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以读促写在英语写作中应用

发布时间:2021-02-21 13:16:30

⑴ 初中英语写作指导与训练九年级M5以读促写翻译

When I was just a little girl, my relatives all said to me,"You are not a beautiful girl. If you want to be paid attention to, you must work harder than others."These words hurt me. So I wanted to be a beautiful girl, just like the Snow White. That was my illusion when I was five years old.

I grew up. When I was ten years old, I wanted to be a scientist. I believed that if I was a world-famous scientist, I would be noticed by people all over the world. I could do many good things for them.

Now I'm fifteen, I have my third illusion: I want to be a singer. Because I love singing. I love music. I even want to proce music myself. I also want to let the entire world hear my voice and my songs, though I'm not the best singer.

I know all these are just my illusions. Maybe they will never come true. But I'm still very happy because of my illusions.

当我还是小女孩的时候,我的亲戚都对我说,“你不是一个漂亮的女孩。如果你要注意,你必须比别人更努力地工作。”这些话伤害了我。所以我想成为一个漂亮的女孩,像白雪公主那样的。这是我五岁的时候的幻想。
我长大了。当我十岁的时候,我想成为一个科学家。我相信,如果我是一个世界闻名的科学家,我会被全世界的人都注意到了。我能为他们做的很多好的东西。
现在我十五岁,我有我的第三个幻想:我想成为一个歌手。因为我爱唱歌。我爱音乐。我甚至想自己制作音乐。我还想让全世界都听到我的声音和我的歌,虽然我不是最好的歌手。
我知道所有这些都只是我的幻想。也许他们永远不会成真。但我仍然很高兴,因为我的幻想。

⑵ 修辞手法在英语作文中的应用

一、比喻(the figures of speech)

比喻是语言艺术的升华。

英语中常见的比喻方法有三种:明喻、隐喻和借喻。

1.明喻(the simile)

格式:本体 + 显著比喻词(like/as/as if) + 喻体

常用介词like 、连词as,as if,asso、动词seem等以及句型Ato B asCtoD等等表示“好像”意思的比喻说法就叫明喻。

例如:

(1)Teacher, you are like the sun, but more magnificent, andmorebrillant. 老师,您像太阳,又比太阳更灿烂更辉煌。

(2)Your soul is as pure as snow, your personality is as nobleaspine trees! All praise to you, our belovedteacher.您的心灵像雪一样纯净,您的人格像青松一般高洁!赞美您,敬爱的老师。

英语中除上述的用介词、连词或句型等的明喻表达方式外,还有许多常用的明喻习语。例如:

(1)as clear as crystal清如水晶

(2)as weak as water软弱无力

这类利用类似汉语的押韵和叠声增加语言的美感。与此同时,又可以使语言短小精悍,表达生动、形象。

2.隐喻(the metaphor)

格是:本体 + is/are + 喻体

例如:

(1)Time is a river, of which memory is the water. Oh myfriend,what I scoop up from the river is all yearning ofyou.时间是河、记忆如水,朋友,我从河里捧起来的都是对你的思念。

(2)Time is money. 时间就是金钱。

注意:英语中存在着许多数词习语和俚语,用作隐喻(也有个别用作明喻)。例如 :

(1)You are one in a million.你真是人见人爱。

(2)He has one over the eight.他酩酊大醉。

(3)This film star is a nine days wonder; I doubt whetheranyonewill remr her in ayearstime.这位电影明星现在红极一时(也指昙花一现),但我认为一年以后人们不见得还记得她。

注意:英语中还有许多隐喻成语。例如:

(1)to teach fish to swim 班门弄斧

(2)to plough the sand 白费力气

(3)up the tree骑虎难下;lame ck强弩之末;above board光明正大

3.借喻(the metonymy)

格式:直接用比喻事物代替本体事物

例如:

(1)The buses in America are on strikenow.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工(这里buses喻指司机drivers)。

(2)The pen is mightier thanthesword.文人胜于武士(以pen,sword喻指使用这物的人)。英语中一些鸟兽鱼虫的名字,除本义外,常可转借喻人,形象生动,意味隽永。例如:

(1)She is a social butterfly.她是一个交际花(以虫喻人)。 (接下页)

二、借代(the synecdoche)

借用一个名称来代替另一事物。替代的方式可以是人、物互代,部分和全体互代,单数代复数,描象代替具体或具体代替抽象等等。例如:

(1)Uncle Sam will not help us.美国人不会帮助我们。(用Uncle Sam代替船美国人本身)

