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英语写作方法的重要

发布时间:2021-02-24 18:40:11

『壹』 英语写作在英语学习中的重要性

别急 会把英语写作能力提高的
谈谈如何提高英语写作能力

关键词:英语写作能力 原则 方法
引言:英语写作能力是英语听、说、读、写四种基本能力之一,英语写作能有效地促进语言知识的内化。Swain(1985)提出“可理解输出”假设,认为包括写在内的语言产生性运用有助于学习者检验目的语句法结构和词语的使用,促进语言运用的自动化,有效地达到了语言习得的目的。通过写作,英语知识不断得到巩固并内在化,有利于英语技能的全面发展。但是,英语写作又是广大英语学习者最感头痛的问题之一,且容易被教师忽视,笔者以为如何提高英语写作能力值得我们认真研究。本文就此谈谈初浅的看法。
一、提高英语写作能力的原则
(一)渐进性原则。要坚持“句—段—篇”的训练程序,由易到难,循序渐进。在英语写作的初始阶段,要始终注意培养学生良好的写作习惯,狠抓基本功训练。在学生掌握了基本句型并能写出简单句子后,再要求学生根据一些体例写出小段的文章。在段落写作中要引导学生分析段落的结构、段落的中心句、句与句之间的逻辑关系、写作手法等,这样有利于下一步一篇文章的写作。在文章写作中要教会学生如何构思文章、如何运用正确的写作技巧等。
(二)多样性原则。要坚持训练形式的多样化及写作文体的多样性。从形式上而言,可以用回答提问的口头作文,也可以用续写故事;可以改写课文,也可以仿写课文;可以写提纲训练谋篇布局,也可以写拓展段训练发散思维……。从文体上而言,可以写说明文、议论文、记叙文,也可以写书信、便条、通知等实用文体。
(三)结合性原则。要坚持听说读训练和写训练相结合。根据语言习得理论,学习者在学习时常先通过听和读吸取语言知识,从而了解别人的思想,再通过说和写来表达自己的思想,让别人了解自己。大量的听说训练能促进读写能力的提高。因此,写与听说读紧密结合,进行多元化的能力训练,可使学生的各项能力互相影响、互相渗透、互相促进。
(四)控制性原则。要坚持写作前的指导,控制学生的汉语语言思维,发展英语语言思维。语言学习在很大程度上主要是模仿,而非随心所欲地自由表达。教师要加强写作前的指导,可给出范文让学生模仿,以熟悉其语篇结构。同时要控制其汉语语言思维,尽可能让学生习惯英语语言思维,以便于学生学习和掌握地道、正确的英语。
(五)持久性原则。要坚持长期、正确的写作训练。英语写作能力的提高并非一朝一夕之事,而是一个长期的、艰巨的、渐进的过程。这就要求教师、学生都要有充分的思想准备,要有坚韧不拔的意志和必胜的信心。
二、提高英语写作能力的方法。
(一)通过积累词汇量,提高英语写作能力。犹如土木砖石是建筑的材料一样,词汇是说话写作的必需材料,也是制约写作能力提高的瓶颈。可以想象,如果要写一个句子,10个单词有8个单词拼写错误或拼写不出,有2
个单词用法不当,又怎么能清楚地表达自己的思想呢?因此,在平时的教学中要强调学生记忆单词,记住单词的拼读、用法、意思等。记忆单词的方法有很多,各人有各人的记忆方法和习惯,可因人而异。教师可通过要求学生朗读单词、听写单词、默写单词、遣词造句、词汇竞赛等多种方法促进学生记单词。记忆单词是一个长期的反复的过程,要长期地坚持下去,才能不断积累大量的词汇,为英语写作打下坚实的基础。
