『壹』 学习英语的策略
考研，我没经抄历，所以袭，不了解！不过，要是学习英语，我还是有心得的。
英语基础不好，我建议你先测试下自己的单词量，如果六级过了的话，基本也有6000了，你可以通过阅读外文杂志，小说来扩展词汇，针对考研加大对单词深度和用法的学习。同时，把基本的读音记住，我指常用的，帮助听力的提高。
阅读，我觉得，还是每天都要做题，不能放下，还要寻找规律，我想考研也有其出题的规律，你要发现这个正确的作题思路。
听力，我觉得听写很有效，你可以去沪江那从VOA开始，慢速到标准，坚持下去绝对可以提高的，我经验之谈，哪怕没时间，我也听些一小段，这样耳朵就不会很生。 通过看美剧，也可以提高口语和听力，你要学会摆脱字幕，听到听不懂了才去对照字幕。
考研，有没有翻译啊，我不知道，所以就不说了。
对于，你现在下定决心考研，我觉得未来的事，没人能预测，不过还是好好学习英语吧！
『贰』 初中生英语写作的三大策略是什么
在英语中，冠词+时间可以代表时间状语,而且像the moment,the minute,the instant这些词还可以引导时间状语从句
不过in a minute当然也是可以的
『叁』 如何开展初中英语写作评价与反馈的课堂教学叙事研究
一直以来,有关初中英语写作教学的研究源源不断,但对于版写作评价与反馈的课堂教学的研究并不多。本文权通过一课例对写作评价与反馈的课堂教学进行叙事研究,旨在探索初中英语写作评价与反馈的课堂教学设计思路。分析发现,重视写作内容的发掘、写作过程的指导、写作结果的评价以及写作课堂交际策略的使用有助于明确写作评价与反馈的课堂教学设计思路。
『肆』 高中英语作文学习技巧，高中英语作文学习策略
多模仿，多记忆或背诵一些有没的句子，要善于积累
『伍』 论文<高中英语写作策略>请高手帮忙(要中\英文对照)谢谢了
一、滴水穿石
俗话说“千里之行始于足下”。英语书面的表达能力的形成不是一日之功，也不是一周两月之功，必须从平时的课堂教学一点一滴抓起，持之以恒，滴水穿石，才有可能最后解决英语书面表达的难题。
高中英语课堂以课文教学为主，结合课文教学抓住学生英语书面表达的难点和关键——谓语动词语义比较语法形式变化，采取多种形式进行写作的基本训练，是培养学生英语书面表达能力的主要手段之一。具体做法是：①课文的词汇教学，不局限于照本宣章，而是结合英语的构词，同义反义比较，名词的可数与不可数词义的区别，加强学生对英语词形变化的理解，扩充他们的词汇量，鼓励他们口笔头造句，借此培养学生用完整句子表意的能力。②课文教学的过程读、写、听、说交替。一般听说在先，读写在后。针对写作训练的听、说、读、写要注意材料内容的语言形式和课文内容的语言形式要有适当的变化和整体的系统性，以课文内容的提问为例，教师提问用的词语结构和课文内容相关，但和课文语言所用词语要有适当的差异，使学生稍加思考能够理解，为学生同样意思多种英语近似表达形式添砖加瓦，积累材料，在不知不觉中了解掌握更多的英语语句表达。③指导学生就课文内容进行长句短写，短句详写的口笔头练习，帮助学生熟练掌握英语中常用动词句子的结构变化，单句和复句的异同关键所在。使用频率高，结构变化较多的英语常用动词如Wishhopeexpect之类的动词要经常反复采用不同形式练习，帮助学生熟练掌握常用动词句子结构和词义区别，逐步在心理上树立用英语造句达意的信心和习惯。④有时结合课文，有时另外补充材料，采用各种形式指导学生改写、缩写或连词完成短文或填词完成短文。
然而英语课文教学中所进行的以上写作训练指导并不解决英语书面表达的全部，这一过程主要抓住英语动词和单复句的变化，少而精地进行英语书面表达的基础训练，为培养学生扎实的语言书面表达能力还需要广泛的多而杂的英文阅读。
二、蓄势待发
“读书破万卷，下笔如有神”。这句话生动说明了书面表达和广泛阅读的关系。世界著名的外语教学家美国人StephenKrashen在其1993年出版的教学理论力作《Power of Reading——Insight from the research》中指出外语过程中①外语书读的多的人，其读写能力比读书量少的人强。②第二语言的阅读量和语言的习得之间有肯定的关系。表明，正确指导学生阅读是解决词汇和迅速提高第二语言的有效必由之路。读书和写作就好比输入和输出，没有足够的输入吸收是不可能有大量的输出的。