(2)You can depend on him for help whenever youre in tourble.Hesa true blue.你遇到麻烦时尽管去找他帮忙,他是一个靠得住的忠实朋友。(用trueblue代替真金烈火,忠诚可靠的)

使用借代修辞方式要选用最突出最明显的事物特征来代替事物名称。借代运用得好,能使语言表达简洁明快、具体、形象,以避免重复、累赘,并给人以新鲜感。

三、夸张(the exaggeration)

把事物的特征,有意地加以夸大或缩小,就叫夸张。

例如:

(1)Thank you a thousand.千恩万谢。

英语中夸张修辞格,应用极为频繁。夸张的功能是突出事物的本质特征,因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发 。

四、拟人(the personifjcation)

就是把无生命的事物人格化。

例如:

(1)Books are a guide in youth and an entertainment for age.Theysupport us under solitude, and keep us from being a burdentoourselves.书籍是青年人的指南、老年人的娱乐。孤寂时,书籍给我们力量,使我们摆脱精神负担。

(2)Love is the master key that opens the gatesofhappiness.爱是开启幸福之门的万能钥匙。

拟人用法在英语写作中运用得好,不仅使语言表达得生动、有力,而且给人以亲切、实在、耳目一新的感受。

五、排比

把结构相同或相似、语气一致、意思密切相关联的句子或句子成分排列起来,使句式得到增强,感情得到加深,这种修辞叫排比。

例如:

(1)You are overwhelming jade, as white as snow, as smoothandmoist as grease, as brilliant as candles, and as firmasrock.你洁白如雪,润泽如脂,你光辉如烛,坚贞如磐,你是令人倾心的美玉。

(2)You are in my mind and in my heart. You are in the very airIbreathe. You are part ofme.Forever.你占据了我整个思绪和心灵;你在我呼吸的空气里;你永远是我的一部分。

此外,在英语的具体写作过程当中,我们可以运用恰当的抒情手法来进行写作,达到以情动人的效果。下面就以2005年6月份四级考试作文为例,进行写作。

提纲要求:

In honor of teachers on the occasion of Teacher’s Day

向老师致以节日祝贺

从一件难忘的事回忆老师的教诲和无私的奉献

我如何回报老师的关爱

范文:Dear Miss Zhang,I’m not the best student of yours, butyou’rethe most respected teacher of mine. On this special occasionforyou, what I can dedicate is my highest consideration andearnestblessings. May you be happy; may all of your life be fullofhappiness, joy as well as sweetness.I still remred clearly thattheday I was crying with a heavy heart because I failed to passtheexamination. I didn’t know what to do and where to go, just likeabird lost its way. Teacher, it was you who lighted the beaconofhope in my heart in the dark night. Your warm words,affectionateeyes, which dispelled the cold winter from my heart andkindled theflame of hope as well. And I still remred that theplatform, thedesks, the springs and autumns, all witness the flowerpetals ofyour heart. The buds, the seedlings, the spring flowersand fallfruits, all owe to your sincere devotion.In my view, all Iwant todo is to make the best of every day, and come a littlecloser towhat I dream of. Furthermore, I must not relax my effortsto be thebest I can be and do the best I can do.Bestwishes,Andy.

⑶ 如何运用恰当的教学策略,以读促写,提升学生的书面表达能力

浅谈如何通过英语阅读教学来提升书面表达能力 叶浅予中学:洪新慧 2011.4.18 初中英语对于 “读”的级目标 1. 能根据上下文和构词法推断,理解生词的含义. 2. 能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系. 3. 能找出文章中的主题,理解故事的情节,预测故事情 节的发展和可能的结局. 4. 能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料. 5. 能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息. 6. 能利用字典等工具书进行学习. 7. 除教材外,课外阅读量应累计达到15万词以上. 初中英语对于“写”的5级目标 1. 能根据写作要求,收集,准备素材. 2. 能独立起草短文,短信等,并在教师指 导下进行修改. 3. 能使用常见的连接词表示顺序和逻辑关系. 4. 能简单描述人物或事件 5. 能根据所给图示或表格写出简单的段落或操 作说明 初中英语教学中“读”与“写”的辩证关系 1. 阅读与写作是两项相对独立但又相互依赖、 相辅相成的技能. 2. 阅读和写作是两个相似的、动态的、相互作用 的过程,都包含有预先存在的记忆结构,都对 语篇结构进行分析,并且都包含有理解和创作 的行为. 3. 读为写积累了素材,写是读的一个反馈.读是 语言的输入,写是语言的输出与生成. 1. 引导学生去广泛阅读.(一天一个故事,课前抽查学生讲故事,并让学生事先给出所设置的问