(二)通过扩大阅读量,提高英语写作能力。古人云“熟读唐诗三百首,不会作诗也会吟”,这是汉语的一种学习方法,同样可借鉴于英语写作。多阅读是学生增加接触英语语言材料、接受信息、活跃思维、增长智力的一种途径,同时也是培养学生英语思维能力、提高理解力、增强语感、巩固和扩大词汇量的一种好方法,有利于促进英语写作能力的提高。在阅读训练中,教师要注意以下问题:一是指导阅读方法,分析文章结构、中心思想、段落中心句、写作方法等,帮助学生掌握各类文章的结构及写作方法。二要精读与泛读相结合,通过推敲优秀的文章来学会写作方法和选词用词;通过大量的泛读来吸取信息量,扩大词汇量。三要扩大阅读量。提供阅读的材料涉及面要广,才能不断扩大学生的知识面,使学生适应各种题材的写作。
(三)通过提高听说能力,提高英语写作能力。英语听说读写四种能力是相互影响、相互促进的,提高听说能力必定会促进写作能力的提高。要提高听说能力关键在于创设一个良好的英语环境。教师要尽可能地用英语授课,多开展专门的听说训练,同时开展丰富多彩的课外英语活动,让学生沉浸在英语海洋中去领略、去体会、去使用英语,久而久之,学生自然能使用正确的、地道的英语进行交谈与写作。
(四)通过重视写作过程,提高英语写作能力。长期以来,英语写作成果教学法(THE PRODUCT
APPROACH)在我国居于主导地位,教师根据写作的终成品来判断写作的成败,重视写作的技术性细节(如格式、拼写、语法等),忽视写作过程的指导。根据D.Rumechart和J.McClelland提出的连通论(Connectionism)理论,写作包括写前阶段、具体写作、文章修改三个基本过程,这三个过程并非是线性排列,而是循环往复,穿插进行的。教师只有重视加强对写作三个过程的指导,才能更好地提高英语写作能力。在写作前阶段,教师重在指导学生如何挖掘题材,训练发散性思维,以及如何选择材料、谋篇布局等。在具体写作中,教师重在指导学生如何紧扣主题、运用正确的写作方法等。在文章修改中,教师重在指导学生如何修改语法及用词的错误。
(五)通过多写英语摘要,提高英语写作能力。英语摘要是把一篇文章的要点摘录出来,用自己的语言使之独立成一篇短文,这不是简单的摘录,而是忠于原文意思的再创作。写英语摘要有利于学生了解原文的文化背景、理解原文的中心意思、弄清原文的篇章结构,从而提高学生的逻辑思维能力和谋篇布局能力。
(六)通过发展英语语言思维能力,提高英语写作能力。英语写作是运用已掌握的内在化语言知识和表达方法,通过思维进行外在化输出的创作,因此英语语言思维能力在英语写作中作用非凡。对于我国学生而言,在英语写作中易受汉语语言思维的影响,难以直接用英语语言进行思维,不利于英语写作能力的提高,因此发展其英语语言思维能力尤为重要。教师要注意对学生的英语语言思维进行多方位、多角度的训练:要采取各种方法训练学生英语语言思维的广阔性、深刻性、发散性和创造性;要教会学生用英语思考问题、回答问题;要从训练形象思维开始,逐步过渡到抽象思维训练;在课文讲解中要尽可能不用汉语翻译而用英语解释,消除汉语思维的影响;要努力创设良好的英语环境,在英语交际中发展英语思维能力。

