1. 唐朝的英文作文六年级
我跳进时空隧道,要来求源回到唐朝。几分钟后,我就来到了唐僧取经的路上。我左看看右看看,就是没有看到他们师徒四人的身影。正在我失望的时候,突然看到前方一个猴子的身影。我大喜,不用说,肯定是孙悟空在前面探路呢。我跑上前去,大叫:“孙悟空,我拜你为师吧!”孙悟空很奇怪地看着我,就像看一个怪物一样:“你这小孩怎么穿得这么奇怪?要想拜我为师,得经过老孙的考验。怎么样?接受不接受?”我说:“接受,这有什么大不了的。考什么?”孙悟空说:“你是小孩,你挑吧。”
我毫不犹豫地拿出我的AK47玩具枪,说:“拿出你的武器来吧。”孙悟空看着我拿出这样一个怪的东西,莫名其妙。他从耳朵里掏出金箍棒。我拿着AK47开始一阵扫射,一会儿功夫,孙悟空趴在专地上动弹不得了。过了一会儿,他慢慢站起身来,说:“你手中拿的是什么东西?这么厉害。俺老孙甘拜下风。”属
我说:“接下来咱们比智力。孙大圣,我问你,一个绿豆从十八层楼摔下去,他成什么了?”孙悟空抓耳挠腮地想来想去,还是想不出答案。我骄傲地告诉他:“他会变成一个红豆。”孙悟空又想了半天后笑了:“你这小毛孩,出的什么题啊?再来。”
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2. 唐代和现代对比的英语作文
The
trip
made
me
understand
the
history
and
culture
of
the
Tang
Dynasty.
这次旅行让我明白了唐朝的历史和文化
3. 关于唐朝历史的英语作文
这个会不会太长,删减一下吧
唐朝,又称天朝。是由唐高祖李渊建立起来的强大王朝,它与汉朝同成为中华民族中兴的两个时代,并以其前所未有的辉煌与繁荣开创了中国的新纪元。
唐朝建国后,继续完善三省六部、科举、均田制及租庸调等制度,社会迅速发展。唐太宗时,出现“贞观之治”。此后政坛风云多变,并产生武则天改唐建周的历史。开元时期,唐朝国势登峰造极。安史之乱后,一方面形成藩镇割据的局面,同时又出现宦官专权与官僚势力激烈斗争的现象,逐渐削弱了唐帝国统治。黄巢起义涌现后,唐朝很快走向灭亡。
唐朝时期,社会经济发展迅速。农业生产技术进步,粮食亩产量增加;手工业水平提高,产品更为丰富、精良;商业规模扩大,南北经济交流密切,并产生柜坊、飞钱。同时,出现经济重心南移的趋势。唐朝加强了对周边少数民族地区的管理,遂作为经济、文化交流的中心屹立于世界之林。唐朝时期,文化异常灿烂夺目,宗教思想、文学艺术、史学、科学技术等等领域成果辉煌,造就出李白、杜甫、玄奘、刘知几、僧一行及孙思邈等等杰出人物。另外,社会风气开放,民间生活多姿多彩,都使得唐朝呈现出高度的文明气象。
Tang Dynasty, also calls the Chinese court. Is formidable dynasty which establishes by Tang great-great grandfather Li Yuan, it with becomes the Chinese nation resurgence's two times with the Han Dynasty, and by its unprecedented magnificent and founded China's epoch prosperously.after the Tang Dynasty founds a nation, continues to consummate three saves six systems and so on, imperial civil service examination, system of equalized field allotments and tang dynasty ststem of levying grain, the social rapidly expand. When Emperor Taitsung of Tang, appearance “governing of the Zhenguan”. Hereafter the political wind and cloud is changeable, and proces Wu Zetian to change the Tang Jianzhou history. The founding a nation time, the Tang Dynasty national strength reaches the pinnacle. After Anlushan Rebellion, on the one hand forms the aspect which the military governor establishes a separatist regime, simultaneously presents the officials despotism and the bureaucrat influence intense struggle's phenomenon, weakened the Tang empire rule graally. After Huang Chao revolts the emergence, the Tang Dynasty very quick trend perishes. The Tang Dynasty time, the socio-economic development is rapid. The agricultural proction technology advancement, the grain yield per mu increases; The handicraft instry level enhances, the proct is richer, excellent; The commercial size expands, the north and south economy exchange is close, and proces the cabinet work place, the flying money. At the same time, has the tendency which south the economical center of gravity moves. The Tang Dynasty strengthened to the peripheral national minority area management, then as the economical, cultural exchange's center stands erect forest in the world. The Tang Dynasty time, the culture is exceptionally bright eye-catching, religious ideas, literary arts, history, science and technology and so on domain achievements are magnificent, accomplish Li Bai, Du Fu, Xuan Zang, Liu to know several, monks line and Sun Simiao and so on outstanding character. Moreover, the social convention is open, the folk lives colorfully, causes the Tang Dynasty to present the high civilized meteorology.