⑷ 如何引导学生“以读促写”

一、大量的阅读有利于词句的积累,让学生作文时有话可写。
古人云:“读书破万卷,下笔如有神。”新课程标准也指出“ 积累课文中的优美词语、精彩句段,以及在课外阅读和生活中获得的语言材料。” 大量的阅读,学生的大脑中就会积累丰富的好词佳句,以及一些名人名言、谚语等。他们在作文时,大脑这个“仓库”中就有很多可供他们使用的词句,这样一来,他们写作文还怕无话可写吗?
二、在阅读教学中指导学习观察事物的方法,有利于学生平时积累写作素材。
小学生观察的特点是:观察对象多,观察背景少;笼统观察多,仔细观察少;无顺序观察多,按顺序观察少。针对以上这些特点,在阅读教学中渗透观察方法是必要的。在阅读教学中,教师一定要有意识地渗透一定的观察方法:①要按顺序。在上《燕子》时,我就抓住作者由整体到部分的顺序写燕子外形的,向学生渗透一种观察的方法。②要抓重点。凡事都有主次之分,在观察事物时应遵循事物的规律,根据事物的特点重点观察。如在《爬山虎的脚》一课中,爬山虎的脚与其他植物就有很大区别,我通过分析“巴、拉、贴……”这些动词,指导学生重点观察。经过训练,学生逐步掌握了观察的方法和规律,他们认识事物、社会和自然以及分析事物的能力,也会从中不断得到提高。
这样一来,学生在平时的生活中就有目的的去观察事物,积累了大量的写作素材,作文时就有材可选。
三、大量的阅读有利于拓宽视野,增加知识,增强对现实生活的认识,提高作文的品味。
学生在大量的阅读中不知不觉的就获取了他们在书本上和生活中没有的知识,使他们能进一步认识生活和社会,更能懂得人生的价值。在作文选材时,他们再也不会选择那些低级或毫无趣味的事情来写,而是选择一些有意义有价值的材料来写。这样写出来的作文,就不会枯燥无味,而是回味无穷。
四、 在阅读中学习习作的表达方法。
新课程标准要求学生“在阅读中揣摩文章的表达顺序,体会作者的思想感情,初步领悟文章基本的表达方法。”在大量的阅读中,学生有意无意地就学会了常见的一些写作的表达顺序,加上教师平时在阅读教学中的指导,学生就很容易的学会按一定的顺序写。多读,也可以增强学生的语感,学会表达自己的真情实感,学会一些文章基本的表达方法,如:比喻、拟人、排比等修辞手法。在作文时就会少很多病句,多一些生动具体的语句。
读是知识的积累,是提高对语言文字的理解和认识能力。读是写的基础和前提。所以,以读促写,才能真正让学生轻松写作。

⑸ 以读促写属于英语写作教学法么

以读促写是英语写作教学方法的一种方法,通过大量的阅读同时模拟文章的写法,然后促进写作,这是非常必要的,而且也是比较好的方法。

⑹ 语文教学中如何做到“以读促写读写结合”