写好英语段落的三个标准

首先,一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想,该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题(stick or hold to the topic),这就是段落的统一性(unity)。其次,一个段落必须有若干推展句,使主题思想得到充分展开,从而给读者一个完整的感觉,这就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者,一个段落不是杂乱无章的,而是有机的组合,句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑,从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅(smooth),这就是连贯性(coherence)。下面我们就对这三个标准分别加以说明。
1、统一性
一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心,任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例:
Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.
本段的主题句是段首句,controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country.文中出现两个irrelevant sentences,一个是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie,这一段是讲的是Joe and I ,中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。还有,Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。考生在四级统考的作文卷上常常因为造出irrelevant sentences(不相关语句)而丢分,值得引起注意。再看一个例子:
My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.
本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit,但段中有两个irrelevant sentences,一个是I bought two new suitcases last week,另一个是My mother was a premature baby.
从上面两个例子可以看出,native speakers同样会造出来irrelevant sentences.卷面上如果这种句子多了,造成偏题或离题,那问题就更严重了。
2、完整性
正象我们前面说得那样,一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现,如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实,就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样,虽然有推展句,但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待,给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。例如:
Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work —— you proce something rather than more anxiety or depression.
本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是“a mind in turmoil”(心境不平静)Physical work又如何能改变这种情况?为什么它能起therapy的作用?读者得不到明确的答案。由于四级统考的作文部分只要求写一篇100~120个词的三段式短文,每一段只有大约40个词左右,因此,要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。例如:
It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.
段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法,必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释,整个段落内容空洞,简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话,就可以把主题解释清楚了。比如下段:
It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming “Help”?
3、连贯性(coherence)
连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面,前者指的是内在的逻辑性,后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连,句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系;反之,只有意连而没有形连,有时行文就不够流畅。
1)、意连
段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序,不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思,边写边想,写写停停,那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。
A.按时间先后排列(chronological arrangement)
We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.
本段从“rose”(起床)写起,然后是吃早餐(“not to miss breakfast”, “closing at nine o'clock”),然后是“close to noon”,一直写到这一天结束(“By nine——”)。
B. 按位置远近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如:
From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的写法是由远及近,从远处(“from a distance”)写起,然后“get closer”,再到(“ten feet away”),最后是“inside the pagoda”……当然,按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。根据需要,也可以由近及远,由表及里等等。
C. 按逻辑关系排列(logical arrangement)
a. 按重要性顺序排列(arrangement in order of importance)
If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.
这一段谈的是表达能力,它的重要性与职业,身份有关,从“not need much skill”或“of little importance”到“more important”,最后是“most important”。
b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement)
If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that “sanguine” and “sanguinary” mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.
这一段谈的是a writer's carelessness,先给出一个general statement作为主题句,然后通过5个 ”perhaps”加以例证。
c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement)
I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.
本段的主题句是段首句,它仅提出一个问题:为什么两只猫会被搞混。然后对两者进行比较,末句才下结论。
2)、形连
行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现。请读下面这一段文字并找出文中用以承上启下的词语:
Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, ring his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graate on schele. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.
本文中起承上启下的词语有两种,一种是转换词语(transitional words or phrases),另一种是起转换作用的其他连接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有:first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally.后者依次是:he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有词汇105个,所使用的转换词语及其他连接用语共26个词,约占该段总词汇量的四分之一。由此可见,掌握好transitions不仅对行文的流(smoothness)有益,而且对于学生在半个小时内写足四级短文所要求的120个词也是不无好处的。
一个段落里如果没有transitions也就很难有coherence了。我们看下面一个例子:Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
本段中除了第6句开头出现一个起过渡作用的”it”之外,没有使用其他的过渡词语。这样,文中出现许多重复的词语,全段读起来也显得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的过渡词语来修饰的话,这一段就成了下面一个流畅连贯的段落:
Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
4、有损连贯性的几种情况:
考生在写作中经常出现下面几种错误:
1、不必要的改变时态,比如:
In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway.
2、不必要的改变单复数,比如:
Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.
3、不必要的改变人称,比如:
Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.
因此写作中,一定要注意时态,人称以及数的变化是否正确,要注意保持一致。

『贰』 英语写作要注意什么

1、要有鲜明的主题思想和内容。

2、要有完整的组织结构。比如:有时间顺序,有空间回距离,符合逻辑答,按重要性排列,有比较和对比,有分类和阐述。

3、要使用正确的语态。

4、词语的选择和使用要恰当。

5、句子要符合常识和具有多样性。

6、拼写、标点和大小写都要正确。


(2)英语写作方法的重要扩展阅读:

英语作文的写作技巧:

