Ⅰ 论文选题理论意义和现实意义怎么写
帮您找到了一篇“油价上涨和高空驰率对上海出租车行业的影响及对策” ： 城市交通可持续发展的内涵包括经济、社会和环境可持续性三个方面。当前．“建设节约型社会． 走可持续发展道路”是我国的基本国策， 但随着国际油价的持续上涨， 出租车行业受我国资源短缺和脆弱环境的影响不断显现出来。本文就油价上涨和高空驰率对上海出租车行业的影响进行分析并提出一些政策性建议。 上海出租车行业在经历了2 0 世纪8 0 年代后期和9 0 年代前期近1 0年的快速发展后． 在最近1 0 来年中进入了一个相对平稳的发展阶段。统计数据表明： 行业车辆数量增幅不大的同时运营收入增长明显。截至2 0 0 6 年底． 该行业已经发展到拥有4 8 0 2 2 辆各类出租车、从业人员近1 0万、年载客5 8 9 2 亿次、年运营里程B 1 0 5 亿公里、年运营收入达1 2 4 9 7亿元的规模。 统计分析结果表明： 除夜间时段外． 其他各不同时段出租车空车流量都服从P o is s o n 分布． 工作时段平均空车流量最大． 中午和晚上时段平均空车流量最小。行业平均服务水平在最繁忙时段内每分钟平均0 ． 7 2 辆空车，服务水平最好的时段内大约1 8 1 3 秒可以等到一辆空车。这样的服务水平比许多出租车公司承诺的“电话叫车后1 0 分钟到达“的标准要好． 这也许部分地给出了为什么上海消费者偏好扬招方式的原因， 同时也可以看出上出租车行业在较民出行． 所以． 不业不具备社会可持续性。1 ． 燃料价格上涨与空驰率居高不下并行利用官方统计数据可整理出上海出租车行业近年运营数据如下。经简单计算知： 上海出租车行业近年的平均空驰率在4 2 ％ 以上，2 0 0 6年有大约2 4 3 3 亿公里是车辆空驰里程。另一方面． 随着近年全球石油价格波动． 国内燃料价格呈攀升且加速趋势。
Ⅱ 求一篇关于高中英语研究性学习报告
研究性报告的步骤和内容：
（一）题目
1、题目的内容
类型、定位、作用
2、写作要求
标题要准确
标题要新颖
题式可多样
标题要简洁
（二）署 名
1、署名的方式
集体署名
个人署名
2、署名的规则
贡献大小：提出研究设想、承担研究工作、解决关键问题。
（三）内容提要关键词
1、内容摘要：中心内容、结构及主要论点和评述；要求重点突出，内容精练，观点明确、一般不用第一人称，以200---300字为宜。学术论文也不宜超过1000字，有关刊物要有中英文摘要。
2、关键词：必须是规范科学的名词术语，一般每篇文章有3~5个关键词（主题词）。属于支柱性概念。
（四）前言
1、内容：问题的由来；文献综述：课题的界定（概念术语的解释）及问题的陈述；课题研究的理论意义和实践意义。
2、写作要求：课题阐述要清楚准确，中心突出；客观公正、科学准确评价他人的研究成果；简明扼要介绍课题研究的动机和意义。
（五）正文
1、内容：它必须对研究的内容和方法进行全面的阐述和论证，对研究过程中所获取的资料进行全面系统的整理和分析，通过图表、统计结果及文献资料，或以纵向的发展过程，或横向类别分析提出论点、分析论据，进行论证。
研究报告又分：1、研究的对象和方法 2、研究的内容和假设 3、研究的步骤及过程 4、研究结果的分析与讨论：研究报告的重点部分。A. 结果的定性定量分析，B.研究结果的讨论 。
结果分析与讨论材料缺乏的原因
研究设计缺乏一种系统观，讨论问题思路狭隘
操作过程不够到位，操作措施不够落实，就产生不了深刻的感受和体验
文献资料检索不够，对他人的研究研究缺乏了解，对自己结果的讨论就缺乏客观性、支持的力度
反映结果的项目指标难以确定
测量的方法与手段较难选择
数据的处理与分析要求不断提高
结果分析与讨论对研究者理论素养和洞察力要求较高
对下一步的研究提不出发展的方向。
2、写作要求：
总体要求：科学性和创造性；公正性和准确性；学术性和通俗性。
具体要求有：1、掌握材料要充分。2、分析整理要科学。3、图表使用要恰当。4、观点材料要统一。5、语言使用要规范。正确区分学术概念和生活概念，口头语言和书面语言。6、引用论点要慎重。与已一致，佐证；他人观点中某些好思想，提练综合；带有片面性的真理，开拓思维、慎重判断；相反的权威观点，找准错误所在。（引古不引今，引洋不引中，引刊不引报，引专著不引文集）7、内部逻辑要严密。8、标题序号要规范。9、讨论部分要简练。
（六）结论
1、内容：整篇报告的概括和小结。成果概括（结论必须指出解决了哪些问题、还有哪些没有解决？）；今后研究的展望；对教育教学实践的建议等
2、要求：总结全文，深化主题，揭示规律，指明方向。
（七）注释和参考文献
1、内容：书籍、刊物、报纸、网络
2、要求：完整注明出处
（八）附录：问卷、量表、研究材料、统计数据、方案、计划等
Ⅲ 关于提高高中学生英语写作能力的几点看法
1. 把字给我写好！！！
就是所谓的“第一印象”，至关重要，这决定了你的作文档。阅卷老师阅卷时首先给你的作文定档，如满分25分，一档20-25，二档15-20，以此类推。想拿高分必须保证自己的作文在一档。
试想你的字老师都看不懂，给你三档就不错了。这个楼上有图有真相，我就不赘述了，字写得不好看也没关系，一笔一画写清楚。切记别写花体，反正我是看不懂的，老师愿不愿意看我就不知道了。
2. 结构清晰
简而言之就是段落清楚，我的建议是三段式，第一段写现象，第二段写方法，第三段写总结。大概就是这样一个模式，随便翻一个高考例文就差不多这样。
全文必须有清晰的连词和介词，比如however，moreover，more importantly；to begin with，further-more 。总结用to conclude，generally speaking等等。
