安娜卡列尼娜写作背景英语

1. 安娜卡列尼娜的创作背景是怎样的

《安娜·卡列尼娜》的构思始于1870年，到1873年才开始动笔。这三年是作者列夫·托尔内斯泰一生容中精神困顿的时期。

最初，托尔斯泰是想写一个上流社会已婚妇女失足的故事。但随着写作的深入，原来的构思不断被修改。小说的初步创作不过仅用了短短的50天时间便得以完成，然而托尔斯泰很不满意，他又花费了数十倍的时间来不断修正，前后经过12次大的改动，迟至4年之后才正式出版。4年间，小说废弃的手稿竟高达1米多！“全部都应当改写，再改写”，这是托尔斯泰经常挂在嘴边的一句话。显然，一部《安娜·卡列尼娜》与其说是写出来的，倒不如说是改出来的。

正是在作者近乎苛刻的追求中，小说的重心有了巨大的转移，安娜由最初构思中的“失了足的女人”(她趣味恶劣、卖弄风情、品行不端)，变成了一个品格高雅、敢于追求真正的爱情与幸福的“叛女”形象，从而成为世界文学中最具反抗精神的女性之一。

2. 安娜卡列尼娜的社会背景

安娜·卡列尼娜
列夫·托尔斯泰1828—1910是俄国批判现实主义文学最伟大的代表作家，他的创作历程从19世纪50年代到20世纪初，跨越了俄国的贵族革命、资产阶级民主革命和无产阶级革命三个历史时期，他积累了丰富的艺术经验，对世界文学作出了巨大的贡献。处于社会变革的时代，托尔斯泰的精神世界也处于不断地紧张探索之中，他的作品就是精神探索的产物。《战争与和平》中，他对于贵族的命运问题、人民的命运问题、俄罗斯人民在历史进程中所起作用的程度问题都作了艺术性的回答，使之兼有史诗、历史长篇小说和编年史的特色；《复活》是托尔斯泰几十年来对政治、经济、哲学、宗教、道德、美学的探索总结，借一个习见的题材—贵族公子引诱下层女性—对现存的一切制度进行猛烈的抨击，写得独特而新颖；他还以一个不仅为自己而且为本阶级的罪孽进行忏悔的贵族人物，表现了一种彻底根究群众灾难的真实原因的大无畏精神。人们称托尔斯泰为人类良心的体现者是恰切的。
《安娜·卡列尼娜》创作于资本主义在俄国一切生活中横冲直撞的七十年代，作者在此深刻地反映了这一时期俄国许多重要的社会生活面貌，特别是农奴制度改革后的社会现状。小说有两条线索，一条是安娜—渥沦斯基—卡列宁的情节线索，反映七十年代贵族社会的思想、文化和道德生活及其社会关系，一条是列文—吉提的情节线索，反映俄国庄园地主的社会政治经济生活。小说开头“奥布朗斯基家一切都混乱了”这句话是理解全书的钥匙，一切都乱了的不仅是这一家，卡列宁家、列文家、薛杰巴斯基家无不混乱与紧张不安，这反映贵族社会面对资本主义侵入产生的危机，是动荡不安的时代的缩影，这惶乱不安既是小说的总的思想情绪，也决定了作家紧张的精神探索及对笔下人物的复杂而又矛盾的态度。
主人公安娜是个年轻美貌的贵妇，在几乎是少女时代就嫁给了比她大二十岁的高官显贵卡列宁，过了八年没有爱情的夫妻生活。在贵族妇女中，她不只外貌上尤其在精神气质上远远超出她的同伴。安娜是热烈、真挚而丰富的，其性格是一团火，“有一股压抑的生气在她脸上流露”，但这是被死灰压着的火，又是那刻板冷酷的官僚丈夫扑灭不了的生命之火，渥论斯基的不顾一切的追求，使之无比热烈地燃烧起来了，她渴望摆脱精神奴役、过独立平等的生活，然而那个时代那个环境中，妇女根本无法支配自己的命运，她勇敢地离开了卡列宁，却既被剥夺爱子又无法离婚。安娜蔑视世俗成见和贵族道德，贵族社会就冷酷地弃绝了她，扼杀了她这一点点微小的幸福和自由。与渥沦斯基结合的有限快乐给她带来了无限的痛苦，激情后的冷淡厌倦是她不幸命运的最后一击，她宁为玉碎不为瓦全，于是黑暗之中的大火终于永远地熄灭了。
《安娜·卡列尼娜》的浓烈的艺术感染力，除了它感人的主题和生动的人物形象外，也由于它在艺术上非常完美，技巧上颇多独创之处。在塑造安娜的形象上，作家溶入了自己的审美评价，始终注意显示安娜的美，写她的肖像美、动作美、服饰美、从容的风度、丰富的内心世界，既从正面刻划也从侧面描写，把她与另一少女吉提对比衬托，更让她与枯燥冷漠的卡列宁形成鲜明的对照；心理描写的生动贴切达到了“辩证法”的程度，安娜的常态心理、变态心理通过人物的内心独白和作家对人物内心世界的剖析而淋漓尽致地表现出来；结构上也独具匠心，两条线索形成对照，在对比中对两种生活方式和道德原则作了评价。
周扬等在1956年翻译了这部巨着，由人民文学出版社出版并于1978年再版；上海译文出版社在1982年出版了草婴翻译的版本。