英语考试作文试题的一个最大的特点就是时限性,即在有限的时间内(一般分配30分钟)按试题要求完成作文试题。

英语作文试题一般要求字数在120字左右,段落一般为三段,因而有“三段论”一说。

所谓“三段论”即全文分为三个自然段,一般结构为“首段摆事实(现象)、提观点(论点或问题),在这一部分参试者最好将题目要求中的第一个要点(一般为提出问题或观点)作为首段的内容之一;

第二段剖析现象、分析论点,这也是全文的主体部分。在这一部分参试者需要将试题要求中的所有要点的内容都加以阐述和扩展,同时注意不要信马由缰的写一些与文章主题无关的内容以免被当作跑题处理;

第三段为结论段,这一段的主要任务是为全文做一个结论性的终结,让文章显得完整和连贯。至于开头和结尾有一定的固定的套路可循。

参考资料来源:网络—英语作文

『叁』 英语作文的写作方法及技巧

您好!
一般应做到
内容切题:不能走题、偏题
表达清楚:要让别人知道你想说什么,不要用你认为能看懂的汉语式英文句子
意义连贯:中英文化差异造成思维方式和文字表述方式的不同,英文表述更注重事实,所以写英语作文不要过多的进行心理、环境描写,120个字的作文结构要缜密,理由和例子要简洁有力,说明问题,不要东拉西扯。
句法多变:为避免文章平淡、呆板,可使用不同的句式:强调句、倒装句、否定句等等
语言正确:不要犯低级的语法错误
英语作文其实不难,如果你的英语底子不好,不太擅长使用比较复杂的语法,词汇量也比较有限的话。建议用最简单的句子表达意思,句式越简单越好,能表达意思就好,一些生辟的单词如果不会不需要直译,可以用些词组。能表达意思就好,如果不会用用多了反而容易出错,平时作业时可以慢慢积累,可以试着用些当作练习,考试时就不必了,原因就不多说了。我觉得要写好英语作文还是平时多积累些,加上一些练习,比如平时可以多看些英语美文,如果有时间也可以刻意记些,时间长了语感自然就出来了,考试时有可能不知不觉的就闪出了平时的记忆。
多用连接词!
递进型:besides
;what's
more
;let
alone解释型:that
is
(to
say);in
other
words转折型:however;but;yet;otherwise列举型:for
example;such
as
;on
the
other
hand因果型:since;therefore;as
a
result并列型:and;or;also;as
well
as总结型:in
a
word
;in
short;
on
the
whole;in
conclusion见解型:in
my
opinion;speaking;as
far
as
I
am
concerned
祝您成功

『肆』 英语写作方法

英语写作方法六大原则:
1. advanced words (高级词汇原则)
2. adverbial advanceed (状语提前原则)
3. phrases preferred (短语优先原则)
4.compound sentence, composite sentence and sentence of special kind (并列句、复合句和特殊句式原则)
5. long and short sentences alternately (长短句交替原则)
6. passages in paragraphs(短文分段分层原则)
高分作文的五大特性
1. sense of order (条理性: 段落完整,层次分明)
2. accuracy (准确性: 语法准确,用词精当)
3. fluency (流畅性: 层次清晰,行文连贯)
4. conciseness & variety (简洁、多样性: 语言简洁,不重复)
5. ideological content (思想性: 文章立意高,表达个人观点内容积极向上)