3. 拿高分最重要的就是要有亮点词句
这个问题我之前回答过，高考英语作文该怎样做好积累呢？ 也是我的经验之谈，全靠这个拿高分。
有人私信我要我再补充几个亮点句式和词组，在这里满足一下。
it is vital for us to do ……
……is nothing but wasting time
prevail among
broaden sb‘s horizon
……is groundless
It’s obvious that ……is playing an increasingly essential role in ……
there are two/three reasons behind this phenomenon
就说这么多，只要自己用心积累，考试的时候必然不愁词用。不过请务必弄清这些句式或词组的准确用法。
4. 几个重要的注意事项
请不要使用同一个词超过3遍！学会变词，比如要重复表示"下降"，请不要写三四个“drop”，学会用decrease，descend，go down，fall，decline。
绝对不能出现拼写错误，时态错误，单复数错误。想从一档变成二档，请出错。请不要忘记三单动词加s。请保持文章所用时态合理的一致。
不断的变换句式。被动句，强调句等变换着使用，尝试用虚拟语气等多种时态。前提是合理，不要把自己搞糊涂了。
请平时做好积累，考试时直接套用。
希望能帮助到你，望采纳！
Ⅳ 提高学习英语兴趣的理论意义和实践意义
著名教育学家乌申斯基说：“没有任何兴趣，而被迫进行的学习，会扼杀学生掌握知识的意愿。”孔子曰：“知之者，不如好知者，好之者，不如乐之者。”许多心理学家和教育学家都有过这样的感慨。作为英语教师，我对利用英语课堂教学中培养学生的学习兴趣的重要性感触颇深。在此，愿将自己的点滴体会和作法介绍给同行，希望它能引起共鸣。
第一，提高自身综合素质（道德品质、语言知识、文化知识、言语表达能力和艺术、教研教改能力、交际能力和理论水平），努力使自己适应新大纲新教材的要求，适应新时期教育教学的要求。不断丰富教育教学理论、钻研业务；不断更新专业知识,了解专业发展的新动向。只有这样,才能根据学生和教学实际，运用不同的教学手段和技能技巧引导学生熟练地掌握英语，给学生以良好的影响。
第二，明确学生的学习目的、确定学习目标，激发学生的学习兴趣。当今世界正处在信息时代，科学技术迅猛发展，计算机的普及运用、网络的连通，正在使人类社会越来越成为一个相互依存的世界，英语则是这一世界的最有用的交流思想的工具。可以说英语已经成为了进入二十一世纪的通行证。通过给学生们介绍学习英语的重要性，再以日常生活中的运用英语的事例加以说明，使学生明确学习目的，端正学习态度，激发兴趣，增强求知欲。确定学习目标，可以让学生明确一个时期内或一节课的主攻对象，克服学习中的盲目性。这不仅可以增强学生学习的积极性、主动性，提高兴趣，而且是发挥学生主体作用的必要条件。
第三，指导学习方法，使兴趣正常发展。心理学的研究和教学实践表明：采用生动的，适合学生心理发展水平的教学方式，可以成功地培养学生的学习兴趣。如：英语教学（尤其在起始阶段）应该在唱中学，在情景中说，在说中熟，在游戏中运用掌握。在平时的教学中，教师多用英语组织教学，开辟英语语言环境，再配以大量的感性材料和电化教学手段，多给学生提供英语对话、表演、朗读的机会和时间，使学生在语境中学好英语，始终保持浓厚兴趣。因此，在日常的教学过程中，我侧重开展了以下活动：
1.坚持每节一笑或一哭。在每一节课的开始或结束前，请一名同学用英语讲一个让大家笑的笑话，或一个让大家哭的心酸故事。不仅锻炼了学生的英语口语、听力，而且提高了学生的心理素质。在很大程度上，也激发了学生的学习英语的兴趣。
2.结合教材内容中的重点、难点，给学生布置”每人每天五句漂亮英语”的任务。刚开始由教师根据当天所学内容提炼“五个具有一定鼓动性的地道的英语句子”，要求学生熟读，一直达到脱口而出的地步，并且创造机会让他们都炫耀炫耀他们的漂亮英语，地道的英语句子。经过一段时间的引导以后，开始逐渐地由学生自己去发现地道的英语句子。这一任务的经常性，使学生慢慢地形成了作读书笔记的习惯。几乎每个学生都有自己的“句子财富”。有时，他们甚至会因为报刊杂志上的某个精彩句子而兴奋不已；有时，他们甚至会一天找十几句漂亮英语，弄得我经常求他们允许我“盗版”。
3.每人每天准备一句谚语或名人名言，结组交流。各小组每天评一个最佳谚语或名人名言，在课前写在黑板上供大家欣赏。
4.每周阅读欣赏一篇好文章，从中汲取精华为我所用，并把它融会贯通，为写作打下坚实的基础。如：在我们学到第一册 UNIT 13，LESSON 50 Abraham Lincoln时，给学生介绍了著名的 Gettsburg Speech ；在我们学到第二册 UNIT 19，LESSON 74-75 Martin Luther King,Jr. 时，给学生介绍了著名的 I Have a Dream；等等。学生在研读这类文章时，不仅提炼出其中的精华消化吸收，而且渐渐地体会到“熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟”的感觉。