利川市长坪民族初级中学 李少辉 《初中语文新课标》指出:“语文教学的过程是学生读写听说不断实践的过程,是学生在语文实践中受到熏陶感染的过程。”阅读教学作为语文教学的重要组成部分。不仅要引导学生对教材文本的语言进行感知、理解、欣赏、评价,更应注重文本内部各项训练项目之间的链接。引领学生对文本的语言进行加工、整合,增强学生学语文、用语文的意识,全面提高学生的语文素养。读写结合不仅是提高学生作文能力行之有效的途径,而且是提高学生各种语文能力的主要途径。在学生充分感知文本的基础上,抓住阅读教学最核心的东西,真正做到“以读促写,以写促读”,读写结合,让学生创造性地学习,促进学生多种能力的发展关注阅读是提升写作的重要途径。 有人说:学以为耕,文以为获,读是基础,是先导,没有读的“耕耘”,就没有写的“收获”,所谓 “读书破万卷,下笔如有神”,许多名作家在写作之前几乎都是阅读了大量的作品后,才有高水平的作品问世的。 从中可以看出阅读在语文教学中如此重要,如何使阅读教学成为学生促进表达能力的一个重要途径呢?我认为阅读与写作是“读而不作则罔,作而不读则殆”。只有在阅读教学中融入写作教学,学生才能真正做到“学以致用,举一反三,融会贯通,以读促写”。如此亦是解决语文教学中作文水平不高问题的一个途径。 一、语文课堂上读中学写,以读促写 因为学语文不仅为了提高人文素养,更重要的是要会运用。我们教师在语文课堂上要有写的意识,要关注写作,注重读写结合,读中学写,以读促写。学生也要有写的意识,通过一篇篇课文的学习,从中感悟文章的主题情感,品味文章的语言文字,领悟作者的写作意图,学习作者的写作方法,从而学会表达。这才是教师教与学生学的最终目的。 二、语文教学中注重语境,理解含义 语境是语用语言学中一个重要的概念。正确地理解语言的内在含义离不开语境,它是正确理解语言的基础,尤其是对语言深层含义的理解起着举足轻重的作用,因为人们总是不同的环境下运用不同的言语来表达自己内心的思想感情。脱离语境的人物语言感悟对于学生来说是困难的、苍白的。在教学过程中,教师把人物语言与语境结合起来,通过对人物语言的理解、感悟帮助学生领悟到不同的语境中,人物的语言也会有各自的特点,从而表达自己内心的真实情感,表现人物的形象。这样学生在语文课堂上才能得到“真”发展,这个“真”既是语言感悟的“真”,也是写作表达的“真”。 三、课堂教学中注重学习方式的培养 教师在课堂教学中引导学生在已知的旧知的基础上,进行研究性学习,让学生自己发现、获取相关的知识。这种学习方式就是一种有意义的接受性学习。教师作为引领者引导学生围绕课文学习中的研究点进行自主、合作、探究式的学习,解决研究点,获取相关的知识,感受研究的快乐。 四、写作的基础是课本中的课文 现代教育原理认为,教学过程是教与学双边互动过程。教学是教与学的统一,教为学而存在,学又要靠教来引导,两者相互依存,相互作用。研究性学习作为一种教学模式较之于传统的教学模式的优势就在于“教学相长”,教师在这个过程中同学生一起经历了一个自主建构的过程,并有目的、有组织地引导教学活动的开展。由此可见,教师的主导作用不可忽视。语文课本上的文章,大都是精选名家的经典之作,其语言、格式、表达方法等等都是学生学习的最好典范。作为教师,在教学中当然不应该就课文论课文。一篇课文的学习,通常大家认为只要掌握了字词,理解了内容,进行了思想教育,这基本上就达到目的了。在教学中一定要注意到:重要的一点是,应该把课文的学习与写作紧密联系起来,使学生在学习课文的过程中,时时受到写作的启示。正像叶圣陶先生所说的那样:“阅读和写作是对等的两回事,可不是彼此不相干的两回事,认真阅读有助于写作。” 总之, “读”与“写”是两个重要的语文能力,特别突出地体现着一个人的语文能力和语文综合素养。语文教学是一个开放的教学体系,既要加强学生阅读的指导,又要培养学生写作的兴趣。阅读是理解,是写作的基础,写作是表达,又得益于阅读,两者密不可分。