过渡词的使用
过渡词是一种关系指引词,一般由副词或起副词作用的短语承担。此外,代词、连词、上下文的近义词等也可作过渡词。过渡词犹如“桥梁”,在文章中发挥着连接上下文的作用,学会恰当地运用过渡词会使文章结构紧凑,启、承、转、合,过渡自然,融会贯通,连成一体。
1、根据意思和作用的不同,过渡词可以分为以下十六类:
(1)表并列关系的过渡词:
and, also, as well, as well as, or, too, not only…but also, both … and, either … or, neither…nor等。
(2)表递进关系的过渡词:
besides, in addition(加之,除……之外), moreover(此外,而且), what’s more, what’s worse等。
(3)表转折对比的过渡词:
but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, despite, in spite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, not only…but also, here…there, years ago…today, this…that, the former…the latter, then…now, the first… whereas the second, once…now, on the one hand … on the other hand, some…others等。
(4)表原因的过渡词:
because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, e to(由于), for this reason, owing to, as far as, considering that, seeing that等。
(5)表结果的过渡词:
so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then, thereby, hence, so…that, such…that?, accordingly等。??
(6)表条件的过渡词:
if, unless, on condition that, as/so long as等。
(7)表时间的过渡词:
when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on,? eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning / year / century, after a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, form now on, at present, immediately, the moment等。
(8)表特定的顺序关系的过渡词:
first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end, at last, afterward(s)(后来), meanwhile(几乎同时), thereafter(在那以后), last, finally, eventually(终于)等。
(9)表换一种方式表达的过渡词:
in other words, that is to say, to put it another way等。
(10)表进行举例说明的过渡词:
for instance, for example, take … as an example, namely, such as, like, in other words, that is to say, that is等。
(11)表陈述事实的过渡词:
in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth等。
(12)表强调的过渡词:
certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously, of course, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely等。
(13)表比较、对比的过渡词:
like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, be similar to, rather than, on the contrary, by contrast, one one hand…, on the other hand, otherwise 等。
(14)表目的的过渡词:
for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to等。
(15)表总结的过渡词:
in a word(总之,简言之), in general, in short(总之), above all, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, to conclude, at last, in summary, on the whole等。
(16)表增补的过渡词:in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what’s more, similarly, next, finally 等。
2、文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成,在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。“启”就是开头, “承”是承接,“转”是转折,“合”是综合或总结。
(1) “启”。
用于表示“启”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落或文章的开头:
过渡词: first, first of all, at first, in the first place, firstly, to being with, to start with, recently, now, at present, in recent years, in general, generally speaking, at present, lately, currently,
过渡句:It is often said that…,
As the proverb says…,
It goes without saying that…,
It is clear/obvious that…,
Many people often ask …
(2) “承”。
表示“承”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第一个扩展句中:
过渡词: second, similarly, in addition, besides, then, furthermore, moreover, what is more, what
is worse, for example, for instance, certainly, surely, obviously, in other words, especially, particularly, in particular, indeed, still, third, truly, in fact, at the same time, no doubt,
过渡句:It is true that…,
Everybody knows that…,
It can be easily proved that…,
No one can deny that…
The reason why …is that …,
There is no doubt that…,
To take…for an example (instance) …,
We know that…,
What is more serious is that…
(3)“转”。
用于“转”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第二个扩展句中:
过渡词:but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in any case, at any rate(无论如何), nevertheless(虽然如此), otherwise, or, or else, while, whereas, but, despite, inspite of ..., yet, instead,
过渡句:I do not believe that…,
Perhaps you’ll ask why…
This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to…,
Though we are in basic agreement with …, yet differences will be found,
That’s why i feel that…
(4) “合”。
用于“合”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落的结论句或文章的结论段中:
过渡词: in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking,to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, therefore, as a result, above all, thus,after all(毕竟), eventually, hence, in short, in conclusion, in a word, in sum(总之), on the whole(就整体而言), to sum up
过渡句:From this point of view …
On account of this we can find that …
The result is dependent on …
Thus, this is the reason why we must…

长短句结合
(1)句子既要生动,又要简明扼要。
(2)在写作中应避免使用相同长度的相同句型,而应注意句式的变化,如长短句结合,简单句、复杂句和复合句并用,还可以使用简化句等,一些较复杂的结构如独立结构,分词结构等也可以使用。
(3)可以使用一些特殊句式,如强调句、感叹句、倒装句等,增强语句的表现力,以增加文章“亮点”。强烈建议:在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短,且先长后短;在文章主体部分,要先用一个短句解释主要意思,然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式,定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。(这是我上初中时英语老师给我的,帮助了我,希望也能帮助你。。)

