科技英语及论文写作大纲

1. 英语撰写科技论文的结果部分，需要注意哪些语言表达及写作技巧方面的问题

分清中心论点和分论点：分论一般位于段首或有标志性词语：首先、其专次、第三等
第四、要注意论点属的表述形式：有时题目就是中心论点。一篇议论文只有一个中心论点。
第五、通过论据来反推论点：论据是为证明论点服务的，分析论据可以看出它证明什么，肯定什么，支持什么，这就是论点。

2. 科技英语的主要内容

科技英语反映的是日新月异的科学技术领域内的发展与创新。为了准确、科学地对这些新的进展与理论加以阐述，科技工作者们在遣词方面下了很大的功夫。
科技词汇的词形一般较长，多源于希腊语和拉丁语。据美国科技英语专家Oscar E. Nybaken统计，在一万个普通英语的词汇中，约有46%的词汇源于拉丁语，7.2%源于希腊语。尤其在专业性极强的科技英语词汇中，这种比例就更高。例如：dynamics,electric,physics,pneumonia等（李庆明，2002）。希腊语和拉丁文之所以能成为科技词汇的基本来源，是因为这两种语言都是“死”语言，不会由于社会的发展而引起词义的变化，也不因词的多义引起歧义。
在科技文章中，同一词语词义的多专业化，即同一个英语常用词不仅被多个专业采用，而且含义也各不相同，区别很大。
科技英语中经常使用缩略语。随着现代科学的高速发展，缩略语将日益增多，往往一个缩略语可代表几十个词义。在科技英语中缩略语的构成方式有三种：
1.将词的部分截缩而构成新词，如parachute —chute（降落伞）。
2.将词组中的每个词的首字母加在一起构成新词，首字母缩略词，如Unidentified Flying Object –UFO（不明飞行物）。
3.从两个单词中抽出部分字母而构成新词，如telegram exchange –telex（电传）。
大量地使用名词和名词组。英语比汉语更广泛地使用名词，科技英语中这种现象更为突出。如科技文章中不说 We can improve its performance by using superheated steam.而说 an improvement of its performance can be achieved by the use of superheated steam.为了简短而明确地表达某一概念或事物，科技英语还广泛地使用名词词组，如energy lose, a day and night weather observation station。 在科技英语中经常使用的语法结构相当多，如被动语态句使用得很广泛。这是因为科技文章的主要目的是讲述客观现象，介绍科技成果等，使用被动句比使用主动句更少主观色彩。因此在科技英语中，凡是在不需要或不可能指出行为主体的场合，或者在需要突出行为客体的场合都使用被动语态。例如：For separating iron from the impurities the iron ore must be melted.
在科技英语中经常使用“It is (was)…that”这一强调句，如：It is heat that causes many chemical changes.
科技英语用于表达科学理论、原理、规律、概述以及各事物之间错综复杂的关系，而复杂的科学思维是无法使用简单句来表达，所以语法结构复杂的长句较多地应用于科技英语，而这种严谨周密、层次分明、重点突出的语言手段也就成了科技英语文体又一重要特征。如：Laser, its creation being thought to be one of today’s wonders, is nothing more than a light ①that differs from ordinary lights only in②that it is many times more powerful and so be applied in fields ③that no ordinary light or other substance has ever been able to get in.
直译法科技文章中所涉及的内容很少存在文化差异，科技词汇的意义也比较专一，所以很多词直译是能够为大众所接受。例如： surftheinternet(网上冲浪)、whitecollar(白领)、gamepoint(局点)、 genetically-modifiedfood(转基因食品)等。
音译法用发音相似的汉字来翻译，这时汉字不再有其原义，只保留其语音和书写形式。音译主要用于人名、地名、公司名及商标名等专有名词的翻译。例如：mosaic(马赛克)、disco(迪斯科)、Ken． tucky(肯德基)、bikini(tL~/E)等。翻译这类词时如耐心推敲，可达到音意兼顾、优雅易记的效果。如美国的化妆品Revlon被巧妙地译为“露华浓”，让人联想到李白描写杨贵妃花容月貌的名诗： “云想衣裳花想容，春风拂槛露华浓。”
半音半意法当直译和音译无法将科技新词的科技内涵准确地表达出来时，就要采用这种方法，它主要用于复合外来词的翻译。例如： milkshake(奶昔)、mini—skirt(迷你裙)、waterballet(水上芭蕾)、ice— cream(冰淇淋)、DoMingpape道林纸)、breakdance(霹雳舞)等。随着科技的发展、思维的进步，反映现实的语言也在不断发展以满足社会的需要。语言中最敏感的部分是词汇，这种发展变化在科技英语词汇里表现得尤其突出。要做好科技英语文献的翻译，就要认真研究科技英语词汇的特点及翻译技巧，了解词语后的科技内涵，必将有助于科技术语汉译这项复杂的工作．并能指导我们研究许多其他具体的语言问题 语篇也就是我们通常所说的篇章，是由一组相互连贯的句子组成的。语篇的语义结构和语篇机制，即衔接手段确保了语言由句子组成语篇，从而形成了一个有机的整体，所以对这一层面的分析包括了衔接手段和语篇结构（吴洁，2003）。
词汇衔接
词汇的重复出现可以减少语言在传递中产生的歧义，使读者易于正确地理解作者所要论述的客观事实或复杂的认识过程，体现了科技英语的准确性。如：Many stories abort the spread of AIDS are false. You cannot get AIDS working or attending with someone who has the disease. You cannot get it by touching drinking glasses or other objects used by such persons.
逻辑连接
通过逻辑连接手段的运用，读者可以了解句子的语义联系，甚至可经前句从逻辑上预见后续句的语义（胡壮麟，1994），体现了科技英语的逻辑推理性和严密性。如：Microsurgery is helping to solve all kinds of medical problems that had been thought hopeless. For example, doctors can use the technique to restore blood flow to the brain to prevent strokes. And they can reopen parts of the reproctive system so some men and women who are not fertile can have children. Eye and ear doctors have used the techniques of microsurgery since the 1920s. But it was not until the early 1970s that doctors began to develop a better understanding of the possibilities of microsurgery.