⑺ 英语写作在英语学习中的重要性

别急 会把英语写作能力提高的
谈谈如何提高英语写作能力

关键词:英语写作能力 原则 方法
引言:英语写作能力是英语听、说、读、写四种基本能力之一,英语写作能有效地促进语言知识的内化。Swain(1985)提出“可理解输出”假设,认为包括写在内的语言产生性运用有助于学习者检验目的语句法结构和词语的使用,促进语言运用的自动化,有效地达到了语言习得的目的。通过写作,英语知识不断得到巩固并内在化,有利于英语技能的全面发展。但是,英语写作又是广大英语学习者最感头痛的问题之一,且容易被教师忽视,笔者以为如何提高英语写作能力值得我们认真研究。本文就此谈谈初浅的看法。
一、提高英语写作能力的原则
(一)渐进性原则。要坚持“句—段—篇”的训练程序,由易到难,循序渐进。在英语写作的初始阶段,要始终注意培养学生良好的写作习惯,狠抓基本功训练。在学生掌握了基本句型并能写出简单句子后,再要求学生根据一些体例写出小段的文章。在段落写作中要引导学生分析段落的结构、段落的中心句、句与句之间的逻辑关系、写作手法等,这样有利于下一步一篇文章的写作。在文章写作中要教会学生如何构思文章、如何运用正确的写作技巧等。
(二)多样性原则。要坚持训练形式的多样化及写作文体的多样性。从形式上而言,可以用回答提问的口头作文,也可以用续写故事;可以改写课文,也可以仿写课文;可以写提纲训练谋篇布局,也可以写拓展段训练发散思维……。从文体上而言,可以写说明文、议论文、记叙文,也可以写书信、便条、通知等实用文体。
(三)结合性原则。要坚持听说读训练和写训练相结合。根据语言习得理论,学习者在学习时常先通过听和读吸取语言知识,从而了解别人的思想,再通过说和写来表达自己的思想,让别人了解自己。大量的听说训练能促进读写能力的提高。因此,写与听说读紧密结合,进行多元化的能力训练,可使学生的各项能力互相影响、互相渗透、互相促进。
(四)控制性原则。要坚持写作前的指导,控制学生的汉语语言思维,发展英语语言思维。语言学习在很大程度上主要是模仿,而非随心所欲地自由表达。教师要加强写作前的指导,可给出范文让学生模仿,以熟悉其语篇结构。同时要控制其汉语语言思维,尽可能让学生习惯英语语言思维,以便于学生学习和掌握地道、正确的英语。
(五)持久性原则。要坚持长期、正确的写作训练。英语写作能力的提高并非一朝一夕之事,而是一个长期的、艰巨的、渐进的过程。这就要求教师、学生都要有充分的思想准备,要有坚韧不拔的意志和必胜的信心。
二、提高英语写作能力的方法。
(一)通过积累词汇量,提高英语写作能力。犹如土木砖石是建筑的材料一样,词汇是说话写作的必需材料,也是制约写作能力提高的瓶颈。可以想象,如果要写一个句子,10个单词有8个单词拼写错误或拼写不出,有2
个单词用法不当,又怎么能清楚地表达自己的思想呢?因此,在平时的教学中要强调学生记忆单词,记住单词的拼读、用法、意思等。记忆单词的方法有很多,各人有各人的记忆方法和习惯,可因人而异。教师可通过要求学生朗读单词、听写单词、默写单词、遣词造句、词汇竞赛等多种方法促进学生记单词。记忆单词是一个长期的反复的过程,要长期地坚持下去,才能不断积累大量的词汇,为英语写作打下坚实的基础。
(二)通过扩大阅读量,提高英语写作能力。古人云“熟读唐诗三百首,不会作诗也会吟”,这是汉语的一种学习方法,同样可借鉴于英语写作。多阅读是学生增加接触英语语言材料、接受信息、活跃思维、增长智力的一种途径,同时也是培养学生英语思维能力、提高理解力、增强语感、巩固和扩大词汇量的一种好方法,有利于促进英语写作能力的提高。在阅读训练中,教师要注意以下问题:一是指导阅读方法,分析文章结构、中心思想、段落中心句、写作方法等,帮助学生掌握各类文章的结构及写作方法。二要精读与泛读相结合,通过推敲优秀的文章来学会写作方法和选词用词;通过大量的泛读来吸取信息量,扩大词汇量。三要扩大阅读量。提供阅读的材料涉及面要广,才能不断扩大学生的知识面,使学生适应各种题材的写作。
(三)通过提高听说能力,提高英语写作能力。英语听说读写四种能力是相互影响、相互促进的,提高听说能力必定会促进写作能力的提高。要提高听说能力关键在于创设一个良好的英语环境。教师要尽可能地用英语授课,多开展专门的听说训练,同时开展丰富多彩的课外英语活动,让学生沉浸在英语海洋中去领略、去体会、去使用英语,久而久之,学生自然能使用正确的、地道的英语进行交谈与写作。
(四)通过重视写作过程,提高英语写作能力。长期以来,英语写作成果教学法(THE PRODUCT
APPROACH)在我国居于主导地位,教师根据写作的终成品来判断写作的成败,重视写作的技术性细节(如格式、拼写、语法等),忽视写作过程的指导。根据D.Rumechart和J.McClelland提出的连通论(Connectionism)理论,写作包括写前阶段、具体写作、文章修改三个基本过程,这三个过程并非是线性排列,而是循环往复,穿插进行的。教师只有重视加强对写作三个过程的指导,才能更好地提高英语写作能力。在写作前阶段,教师重在指导学生如何挖掘题材,训练发散性思维,以及如何选择材料、谋篇布局等。在具体写作中,教师重在指导学生如何紧扣主题、运用正确的写作方法等。在文章修改中,教师重在指导学生如何修改语法及用词的错误。
(五)通过多写英语摘要,提高英语写作能力。英语摘要是把一篇文章的要点摘录出来,用自己的语言使之独立成一篇短文,这不是简单的摘录,而是忠于原文意思的再创作。写英语摘要有利于学生了解原文的文化背景、理解原文的中心意思、弄清原文的篇章结构,从而提高学生的逻辑思维能力和谋篇布局能力。
(六)通过发展英语语言思维能力,提高英语写作能力。英语写作是运用已掌握的内在化语言知识和表达方法,通过思维进行外在化输出的创作,因此英语语言思维能力在英语写作中作用非凡。对于我国学生而言,在英语写作中易受汉语语言思维的影响,难以直接用英语语言进行思维,不利于英语写作能力的提高,因此发展其英语语言思维能力尤为重要。教师要注意对学生的英语语言思维进行多方位、多角度的训练:要采取各种方法训练学生英语语言思维的广阔性、深刻性、发散性和创造性;要教会学生用英语思考问题、回答问题;要从训练形象思维开始,逐步过渡到抽象思维训练;在课文讲解中要尽可能不用汉语翻译而用英语解释,消除汉语思维的影响;要努力创设良好的英语环境,在英语交际中发展英语思维能力。

