1. 求历年英语四级作文真题和范文 QQ1114636584 谢谢去
你好，我是兔兔秃90，用网络网盘分享给你，点开就可以保存，链接永回久有效^_^链接答：https://pan..com/s/10l5r9FXDkpfRCtHdxlAe2Q 提取码：0000
2. 急急急！求助英语自考写作中的topic outline和sentence outline的区别
topic outline就是写个题目来概括这一段的主旨，例：
1. Family Problems 家庭问题
2. Economic Problems 经济问题
sentence outline就更详细些了，用一版句完权整的话概括这一段的意思，例：
1.When family conflicts arise as a result of divorce, adolescents suffer. 当离婚导致了家庭矛盾时，受伤的是青少年。
2. Some of the most negative effects on adolescents may be associated with economic problems. 对青少年最负面的影响可能与经济问题有关。
3. 如何短时间内雅思口语和写作单项提高到7
洛阳大华雅思提醒您，口语考试如果希望取得高分(比如7分以上)，不但要有一定的口语水平，还要来点“旁门左道”。依据我的经验，口语考试成绩是三个方面的综合体现，即：
口语考试成绩=个人真实的口语水平x现场表现系数x考官认可系数。
这三部分中，口语水平短时间内很难有大的提高，所以我们只能把准备的重点放在现场表现上。考官是否认可虽然不能由你把握，但是与你的现场表现直接相关。所以，如果想要在口语考试中拿到高分，最能控制也是最立竿见影的就是提高你的现场表现力。例如：如果你的真实水平是6分，那么只要你能通过杰出的现场表现打动考官，并且获得其认可，使两个系数都大于1，那么自然就能考到7分以上的成绩。
一句话：你要影响考官!
一、雅思口语考试三大破绽。
口语考试并非"无机可乘",相反,它的主观性决定了它从娘胎里面带来的不准确性。从多次口语取得8分的经历中,我总结出雅思口语考试有以下破绽,从而使考生能用于影响考官:
1
口语考试的成绩与你的真实水平是正相关的，但不是成“正比”的。也就是说，在你毫无准备的情况下，它能够准确地测出你属于哪一个档次的。但是，一旦经过充分的准备，那么你的成绩将会被人为的放大，而这完全取决于两个人在现场的主观博弈——你和考官。
2
“要把考官当人看”，而不是“机器”或者“大牲口”(虽然你心里是这么想的)。口语考试考察的是考生的“沟通”能力,而非单纯的“口语”能力。所以,如果你在考试开始前没有礼貌地和考官打招呼，没有尊重地问问考官的名字，说话的时候表情冷漠，没有笑容，光目呆滞，总是保持一个声调，使人感到乏味，离开考场时忘了对考官说“再见”，总之就是没有给予考官对正常人应有的礼貌和尊重时，你是休想得高分的。上述两个案例就能充分证明这一观点。
3
“多算胜，少算不胜”。我们不能打无把握之仗，而要在考试前积极备战，从而使雅思口语考试的科学性在你的成绩上体现的微乎其微。因为口语考试采用的是题库制，所以所有的题目都能从网上找到“机经”。你完全可以做到有的放矢的备考。一旦你有了充分的准备，即使自认为口语水平一般的同学，通过一定的技术处理，完全有可能在口语考试中作到“点石成金”，从而取得7分以上的优异成绩。
二、现场表现系数的四大要素
口语考试要有以下几个要素才能得高分:自信,反应,语音和表情。这就是我说的“现场表现系数”。
1 自信。你有面对考官的自信吗?比如,你是否会很轻松地反问考官:"What can I call
you?"从而给考官的第一印象就是:这个人肯定口语不错,因为其它考生都不敢和我这样说话!口语考试不同于一般的和鬼子聊天,而是你和一个考官在一间“阴森可怖”的小黑屋里面，你看着他，他看着你。你无权保持沉默，并且你所说的每一句话都将成为承堂证供，因为你面前还摆着一个MP3。你曾有的自信就在你还没有进入口语考场之前的焦急等待中彻底土崩瓦解了。那你就完了，因为你下面的口语考试就会出现技术变形。
自信从何而来?准备。如果你对即将考到的题目烂熟于胸，你会不自信吗?如果你已经拥有了大量和鬼子练口语的经历，发现他们无非就是一群来中国“潇洒走一回”的流浪汉，你会不自信吗?所以，试问那些一考口语就紧张的同学，你们有谁在考试之前做到了以上这两点呢?