3. 英语科技论文写作有什么好的教材推荐看下

教材的话可以到淘宝上搜搜看，不过我是在网上看的，上学吧论文查重上有很多论文写作技巧的文章和论文查重修改技巧的文章，可以看看，很有用的。

4. 要一篇科技论文（英文的）

A Flow Shop with Compatibility Constraints in a Steelmaking Plant* Abstract We present a scheling methodology for applications where the generation of scheles is constrained by antagonistic and vague knowledge. Besides temporal and capacity constraints, compatibility constraints between consecutive jobs are managed. We model the vague constraints and uncertain data by fuzzy set theory. The importance of single jobs and the difficulty to schele them is defined on the different constraints and is used to control the generation of scheles. A preliminary schele is generated by considering the important jobs and those that are difficult to schele first. Easy or not so important jobs are scheled later. Finally, the achieved schele is “repaired” until a schele is found that achieves a given level of satisfaction. Since the goodness of solutions is rated by fuzzy sets, robust scheles achieve better evaluations than weak scheles. However, if no robust solution is found constraints will be relaxed. This methodology is appropriate for applications in process engineering where uncertain knowledge is dominant. We explain the methodology with a case study from a steelmaking plant for high-grade steel 补充： Bidding for the Olympic Games, in a way, an image-creating undertaking. The first and foremost thing is to let people fall in love with the city at first sight, attracting them by its unipue image. What image does Beijing intend to create for itself once it has the opportunity to host the 2008 Olympics? It is known to all that the Beijing Municipal Government has already set the theme for the future games: New Beijing, Great Olympics. For me, the 2008 Olympics will be a great green Olympics illuminated with two more special colors, yellow and red. First, yellow is a meaningful color. The Yellow River is China's Mother River and the descendants of the Yellow Emperor. This color has a special origin and great significance for the Chinese people. Beijing is the capital of New China and previously the capital for nine dynasties in Chinese history. So, yellow will naturally add splendor to the 2008 Games. Secondly, the 2008 Olympics will be a red pageant.Red is another traditionally cherished color for the whole country. We adore red. On big occasions, we like to decorate our homes in red. It is the color of double happiness, representing joyous moments, auspiciousness, enthusiasm and prosperity. Red is one of the most suitable colors to describe the future of Beijing . Beijing , together with the whole country, is becoming more and more prosperous in the process of modernization. Should the 2008 Olympics be held in Beijing, the whole city will be a sea of red : the red torch,red flags, red flowers, and the radiant faces of millions of joyful people. Above all, the 2008 Olympics will be a green Olympics. Adding a green ingredient is essential in creating an appealing image, as we can't deny the fact that Beijing, at the moment, is not as green a city as what we like it to be. Striving for an environmentally appealing city has become a central task for all the citizens of Beijing. Big efforts have been made in pollution control, replanting and beautification of the city. According to a project entitled" The Green Olympic Action Plan", between 1998 and 2007, Beijing, we have invested 100 billion RMB in preserving and protecting the environment. Some 12.5 million trees and over 1 million acres of grass will be planted along the Fourth Ring Road. By then, the city's green area will make up 40% of its total. The city will also dredge its reservoirs used as a water supply to Beijing residents, controlling instrial pollution and moving out the 200 factories presently located within the city proper. Certainly, all of this is no easy task. But I am sure that all of us have confidence that we will realize these green goals. For now we have the full support and participation of the environmentally conscious citizens. Each citizen is showing great concern for every one of the steps the city government takes. As the saying goes, United, we stand, and a green Beijing will be achieved. When our aspiration becomes a reality, it will be a unique Olympics." New Beijing, Great Olympics"; will be weaved of these three superb colors: yellow, red and green. 追问： 用中文写清楚 这篇英文文章研究的是什么问题?这个问题是怎么研究的?发现了什么?这些发现意 味着什么? 谢谢 回答： 第一篇与电有关