写好英语段落的三个标准

首先,一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想,该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题(stick or hold to the topic),这就是段落的统一性(unity)。其次,一个段落必须有若干推展句,使主题思想得到充分展开,从而给读者一个完整的感觉,这就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者,一个段落不是杂乱无章的,而是有机的组合,句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑,从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅(smooth),这就是连贯性(coherence)。下面我们就对这三个标准分别加以说明。
1、统一性
一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心,任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例:
Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.
本段的主题句是段首句,controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country.文中出现两个irrelevant sentences,一个是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie,这一段是讲的是Joe and I ,中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。还有,Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。考生在四级统考的作文卷上常常因为造出irrelevant sentences(不相关语句)而丢分,值得引起注意。再看一个例子:
My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.
本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit,但段中有两个irrelevant sentences,一个是I bought two new suitcases last week,另一个是My mother was a premature baby.
从上面两个例子可以看出,native speakers同样会造出来irrelevant sentences.卷面上如果这种句子多了,造成偏题或离题,那问题就更严重了。
2、完整性
正象我们前面说得那样,一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现,如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实,就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样,虽然有推展句,但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待,给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。例如:
Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work —— you proce something rather than more anxiety or depression.
本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是“a mind in turmoil”(心境不平静)Physical work又如何能改变这种情况?为什么它能起therapy的作用?读者得不到明确的答案。由于四级统考的作文部分只要求写一篇100~120个词的三段式短文,每一段只有大约40个词左右,因此,要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。例如:
It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.
段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法,必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释,整个段落内容空洞,简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话,就可以把主题解释清楚了。比如下段:
It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming “Help”?
3、连贯性(coherence)
连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面,前者指的是内在的逻辑性,后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连,句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系;反之,只有意连而没有形连,有时行文就不够流畅。
1)、意连
段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序,不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思,边写边想,写写停停,那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。
A.按时间先后排列(chronological arrangement)
We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.
本段从“rose”(起床)写起,然后是吃早餐(“not to miss breakfast”, “closing at nine o'clock”),然后是“close to noon”,一直写到这一天结束(“By nine——”)。
B. 按位置远近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如:
From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的写法是由远及近,从远处(“from a distance”)写起,然后“get closer”,再到(“ten feet away”),最后是“inside the pagoda”……当然,按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。根据需要,也可以由近及远,由表及里等等。
C. 按逻辑关系排列(logical arrangement)
a. 按重要性顺序排列(arrangement in order of importance)
If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.
这一段谈的是表达能力,它的重要性与职业,身份有关,从“not need much skill”或“of little importance”到“more important”,最后是“most important”。
b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement)
If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that “sanguine” and “sanguinary” mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.
这一段谈的是a writer's carelessness,先给出一个general statement作为主题句,然后通过5个 ”perhaps”加以例证。
c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement)
I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.
本段的主题句是段首句,它仅提出一个问题:为什么两只猫会被搞混。然后对两者进行比较,末句才下结论。
2)、形连
行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现。请读下面这一段文字并找出文中用以承上启下的词语:
Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, ring his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graate on schele. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.
本文中起承上启下的词语有两种,一种是转换词语(transitional words or phrases),另一种是起转换作用的其他连接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有:first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally.后者依次是:he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有词汇105个,所使用的转换词语及其他连接用语共26个词,约占该段总词汇量的四分之一。由此可见,掌握好transitions不仅对行文的流(smoothness)有益,而且对于学生在半个小时内写足四级短文所要求的120个词也是不无好处的。
一个段落里如果没有transitions也就很难有coherence了。我们看下面一个例子:Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
本段中除了第6句开头出现一个起过渡作用的”it”之外,没有使用其他的过渡词语。这样,文中出现许多重复的词语,全段读起来也显得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的过渡词语来修饰的话,这一段就成了下面一个流畅连贯的段落:
Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
4、有损连贯性的几种情况:
考生在写作中经常出现下面几种错误:
1、不必要的改变时态,比如:
In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway.
2、不必要的改变单复数,比如:
Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.
3、不必要的改变人称,比如:
Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.
因此写作中,一定要注意时态,人称以及数的变化是否正确,要注意保持一致。