3. 安娜。卡列尼娜的时代背景怎样

《安娜·卡列尼娜》创作于资本主义在俄国一切生活中横冲直撞的七十年代，作者在此深刻地反映了这一时期俄国许多重要的社会生活面貌，特别是农奴制度改革后的社会现状。小说有两条线索，一条是安娜—渥沦斯基—卡列宁的情节线索，反映七十年代贵族社会的思想、文化和道德生活及其社会关系，一条是列文—吉提的情节线索，反映俄国庄园地主的社会政治经济生活。小说开头“奥布朗斯基家一切都混乱了”这句话是理解全书的钥匙，一切都乱了的不仅是这一家，卡列宁家、列文家、薛杰巴斯基家无不混乱与紧张不安，这反映贵族社会面对资本主义侵入产生的危机，是动荡不安的时代的缩影，这惶乱不安既是小说的总的思想情绪，也决定了作家紧张的精神探索及对笔下人物的复杂而又矛盾的态度。
主人公安娜是个年轻美貌的贵妇，在几乎是少女时代就嫁给了比她大二十岁的高官显贵卡列宁，过了八年没有爱情的夫妻生活。在贵族妇女中，她不只外貌上尤其在精神气质上远远超出她的同伴。安娜是热烈、真挚而丰富的，其性格是一团火，“有一股压抑的生气在她脸上流露”，但这是被死灰压着的火，又是那刻板冷酷的官僚丈夫扑灭不了的生命之火，渥论斯基的不顾一切的追求，使之无比热烈地燃烧起来了，她渴望摆脱精神奴役、过独立平等的生活，然而那个时代那个环境中，妇女根本无法支配自己的命运，她勇敢地离开了卡列宁，却既被剥夺爱子又无法离婚。安娜蔑视世俗成见和贵族道德，贵族社会就冷酷地弃绝了她，扼杀了她这一点点微小的幸福和自由。与渥沦斯基结合的有限快乐给她带来了无限的痛苦，激情后的冷淡厌倦是她不幸命运的最后一击，她宁为玉碎不为瓦全，于是黑暗之中的大火终于永远地熄灭了。

4. 安娜卡列尼娜英文简介,200字左右

Anna Karenina (Анна Каренина) is a novel by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy first published in periodical instalments from 1873 to 1877. The novel first appeared as a serial in the periodical Ruskii Vestnik (Russian: "Русский Вестник", "Russian Messenger") -- but Tolstoy clashed with its editor Mikhail Katkov over issues that arose in the final instalment. Therefore, the novel's first complete appearance was in book form.

Widely regarded as a pinnacle in realist fiction, Tolstoy considered this book his first true novel. The character of Anna was likely inspired, in part, by Maria Hartung (1832–1919), the elder daughter of the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin. Soon after meeting her at dinner, Tolstoy started reading Pushkin's prose and once had a fleeting daydream of "a bare exquisite aristocratic elbow", which proved to be the first intimation of Anna's character.

Although most Russian critics panned the novel on its publication as a "trifling romance of high life", Fyodor Dostoevsky declared it to be "flawless as a work of art". His opinion is seconded by Vladimir Nabokov, who especially admired "the flawless magic of Tolstoy's style" and the motif of the moving train, which is subtly introced in the first chapters (the children playing with a toy train) and inexorably developed in subsequent chapters (Anna's nightmare), thus heralding the novel's majestic finale.