求采纳

5. 英文科技论文写作怎么写

一般碰到这种的很浪费时间，我都交给海硕之星论文帮忙，我的同学们都是在那找人帮写的;

6. 如何撰写科技论文英文信息型摘要

摘要抄：科技论文英文摘要是进行文件袭检索，促进国际科技交流的重要手段。科技论文通常采用信息型摘要（Informative abstract），其内容包括研究背景、目的、方法、结果和结论五个方面，重点在于方法、结果和结论。摘要写作应遵循客观、写实的原则，避免主观评论和感情色彩。1．信息型摘要的写作方法信息型摘要表达的是论文的内容要点，它是论文内容的浓缩和代表，也是国外文件检索所使用的主要形式。科技论文英文摘要遵循科技论文准确、客观和简洁的语言特点，必须提纲挈领、重点突出、内容完整。按照科技论文的组织结构，摘要通常包括背景（Background）、目的（Purpose）、方法（Method）、结果（Result）和结论（Conclusion）五个方面：背景句：介绍研究的背景、现状和问题，常用现在时。目的句：叙述研究的前提、目的、任务和所涉及的主题范围，常用过去时。方法句：陈述研究所使用的原理、对象、材料、工艺、手段、程序等，常用过去时。结果句：陈述研究的结果、数据、效果、性能等，常用过去时。结论句：陈述对研究结果的分析、比较、应用，或根据结果提出问题、建议、预测等，常用现在时或情态动词。

7. 科技英语论文（要带翻译的）

In recent years, people often complain about dishonesty in our society. In newspapers,illegal businessmen run false advertisements to deceive customers. In communication field, some people cheat money by sending false messages. On campus, we find some students cheating at exams. People are wondering why dishonesty is so prevailing?

There are several causes,to my mind, contributing to the bad phenomenon. Firstly, some people are money-oriented. They are crazy about improving their material life and forgetting moral sense. Secondly, competition in shopping areas is becoming more and more intense. This forced some people to make profit or attain their goals by false information. Thirdly, some people are eager to become rich overnight. They judge a person’s success by the wealth they possess. Finally, school life is full of eternal competition and each student tries to prove that he is more intelligent than the other students. Therefore students cheat on exams to get higher scores.

It pays to be honest in the long run. Being honest is beneficial to yourself and to other people,and honesty will bring you true friendship and more business opportunities. As a member of modern society, we should behave ourselves honestly and in return it will pave the way for our success and wealth.

Abstract: Nida’s ideas on translation have great influence on Chinese translation scholars. His recent statement－” ideas have changed substantially” －will surely have a negative impact on the development of translation studies in China. This paper aims at analyzing, from three perspectives, the reasons for Nida’s change of views on translation. It will also give a re-evaluation of the position and role of translation theories in translation studies, as well as explore the relation of theory and practice.

Key words: translation studies; translation theories; translation practice; descriptive study

Abstract: The paper tries to find the presupposition-triggers from the semantics and pragmatics level of the language. Then on the base of the above analysis, it gives out the features of presupposition. It also points out the great significance of telling from the presupposition-triggers to communication.

Key words: presupposition-triggers; features of presupposition; analyzable factors

8. 英文科技论文写作的内容简介

本书既可以作为高年级本科生、硕士和博士研究生科技英语课程的教材，也可供广大科技工作者参考。

9. 英语专业毕业论文提纲的格式和内容

选题的基本思路、方法和主要观点 论文写作提纲： Ｉ. 引言 ＩＩ.翻译中的文化“陷阱”现象专 ２.１习语及委婉语的属误译 ２.２数字与颜色的误译 ２.３典故文化中的误译 ＩＩＩ.翻译中文化“陷阱”的原因 ３.１地理环境 ３.２文化传统 ３.３思维模式 ３.４价值观念 ＩＶ.翻译中文化误译的解决方法 ４.１理解中西文化差异性 ４.２提高跨文化翻译意识 ４.３掌握有效的翻译策略 Ｖ.结语 工作进度（以周为单位）：----- 这是大概的思路 格式 本来我想发个word 文档供你参考 可是这里没办法发 就粘贴了大概的格式和思路 主要参考文献------