『伍』 英语写作 学习英语的重要性和有效的方法

Nowadays,people won't fuss about the importance of English learning,for the number of English learners is skyrocketing.Nonetheless,what makes English so critical ?My reasons come as follows.
In the first place, English is the most widely used language in the world,nearly 500 million people taking it as their official language,which makes English popular among many countries.In addition, some of the English speaking countries have economic advantages over other countries;consequently, their culture,history,politics,even military, have made a far-reaching effect on others.As a bridge which is used for communications,English is hard to be substituted.Above all,since globalisation has played a leading role around the world, English learning is no more just a kind of avocation,but a vocation which helps to boost the economy of non-English speaking countries.
Now that English does make a big difference, how can we learn it well? Speaking for myself, I think there are three methods we need to bear in mind.First of all, we should speak English as often as possible. Language is always used for speaking,if we can't speak it ,then we can't really understand it.Second,read more and watch more.it's not easy to read original versions of English materials at first.However,if you can keep trying and struggling,you'll find it the most efficient way to enter the English world. At last,we're supposed to be a good observer.Never let the words go if you don't get it.Never let the sentences go if you can't understand its structure.In a nutshell, learning English needs time,effort, grit and planning.No one can build Rome in one night!

『陆』 英语写作.提高学习效率,除了努力学习,学习方法也很重要.

英语学习方法还是很关键的!
1、预习。预习既是学习方法问题,也是学习习惯的问题。预习的内容很多,如:课前要预习生词、课文和语法内容,在自己不懂的地方作上标记,带着问题有针对性去听课,课堂上尽力去解决自己不懂的问题,如仍不懂,课后应马上问老师。
2、听课。听课是学习过程中最重要的环节,听课效率高的学生往往能够在课堂上掌握教师讲授的大部分内容。听课要做到:紧跟各个教学环节,如复习、引入、呈现、练习和巩固等;要集中精力,听懂教师的讲解,并做好笔记;积极参与课堂活动,如回答问题、对话、角色扮演和复述等。
3、作业。要认真完成课后作业。英语作业分口头和笔头两种。对语言学习来说,朗读、记忆、背诵等课后作业十分重要。
4、复习与总结。课后要进一步理解课上所学的内容,如整理笔记、复习重点和难点;熟读或背诵重要句子;通过归纳、分析和比较,使知识条理化;根据个人情况有针对性地进行复习。
5、自备一本词典。对于重点词汇或易混词要勤查词典,学会用简单的英语去解释生词,其目的在于培养学生的自学能力,以便今后能正确使用英语词典等工具书,准确地理解词义。
自己试着分析结构比较复杂的长句子,如能理解长、难句,那么也就不难理解整篇文章了,这样也随之提高了阅读能力。