2 反应。如果你希望对口语考试中的所有问题都有所准备，这是mission
impossible。所以要对没有准备过的问题做出敏锐地反应。我有一次考8分的时候被问到一个问题：“Are physical exercises popular
in China?”我立刻不假思索的回答：“Of course they are very
popular”，因为我在被问到问题之后如果不立刻给出答案，我的fluency就会被扣分;但是如果只说这一句话，同样会被扣分。所以我立刻说：“because
there is a National Physical Exercises Program in China. You can see there are a
lot of physical exercise equipment in the communities, such
as…”这时候，可以用举例子进一步丰富我的答案，这是一招灵丹妙药，同时我又可以停顿两秒钟,从而组织语言。但是，我忽然发现我有了大麻烦：那些健身器材的英文名字我一个都不会说!这时我的反应帮助了我。我立刻说：“You
know,I can't explain it very clearly,
but…”就这一句话，我就给自己解围了，而且一个but，又可以停顿两秒钟，然后再说：“you can find there are many children
and old people doing exercises in the morning and in the evening”。万事大吉了!
3
语音，包括发音和语气。发音问题，大家不用过于强调发英音还是美音，因为中国人大多数的发音都是“杂音”(英音和美音的杂交产物)。所以，我们只要做到清晰即可。我由于专门模仿过托福的美音，所以自认为发音过关。但是在口语考试那种精神高度紧张的状态下，什么美音英音的早就抛到脑后了，只要能说清楚即可，哪怕是本能的“杂音”。但是不可否认，我的发音还是帮了大忙，所以如果大家希望的7分以上，清晰的发音是必不可少的。
但是更重要的是语气，其实就是最基本的抑扬顿挫而已。适度的起伏、停顿、强调和重读对于考官是有天壤之别的。有太多的考生在平时说英语的时候，永远是一个调的，给人的感觉是boring。换个位置思考，如果你是考官，一个周末要面对几十个考生，但是每个人都用一个腔调和你说话，你是不是想自杀?所以大家平时在准备的时候，就要刻意训练。首先，你想一想在说汉语时，在什么地方会有抑扬顿挫?其次，你可以用mp3把你的声音录下来，自己听听，再让周围人听听，感觉一下是否觉得舒服。
4
表情。前面说过，你是在和考官“交流”，而不是在“独白”。那么你就要有丰富的面部表情。最好就是微笑。我在考试中始终保持微笑，并且还有自然的大笑。如何影响考官?就是用你的微笑带动他或她笑。我第一次考8分的时候，在Part
3被问到：“Have you learned any other languages?”我说：“Yes, I have learned some Russian
words.”于是我顺口说了一句我背得烂熟的俄语长句。那位女考官听到之后，立刻笑了起来。我一看她笑了，宜将剩勇追穷寇，不可沽名学霸王!我要让她“回眸一笑百媚生，六宫粉黛无颜色”。于是立刻满脸笑容地补充道：“It
means I want to invite you for lunch.”
本来从一开始考试我们两个之间就存在一种莫名奇妙的“暧昧”的微笑，等那位姑娘听了我的这句解释之后，立刻笑得前仰后合的。可巧那是个周日的上午10点多，也许她还以为我对她有什么企图呢!
三、如何用充足的准备使你的口语成绩“脱胎换骨”?