5.每周一歌。我充分利用录音机、电脑等电化教育学段，教会学生了许多英文歌曲，如：Yesterday Once More；Say you Say me；Old Black Joe；The Red River Valley；Whatever will be will be；My Heart Will Go On and On等。TITANIC中的一曲My heart will go and on一经班内同学唱出，校内的五名音乐特长生先后找到我，表示要实现英语学科上零的突破。
6.每月读一本英文故事书。要求每个学生根据自己的英语水平选读至少一本英语故事书。很多世界名著的简写本都成了学生的心爱之书，如：A Tale of Two Cities; One Million-pound Note;Adventures of Robinson Crusoe; Robin Hood; Stories by William Shakespeare;Treasure Island; Tom Sawyer; Jane Eyre; Oliver Twist等。
在这些做法的操作过程中，注意吃透教材的同时，还必须吃透学生情况，根据学生的认识水平，接受能力，知识基础等方面的因素，确定每一阶段方法方式；结合每天五句漂亮英语、名人名言、名人名篇的内容适时地培养学生的自信心，结合各项活动给学生提供产生“成就感”机会；经常提问，让学生自学、讨论，引导学生不满足于死记硬背，而注重理解，独立思考，多提供机会，使学生把自己的聪明才智用到掌握知识、解决问题上来，使学生感受到知识增长的喜悦，促使学生学习英语的兴趣进一步加深，真正学到知识，提高能力。
第四，全身心地投入教学之中，以爱心感动学生，以自己的行动行为带动学生。培养学生学习兴趣时，教师要尊重学生，爱护学生的自尊心，使学生对教师有亲切感、信任感，增强学生的学习积极性。在课堂教学时，教师做到精神焕发，情绪饱满，创造引人入胜的情景，使学生头脑中兴奋中心向着要进行的教学活动转移、接近，引起学生对即将进行的教学活动的兴趣和求知欲，创造一种对学习起推动作用的活跃气氛，使学生处于一种跃跃欲试的状态。这样学生听课情绪也会为之一振，并会以高度集中的注意力去听讲。长期坚持下去，学生才会“亲其师，信其道”。
通过一段时间的努力，学生都形成了稳定的、强烈的学习兴趣，产生学习英语知识、提高英语听、说、读、写、译能力的内驱力。学习英语再也不是负担，而是一种娱乐，一种休息。
每天课前，都会从教室里传出动听的英文歌声；每天一上课，都会有一名同学落落大方地走上讲台，给大家讲一个令人捧腹的笑话或一个令人难忘悲伤故事；每天一上课，黑板上都会写有班内五个学英语小组选出来的最佳谚语或名人名言供大家欣赏；每个月末，都利用一节课举办一个小型英语歌曲演唱会，名人名篇朗诵会，读书体会交流会；每一学期，组织一、两次英语综合能力大奖赛。每一次活动，无论大小，学生们都跃跃欲试，各显神通，人人有用武之地，个个有机会体验成功！
Ⅳ 英语写作的重要性及如何提升
一、英语写作的重要性
1.英语写作能帮助我们提高使用英语的准确性只要写一个句子，更不用说一段，一篇，就要力求句法，用词，拼写，标点等完全正确，而且与前后句紧密连贯。写和说不同，写好后可以检查修改，而一次修改就是一次提高。写得越多，语言就会越准确。2.练习英语写作能扩大词汇量 口语所使用的语言一般是比较简单和常用的。而在用英语写作时，所使用的语言则是多种多样的。从极简单到较复杂的语言都要使用，所使用的词汇和句型也比口语中使用的要多得多，这对英语词汇量的扩大有很大帮助。3.写作训练能帮助我们提高逻辑思考及分析问题的能力写一篇作文，不论长短，都需要妥善地组织材料，得出结论，作到重点突出，条理清楚。这样，在锻炼写作能力的同时，也锻炼了分析与处理问题的能力。4.英语写作对阅读，听力，口语，翻译等各方面都有促进作用 自己知道写作的甘苦，对别人的写作技巧就会乐于学习。分析问题的能力提高了，听别人说话就会善于抓住要点。语言质量提高了，口语也会准确一些。
二、怎样写好英语作文
1.打好扎实的英语语言基础 要写好英语作文，首先必须掌握一定数量的英语单词。此外，还得掌握好一定的英语语法知识。若有不太清楚的地方，应通过查阅语法书和词典来逐步解决，不能偷懒，随便乱写。2.广泛进行英语阅读 专业作家的秘密之一就是：阅读，阅读，再阅读。杜甫说“读书破万卷，下笔如有神”。敏感的阅读，使人产生灵感，使人对生平从未遇到的问题作出符合逻辑的或感情上的响应。阅读其他人的文章，并不是为了如法炮制，但我们可以把从其他作品中学到的东西融化到自己的文体和技巧中去。当我们发现一段文章比自己能写出的任何东西好得多的时候，坐下来，对它进行反复研究琢磨。它好在哪里?就同一题目，这位作者做了哪些我们不能做到的事情？模仿别人技术上的长处，对习作者来说极有益处。但仅靠阅读是不行的，因为它可以被用作不动笔的借口，还会成为一种麻醉剂。因此要记住：阅读是为了写作。3.掌握一定的英语写作技巧 英语写作有许多技巧，如怎样选词，造句，怎样展开段落，各种体裁的英语作文应怎样布局谋篇等。只有对这些基本的写作技巧加以掌握，才能在英语写作时得心应手。
Ⅵ 写作的重要性写一篇英语作文
As is known to all, writing is an important andnecessary skill for all students. However, many students don’t reallyunderstand the true importance of writing, as they just consider writing as atask of exam. As far as I am concerned, writing has deeper importance in manyways.