4. 在唐朝没有的东西英语作文莱西用过去时
1、饮茶风尚唐朝茶文化的形成与当时的经济、文化发展相关.唐朝疆域广阔,注重对外交往,长安是当时的**、文化中心,中国茶文化正是在这种大气候下形成的.茶文化的形成还与当时佛教、科举制度、诗风、贡茶有关.唐朝陆羽自成一套的茶学、茶艺、茶道思想,及其所著《茶经》,是一个划时代的标志.《茶经》非仅述茶,而是把诸家精华及诗人的气质和艺术思想渗透其中,奠定了中国茶文化的理论基础.唐朝是以僧人、道士、文人为主的茶文化. 佛教文化是中国传统文化的重要组成部份.中国佛教二千多年来的历程,佛教中国化的历程.它深刻地影响着中国哲学、伦理、文学、艺术和茶文化等广泛领域.唐朝佛教尤其是禅宗对饮茶风尚的影响,主要表现在以下三个方面:⑴促进了茶叶生产的大发展.我国寺院多建造在深山幽谷森林繁茂,云雾缭绕,雨量充沛,土层深厚最适宜茶树生长的山区.而且我国是茶的原产地,崇山峻岭原有大量野生茶树,为僧侣开辟新茶园创造了条件,故素有“天下名山僧侣多”,“自古高山出好茶”的谚语.如:①四川蒙顶仙茶.据史载,西汉时甘露禅师吴理真曾结庐于蒙山,亲自植茶,这是佛教僧侣值茶的最早记录.在唐朝每逢春季采茶季节,全山72寺和尚祭拜之后,才能采制供佛.“南岳云雾茶”.南岳衡山是我国五岳之一,寺庙林立,如广济寺、铁佛寺、圣帝殿、衡岳庙等等,茶叶全由寺院僧尼精心制作.②武夷茗茶.早期均由各岩僧人焙制.天心岩永乐禅寺,采茶日全体僧人设坛诵经,焚香礼拜,初为供神圣物或坐禅之用,并非以贸易为目的.③南海普陀茶.南海普陀素称“佛国”,是我国佛教著名四大圣地之一.茶树均为寺院种植.普陀佛茶与灵隐寺佛茶称为江南佛门二大名茶.④径山禅寺茶.唐朝代宗年间法钦禅师曾结庵于余杭径山“宴座”峰.“钦师曾手植茶数株,采以供佛,逾年蔓延山谷.”[1] 茶是经济作物,在唐朝大兴饮茶之风的社会背景下,茶叶商品经济较为发达,在农产物中最具典型,因而种茶可获得较丰厚的利润.寺院广种茶树,也促进了民间茶园的发展. ⑵推动了茶叶技术的进步.刘禹锡贬朗州司马时,亲眼看到西山寺僧人创造了一个茶叶新品种,写了一首赞美诗:“山僧后檐茶数丛,春来映竹抽新茸……斯须炒成满室香,便酌砌下金沙水……新芽连拳半未舒,自摘至煎俄倾余”.陆羽创造的是蒸青饼茶,社会上饮用的也都是这种茶,而西山寺僧人则创造了炒青散茶,佐证常德是我国炒青绿茶的发祥地. ⑶皎然率先提出了“茶道”这个词.他不但专攻佛经,而且对茶文化造诣很深,有许多独特的见解,“茶道”一词就是他在《饮茶歌诮崔石使君》一诗中创造性的率先提出,诗曰:“……熟知茶道全尔真,唯有丹丘得如此.”“三饮”神韵相连,层层深入扣紧,把禅宗“静心”、“自悟”的宗旨以“涤昏寐”、“清我神”、“便得道”贯穿到茶道之中,是诗化了的茶道.茶中有道,悟茶也悟道,把饮茶从技艺欣赏提高到精神享受,我认为佛教对茶道的影响,主要是禅宗思想的影响.皎然把茶道与佛理结合起来,是他的一大贡献. 唐代不仅在内地饮茶成风,而且迅速向周边少数名族地区传播,“自中地,流于塞外.唐贞观十五年,文成公主下嫁吐蕃赞普,带去当时湖南岳州名茶,茶叶由此传人西藏地区.与此同时,茶也向北方和西北方少数民族,同时也逐步向国外传播.据《茶叶全书·中国茶叶贸易史》:在五世纪时,中国与土耳其商人在边疆贸易时,就以茶叶为首首先输出的物品. 2、饮酒风尚唐朝国威强盛,经济繁荣,在中国古代是空前的,在当时的世界上也是仅有的.在这个基础上,承袭六朝并突破六朝的唐文化,博大清新、辉煌灿烂,为中国文化史上添上了独特的一笔.殊不知唐代文人嗜酒特甚,有关诗文也特别多,因此唐代的“酒文化”是别具一格的.就中唐初的王绩,算得是一个先锋.王绩长期弃官在乡,纵酒自适,他所作待文多以嗜酒为题材,其中有一篇《醉乡记》,将历来的嗜酒文人称作酒仙,以为榜样.文中道:“……阮嗣宗、陶渊明等十数人并游于醉乡,没身不返,死葬其壤,中国以为酒仙云.嗟乎,醉乡氏之俗,岂古华召氏之国乎?何其淳寂也!如是予得游焉.”[2] 大凡把酷好饮酒且替饮酒的人称之为“酒仙”.自从有了“酒仙”的美称之后,酒仙便层出不穷.唐代中期就有“酒八仙”之说,称嗜酒的贺知章、李适之、崔宗之、苏晋、李白、张旭、焦遂八人为“酒仙”.八仙中嗜酒最著名的当然是李白.李白爱酒,他的酒诗也相当多,其中有许多名篇,《月下独酌》就是佳作之一,还有那一曲千古绝唱《将进酒》,虽说从某种程度是宣扬了一种及时行乐的消极情绪,但实际上也是诗人心灵深处回荡着的一曲痛苦悲歌:“君不见黄河之水天上来,奔流到海不复回.君不见堂明镜悲白发,朝如青丝暮成雪.人生得意须尽欢,莫使金樽空对月,天生我材必有用,千金散尽还复来.……”李白把自己的愁闷痛楚,恨不得都消释在酒中,没有酒就不会有他的佳作,也就不会有他的生活.他的《把酒问月》诗,表达的正是一种寄情于酒的愿望:“所愿当歌对清酒,月光长照金樽里.”还有那首《客中行》,也表达了诗人同样的心境.传说李白最终因酒而死,那是在他大醉之后,下到采石矶大江中捉月,结果被江水吞没了生命. 赞佩“酒八仙”的杜甫也是一个不逊色的酒客.杜甫流传至今的酒诗,比起李白的甚至要多出一倍,大约有三百首之数.如《水槛遣兴》诗:“浅把涓涓酒,深凭送此生”;又如《绝句漫兴》诗:“莫思身外无穷事,日尽生前有限杯.”其间所表达的意境,与李白颇有相通之处.比起李白与杜甫,自居易显然晚了一辈.但他的嗜酒却丝毫不亚李、杜二人.自居易自称为“醉尹”.