我们要经过以下两个步骤，从而做到“深挖洞，广积粮”。
1
输入。请问：我们面对鬼子说不出来话的原因何在?我给出一个终极答案：就在于我们不是用英语组织语言，而是在用汉语组织语言，然后再翻译成英语。这样就产生了一个“时差”，导致你一时语塞。紧接着你就会“全身发紧，满头是汗”，从而走向“混沌”的开始。
那么，如何解决这一问题?再给出一个终极解决方案：动笔写“口头作文”!我给你一个topic，比如Describe a
wildlife，再给你一分钟准备，恐怕你连说什么都没想到吧!但是，如果我给你1个小时，让你用笔写出来一个150字的“口头作文”，再把它说出来，你是否会做得很好?这是不言而喻的。这样做有三大好处。
首先，通过写“口头作文”，我们可以逐渐训练用英语组织语言的能力。我在考第一次雅思口语之前，用了两周时间写了30个topic，并且是一边写一边修改。结果发现，在写前10个的时候，非常吃力。再写接下来的10个时，就开始感到轻松了，因为这时候我已经反复使用了很多“套话”了，可以不假思索的一挥而就。而到了写最后10个的时候，真是“下笔如有神”了。突然，我发现在我说英语的时候，可以不用再借助汉语了，因为我通过写作训练了直接用英语组织语言的能力。其次，凡是经过我写过的内容，其用词之考究，句式之精细，语言之准确，都远远超出了没经准备直接说出来的内容。这样我在考试中，如果遇到相同的topic，那么说出来的都是“完美”的答案。即使遇不到相同的topic，我完全可以采用“张冠李戴”的方法，把我准备好的内容换汤不换药的照搬出来。比如，假设我准备了“a
famous person”，结果考到的是“an old
person”，我直接把我说的人换个名字就行了。除非考官知道那个人，否则他也不知道我说的是对是错。请问：这样的答案难道不是远远胜过了那些不经过大脑就“脱口而出”的Chinglish吗?第三，凡是自己写的内容，都很容易记住。这就比痛苦的背诵那些老师给的或者书上写的答案要轻松多了。要知道，一旦你被发现是在背诵答案，你的“死期”就到了。但是如果是自己写的，你不需要背诵，只要不断翻看即可非常熟悉，就不会被发现是在背诵答案了。
那么如何选择topic呢?首先，数量在30个左右为宜。其次，最好亲自去网上收集各家预测的topic，然后将其按照人物、事件、景色、物品等分类，这样可以找出写作的共通之处。第三，用最少的投入覆盖最多的topic。比如说，2005年1、2月份考过这样几个topic：a
long distance travel、how to spend your free day、relax。我们完全可以只准备一篇口头作文：when I
have some free days, I just want to relax myself by having a long distance
travel.
后面你可以随便说，只要你保持你的内容的“开放性”，也就是说，可以兼容很多topic即可。最后，把你写好的topic熟读即可，但是不要死记硬背。
另外，有没有可能遇到彻底没有准备过而且也没有相关内容可以套用的topic呢?当然有了，否则不都考8分了吗?但是即便如此，如果你前面按我说的，亲自动手写了30个topic，你就会发现你下的苦功夫终于有所回报了。因为你此时已经能够直接用英语组织语言了，而且你已经有了很多“套话”，所以你只需要按照“5W1H”的思路去展开即可，即what,
who, why, when, where,
how。而且，从此以后，你会发现自己可以彻底摆脱汉语的束缚，自由的用英语传情达意，岂不是考试和能力一举两得的美事?
至于那些小问题，还是需要多准备一些以备万一，但是要做到每个小问题自问自答5遍，才能组织出比较流畅的答案。不过小问题就没必要动笔写了。
2 输出。千万别以为你准备了所有的topic和小问题，就可以坐等7、8分了。It is also a mission impossible.
事实证明，无数学生都会准备，但是取得7分以上者寥寥。究其原因，盖因一见到鬼子就腿肚子打哆嗦导致技术变形。不知道中国人是否从鸦片战争开始就害怕和鬼子们说话!悲哀啊!其实这种紧张很容易理解，因为我们心中对于考雅思和出国留学
(微博) 怀有太多的期待，以至于承受不了失败的打击。
那么如何解决这一问题?前面的准备工作如果你已经作了，那么你需要的就是找鬼子把你肚子里的“存货”倾倒出来，从而习惯于和鬼子说话。任何人如果在考试之前不经过这一关，就不要指望能考好。你要做到在考试前至少2周，就开始每周至少10个小时的与鬼子说话，而且一次聊天至少2小时。为何?因为如果你不是大规模的练口语，而是每次只练半个小时，那么你还没来得及克服紧张感，就结束了。你就会永远处在害怕之中。相反，如果你能在考试之前发现自己完全可以和鬼子长时间、大范围的自如交流，那么就会被点燃心中的“斗志”，怀有一种渴望“倾诉”的欲望去见考官，那么怎能不把8分揽入怀中呢?