⑻ 如何在英语阅读课中促进学生写作能力的提高

阅读与写作的关系阅读是积累语言、理解语言的过程,是接受、输入语言信息回的过程;而写作则是答对获取的语言信息进行整理组织和实际运用的过程,是表达、输出语言信息的过程。读为写的铺垫,写为读的结果,两者相辅相成。在英语教学中,写作是阅读教学后的延伸和拓展,写作是学生把在阅读中获得的零散知识进行整合,再从整体篇章结构出发,利用所学到的写作方法和常用词汇句型进行组篇。

⑼ 以读促写,博采众长 浅谈如何通过英语阅读教学来提升书面表达能力

浅谈如何通过英语阅读教学来提升书面表达能力 叶浅予中学:洪新慧 2011.4.18 初中英语对于 “读”的5级目标 1. 能根据上下文和构词法推断,理解生词的含义。 2. 能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系。 3. 能找出文章中的主题,理解故事的情节,预测故事情 节的发展和可能的结局。 4. 能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料。 5. 能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息。 6. 能利用字典等工具书进行学习。 7. 除教材外,课外阅读量应累计达到15万词以上。 初中英语对于“写”的5级目标 1. 能根据写作要求,收集,准备素材。 2. 能独立起草短文,短信等,并在教师指 导下进行修改。 3. 能使用常见的连接词表示顺序和逻辑关系。 4. 能简单描述人物或事件 5. 能根据所给图示或表格写出简单的段落或操 作说明 初中英语教学中“读”与“写”的辩证关系 1. 阅读与写作是两项相对独立但又相互依赖、 相辅相成的技能。 2. 阅读和写作是两个相似的、动态的、相互作用 的过程,都包含有预先存在的记忆结构,都对 语篇结构进行分析,并且都包含有理解和创作 的行为。 3. 读为写积累了素材,写是读的一个反馈。读是 语言的输入,写是语言的输出与生成。 1. 引导学生去广泛阅读。(一天一个故事,课前抽查学生讲故事,并让学生事先给出所设置的问题。听、说、读、写的全面结合) 2. 板书名言警句。(一天一句 No pains, no gains. Nothing is impossible if you put your heart into it. Practice makes perfect. Every coin has two sides.) 3. 让学生准备摘抄本。摘抄阅读到的优秀句子和词组,并进行自我的内化。即用所摘抄的句子或词组造句或编小故事。课文中的重点单词和词组都要求学生造句子,最好是能连成有情节的故事。 4. 收集同龄人所写的优秀范文(报刊杂志或每次统考之后的优秀作文,将其打印出来,可供学生复制、粘贴形成个人自己的范文库。) 1. 精选各个文体的片段,引导学生去关注文章的结构。(应用文、说明文、记叙文、议论文),模仿范文结构进行写作。 2. 经过大量的范文阅读,总结出各个文体的框架结构。例如:说明文当中的一些呈现步骤的词:first,next,then,finally等。议论文中的,in my opinion,besides,what’s more;以及记叙文中的five questions等) 3. 随机抽取学生作文,进行欣赏或删改,利用集体的力量将其改成一篇出色的范文。从而引导学生进行作文的自我修改。 4. 以课内阅读文章入手,切实将“读”和“写”有机结合起来。 如何实施从课内文章的“精读”来实现书面表达能力的提升 现在的英语教材取材广泛,体裁多样,文字流量大,语言生动、地道。学生的阅读理解能力在学习课文的过程中可以得到系统的训练、培养和提高。因此,提高英语阅读能力首先应该立足于课文的学习。具体而言可以从以下几个方面展开: 1. 在阅读中记忆细节—— 阅读中要以细节阅读为核心,有意识地提高学生获取信息和处理信息的能力。每一篇文章的事实和细节都贯穿始终。抓住人名、地名、时问、数字等细节去记忆,便于理解文章的主要内容和中心论点。对此尽量设置一些细节问题,引导学生关注细节。那么在写作的过程中也要学生能够有意识地围绕这些问题将文章的细节描述清楚。 2. 在阅读中生成提纲——阅读中老师还可根据文章的不同体裁,帮助学生理顺并概括文章中提供的描写性细节、说明性细节、事实性细节、说理性细节和比较性细节。按照逻辑线索、时间和空间顺序、人物之间的关系以及人物的言行目的和事物发展的因果关系,将其列成提纲或做成表格,这样可以一目了然、清晰明白。那么在写相应的文章时,也可以鼓励学生先列出类似的提纲,围绕提纲将文章描述清楚。(语文作文也常要求学生列提纲) 如何实施从课内文章的“精读”来实现书面表达能力的提升 3. 在阅读后展开讨论—— 通过讨论,提高认识,拓宽视野,加强语言运用。这一环节中教师要尽力创造一个宽松和谐的讨论环境,鼓励学生大胆开口说英语。引导学生说出文章大意,展开讨论,交流心得,将原文再现和拓展,这样同时也带动了对语言知识的学习和巩固。无形中将课本知识内化为学生自己的东西。成为今后写作的素材。 4. 在阅读后进行文章复述—— 如果可能还要让学生试着将细节用自己的话重新表述(retell),这种复述有两个好处:其一是因为考试阅读中的细节考查题常常是采取间接叙述法提出的。要在表层理解的基础上,对课文进行总结归纳,以理解文章的深层意义,提高独立分析、综合概括和推理判断的能力;其二可以进一步巩固所学的知识点和常用表达方法。(常用的方法是:fill in blanks,内容多为课文中出现的生词,常用表达方法。学生填写好之后,删去其余的东西,只留下这些常用的表达法和重点单词,请学生复述。课后作业就是以这些单词和短语为基础完成一篇不少于80个词的文章,文体和情节都不限。这样既拓展了学生的创作空间,又减少了雷同的文章。班里学生对于这样的作业都很有兴趣完成。下节课中及时评出优秀作品进行陈列。 