5. 安娜·卡列尼娜的创作背景

时代背景
十九世纪后半期的沙皇俄国，当时正值1861年俄国农奴制改革，整个社会处于由古老、守旧的封建社会向新兴的资本主义社会急剧转变的特殊时期。一方面在世界资本主义尤其是西欧资本主义国家资产阶级革命的强力冲击下，俄国封建农奴制度迅速崩溃，封建贵族地主日趋腐化堕落的思想与新兴资产阶级人文思想发生了激烈的对撞，其政治、经济制度，思想、道德观念也在急剧变化之中，欧洲资产阶级人文思想的启蒙、人性的自觉不自觉地觉醒，使人们要求人性解放、恋爱自由、婚姻自主的呼声越来越高，要求摆脱封建思想道德的羁绊;另一方面，反动腐朽的封建农奴制对资产阶级人文思想仍具强大的阻力。众所周知，俄国的农奴制改革是自上而下的转变过程，它不像法国大革命是自下而上的彻底革命，其新兴的资产阶级思想载体不是从平民阶层、小生产者阶层中产生的，而是由一批把持政权的封建官僚、大贵族地主阶层转变而来的。在转变过程中所残留下来的封建传统、观念在社会、人们的头脑中仍然根深蒂固，诚如文中列文所说：“一切都是混乱的，一切都正在建立。”
个人背景
从19世纪70年代起，俄国乡村遭到资本主义势力的人侵，“到民间”去等活动的开展，使托尔斯泰开始了新的思想危机和新的探索时期。他惶惶不安，怀疑生存的目的和意义，因为自己所处的贵族寄生生活的“可怕地位”，深感苦恼，不知道“该怎么办”。他研读各种哲学和宗教书籍，不能找到答案。他甚至藏起绳子、不带猎枪，生怕自己为了求得解脱而自杀。此后，他访问神父、主教、修道士和隐修士，并结识了农民、独立教徒康。修斯塔夫。终于完全否定了官办教会，接受了宗法制农民的信仰。这是托尔斯泰复杂的探索时期，也正是在这个时期产生了《安娜·卡列尼娜》（1873-1877）。
创作过程
1870年托尔斯泰便打算写一部出身高等社会的有夫之妇失足的小说，并打算把这个女人写得可怜而无罪。1872年，离托尔斯泰的农庄五俄里的地方，一个叫安娜兹科娃的妇女，发现她的情人另有新欢，向自己儿子的家庭女教师求婚，于是一气之下取了一些换洗衣服到图拉去，后来又返回村子，投身在货车车轮下而死。托尔斯泰目睹了这出悲剧，深受触动。托尔斯泰1873年动笔，1877年完成，小说先后用过《年轻太太》《两段婚姻》《两对夫妻》等书名，最后才用了明确而简单的现名。

6. 求《anna》（安娜·卡列尼娜）英文简介

The book begins with a crisis at home. Anna's brother Stiva has been caught cheating on his wife, Dolly. Anna manages to convince Dolly to forgive him. Quickly, Anna is understood as a generous person, interested only in benevolence. She is married to the high-ranking, upper class Karenin. Their marriage seems stable and united from the start.

Shortly, though, Anna meets and falls in love with the dashing Count Vronsky. She tries hard to escape his stares, to avoid meeting him, but he is persistent and she is smitten. They have an affair that rips at the threads of their social lives when Anna becomes pregnant. She must, obviously, tell Karenin the news. He demands that his social pride and honor be preserved throughout the whole matter, and he and Anna pretend nothing is happening. He fears the ridicule of society far more than the destruction of his own marriage. Yet Anna cannot let go of Vronsky--she continues to see him quite often. Karenin discovers the extent of the affair when he sees Vronsky leaving his house, and helooks into divorce. Anna, meanwhile, runs off with Vronsky.

After having Vronsky's baby, Anna becomes seriously ill. Karenin thinks she is going to die, so he forgives her for everything she did. Anna swears that is all she wants out of her remaining life. Yet Anna recovers and forgets quickly about Karenin, once again taking up her torrid affair with the count. While Anna was sick and Karenin was present at her side, Vronsky was humiliated by what he had done. He tried to commit suicide by shooting himself, but he, like Anna, did not die. Now he and Anna leave for Italy. Karenin refuses a divorce with Anna, in order that he might deepen her guilt.

Anna's life becomes terrible. Her friends abandon her, ashamed of her behavior. She cannot go out in public with Vronsky, to the theater or the opera, because they would be subjecting themselves to the rumor mill. Vronsky, however, goes out without Anna; he is free to do so. Anna becomes horribly insecure, thinking that Vronsky goes out so much because he is in love with someone else. He is only in love with Anna, however, and the two fight often because of the unspoken tension that exists between them.

Anna is in a tough position. She isn't Vronsky's wife, but she is more than just his mistress. She depends entirely on him for internal peace and love. But what she finally realizes is that no one has the power to satisfy her emotional desires, not Vronsky nor anyone else. She has woven a complex web for herself, one she feels she can only escape by killing herself. This is what she does, jumping in front of a train. She reconsiders briefly before the train hits her, but has no time to dodge.

Running side by side with Anna's story is Levin's, one that mimics the life and interests of the novelist himself. Levin, a landowner and country man, comes to the city to propose to Kitty, a pretty young lady who is mesmerized instead by Vronsky. She rejects Levin's proposal and keeps her eye on the count. Vronsky, however, is smitten with Anna.