有人说：“我找不到鬼子。”那我要对你说：“在北京，鬼子就像海绵里的水，只要肯找，一定能找到，还是免费的。”每年2月底3月初在国贸的国际教育展，你去过吗?各个大学来中国的招生说明会，你参加过吗?王府井的大街上，成群的老外像孤魂野鬼一样四处乱撞，你何不趁他们和小商贩们讨价还价之际上去主动帮忙?在看到有鬼子在大街上东西望迷路的时候，你何不扮作上帝去拯救他们?在鬼子们需要帮助的时候，最希望你和他练口语了。错失了这样的良机，你又能怪谁?
结论：
其实口语不难考，关键在于充分的准备。特别是要抓住口语考试“考察沟通能力”这一原则，反复练习自己的自信、反应、语音和表情这四大现场表现要素，那么一定能考到7分以上。
4. 《英语写作》中 文章的outline包括topic和thesis吗
TOPIC通常是第一段第一句话，而THESIS通常是第一段最后一句话
TOPIC是一句话，是写出你文章大概要写什么。
而THESIS通常是用来总结你文章的方向和细节。
5. 请问谁有关于fashion这个topic的英文写作啊，急求啊，
The term "fashion" usually applies to a prevailing mode of expression, but quite often applies to a personal mode of expression that may or may not apply to all. Inherent in the term is the idea that the mode will change more quickly than the culture as a whole. The terms "fashionable" and "unfashionable" are employed to describe whether someone or something fits in with the current popular mode of expression. The term "fashion" is frequently used in a positive sense, as a synonym for glamour and style. In this sense, fashions are a sort of communal art, through which a culture examines its notions of beauty and goodness. The term "fashion" is also sometimes used in a negative sense, as a synonym for fads, trends, and materialism.
The habit of continually changing the style of clothing worn, which is now worldwide, at least among urban populations, is a distinctively Western one. Though there are signs from earlier, it can be fairly clearly dated to the middle of the 14th century, to which historians including James Laver and Fernand Braudel date the start of fashion in clothing.[2] [3] The most dramatic manifestation was a sudden drastic shortening and tightening of the male over-garment, from calf-length to barely covering the buttocks, sometimes accompanied with stuffing on the chest. This created the distinctive Western male outline of a tailored top worn over leggings or trousers which is still with us today.
The pace of change accelerated considerably in the following century, and womens fashion, especially in the dressing and adorning of the hair, became equally complex and changing. Art historians are able to date images with increasing confidence and precision, to a period of about five years for the 15th century. Initially changes in fashion led to a fragmentation of what had previously been very similar styles of dressing across the upper classes of Europe, and the development of distinctive national styles, which remained very different until a counter-movement in the 17th to 18th centuries imposed similar styles once again, finally those from Ancien regime France.[4] Though fashion was always led by the rich, the increasing affluence of Early Modern Europe led to the bourgeoisie and even peasants following trends at a distance sometimes uncomfortably close for the elites - a factor Braudel regards as one of the main motors of changing fashion. [5]
The fashions of the West are unparalleled either in antiquity or in the other great civilizations of the world. Early Western travellers, whether to Persia, Turkey, Japan or China frequently remark on the absence of changes in fashion there, and observers from these other cultures comment on the unseemly pace of Western fashion, which many felt suggested an instability and lack of order in Western culture. The Japanese Shogun's secretary boasted (not completely accurately) to a Spanish visitor in 1609 that Japanese clothing had not not changed in over a thousand years. [6]
Ten 16th century portraits of German or Italian gentlemen may show ten entirely different hats, and at this period national differences were at their most pronounced, as Albrecht Dü recorded in his actual or composite contrast of Nuremberg and Venetian fashions at the close of the 15th century (illustration, right). The "Spanish style" of the end of the century began the move back to synchronicity among upper-class Europeans, and after a struggle in the mid 17th century, French styles decisively took over leadership, a process completed in the 18th century.[7]
Though colors and patterns of textiles changed from year to year,[8] the cut of a gentleman's coat and the length of his waistcoat, or the pattern to which a lady's dress was cut changed more slowly. Men's fashions largely derived from military models, and changes in a European male silhouette are galvanized in theatres of European war, where gentleman officers had opportunities to make notes of foreign styles: an example is the "Steinkirk" cravat or necktie.