众所周知，写作对所有的学生来说是一项重要和必要的技能。但是，很多学生没有真正明白写作的重要性，因为他们只把写作当做是考试的一项任务。在我看来，写作在很多方面更重要。
Firstly, improving our ability of using words is abasic function of writing. For example, in order to write a good Englishcomposition, we must use every word carefully as much as possible to ensure itscorrectness. In the process, we have improved our ability of using words andwriting skills imperceptibly. In this aspect, writing is a good way tostrengthen our ability.
首先，提高我们用词能力是写作的一个基本功能。例如，为了写好一篇英语作文，我们必须极可能谨慎使用每一个词以确保文章的正确性。在这个过程中，我们不知不觉地提高了我们用词能力和写作技巧。从这一方面来看，写作是加强能力的一个好方法。
Moreover, writing is an effective way to enlarge ourvocabulary. Different compositions we write need different vocabularies.Therefore, the more compositions we write, the more vocabularies we get. At thesame time, it is helpful to enlarge our reading.
其次，写作是扩展我们的词汇量的有效方法。我们所写的不同作文需要不同的词汇。所以，我们写得越多，我们就掌握越多的词汇。同时，这也有助于我们扩大阅读量。
And last but not the least, writing makes greatcontribution to our logical thinking and analysis ability. For one thing, towrite a good composition, we must collect and arrange writing materialssystematically so that we can show off what is essential and what is not soimportant. In the process of dealing with materials, we are also learning toanalyze and deal with the different problems. For another, it is also a processto practice our own thinking ability and form different thoughts. By dealing withall kinds of compositions, we can get in touch with more thoughts and becomewiser.
最后但不是最不重要的一点，写作对我们的逻辑思维和分析能力很有帮助。一方面，为了写好一篇作文，我们必须系统地收集和整理写作材料以便能够掌握什么事必要的，什么又不是那么重要的。在处理材料的过程中，我们也学会分析和处理不同问题。另一方面，这也是一个锻炼我们思考能力和形成不同思维的过程。通过处理各种各样的作文，我们可以接触到更多的想法从而变得更理智。
In a word, writing is an important skill, especiallyfor language learners. Thus, we should improve our writing ability as much aspossible to improve our overall levels.
总之，写作是一项重要的技能，特别是对语言学习者。因此，我们应该尽可能提高我们的学做能力以提高我们各方面水平。
Ⅶ 英语写作在英语学习中的重要性
别急 会把英语写作能力提高的
谈谈如何提高英语写作能力
关键词：英语写作能力 原则 方法
引言：英语写作能力是英语听、说、读、写四种基本能力之一，英语写作能有效地促进语言知识的内化。Swain（1985）提出“可理解输出”假设，认为包括写在内的语言产生性运用有助于学习者检验目的语句法结构和词语的使用，促进语言运用的自动化，有效地达到了语言习得的目的。通过写作，英语知识不断得到巩固并内在化，有利于英语技能的全面发展。但是，英语写作又是广大英语学习者最感头痛的问题之一，且容易被教师忽视，笔者以为如何提高英语写作能力值得我们认真研究。本文就此谈谈初浅的看法。
一、提高英语写作能力的原则
（一）渐进性原则。要坚持“句—段—篇”的训练程序，由易到难，循序渐进。在英语写作的初始阶段，要始终注意培养学生良好的写作习惯，狠抓基本功训练。在学生掌握了基本句型并能写出简单句子后，再要求学生根据一些体例写出小段的文章。在段落写作中要引导学生分析段落的结构、段落的中心句、句与句之间的逻辑关系、写作手法等，这样有利于下一步一篇文章的写作。在文章写作中要教会学生如何构思文章、如何运用正确的写作技巧等。
（二）多样性原则。要坚持训练形式的多样化及写作文体的多样性。从形式上而言，可以用回答提问的口头作文，也可以用续写故事；可以改写课文，也可以仿写课文；可以写提纲训练谋篇布局，也可以写拓展段训练发散思维……。从文体上而言，可以写说明文、议论文、记叙文，也可以写书信、便条、通知等实用文体。
(三)结合性原则。要坚持听说读训练和写训练相结合。根据语言习得理论，学习者在学习时常先通过听和读吸取语言知识，从而了解别人的思想，再通过说和写来表达自己的思想，让别人了解自己。大量的听说训练能促进读写能力的提高。因此，写与听说读紧密结合，进行多元化的能力训练，可使学生的各项能力互相影响、互相渗透、互相促进。