他有一篇《酒功赞》;极言饮酒之乐趣自以为步“竹林七贤”之一刘伶《酒德颂》之后.他写道:“由于唐代文人的嗜酒成风,他们的品评自然为美酒带来一些雅号,成为天下麦鞠之英,米泉之精,作和为酒,孕和产灵.孕和者何?浊酒一樽,霜天雪夜,变寒为温.产灵者何?” [3]闻名的产品.从唐代诗文中看出,唐酒多以“春”为名,如李白诗“瓮中百斛金陵春”;杜甫诗“闻道云安鞠米春”;韩愈诗“且可劝买抛青春”;《国史补注》中的 “荣阳土窑春”、“富平石冻春”、“剑南烧春”;郑谷诗“千缺石冻春”;刘梦得诗“鸥鹅杯中若下春”;及《清异录》所云“含春王酒”等.唐代文人饮酒,极重花前月下之酌,李白的《月下独酌》即其一例.这实际上是诗人孤独寂寞境遇的写照,不仅在“月下”,而且为“独酌”,沉闷的心绪因酒而消散,随月而飘去.当然,也难免会有“抽刀断水水更流,举杯消愁愁更愁”的时候,那就很难得到解脱了.大约从唐**始,单纯狂欢的酒徒似乎没有过去那么多了,特别是文人们越来越注重领略酒中趣,不再是一味作乐,饮酒被看成是一种高尚的精神享受.经过唐宋以后文人的总结积累,与“茶道”并行的“酒道”也趋于成熟,这就是所谓 “六饮”之说,六饮对饮酒的酒人、地点、季候、情趣、禁忌、娱乐等方面进行具体探讨,这些行为还逐渐成为士大夫们的行为准则.中国以“茶文化”著名,中国还有源远流长的“酒文化”,唐代文人更是把“酒文化”延出一门“酒文学”,这是一门独特的文学,有其超见脱俗的一面.这是一门我们所独有的与众不同的文学,十分了不起.这是我们中华民族值得骄傲的过去! 3、不同阶层的饮食风尚唐朝时期饮食具有明显的层次性,这种等级层次差别突出表现在高门化族与平民百姓的差异.先秦以来,食肉者为贵族,食素者为平民,因而这两者成了两大不同阶级的身份代称⑴地主阶级的饮食风尚唐朝地主阶级,包括皇室、贵族富豪、士人等,他们以追求异味奇珍为乐事,崇尚口腹之欲,山珍海味,无不厌饱;甚者奇嗜恶癖,令人作呕.当然,也有少数地主阶级有知之士居安思危,提倡节俭,而能轻财贵义、乐善好施.饮食奢靡,是唐时期地主阶级的普遍现象.《汉书·食货志》载:“成帝时,天下亡兵革之事,号为安乐,然俗奢移,不以蓄聚为意.”当时奢移已成为时俗.唐朝时期因为食鹿之风盛行,故有献鹿之风.因而大量的捕宰各种鹿种,他是我国古代饮食史上的辉煌时期,但在其发展过程中,既有宝贵的经验,也有教训.滥捕野生动物,就是深刻的教训之一. ⑵普通劳动者的饮食生活唐朝时期,农民、奴隶、手工业者、城市平民等普通劳动者是社会物质财富的创造者,尽管他们劳累终日,“春不得避风尘,夏不得避暑热,秋不得避阴雨,冬不得避寒冻,四时之间,亡日休息” 在普通劳动者的日常生活中,肉食是相当难得之物.郭原平以家贫“唯食盐饭而已,或家中无食,则虚中竟日,”整天都饿着肚皮. 三、唐朝饮食魅力当雄才大略的唐太宗被四裔同声拥戴为“天可汗”,并赢得了“贞观之治”以后,唐王朝的鼎盛时**始了.富裕风流、无忧无虑的生活环境,开放流畅的中外文化交流,自由开明的仕进方式,自由自在的言论条件,使整个社会氯氨着一种恢宏自豪、开朗奔放的气氛.在这种宽松优越的文化发展环境下,唐人的自信心和创造力,很快便在没有意识形态束缚的饮食文化领域得到了酣畅淋漓的自由发挥.“无问贫富之家,教女不以针缕绩纺为功,但躬厄厨、勤刀机而已,善酿酿姐鲜者,得为大好女矣.……故偶民争婚聘者相与语日:‘我女裁袍补袄,即灼然不会,若修治水蛇黄鳝,即一条必胜一条矣.’”[4]崇尚烹调技艺的民俗民风,带来了发达的饮食文化,即使安史之乱以后的扬州城,依然是“街店之内.百种饮食,异常珍满.”为全面展示唐朝的饮食文化魅力,本文将在菜肴造形、烹调技艺、饮食功效三个方面,进行一些探索. 1、脱俗的艺术造型“民以食为天”.我国自古以来就重视烹调技艺,故饮食之考究、烹调技术之高超,很早便闻名世界.饮食文化发展到唐朝,人们已不再单一追求饮食的食用功效,而是在保持饮食的主体功能的同时,更加注重饮食的艺术欣赏功能和养生保健功能.所以,唐朝的饮食造形十分优美,不仅色、香、味俱佳,而且具有很高的艺术欣赏价值,令人赏心悦目,食欲大增.据史**载,“御厨进撰,凡器用有少府监进者,用九灯食,以牙盘九枚装食味于其间,置上前,亦谓之看食.”,[5]所谓灯,就是把水果摆放在盘里,九灯食,就是把各种水果按一定的造形,摆放在华贵的牙盘之中,装满九盘.这种灯食既可食用,又可观赏,以观赏为主,所以称之为“看食”.作为主食的各种饼类食品,也要制作成五颜六色,摆成美丽的图形,谓之“灯短”.韩愈《南山》诗云:“或如临食案,肴核纷灯短.” 杨慎《升庵全集》卷69是这样解释灯短的:“五色小饼,作花卉禽珍宝形,按抑盛之盒中累积……谓之灯短.”又如唐鼓宗咸通年间,同昌公主出嫁,皇上给公主送去一道菜,’ 名叫“红虫脯”.它是用一尺长的红肉丝加工成的佳肴,丝丝红肉,如一条条刚健有力的虫L龙.给人以传神的动感,故称红虫L脯.在唐朝民间,菜肴的色、香、味、形、器也得到高度完美的统一,给人以美的享受.唐朝的岭南地区出产一种水果,名日“构椽子”,“形如瓜皮,似橙而金色”,有一股诱人的清香味.但是味道很酸,不好食用.然而,经过民间女子的巧妙加工之后,拘椽子马上身价倍增,立刻变为京城豪贵宴席上的名食. 原来,“南中女工.竞敢其肉,雕镂花鸟,浸之蜂蜜,点以胭脂”,用蜂蜜降低了水果的酸味,用刻刀美化了水果的外形,使其成为色彩绚丽、酸甜可口、香气袭人的美食,因此成为京城豪贵的珍品.