Levin is crushed. He goes home to the country and immerses himself totally in his relationship with the land. He writes a book about farming practices in Russia, revealing his belief that landowners should split the land with their peasants so the peasants have an incentive to work harder. This is a controversial plan as Russia becomes more instrialized.

Kitty, too, is crushed by Vronsky's disinterest. She becomes ill, and her family take her to a spa in Germany, where she recovers and realizes that she has truly loved Levin all along. The meet again shortly, and Kitty accepts Levin's second proposal. They marry happily and have a boy named Mitya.

Kitty is a huge force in Levin's life, helping him to come to grips with his lifelong struggle with faith and religion. She also helps Levin cope with the death of his brother Nicholas. In Tolstoy's eyes, the two have the ideal marriage and love.

Though Anna and Levin's plotlines connect at times, Tolstoy dares only the briefest encounter betwen the two, near the end of the book. Levin is temporarily swept into Anna's world, proving to Tolstoy how dangerous a character like Anna is to Levin's (and his own) world.

As Anna and Levin's stories are contrasted, Tolstoy makes a thematic case, through Levin, for pre-instrial societies as the major source of happiness, wealth and sustenance. He advocates the idea of caring for the land as if it were the wealth of the world, and he labels the land as the only mutual association which can bind societies and families together. Tolstoy shows us the valuable role of rural society in preserving the family. Through Anna, Tolstoy associates city life with vice. That Anna is a creature of the social, urban world makes her character revolve less around virtue, and more around romance, sex, and societal affirmation.

7. 求《安娜 卡列尼娜》英文介绍

Anna Karenina (Анна Каренина) is a novel by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy, published in serial installments from 1873 to 1877 in the periodical Ruskii Vestnik (Russian: Русский Вестник, "Russian Messenger"). Tolstoy clashed with its editor Mikhail Katkov over issues that arose in the final installment. Therefore, the novel's first complete appearance was in book form.

Widely regarded as a pinnacle in realist fiction, Tolstoy considered this book his first true novel. The character of Anna was likely inspired, in part, by Maria Hartung (1832–1919), the elder daughter of the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin. Soon after meeting her at dinner, Tolstoy started reading Pushkin's prose and once had a fleeting daydream of "a bare exquisite aristocratic elbow", which proved to be the first intimation of Anna's character.

Although most Russian critics panned the novel on its publication as a "trifling romance of high life", Fyodor Dostoevsky declared it to be "flawless as a work of art". His opinion is seconded by Vladimir Nabokov, who especially admired "the flawless magic of Tolstoy's style" and the motif of the moving train, which is subtly introced in the first chapters (the children playing with a toy train) and inexorably developed in subsequent chapters (Anna's nightmare), thus heralding the novel's majestic finale.

Anna Karenina is Number 1 in the Top Ten List of 125 authors' Top Ten books.[1]

8. ANNA KARENINA 英文简介

"Anna karenina" is a famous Russian writer Leo Tolstoy's representative works.This book through the heroineAnnaThe pursuit of love tragedy, and levene in rural face crisis of reform and explore the two clues, described the Russian from Moscow to provincial rural vast and rich and colorful picture, has described the more than 150 people, is a social encyclopedia type work.
《安娜来·卡源列尼娜》是俄国著名作家列夫·托尔斯泰的代表作品。本书通过女主人公安娜的追求爱情悲剧，和列文在农村面临危机而进行的改革与探索这两条线索，描绘了俄国从莫斯科到外省乡村广阔而丰富多彩的图景，先后描写了150多个人物，是一部社会网络全书式的作品。

9. 安娜 卡列尼娜英语简介

Anna Karenina (Анна Каренина) is a novel by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy first published in periodical instalments from 1873 to 1877. The novel first appeared as a serial in the periodical Ruskii Vestnik (Russian: "Русский Вестник", "Russian Messenger") -- but Tolstoy clashed with its editor Mikhail Katkov over issues that arose in the final instalment. Therefore, the novel's first complete appearance was in book form.

Widely regarded as a pinnacle in realist fiction, Tolstoy considered this book his first true novel. The character of Anna was likely inspired, in part, by Maria Hartung (1832–1919), the elder daughter of the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin. Soon after meeting her at dinner, Tolstoy started reading Pushkin's prose and once had a fleeting daydream of "a bare exquisite aristocratic elbow", which proved to be the first intimation of Anna's character.

Although most Russian critics panned the novel on its publication as a "trifling romance of high life", Fyodor Dostoevsky declared it to be "flawless as a work of art". His opinion is seconded by Vladimir Nabokov, who especially admired "the flawless magic of Tolstoy's style" and the motif of the moving train, which is subtly introced in the first chapters (the children playing with a toy train) and inexorably developed in subsequent chapters (Anna's nightmare), thus heralding the novel's majestic finale.

more information:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Karenina