『柒』 写作的重要性写一篇英语作文

As is known to all, writing is an important andnecessary skill for all students. However, many students don’t reallyunderstand the true importance of writing, as they just consider writing as atask of exam. As far as I am concerned, writing has deeper importance in manyways.
众所周知,写作对所有的学生来说是一项重要和必要的技能。但是,很多学生没有真正明白写作的重要性,因为他们只把写作当做是考试的一项任务。在我看来,写作在很多方面更重要。
Firstly, improving our ability of using words is abasic function of writing. For example, in order to write a good Englishcomposition, we must use every word carefully as much as possible to ensure itscorrectness. In the process, we have improved our ability of using words andwriting skills imperceptibly. In this aspect, writing is a good way tostrengthen our ability.
首先,提高我们用词能力是写作的一个基本功能。例如,为了写好一篇英语作文,我们必须极可能谨慎使用每一个词以确保文章的正确性。在这个过程中,我们不知不觉地提高了我们用词能力和写作技巧。从这一方面来看,写作是加强能力的一个好方法。
Moreover, writing is an effective way to enlarge ourvocabulary. Different compositions we write need different vocabularies.Therefore, the more compositions we write, the more vocabularies we get. At thesame time, it is helpful to enlarge our reading.
其次,写作是扩展我们的词汇量的有效方法。我们所写的不同作文需要不同的词汇。所以,我们写得越多,我们就掌握越多的词汇。同时,这也有助于我们扩大阅读量。
And last but not the least, writing makes greatcontribution to our logical thinking and analysis ability. For one thing, towrite a good composition, we must collect and arrange writing materialssystematically so that we can show off what is essential and what is not soimportant. In the process of dealing with materials, we are also learning toanalyze and deal with the different problems. For another, it is also a processto practice our own thinking ability and form different thoughts. By dealing withall kinds of compositions, we can get in touch with more thoughts and becomewiser.
最后但不是最不重要的一点,写作对我们的逻辑思维和分析能力很有帮助。一方面,为了写好一篇作文,我们必须系统地收集和整理写作材料以便能够掌握什么事必要的,什么又不是那么重要的。在处理材料的过程中,我们也学会分析和处理不同问题。另一方面,这也是一个锻炼我们思考能力和形成不同思维的过程。通过处理各种各样的作文,我们可以接触到更多的想法从而变得更理智。
In a word, writing is an important skill, especiallyfor language learners. Thus, we should improve our writing ability as much aspossible to improve our overall levels.
总之,写作是一项重要的技能,特别是对语言学习者。因此,我们应该尽可能提高我们的学做能力以提高我们各方面水平。