（四）控制性原则。要坚持写作前的指导，控制学生的汉语语言思维，发展英语语言思维。语言学习在很大程度上主要是模仿，而非随心所欲地自由表达。教师要加强写作前的指导，可给出范文让学生模仿，以熟悉其语篇结构。同时要控制其汉语语言思维，尽可能让学生习惯英语语言思维，以便于学生学习和掌握地道、正确的英语。
（五）持久性原则。要坚持长期、正确的写作训练。英语写作能力的提高并非一朝一夕之事，而是一个长期的、艰巨的、渐进的过程。这就要求教师、学生都要有充分的思想准备，要有坚韧不拔的意志和必胜的信心。
二、提高英语写作能力的方法。
（一）通过积累词汇量，提高英语写作能力。犹如土木砖石是建筑的材料一样，词汇是说话写作的必需材料，也是制约写作能力提高的瓶颈。可以想象，如果要写一个句子，10个单词有8个单词拼写错误或拼写不出，有2
个单词用法不当，又怎么能清楚地表达自己的思想呢？因此，在平时的教学中要强调学生记忆单词，记住单词的拼读、用法、意思等。记忆单词的方法有很多，各人有各人的记忆方法和习惯，可因人而异。教师可通过要求学生朗读单词、听写单词、默写单词、遣词造句、词汇竞赛等多种方法促进学生记单词。记忆单词是一个长期的反复的过程，要长期地坚持下去，才能不断积累大量的词汇，为英语写作打下坚实的基础。
（二）通过扩大阅读量，提高英语写作能力。古人云“熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟”，这是汉语的一种学习方法，同样可借鉴于英语写作。多阅读是学生增加接触英语语言材料、接受信息、活跃思维、增长智力的一种途径，同时也是培养学生英语思维能力、提高理解力、增强语感、巩固和扩大词汇量的一种好方法，有利于促进英语写作能力的提高。在阅读训练中，教师要注意以下问题：一是指导阅读方法，分析文章结构、中心思想、段落中心句、写作方法等，帮助学生掌握各类文章的结构及写作方法。二要精读与泛读相结合，通过推敲优秀的文章来学会写作方法和选词用词；通过大量的泛读来吸取信息量，扩大词汇量。三要扩大阅读量。提供阅读的材料涉及面要广，才能不断扩大学生的知识面，使学生适应各种题材的写作。
（三）通过提高听说能力，提高英语写作能力。英语听说读写四种能力是相互影响、相互促进的，提高听说能力必定会促进写作能力的提高。要提高听说能力关键在于创设一个良好的英语环境。教师要尽可能地用英语授课，多开展专门的听说训练，同时开展丰富多彩的课外英语活动，让学生沉浸在英语海洋中去领略、去体会、去使用英语，久而久之，学生自然能使用正确的、地道的英语进行交谈与写作。
（四）通过重视写作过程，提高英语写作能力。长期以来，英语写作成果教学法（THE PRODUCT
APPROACH）在我国居于主导地位，教师根据写作的终成品来判断写作的成败，重视写作的技术性细节（如格式、拼写、语法等），忽视写作过程的指导。根据D.Rumechart和J.McClelland提出的连通论（Connectionism)理论，写作包括写前阶段、具体写作、文章修改三个基本过程，这三个过程并非是线性排列，而是循环往复，穿插进行的。教师只有重视加强对写作三个过程的指导，才能更好地提高英语写作能力。在写作前阶段，教师重在指导学生如何挖掘题材，训练发散性思维，以及如何选择材料、谋篇布局等。在具体写作中，教师重在指导学生如何紧扣主题、运用正确的写作方法等。在文章修改中，教师重在指导学生如何修改语法及用词的错误。
（五）通过多写英语摘要，提高英语写作能力。英语摘要是把一篇文章的要点摘录出来，用自己的语言使之独立成一篇短文，这不是简单的摘录，而是忠于原文意思的再创作。写英语摘要有利于学生了解原文的文化背景、理解原文的中心意思、弄清原文的篇章结构，从而提高学生的逻辑思维能力和谋篇布局能力。
（六）通过发展英语语言思维能力，提高英语写作能力。英语写作是运用已掌握的内在化语言知识和表达方法，通过思维进行外在化输出的创作，因此英语语言思维能力在英语写作中作用非凡。对于我国学生而言，在英语写作中易受汉语语言思维的影响，难以直接用英语语言进行思维，不利于英语写作能力的提高，因此发展其英语语言思维能力尤为重要。教师要注意对学生的英语语言思维进行多方位、多角度的训练：要采取各种方法训练学生英语语言思维的广阔性、深刻性、发散性和创造性；要教会学生用英语思考问题、回答问题；要从训练形象思维开始，逐步过渡到抽象思维训练；在课文讲解中要尽可能不用汉语翻译而用英语解释，消除汉语思维的影响；要努力创设良好的英语环境，在英语交际中发展英语思维能力。
写好英语段落的三个标准
首先，一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想，该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题（stick or hold to the topic），这就是段落的统一性（unity）。其次，一个段落必须有若干推展句，使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就是完整性（completeness or adequateness）。再者，一个段落不是杂乱无章的，而是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅（smooth），这就是连贯性（coherence）。下面我们就对这三个标准分别加以说明。
1、统一性
一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心，任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例：
Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise， we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much， and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.