南中女工这种变废为宝,提高菜肴艺术价值的作法,无疑凝结了劳动人民的聪明才智.据《南楚新闻》记载,南方的百越地区,有两种用青蛙做成的菜肴,构思绝妙,其自然天成的艺术造型,不留丝毫人工雕镂的痕迹,令人叹为观止.“百越人好食虾蟆,凡有宴会,斯为上味,先于釜中置水,次下小芋烹之,候汤沸如鱼眼,即下其蛙,乃一一捧芋而熟,如此呼为抱芋羹.又或先于汤内安笋苛,后投蛙,乃进于宴上,皆执笋苛,瞪目张口而座,客有戏之日:‘卖灯心者’.”[6]唐朝是一个**透明度较高的社会,人们的思想开放,衣着开放,生活开放,所以,唐人的饮食制作,也极力追求一种冰清玉洁的透明效果.唐人的饮食质量高低、烹调技术的好坏,其光洁透明的程度乃是一个重要标准.故唐人的高级撰食,习惯称为“撰玉”;肉白如雪的生鱼片,习惯称为“玉鱿”;档次较高的美酒,习惯称为“玉液”.皮日休的诗歌《吴中言情寄鲁望》云:“宴时不辍琅书味,斋时难判玉鱿香.”白居易《效陶潜体诗》之三则有“开瓶泻辞中,玉液黄金厄.”被称为衣冠人家名食的“萧家馄饨、庚家粽子”,其高明之处就在于“萧家馄饨,辘去其汤,不肥,可以渝茗.汤液不肥,可以泡茶,说明萧家馄饨外形包得很好,油脂渗不出来,所以汤液透明,可以烹茶.“庚家棕子”的高明之处,就是因为它“白莹如玉’,说的也是食品的光洁透明程度,所以说,饮食造形艺术化的另一个特征是追求食品的外形光亮和冰清玉洁.此外,唐人还喜欢把美味可口的肉食和香甜爽口的水果、青翠欲滴的菜叶夹杂在一起,以此来提高饭菜的口感和观赏性.唐人韩约很会制作樱桃烨锣,而且能保持水果颜色不变,堪称饮食一绝. 2、出神入化的烹调技艺中国古代烹调菜肴的方法极多,炯、煮、烧、烤、烙,烫、炸、蒸、脯、腌,这些方法在秦汉时期已差不多全部出现,而这些烹调方法的技术改进、内在质量提高,则是在隋唐时期完成的.以最常见的脍为例,也许更能说明从秦汉至隋唐烹调技艺的不断深进.脍是细切的鱼、肉,《释名》云:“细切肉令散,分其赤白异切之,已乃会合和之也.”就是把肉切开,让肉分散,把瘦肉和肥肉分开,按不同方法加工,然后把切好的肉放在一起.春秋时期,孔子《论语·乡党》已提出“食不厌精,脍不厌细”的主张.到了唐朝,唐人已把脍的技术发展到人工操作的极限.唐人段成式《酉阳杂姐·物草》云:“进士段硕常识南孝廉者,善研脍,毅薄丝缕,轻可吹起.”把肉切得象丝绸一样薄,象丝线一样细,出一口气,能把肉丝吹起来,即使今天的特一级厨师,恐怕也难有如此之高的技术.再说面食加工,唐人在这一领域也是技压群芳,令人称奇.这主要是由于唐朝信的人数很多,僧尼及佛**不食荤血,又忍受不了美食的**,只好用提高面食加工技术,扩大饮食的花色品种,缓解他们在饮食方面的**.所以,唐代的主食加工水平和花色品种,也远远超过秦汉时期.另一方面,自由流畅的国际交流也把世界各国人民的饮食精华,介绍到了大唐帝国,唐人在广泛借鉴他人烹调技艺的同时,也改进或更新了传统的烹调方法.作为面食文化的发展中心,四川的面食加工技术真可谓一枝独秀.再说烤,也就是唐人所谓的炙.要说炙简单,的确是简单;要说它复杂,有时也确实复杂得令人目眩.唐人炙的方法很多,炙的范围也很大,天上飞的,地上跑的,水中游的全都能炙.有的是装在竹筒里炙,有的是涂上泥炙,有的则是连烧带炙、连烹带炙.例如张易之炙鸭鹅“为大铁笼,置鹅鸭于其内,当中热炭火,铜盆贮五味汁,鹅鸭绕火走,渴即饮汁,火炙痛旋转,表里皆熟,毛落尽,肉赤烘烘乃死.’“唐人李詹,大中七年,崔瑶下摧进士第,平生广求滋味,每食鳖辄缄其足,暴于烈日.鳖既渴,即饮以酒而烹之,鳖方醉已熟也.复取驴系于庭中,围之以火,驴渴即饮灰水,荡其肠胃,然后取酒,调以诸辛味,复饮之,驴未绝而为火所逼炼,外已熟矣.’,郎 “唐内待徐可范,性好败猎,杀害甚众,常取活鳖,凿其甲,以热油注之,谓之鳖糙.又性嗜拢驴,以驴糜绊于一室内,盆盛五味汁于前,四面迫于烈火,待其渴饮五味汁,尽取其肠胃为撰,前后烹宰不纪其数.’[7],由以上三个材料可以推论,这种活烤动物法在上流社会比较流行飞而且味道比死烤法要鲜美.同时也说明唐人在烧烤方式上,更加注重几种烹调方法的多重组合,烧烤的质量也有所提高.作为一种基本的饮食加工方法,唐人已把炙的范围大大扩充. 3、食疗兼顾的奇妙功效唐人封演说:“国朝以李氏出自老君,故祟道教.”,林道教为世界上唯一以养生为宗旨的宗教,它的勃兴,使唐朝的饮食文化带上了浓厚的养生色彩,食治成为去病强身的一种优先选择,故孙思邈说:“食能排邪安脏腑,悦神爽志,以资血气.若能用食平病,释情遣疾者,可谓良工长年饵老之奇法,极养生之术也.夫为医者,当须先洞晓病源,知其所犯,以食治之,食疗不愈,然后用药.”[8],每这种食治为先的指导思想,表现在饮食文化上,其一是药膳业的发达,其二是药酒的数量品种大量增加,其三是注重探索饮食规律.唐人用来食治的药膳有两种:一种是给没有病的人强身、美容、保健的药膳,它由纯粹的粮食、蔬菜、水果、肉酪等食物构成.另一种则是加了中草药和矿物质的药膳,是给有病的人治病用的. 唐代的饮食文化光彩魅力正是唐代社会开放流畅的中外文化交流、宗教信仰自由的开明政策、无忧无虑的自由言论环境所造成的.宽松的文化发展环境带给人类的决不仅仅是广阔的思维空间,而且包括自信心、想象力和思维灵感,这便是唐朝饮食文化光彩魅力的源泉四、唐朝饮食风尚探源1、经济繁荣,为饮食文化发展尊定基础唐朝时期,国家统一、强盛,交通发达,陆路和海上丝绸之路比较畅通;统治者推行比较宽松的政策;国内各民族交往密切,互通有无;中外经济交往频繁.