『捌』 求英语作文 方法和勤奋哪个最重要

没有哪个更重要,我高中英语就是背课文,老师要求背的课文全部不加思索的背出来,虽然第三天就忘记了,但是语感那是相当重要。

『玖』 提高英语写作的方法是什么

一、提高英语写作能力的原则 一)渐进性原则。要坚持“句—段—篇”的训练程序,由易到难,循序渐进。在英语写作的初始阶段,要始终注意培养学生良好的写作习惯,狠抓基本功训练。在学生掌握了基本句型并能写出简单句子后,再要求学生根据一些体例写出小段的文章。在段落写作中要引导学生分析段落的结构、段落的中心句、句与句之间的逻辑关系、写作手法等,这样有利于下一步一篇文章的写作。在文章写作中要教会学生如何构思文章、如何运用正确的写作技巧等。 (二)多样性原则。要坚持训练形式的多样化及写作文体的多样性。从形式上而言,可以用回答提问的口头作文,也可以用续写故事;可以改写课文,也可以仿写课文;可以写提纲训练谋篇布局,也可以写拓展段训练发散思维……。从文体上而言,可以写说明文、议论文、记叙文,也可以写书信、便条、通知等实用文体。 (三)结合性原则。要坚持听说读训练和写训练相结合。根据语言习得理论,学习者在学习时常先通过听和读吸取语言知识,从而了解别人的思想,再通过说和写来表达自己的思想,让别人了解自己。大量的听说训练能促进读写能力的提高。因此,写与听说读紧密结合,进行多元化的能力训练,可使学生的各项能力互相影响、互相渗透、互相促进。 (四)控制性原则。要坚持写作前的指导,控制学生的汉语语言思维,发展英语语言思维。语言学习在很大程度上主要是模仿,而非随心所欲地自由表达。教师要加强写作前的指导,可给出范文让学生模仿,以熟悉其语篇结构。同时要控制其汉语语言思维,尽可能让学生习惯英语语言思维,以便于学生学习和掌握地道、正确的英语。 (五)持久性原则。要坚持长期、正确的写作训练。英语写作能力的提高并非一朝一夕之事,而是一个长期的、艰巨的、渐进的过程。这就要求教师、学生都要有充分的思想准备,要有坚韧不拔的意志和必胜的信心。 二、提高英语写作能力的方法。 (一)通过积累词汇量,提高英语写作能力。犹如土木砖石是建筑的材料一样,词汇是说话写作的必需材料,也是制约写作能力提高的瓶颈。可以想象,如果要写一个句子,10个单词有8个单词拼写错误或拼写不出,有2 个单词用法不当,又怎么能清楚地表达自己的思想呢?因此,在平时的教学中要强调学生记忆单词,记住单词的拼读、用法、意思等。记忆单词的方法有很多,各人有各人的记忆方法和习惯,可因人而异。教师可通过要求学生朗读单词、听写单词、默写单词、遣词造句、词汇竞赛等多种方法促进学生记单词。记忆单词是一个长期的反复的过程,要长期地坚持下去,才能不断积累大量的词汇,为英语写作打下坚实的基础。 (二)通过扩大阅读量,提高英语写作能力。古人云“熟读唐诗三百首,不会作诗也会吟”,这是汉语的一种学习方法,同样可借鉴于英语写作。多阅读是学生增加接触英语语言材料、接受信息、活跃思维、增长智力的一种途径,同时也是培养学生英语思维能力、提高理解力、增强语感、巩固和扩大词汇量的一种好方法,有利于促进英语写作能力的提高。在阅读训练中,教师要注意以下问题:一是指导阅读方法,分析文章结构、中心思想、段落中心句、写作方法等,帮助学生掌握各类文章的结构及写作方法。二要精读与泛读相结合,通过推敲优秀的文章来学会写作方法和选词用词;通过大量的泛读来吸取信息量,扩大词汇量。三要扩大阅读量。提供阅读的材料涉及面要广,才能不断扩大学生的知识面,使学生适应各种题材的写作。 (三)通过提高听说能力,提高英语写作能力。英语听说读写四种能力是相互影响、相互促进的,提高听说能力必定会促进写作能力的提高。要提高听说能力关键在于创设一个良好的英语环境。教师要尽可能地用英语授课,多开展专门的听说训练,同时开展丰富多彩的课外英语活动,让学生沉浸在英语海洋中去领略、去体会、去使用英语,久而久之,学生自然能使用正确的、地道的英语进行交谈与写作。 (四)通过重视写作过程,提高英语写作能力。长期以来,英语写作成果教学法(THE PRODUCT APPROACH)在我国居于主导地位,教师根据写作的终成品来判断写作的成败,重视写作的技术性细节(如格式、拼写、语法等),忽视写作过程的指导。根据D.Rumechart和J.McClelland提出的连通论(Connectionism)理论,写作包括写前阶段、具体写作、文章修改三个基本过程,这三个过程并非是线性排列,而是循环往复,穿插进行的。教师只有重视加强对写作三个过程的指导,才能更好地提高英语写作能力。在写作前阶段,教师重在指导学生如何挖掘题材,训练发散性思维,以及如何选择材料、谋篇布局等。在具体写作中,教师重在指导学生如何紧扣主题、运用正确的写作方法等。在文章修改中,教师重在指导学生如何修改语法及用词的错误。 (五)通过多写英语摘要,提高英语写作能力。英语摘要是把一篇文章的要点摘录出来,用自己的语言使之独立成一篇短文,这不是简单的摘录,而是忠于原文意思的再创作。写英语摘要有利于学生了解原文的文化背景、理解原文的中心意思、弄清原文的篇章结构,从而提高学生的逻辑思维能力和谋篇布局能力。 (六)通过发展英语语言思维能力,提高英语写作能力。英语写作是运用已掌握的内在化语言知识和表达方法,通过思维进行外在化输出的创作,因此英语语言思维能力在英语写作中作用非凡。对于我国学生而言,在英语写作中易受汉语语言思维的影响,难以直接用英语语言进行思维,不利于英语写作能力的提高,因此发展其英语语言思维能力尤为重要。教师要注意对学生的英语语言思维进行多方位、多角度的训练:要采取各种方法训练学生英语语言思维的广阔性、深刻性、发散性和创造性;要教会学生用英语思考问题、回答问题;要从训练形象思维开始,逐步过渡到抽象思维训练;在课文讲解中要尽可能不用汉语翻译而用英语解释,消除汉语思维的影响;要努力创设良好的英语环境,在英语交际中发展英语思维能力。

『拾』 英语作文 学习知识方法比知识本身重要

which thereupon come into the head, an

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