本段的主题句是段首句，controlling idea（中心思想）是take the long trip across the country.文中出现两个irrelevant sentences，一个是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie，这一段是讲的是Joe and I ，中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。还有，Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。考生在四级统考的作文卷上常常因为造出irrelevant sentences（不相关语句）而丢分，值得引起注意。再看一个例子：
My name is Roseanna， and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds， but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles， swimming fifteen laps， lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.
本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit，但段中有两个irrelevant sentences，一个是I bought two new suitcases last week，另一个是My mother was a premature baby.
从上面两个例子可以看出，native speakers同样会造出来irrelevant sentences.卷面上如果这种句子多了，造成偏题或离题，那问题就更严重了。
2、完整性
正象我们前面说得那样，一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现，如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实，就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样，虽然有推展句，但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待，给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。例如：
Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides， it is more useful to work —— you proce something rather than more anxiety or depression.
本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是“a mind in turmoil”（心境不平静）Physical work又如何能改变这种情况？为什么它能起therapy的作用？读者得不到明确的答案。由于四级统考的作文部分只要求写一篇100～120个词的三段式短文，每一段只有大约40个词左右，因此，要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。例如：
It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means， but a careful writer can almost always explain it.
段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法，必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释，整个段落内容空洞，简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话，就可以把主题解释清楚了。比如下段：
It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes， pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water， will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning， or start screaming “Help”？
3、连贯性（coherence）
连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面，前者指的是内在的逻辑性，后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系；反之，只有意连而没有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。
1）、意连
段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思，边写边想，写写停停，那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。
A.按时间先后排列（chronological arrangement）
We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose， it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast； we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then， when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in； the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain， it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here， judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit， not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough， by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff， dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine， when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit， we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.
本段从“rose”（起床）写起，然后是吃早餐（“not to miss breakfast”， “closing at nine o'clock”），然后是“close to noon”，一直写到这一天结束（“By nine——”）。
B. 按位置远近排列（spatial arrangement）。例如：
From a distance， it looked like a skinny tube， but as we got closer， we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular， all right， but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore， we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts： a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away， we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass， unlike the tube that it was sitting on， which only had four. Inside， the tube was gloomy， because of the lack of light. Then a steep， narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的写法是由远及近，从远处（“from a distance”）写起，然后“get closer”，再到（“ten feet away”），最后是“inside the pagoda”……当然，按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。根据需要，也可以由近及远，由表及里等等。
C. 按逻辑关系排列（logical arrangement）
a. 按重要性顺序排列（arrangement in order of importance）
If you work as a soda jerker， you will， of course， not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine， your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom， your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work， the larger the organization of which you are an employee， the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization， whether it is the government， the large corporation， or the Army， this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.
这一段谈的是表达能力，它的重要性与职业，身份有关，从“not need much skill”或“of little importance”到“more important”，最后是“most important”。
b.由一般到特殊排列（general-to-specific arrangement）
If a reader is lost， it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader， hacking his way through the verbiage， simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses， or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence， so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer， in whose head the connection is clear， has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that “sanguine” and “sanguinary” mean the same thing， but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.
这一段谈的是a writer's carelessness，先给出一个general statement作为主题句，然后通过5个 ”perhaps”加以例证。
c. 由特殊到一般排列（specific-to-general arrangement）
I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat， Prissy， with the one I had several years ago， Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy， a quiet， feminine feline， loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people， exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg， lick， or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright， eyes closed， perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry， on the other hand， loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything， whether it was decorous or not， and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable， on the top of the television， across stranger's feet or laps， in beds， drawers， sacks， closets， or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.
本段的主题句是段首句，它仅提出一个问题：为什么两只猫会被搞混。然后对两者进行比较，末句才下结论。
2）、形连
行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现。请读下面这一段文字并找出文中用以承上启下的词语：
Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First， though， he had to get through high school， so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular， biology， chemistry， and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects， Walter became proficient in them； however， Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result， ring his junior year of high school， Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently， he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graate on schele. Finally， on June 6， Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.