使的唐朝经济空前的繁荣. 2、文化昌盛,推动饮食文化的发展唐朝时期,中国文化辉煌灿烂,经济繁荣,唐朝统治者推行开明、兼容的文化政策,国内个民族交往密切,在文化上互相交流、融合,为中华文化增添了刚劲、豪爽、热烈、活泼的多民族色彩;同外国的频繁交往,在文化上吸收外来的优秀成分以及继承发扬了历代的传统文化,使得唐朝的饮食文化更进一步. 3、民族大融合,饮食文化兼容并蓄在长达1100余年的汉唐时期,胡汉民族饮食文化的交流与融合呈现出一幅丰富多彩的图景,也奠定了中华民族传统饮食生活模式的基础,在中华民族饮食文化史上占有十分重要的地位. 众所周知,一个民族饮食生活习惯的形成,有其社会根源和历史根源.在中国古代社会,由于各民族的历史背景、地理环境、社会文化及饮食原料的不同,各民族的饮食习惯就有明显的差异.《礼记·王制》中说:“中国戎夷,五方之民,皆有其性也,不可推移.东方曰夷,被发文身,有不火食者矣.南方曰蛮,雕题交趾,有不火食者矣.西方曰戎,被发衣皮,有不粒食者矣.北方曰狄,衣羽毛穴居,有不粒食者矣.中国、夷、蛮、戎、狄,皆有安居、和味、宜服、利用、备器.五方之民,言语不通,嗜欲不同.”[9]从这段记载中可以清楚地看出,生活在内地的华夏民族在饮食上有着区别于其它民族的特点,这些不同地区的饮食习俗都有鲜明的民族性和地域性,是一个民族的文化和共同心理素质的具体表现.同时,这段记载还反映了一个民族的饮食习俗,是植根于该民族的自然环境和饮食原料之中的,受一定的经济状况所制约. 汉唐时期,中国逐渐形成为一个民族众多的国家,这就为各民族饮食文化的交流与融合提供了便利.在汉代,张骞出使西域,促进了内地与西域之间的饮食文化交流.西域的特产先后传入内地,大大丰富了内地民族的饮食文化生活;而内地民族精美的肴馔和烹饪技艺也逐渐西传,为当地人民所喜欢.各民族在相互交流的过程中,不断创新中华民族的饮食文化.这一时期,西部和西北部少数民族还在和汉族杂居中慢慢习惯并接受耕作农业这一生产与生活方式,开始过上定居的农业生活,这显然与农业生产的效益要高于畜牧业成正相关;而内地的畜牧业也有较快的发展,这也得益于胡汉民族的频繁交流.这种变化也使胡族和汉族传统的饮食结构发生了重大变化,“食肉饮酪”开始成为汉唐时期整个北方和西北地区胡汉各族的共同饮食特色. 今天我们日常吃的蔬菜,大约有160多种.但在比较常见的百余种蔬菜中,汉地原产和从域外引入的大约各占一半.在唐时期,中原内地通过与西北少数民族交流,引入了许多蔬菜和水果品种,如蔬菜有苜蓿、菠菜、芸苔、胡瓜、胡豆、胡蒜、胡荽等,水果有葡萄、扁桃、西瓜、安石榴等,调味品有胡椒、沙糖等.与此同时,西域的烹饪方法也传入中原,如乳酪、胡饼、羌煮貊炙、胡烧肉、胡羹、羊盘肠雌解法等都是从西域传入中原地区的.另一方面,汉族也不断向西域、周边少数民族输出中原的饮食文明.这其中既有产于中原的蔬菜、水果、茶叶,也有食品制作方法等.1992年在新疆吐鲁蕃发掘的唐墓中,就出土过一种梅花型带馅的点心,十分精致,还有饺子,这些食品的制作方法显然是从中原传过去的. 汉唐时期也是中国传统饮食方式逐渐发生变化的时期.东汉以后,胡床从西域传入中原地区,它作为一种坐具,渐被普遍使用.由于坐胡床必须两脚垂地,这就改变了汉族传统跪坐的姿式.从魏晋南北朝开始的家具新变化,到隋唐时期也走向**.这一方面表现为传统的床榻几案的高度继续增高;另一方面是新式的高足家具品种增多,椅子、桌子等都已开始使用.目前所知纪年明确的椅子形象,发现于西安唐玄宗时高力士哥哥高元王圭墓的墓室壁画中,时间为唐天宝十五年(756 年).在敦煌的唐代壁画中,还发现了四足直立的桌子,壁画形象地刻画了人们在桌上切割食物.桌椅出现以后,人们围坐一桌进餐也就是自然之事了,这对中原人席地跪坐的传统进食方式产生了根本性的冲击. 一般而言,饮食习俗是在长时期的历史发展进程中逐渐形成的,因而具有相对的稳定性.但是,任何事物都处在不断的发展变化中,任何一个民族的饮食习俗也是这样,随着时代的变迁,总会不断出现缓慢、渐进的变化.在这里,新的饮食原料和烹饪方式就成为一种新变量,而新变量的出现既与社会经济的发展相关,又与对外文化的交流相联.唐代的饮食文化变迁就充分地说明了这一点.唐代外来饮食最多的是“胡食”,“胡食”是出自汉代人对从西域传入的食品的一种说法.胡食在汉魏通过丝绸之路传入中国后,至唐最盛.《新唐书·舆服志》说:“贵人御馔,尽供胡食.”唐代的胡食品种很多,面食有餢飳、毕罗、胡饼等.餢飳是用油煎的面饼,慧琳《一切经音义》中说:“此饼本是胡食,中国效之,微有改变,所以近代亦有此名.”毕罗一语源自波斯语,一般认为它是指一种以面粉作皮、包有馅心、经蒸或烤制而成的食品.唐代长安有许多经营毕罗的食店,有蟹黄毕罗、猪肝毕罗、羊肾毕罗等.胡饼即芝麻烧饼,中间夹以肉馅.卖胡饼的店摊十分普遍,据《资治通鉴·玄宗纪》记载,安史之乱,唐玄宗西逃至咸阳集贤宫时,正值中午,“上犹未食,杨国忠自市胡饼以献.”[10]西域的名酒及其制作方法也在唐代传入中国,据《册府元龟》卷九百七十记载,唐初就已将高昌的马乳葡萄及其酿酒法引入长安,唐太宗亲自监制,酿出八种色泽的葡萄酒,“芳辛酷烈,味兼缇盎.既颁赐群臣,京师始识其味”,并由此产生了许多歌咏葡萄酒的唐诗.