English caricature of Tippies of 1796The pace of change picked up in the 1780s with the increased publication of French engravings that showed the latest Paris styles; though there had been distribution of dressed dolls from France as patterns since the sixteenth century, and Abraham Bosse had proced engravings of fashion from the 1620s. By 1800, all Western Europeans were dressing alike (or thought they were): local variation became first a sign of provincial culture, and then a badge of the conservative peasant [9].
Although tailors and dressmakers were no doubt responsible for many innovations before, and the textile instry certainly led many trends, the History of fashion design is normally taken to date from 1858, when the English-born Charles Frederick Worth opened the first true haute couture house in Paris. Since then the professional designer has become a progressively more dominant figure, despite the origins of many fashions in street fashion.
Fashion in clothes has allowed wearers to express emotion or solidarity with other people for millennia. Modern Westerners have a wide choice available in the selection of their clothes. What a person chooses to wear can reflect that person's personality or likes. When people who have cultural status start to wear new or different clothes a fashion trend may start. People who like or respect them may start to wear clothes of a similar style.
Fashions may vary significantly within a society according to age, social class, generation, occupation and geography as well as over time. If, for example, an older person dresses according to the fashion of young people, he or she may look ridiculous in the eyes of both young and older people. The terms "fashionista" or "fashion victim" refer to someone who slavishly follows the current fashions (implementations of fashion).
One can regard the system of sporting various fashions as a fashion language incorporating various fashion statements using a grammar of fashion. (Compare some of the work of Roland Barthes.)
6. 急急急！求助英语自考写作中的topic outline和sentence outline的区别
topic
outline就是写个题目来来概括这一段源的主旨，例：
1.
Family
Problems
家庭问题
2.
Economic
Problems
经济问题
sentence
outline就更详细些了，用一句完整的话概括这一段的意思，例：
1.When
family
conflicts
arise
as
a
result
of
divorce,
adolescents
suffer.
当离婚导致了家庭矛盾时，受伤的是青少年。
2.
Some
of
the
most
negative
effects
on
adolescents
may
be
associated
with
economic
problems.
对青少年最负面的影响可能与经济问题有关。
7. 自考英语英语写作课程里的topic outline和sentence outline有什么区别
topic outline 指题目或主题大纲
sentence outline 也是大纲，只是用一句话概括的简要大纲。
有时候题目大纲不需要太详细，所以也就是简要大纲了。
8. 两篇英语写作
Writing A:
Nowadays,the using of the mobile phone is very usual among the alts,especially the students in universities and colleges.On one hand,the mobile phones privide more convenient to the students,for example,students can connect with their families more easily than before,they can send messages to others,too.they even can see their friends via the mobile phones.On the other hand,as the old saying:every coin has two sides.the using of the mobile phone also has side effects to them .many of them are addicted to the mobile phone,no matter day or night,they use mobile phone everytime and everywhere.many of them have eyes dieases which can effect their study and common life.In my opinion,I think the students should use mobile phone temperately， can convert the mobile phone into a tool in their study,more than a gamebox.
9. 英语topic写作，谢谢！
1. I love my mother most. She is kind and generous. She will be never angry with me when I make mistakes. She gives me more informations instead of asking me to do this or that. She is not only my mother but also my best friend. When I feel sad, she can always comfort me and make me happy. She is kind to my friends,too. So I love her very much.
2. It's important to keep healthy physically and mentally. Firstly, We should get enough sleep and exercise because exercise can make us happy and healthy. Thirdly, we should eat three healthy meals every day. So we'd better eat less fast food and eat more vegetables and fruits. Don't be angry and lose your temple because it's bad for your health. Why not laugh as often as you can.
10. 英语写作，根据下面要求帮忙写3篇作文吧，考试用，谢谢。
Direcions:For this part,you are required to write a composition on the topic,"Shall We Develop Private Cars."You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.
1.The reasons for developing private cars.
2.The bad results of it.
3.My views.
-Direcions:For this part,you are required to write a composition on the topic,"Classroom learning and Outside Learning."You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.