本文中起承上启下的词语有两种，一种是转换词语（transitional words or phrases），另一种是起转换作用的其他连接手段（linking devices）。前者依次有：first， though， so， in particular， and， because， however， besides， as a result， both…and， consequently， and， finally.后者依次是：he， he， his， his， he， these， them， he， those， his， he， these， his. 本段中共有词汇105个，所使用的转换词语及其他连接用语共26个词，约占该段总词汇量的四分之一。由此可见，掌握好transitions不仅对行文的流（smoothness）有益，而且对于学生在半个小时内写足四级短文所要求的120个词也是不无好处的。
一个段落里如果没有transitions也就很难有coherence了。我们看下面一个例子：Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture， loudness， and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture， loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
本段中除了第6句开头出现一个起过渡作用的”it”之外，没有使用其他的过渡词语。这样，文中出现许多重复的词语，全段读起来也显得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的过渡词语来修饰的话，这一段就成了下面一个流畅连贯的段落：
Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds； writing， on the other hand， uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago， but written language is a recent development， invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal， while the word choice of writing， by contrast， is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from， they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture， loudness， and the rise and fall of the voice， but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
4、有损连贯性的几种情况：
考生在写作中经常出现下面几种错误：
1、不必要的改变时态，比如：
In the movie， Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him， so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house， he had waited for the heat to die down， but they come after him anyway.
2、不必要的改变单复数，比如：
Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run， the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.
3、不必要的改变人称，比如：
Now more than ever， parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.
因此写作中，一定要注意时态，人称以及数的变化是否正确，要注意保持一致。
Ⅷ 关于如何提高英语学习兴趣的论文的理论意义和实践价值
Ecators famous Ukrainian Nina said: "No interest, and was compelled to carry out the study, would stifle students to acquire knowledge and the will." Confucius said: "Those who know, know as well, the good, not the music." Many psychologists and ecators have had such emotion . As an English teacher, I used to train in the English classroom teaching students to learn the importance of deep feelings about. Here, their willingness to Experience and practices introced to the peer and hoped that it would resonate.
First, to improve our overall quality (moral character, knowledge of languages and cultural knowledge, verbal expression and the arts, ecation reform and research capabilities, interpersonal skills and theoretical level), efforts to adapt themselves to new outline new materials to cope with the new era ecational requirements. Constantly enriched ecational theory, studying business; Constantly updated expertise to understand the new trends in professional development. Only in this way can the students and teaching practice, using different means of teaching skills and techniques to guide the students to master English proficiency, students with good effect.
Second, students learn to clearly determine learning goals and inspire students to learn. The world today is in the information age, science and technology are developing rapidly, the universal use of computers, network connectivity, the human society is increasingly becoming an interdependent world, the world of English is the most useful tool for the exchange of ideas. It can be said that English has become the 21st century passes. Through learning to students on the importance of English and then to use English in daily life examples to illustrate, to enable students to learn to clear, correct attitude towards learning, stimulate interest and enhance thirst for knowledge. Set learning goals, it will give students a clear or a period of the main targets, learning to overcome blindness. This will not only enhance the students learning the enthusiasm, initiative and raise interest, but students play the main role in the necessary conditions.
Third, guidance learning methods, the normal interest in the development. Psychology research and teaching practice that: lively, suitable for students of the psychological development of teaching methods, students can successfully cultivate interest in learning. Such as: English Teaching (especially in the start-up phase) should be sung in schools, in that scenario, said in cooked, use master in the game. In peacetime teaching, teachers use English Teaching, open up English language environment Coupled with a lot of emotional power of the materials and teaching methods, to provide students with more English dialogue, performances, the opportunity and time to read, so that students in secondary Context good English, always maintained strong interest. Therefore, in the course of day-to-day teaching, I focused in the following activities:
1. Adhere each laugh or a cry. In each class, or the beginning of the end to an English speaking students with a joke for everyone laugh, or you cry to a sad story. Exercise not only students of English speaking, listening, but also improve the psychological quality of the students. To a large extent, also inspired the students interested in learning English.
2. Combining content of the materials focus on key to the students staged "per person per day five beautiful English" task. Teachers from the beginning of the day by refining content "will grow 5 with the authentic English sentence," the students familiar with, the stage has been reached blurted out, and to create opportunities for them to show they are flaunting a beautiful English, authentic English phrases. After a period of time after the guide, start graally by the students themselves to find authentic English phrases. This task often, students slowly formed to study notes habits. Almost every student has its own "sentence wealth." Sometimes, they will even newspapers and magazines because of a brilliant sentence and excited; Sometimes, they will even say a few nice day for 10 English, I often get them for allowing me to "pirate."
3. Each day for a celebrity or famous proverb, a guitar group exchanges. On a day the teams best celebrity or famous proverb, in the classroom for inspection before writing you to the blackboard.
4. Weekly appreciate a good article to read, to learn the essence for our use, and to digest it, to lay a solid foundation for writing. Example: In our first learned of UNIT 13, 50 LESSON Abraham Lincoln, to the students on the famous Gettsburg Speech; We learned of the second UNIT 19, 74-75 LESSON Martin Luther King, Jr. When introced to the students the famous I Have a Dream; Etc. . Students studying in these articles, which not only extracted the essence of digestion and absorption, and graally realize that "familiar with the Tang Dynasty 300, a poem will not shrugged."
5. Every Monday songs. I fully utilize tape recorders, computers, and audio-visual ecation school, the church many students English songs, such as: Yesterday Once More; Say you Say me; Old Black Joe; The Red River Valley; Whatever will be will be; My Heart Will Go On and On. . TITANIC in a My heart will go on and on with the students singing classes, the school has five music talent and I find that English subjects to achieve zero breakthrough.