唐代还从西域引进了蔗糖及其制糖工艺,使得中国古代饮食又平添了几分甜蜜,其意义不亚于葡萄酒酿法的引进. 唐朝与域外饮食文化的交流,一时间激起了巨大波澜,在长安和洛阳等都市内,人们的物质生活都有一种崇尚西域的风气.饮食风味、服饰装束都以西域各国为美,崇外成为一股不小的潮流.李白等文人学士常入这些酒店,唐诗中有不少诗篇提到这些酒店和胡姬.酒家胡与胡姬已成为唐代饮食文化的一个重要特征.域外文化使者们带来的各地饮食文化,如一股股清流,汇进了大唐饮食的海洋,正因为如此,唐代的饮食文化才能表现出比以往任何一个历史时期都要绚丽的色彩.饮食生活的开放,反过来也促进了社会的开放,唐代的长安就是当时世界文化的中心.这说明,一个国家可依靠先进的物质文化和精神文化形态同化异质文化,而不会被异质文化所同化,文化的民族性也会得到不断的丰富与发展. 综上所述,在汉唐时期,由于胡汉民族长时期的杂处错居,在饮食生活中互相学习、互相吸收,并最终趋于融合,使中国传统的饮食文化变得更加丰富多彩.同时,胡汉民族的饮食文化交流与融合也不是简单地照搬过程,而是结合了本民族的饮食特点对外来的饮食文化加以改造使之更适合于本民族.汉族接受胡族饮食时,往往渗进了汉族饮食文化的因素,胡汉民族在饮食原料的使用上都在互相融合,但在制作方法上还是照顾到了本民族的饮食特点.这种吸收与改造极大地影响了唐代及其后世的饮食生活,使之在继承发展的基础上最终形成了包罗众多民族特点的中华饮食文化体系.可以说,没有汉唐时期的胡汉饮食交流,中国后世的饮食文化将会苍白得多,胡汉各族的饮食生活也将会单调得多.同时,汉唐时期胡汉民族饮食原料交流与融合,对各民族的经济文化的发展也起到积极的促进作用
5. 求有关唐朝经济的英文文章并附中文解释
Is a strong and prosperous Tang dynasty big. So the big dynasties have, because (a) in the Yellow River Basin, SUI is not a severe blow to the peasant uprising of the landlord class, the relations of proction occurred in the early Tang Dynasty some changes. (B) in the Yangtze River basin, following the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the economy continues to rise, not the Southern Dynasties, the show goes beyond the Yellow River Basin has been the trend, making the Tang Dynasty unified, with strong economic strength. Another reason is that the rulers of the early Tang, Sui did not see the power of the peasant uprising, in general there is the fear, afraid to over-inlgence of political, social to maintain long-term peace in the state is concive to economic recovery and development. The mid-Tang Dynasty, the Yellow River Basin from the scourge of war, the court relied on the Yangtze River Basin to pay given the enormous financial costs. Ye is not the late Tang Dynasty, the Yangtze River basin occurred separatist war, the decline is that the demise of the imperial court. Yangtze River Basin in a unified dynasty in such an important role to play is only the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, a new phenomenon. This shows that the development of the Yangtze River Basin has become a fertile region, and the Yellow River into a base for R & F than in the Han Dynasty more than double, so, since the Sui and Tang, the Chinese feudal economy has entered a higher stage of development.