Read and pay attention to the red word. If I become an athlete, will I be happy? For many young people , becoming a professional athlete might seem like a dream job. If you become a professional athlete, you’ll be able to make a living doing something you love. If you become famous, people all over the world will know you. Many athletes give money to schools and charities, and do a lot of work to help people. This is a great chance that many people do not have. However, professional athletes can also have many problems. If you are famous, people will watch you all the time and follow you everywhere. This can make life difficult. if you play sports for a living, your job will sometimes be very dangerous. Many professional athletes get injured. And if you become rich, you will have a difficult time knowing who your real friends are. In fact, many famous people complain that they are not happy. They say they were happier before they became rich and famous. Fill in the blanks. If I become an athlete, will I be happy? ____many young people , ____ a professional athlete might ___ ____ a dream job. If you become a _______ _____, you’ll be able to _____ __ ____ ___ something you love. If you become famous, people __ ____ __ _____will know you. Many athletes give money to schools and ____, and do a lot of work ___ ____ people. This is a great _____ that many people do not have. _____, professional athletes can also have many ____. If you are _____, people will watch you ___ ___ ___ and follow you _______. This can make life ______. If you play sports ___ ___ ____, your job will sometimes be very _______. Many professional athletes ____ _____. And if you become rich, you will ____ ____ _____ _____ _____ who your real friends are. _____ _____, many famous people__________ that they are not happy. They say they were ______ before they became rich and famous. For being seem like professional athlete make a living doing all over the world charities to help chance However problems famous all the time everywhere difficult for a living dangerous get injured have a difficult time knowing In fact complain happier Read and pay attention to the red word. If I become an athlete, will I be happy? For … , becoming … seem like …. … professional athlete, … make a living doing …, … all over the world … charities, … to help …. … chance … However, … problems. … famous, … all the time … everywhere. … difficult. … for a living, … dangerous. … get injured. …, … have a difficult time knowing …. In fact, … complain …. … happier …. HOMEWORK: 请联系以下词组,发挥想象,写一篇不少于80个词的文章,文体不限,需有一定的故事情节和可读性。 make a living; give money to…; have more chances to do sth.; watch you all the time; follow you everywhere; have a difficult time doing sth; in fact; complain (about) 1. 多积累素材,并定期相互交流素材,借助集体的力量。 2. 引导学生关心社会,注意社会动态,注意媒体信息,以便是适时而用。(利用课前或业余时间引导学生关注非典、禽流感、南方雪灾、汶川地震、北京奥运、日本核辐射等)。 3. 鼓励学生模仿范文,学以致用。对于优秀作文通过各种途径大力表扬和宣传。(加分,展览,广播播诵,或者换班交流) 4. 请学生批改学生的作文,并写上自己的评语。由学生选出优秀作文,附推荐理由。这样的批改的过程更是一种自我学习和提升的过程。更重要的是在很大程度上减轻了教师繁重的批改任务。

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