6. Monthly Reading an English story books. According to require each student to choose their level of English at an English story books. Many world famous acronyms of the students have become the beloved book, such as: A Tale of Two Cities; One Million-pound Note; Adventures of Robinson Crusoe; Robin Hood; Stories by William Shakespeare; Treasure Island; Tom Sawyer; Jane Eyre; And Oliver Twist.
These practices in the operation process, pay attention to the materials thoroughly, students must also understand well, according to the level of understanding, acceptance, and the knowledge base, identify each stage method; With five beautiful English daily, celebrity famous, famous celebrities in the timely capacity to train students self-confidence, with various activities to provide students with a "sense of achievement"; often questions for students learning, discussion and guide the students satisfied with rote, and focus on understanding, independent thinking, provide more opportunity for the students to their talent use knowledge to solve question, to increase knowledge to enable students feel the joy of learning English to students interested in further deepening and truly learn, and enhance our ability.
Fourth, threw himself into teaching, the students moved to love, to conct their own actions led students. Training students interested in learning, teachers must respect students, students love the self-esteem, students teachers friendliness, a sense of trust, enhance student learning initiative. When teaching in the classroom, teachers do refreshed, emotional plump, creating spectacular scenes, in the minds of excited students to the center toward teaching activities transfer, nearly caused students to the teaching activities of the forthcoming interest and thirst for knowledge, creating a starting role in promoting the study of living Yue atmosphere, the temptation to students in a state. Such students will be taught emotional our spirits and will be highly concentrated attention to the lecture. A long time to go, students will be "pro-its divisions, its letter Road."
Through the efforts of a period of time, students have formed a stable, strong interest in learning and knowledge have to learn English to improve English language skills of listening, speaking, reading, writing and translation capabilities Drive. Learning English is no longer affordable, but an entertainment, a break.
The day before, from the classroom will be warned that the English-sounding voice; A school day, students will have a royal took to the podium, speaking to you is himself a joke or a sad story is unforgettable; One day classes will be written on the blackboard in five English classes elected by the Panel the best celebrity or famous proverb for you to; at the end of each month, using an English class held a small concert songs, recite the famous celebrities, reading of the exchange; each semester, an organization, two English comprehensive ability Grand Prix. Every event, large or small, students have the temptation to channel, they have all, everyone has the opportunity to experience success!
Ⅸ 高中英语写作有效教学策略的实践与研究 如何有效地
（一）教师以自己为中心， 将自己视为知识的权威和传授者。
1.
没有把写作看做是交际活动。教师没有站在读者的角度去看待学生的作文 ， 不去指出学生表达不清或欠妥之处 ， 不能明确提出修改建议。
2.
批改作文时只是订正学生所犯的语法错误。可是写作并不仅仅是语法练习 ， 好的文章并不只是一些语法正确的句子堆砌的产物。教师应当从两个角度来批改作文 ：先从语篇层次上看文章内容是否达到表情达意的目的 ， 再在语法层次上进行必要的修改。
3.
没有把写作视为认知活动。许多教师在指导作文时只给学生分析一篇范文
， 却并没有意识到在向学生提供范文的同时， 必须引导学生注意理解范文中可以为我所用的那些知识或语法 ；引导学生剖析自己的文章 ，
发现存在的问题 ， 然后改正， 并注意在以后的写作中扬长避短 ， 学以致用。
（二）教学方法不合理。长期以来，
结果教学法在英语写作课的教学中占据统治地位 ， 教师以讲授传统技法和作品为中心， 片面地强调语言理论知识的输入 ， 过于注重写作结果，
轻视写作过程中的诸多环节。这种教学法的理论基础是行为主义理论，认为教学过程就是老师给予刺激—学生作出反应的过程， 因而教师主宰了课堂教学 ，
从运用“教师提问 -学生回答”的单一教学模式 ， 到学生参照范文仿写 ， 再到教师面面俱到地评讲那些注满红批的作文 ，
学生始终处于思维被束缚、被动接受知识的尴尬境地。建构主义认为 ， 知识昀主要是由学习者个体建构的 ， 而不是由他人传授的 ，
而且这种建构总是在具体环境中通过互动产生的。语言学习中 ， 学习者不应该被简单地视为被动接受者 ， 而应积极参与学习活动的计划和学习效率的评估 ，
否则学生就没有机会主动地创造和探索。
二、改善当前高中英语写作教学现状的方法
1.注重对学生写作过程的指导
在英语的教学过程中既要注重对学生的语言输入，
也要注重对学生的语言输出 ， 这两个过程都非常的重要 ，
对提高学生综合语言运用能力都起着重要的作用。而写作能力正是这种综合语言运用能力的体现。因此， 在“重结果”之时 ，
更要“重过程”。写作应包括语言知识、语境知识、写作目的和写作技巧等要素。写作目的、语言知识和语境知识可以为写作者提供足够多的输入 ，
使学习者有话说而写作技巧的训练是使学习者知道怎么说。所以 ， 写作既是语言输入的过程，
也是学生按一定技巧建构体裁、内化知识的过程。他们强调的是教师在教学写作时要注意情景 ， 并帮助学生了解某一体裁的词汇、语法、篇章结构的特点 ，
然后再运用到具体的写作中。从图中可以看出 ， 写作过程不是单一的个人行为 ，
而是个人与个人、个人与他人、个人与范文、个人与社会多方位的互动过程。
希望能帮助到你，望采纳！