In general, the economic prosperity of the early Tang Dynasty, mainly in the agricultural proction on the rise since the mid-term prosperity of the following, mainly in the business sector, in particular, thrive on business. As a result of the ruling class, a large number of consumer, commercial prosperity of the other side, it is subjected to severe exploitation of farmers, agriculture continued to decline.
Feudal economy lies in agriculture. The Rise and Fall of the Tang Dynasty, agriculture, and Juntian庄田into, as well as rent-yung tax is transferred into the two are related. Wude唐高祖 years (六二四年) provides Juntian Yong transfer law and law of rent. Two laws in mind more than the book different from the basis of the following "old food goods Zhi Tang Dynasty" by the mind, and then the light of his books, briefly Juntian Tang and Yong-transfer law of rent.
"Old food goods Zhi Tang Dynasty", said since the new-born men and women known as the yellow above, more than four-year-old small male over the age of 16 for men, more than 21-year-old成丁, 60 years old. Creating a population of annual accounts, build a residence for three years. This is the most important laws, and rent Juntian Yong Shi transfer law firms are based in this Act. Tang cases, the韦皇into small after the age of 23-year-old. Xuanzong when more than 18-year-old male,成丁more than 23-year-old, more than 58-year-old veteran. 16-year-old male changed since 18 years old, 21-year-old成丁changed since 23 years old, the old 60-year-old changed since 58 years old, are to rece liturgical and is concive to the general public.
Juntian law - 18-year-old male to the field for more than one ares, of which two tenths for the World Business (Wing Yip), eight points for the mouth. Old men, disabled people to 40 acres. Widowed wife, widowed concubine to the 30 acres, in the case of the head of household, plus the 20 acres.受田physical death, the world instry heirs accepted by Tian, mouth sub-fields to the officer, a separate distribution.
Yong rent transfer method - Tang liturgical law: the rent per year satisfied the small millet or rice Ershi mitsuishi. Transfer, with the local proction, silkworm Rural satisfied each year Ling Ding, silk,
6. 求一片用英语介绍唐朝的文章,急!!!!
唐朝,又称天朝。是由唐高祖李渊建立起来的强大王朝,它与汉朝同成为中华民族中兴的两个时代,并以其前所未有的辉煌与繁荣开创了中国的新纪元。
唐朝建国后,继续完善三省六部、科举、均田制及租庸调等制度,社会迅速发展。唐太宗时,出现“贞观之治”。此后政坛风云多变,并产生武则天改唐建周的历史。开元时期,唐朝国势登峰造极。安史之乱后,一方面形成藩镇割据的局面,同时又出现宦官专权与官僚势力激烈斗争的现象,逐渐削弱了唐帝国统治。黄巢起义涌现后,唐朝很快走向灭亡。
唐朝时期,社会经济发展迅速。农业生产技术进步,粮食亩产量增加;手工业水平提高,产品更为丰富、精良;商业规模扩大,南北经济交流密切,并产生柜坊、飞钱。同时,出现经济重心南移的趋势。唐朝加强了对周边少数民族地区的管理,遂作为经济、文化交流的中心屹立于世界之林。唐朝时期,文化异常灿烂夺目,宗教思想、文学艺术、史学、科学技术等等领域成果辉煌,造就出李白、杜甫、玄奘、刘知几、僧一行及孙思邈等等杰出人物。另外,社会风气开放,民间生活多姿多彩,都使得唐朝呈现出高度的文明气象。
Tang Dynasty, also calls the Chinese court. Is formidable dynasty which establishes by Tang great-great grandfather Li Yuan, it with becomes the Chinese nation resurgence's two times with the Han Dynasty, and by its unprecedented magnificent and founded China's epoch prosperously.after the Tang Dynasty founds a nation, continues to consummate three saves six systems and so on, imperial civil service examination, system of equalized field allotments and tang dynasty ststem of levying grain, the social rapidly expand. When Emperor Taitsung of Tang, appearance “governing of the Zhenguan”. Hereafter the political wind and cloud is changeable, and proces Wu Zetian to change the Tang Jianzhou history. The founding a nation time, the Tang Dynasty national strength reaches the pinnacle. After Anlushan Rebellion, on the one hand forms the aspect which the military governor establishes a separatist regime, simultaneously presents the officials despotism and the bureaucrat influence intense struggle's phenomenon, weakened the Tang empire rule graally. After Huang Chao revolts the emergence, the Tang Dynasty very quick trend perishes. The Tang Dynasty time, the socio-economic development is rapid. The agricultural proction technology advancement, the grain yield per mu increases; The handicraft instry level enhances, the proct is richer, excellent; The commercial size expands, the north and south economy exchange is close, and proces the cabinet work place, the flying money. At the same time, has the tendency which south the economical center of gravity moves. The Tang Dynasty strengthened to the peripheral national minority area management, then as the economical, cultural exchange's center stands erect forest in the world. The Tang Dynasty time, the culture is exceptionally bright eye-catching, religious ideas, literary arts, history, science and technology and so on domain achievements are magnificent, accomplish Li Bai, Du Fu, Xuan Zang, Liu to know several, monks line and Sun Simiao and so on outstanding character. Moreover, the social convention is open, the folk lives colorfully, causes the Tang Dynasty to present the high civilized meteorology.
