的衔接,要用适当的关联词语贯通全文,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子,但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语,以免显得生硬。
(4)不排斥用原文的某些词句,但不要照搬原文的句子,如果不能完全用自己的话语表达,至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换,如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
(5)计算词数,看是否符合规定的词数要求。
『玖』 新概念英语摘要写作
Lesson 86 Out of control
Key to Summary writing
The moment the speedboat struck the buoy, both men were thrown into the water. As it moved off very quickly across the water, the men began to swim towards the shore. Turning in a circle, the speedboat came straight towards them. After it had just missed them, they swam until they were out of danger. When the boat returned it had lost speed. Soon all the petrol was used up and it floated across the water.
(76 words)
Lesson 87 A perfect alibi
Key to Summary writing
At the time of the murder, the man claimed that he had been travelling on the 8 o'clock train to London and had arrived at work on time. When the inspector asked if a later train would get him to work on time, the man agreed it would but said that he always travelled early. The inspector suggested that he was lying because, that morning, the 8 o'clock train broke down, so the man must have caught the 8. 25.
(79 words)
Lesson 88 trapped in a mine
Key to Summary writing
Six men who have been trapped in a mine for seventeen hours may lose their lives because rescue operations are proving difficult. Since explosives might cause the roof of the mine to collapse, rescue workers are drilling a hole through hard rock, but progress is slow. Two hours ago, a microphone was lowered into the mine and the men have been in touch with their relatives. They are running short of food and drink but they are in good spirits.
(80 words)
Lesson 89 A slip of the tongue
Key to Summary writing
The local cinema was packed because the P & U Bird Seed Company was presenting a free comedy show. As many of the artistes who should have appeared failed to turn up, the show was very ll. The funniest thing we heard came at the beginning from the advertiser who introced the programme saying, ‘ is the Poo and Ee Seed Bird Company. Good ladies, evening and gentlemen!’
(68 words)
Lesson 90 What's for supper?
Key to Summary writing
Divers working on North Sea oil rigs are often terrified by giant fish that bump into them when they are working in deep water. These fish are not sharks or whales. On the contrary, they are favourite eating varieties that grow to unnatural sizes. Three factors have caused this to happen:the first is the warmth from oil-pipes; the second is the supply of plentiful food; the third is the absence of fishing round the rigs.
(76 words)
Lesson 91 Three men in a basket
Key to Summary writing
While circling the balloon, the pilot saw three men in the basket, one of whom was holding a pair of binoculars. When it flew over the station, one of the men took photographs. Then it landed near an airfield, but the police could not arrest anyone because the basket contained two Members of Parliament and the Commanding Officer of the station. Afterwards the Commanding Officer explained that one half of the station did not know what the other half was doing.
(81 words)
Lesson 92 Asking for trouble
Key to Summary writing
The writer returned home at about two in the morning and rang the doorbell. Having failed to wake up his wife, he put a ladder against the wall and began climbing towards the bedroom window. Suddenly a policeman called out, but the writer answered him rudely. He told him he had forgotten his key. The shouting woke his wife. She opened the window just as the policeman had started climbing the ladder after him.
(74 words)
Lesson 93 A noble gift
Key to Summary writing
The Statue of Liberty, which was presented to the United States of America by the French people in the 19th century, was designed by Bartholdi and built on a metal frame constructed by Eiffel. The site chosen for it was an island at the entrance of New York Harbour, where a pedestal had to be built. The statue was erected in Paris in 1884 and re-erected two years later in America. It was officially presented in October, 1886.
(78 words)
The Statue of Liberty was presented to the United States of America by the French people in the 19th century. Though designed by Bartholdi, it was built on a metal frame constructed by Eiffel. The site chosen for it was an island at the entrance of New York Harbour and a pedestal had to be built. The statue was first erected in Paris in 1884, but it was re-erected two years later in America and officially presented in October, 1886.
(80 words)
Lesson 95 A fantasy
Key to Summary writing
While the Ambassador of Escalopia was in his office, university students set the basement of the Embassy on fire. When the Ambassador went to investigate, a man called Horst aimed a fire extinguisher at him because he thought that the Ambassador was on fire. Moreover, there was a hole in the Ambassador's hat which had been made when someone fired a shot through his office window. The Ambassador was lucky, for he was not wearing it at the time.
(78 words)
The Ambassador of Escalopia was in his office when university students set the Embassy basement on fire. After the Ambassador had gone to investigate, a man called Horst aimed a fire extinguisher at him under the impression that the Ambassador was on fire. In addition to this, there was a hole in the Ambassador's hat. It had been made when someone fired a shot through his office window. It was lucky for the Ambassador that he was not wearing it.
(79 words)
Lesson 96 The dead return
Key to Summary writing
The Japanese annual Festival for the Dead is a cheerful occasion. As the dead are said to return home, food is laid out for them and lanterns are lit to guide them on their way. People dance and sing all night and the uneaten food is thrown into the sea or into a river the next morning. In some places, the lanterns are placed on the sea and people watch from the shore until the lanterns drift out of sight.
(80 words)
The Japanese annual Festival for the Dead is a cheerful occasion, for the dead are said to return home. Not only is food laid out for them, but lanterns are lit to guide them as well while people dance and sing all night. The uneaten food is thrown into the sea or a river the next morning. In some places, the lanterns are placed on the sea. People watch from the shore as the lanterns drift out of sight.
(79 words)
『拾』 英文论文摘要写作步骤
根据学术堂的了解英文论文摘要可以分四部分进行写作:
第一部分: 先思考专.就是为什么要做这属件事情,逻辑是什么,目的是什么.一般论文的摘要是放在正文前面,然后摘要内容需 简明扼要,直切主题,使导师准确的了解文章的中心内容.
第二部分:精辟的开头.即简短指明文章的主要发现.开头可以以"Here we describe…"或"Here we show…"直切主题,但要注意的是在写摘要主体内容时,最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句来表达,字数和一般控制在200字左右即可.
第三部分:主体内容.即Body. 很多初次完论文的学生往往会写很多细节,把我的方法是什么,结果正的方面是什么,反的方面是什么,做很多的详细烦琐的描述, 其实大可不必要的.还有一点要提醒:尽量少用特殊名词,不要用缩写.
最后部分:明确摘要内容的意义.摘要内容要说明这个论点为什么重要,有什么理论依据或实际意义等等. 但要注意不要吹,更不能说大话,你可以在文章中以假如、或做一些说明,但要有度,不要吹的太厉害了,这样反而会被引起导师重视的以发现在不足之处,最后留给老师不好的印象.