7. 唐朝与现在对比的英语作文
early Tang Dynasty Emperor's military is strong Turkic big break with Xue Dong put down three arrows set the Tianshan Silla Emperor is called Khan is a very glorious day, but the total ration of 625 years, but the Emperor Xianheng year (670 years) Tubo captured Jimi Western eighteen states have jointly Khotan (now Xinjiang Hotan) captured Kucha (now Xinjiang Kuqa) dial to change the city (now Xinjiang Aksu); Tang was forced to stop Kucha, Khotan, Yanqi ( Today Yanqi), Shule (now Kashi) and other four towns; after a few years, Tibet has Gongmie Tuguhun occupy their land. Ashina Zhong Tang Emperor appointed as the Western march large mains, off Western; Suo appointment with Xue as logic (now in Lhasa, Tibet) Road march large ct, offensive Tibet and aid delivery Tuguhun still haunt. The campaign, Tang dispatched more than 50,000 people, want to drive straight, beat Tibetan. Non-Chuan Tang Jin Tai (now the southwest of Qinghai Province), the road risk with Xue to march with baggage inconvenience rate vanguard easier to move forward in the stone estuary repel the Tibetan army garrison Wuhai (now Qinghai Xing Southwest of Shanghai) Wait Tang the main force arrives. Tang Jun, the main failure easier to move forward, slow, do not suggest that is the attack on Wuhai 200,000 Tibetan army, defeated receded, also lost baggage. With Xue retreated cardinal River. Tubo phase on Qinling rate of more than 400,000 troops to attack Tang. Tang Jun casualties and exhausted, with Xue forced Tibetan army about and retreat. [4] See in this time of the Tang dynasty in Chinese history has just experienced the most prosperous Golden Years Day Khan died before 20 years of Princess Wencheng Tibet would dare to commit also the mirror to see the performance of this battle Tang Ares big retreat walk, also lost baggage. With Xue retreated cardinal River.
8. 唐朝方面的英语文章 要英语的!
Tang Dynasty (618 - 907 AD)
A Chinese Tang Dynasty tri-colored glaze porcelain horse (ca. 700 AD).Main article: Tang Dynasty
On June 18, 618, Gaozu (唐高祖) took the throne, and the Tang Dynasty (唐朝) was established, opening a new age of prosperity and innovations in arts and technology. Buddhism, which had graally been established in China from the first century, became the predominant religion and was adopted by the imperial family and many of the common people.
Chang'an (长安,长安) (modern Xi'an西安), the national capital, is thought to have been the world's largest city at the time. The Tang and the Han are often referred to as the most prosperous periods of Chinese history.
The Tang, like the Han, kept the trade routes open to the west and south and there was extensive trade with distant foreign countries and many foreign merchants settled in China.
The Tang introced a new system into the Chinese government, called the "Equal Field System" (均田制).This system gave families land grants from the Emperor based on their needs, not their wealth.
From about 860 the Tang Dynasty began to decline e to a series of rebellions within China itself, and in the previously subject Kingdom of Nanzhao (南诏,南诏) to the south. One of the warlords, Huang Chao (黄巢), captured Guangzhou in 879, killing most of the 200,000 inhabitants including most of the large colony of foreign merchant families there. In late 880 Luoyang surrendered to him and on 5 January, 881 he conquered Chang'an. The emperor Xizong (唐僖宗) fled to Cheng and Huang established a new temporary regime, which was eventually destroyed by Tang forces. but another time of political chaos followed.
9. 用英语写一篇有关唐朝的短文50个单词
I was so happy this weekend. My brother came to visit me and played with me. We watchded TV together . After that,we went to the shop to buy something to eat . And then we went home. We helped mother clean the house . I was very happy to play with him today.I liked him very much.
这个周末我很高兴 我的表弟来探我并且和我玩。 我们一起看电视。之后,我们去商店买零食。接着专我们回家,我们帮妈妈清洁房子。我属今天和他玩得很高兴。我很喜欢他。
10. 一篇一百字《梦回唐朝》的英语作文
梦回唐朝,我与诗仙李白,怀才不遇,叹“举杯消愁愁更愁”;我与诗圣杜甫,遇“朱门酒肉臭,路有冻死骨”,感世态炎凉。我与诗人王之涣,登鹳雀楼,吟“欲穷千里目,更上一层楼”;我与才子王维,吟“独在异乡为异客,每逢佳节倍思亲”,不浸涌起思乡之情;我与大师李商隐共吟“春蚕到死丝方尽,蜡炬成灰泪始干”,品爱情之忠贞。
Dreaming of the Tang Dynasty, I and Shixian Li Bai, talent, the sigh of "toast Xiaochou sorrow more sorrow"; I and poet Du Fu, met the "zhumenjiurouchou way have frozen bone", inconstancy of human relationships. I and the poet Wang Zhihuan, Gordon guanque tower, Yin "desire a grander sight, more on the floor"; I and gifted scholar Wang Wei, Yin "alone in a foreign land as a stranger, Sze Sze times", do not dip filled with homesickness; I and master Li Shangyin co Yin "dead silkworm silk, wax torch into ash tears start to do, love loyalty.