高中学生词汇量有限，各科作业负担沉重，英语阅读必须考虑、难易适当，时间上尽可能不给他们加重额外负担。经过比较选择，采用省高校出版社发行的“高中英语泛读教程”为主，国家级刊物“高中英语画刊”和全国发行的“中学生报”和“英语辅导报”为辅。这几种阅读材料内容广泛，语言生动，体裁多样，文章长短适宜，很受学生们的欢迎。时间安排平时利用早自习限时完成，以每分钟50到100个单词阅读量，高三年级每周用两节课的时间专门用于学生自己自由阅读英文杂志和报刊，老师个别指导解答问题，一般经过两学期到三学期的坚持阅读，学生们就会感到英语常用词的基本词义和情景有很大提高。动词的结构和变换也比较熟悉和习惯了，实际上学生已在不知不觉充满乐趣地完成了英语词汇的巩固强化这个艰巨任务，为用英语进行书面表达积累了必需的词语、句式和背景方面的材料。学生进行英语阅读时是否积极主动，满怀热情，对于语言材料的理解和吸收极大，若是抱着完成老师作业的态度读书，就可能出现和尚念经有口无心，前面看过，后面忘光的现象。因此，仅仅为学生选择适宜有趣的读物和安排一定的时间还不够，教师要想法在指导学生阅读的过程中激发培养学生主动学习外语的兴趣，增强学生学外语的自信心，形成良好正确阅读外文材料的习惯，基本的做法是经常让学生个别地在自己的同学面前理解，成功地完成有适当难度的英语阅读问题，老师及时给以鼓励。
三、提纲挈领
英语书面表达的综合训练要提纲挈领是相对省时有效的。尤其高三毕业班时间紧，复习量大，更是如此。这里的“纲”指的是教学大纲和纲要说明要求学生掌握的重要语法概念和书面表达各种不同文体及要求。这里的“领”是说书面表达训练过程要先口头训练，后笔头训练，贯穿始终。
以考纲加大纲要求的各种书面表达形式为顺序，在高三英语总复习的过程中分别进行专门的写作训练指导，目的明确，便于安排；针对性强，容易归纳。每个专项，结合文体，进行先口头，后笔头的写作训练，可以使学生相互交流，取长补短，集思广益，
更好地掌握同一话题，文体的多种表达形式和不同的连贯组合。也有利于增强学生书面表达的自信心和准确性，减少不必要的简单错误，实际上等于一种话题和文体进行两次以上语篇表达训练，无形中起到巩固强化作用。以考纲和大纲要求掌握的文体写通知为例，来说明一下如何进行总复习的写作训练：①用投影仪打出同一内容的口头通知和书面通知比较其格式和句式特点。②让学生口头复述同一内容的两种通知。③教师提供另一内容通知的要求和必要的词语。④由学生准备个别发言，口头表达通知要求尽可能用不同的英语句子结构和语序表达类似的内容。⑤教师组织比较学生口头表达中不同结构和语序的异同和效果。⑥归纳口头和笔头通知常用的各种开头语；中间内容的动词结构；结尾要求的套话和基本格式。⑦布置口头笔头通知的书面练习。⑧收回练习，即时批改，在课堂上交流学生写的有特色或基本正确的通知。⑨集体或个别翻译复习通知的开头、中间和结尾的常用句式。以上具体步骤是学生进行书面表达训练时采用的基本程序，由此可大概看出书面表达是如何提纲挈领进行训练的。
First, power of perseverance
As the saying goes "line of beginning the great distance toyou". English written expression ability formation is not merit of thefirst, also is not week two months merit, must grasp bit by bit fromthe usual classroom instruction, perseveres, the power ofperseverance, only then has the possibility finally to solve Englishwritten expression difficult problem.
The high school English classroom by the text teaching primarily, theunion text teaching holds the student English written expression thedifficulty and the key - predicate verb semantics comparisongrammatical form change, adopts the many kinds of forms to carry onwriting the basic training, raises one of student English writtenexpression ability main methods. The concrete procere is: (1) Thetext glossary teaching, does not limit to according to the textproclaims the chapter, but is unifies English the construction word,the synonymy counter- righteousness comparison, the noun may countwith cannot count the word meaning the difference, strengthens thestudent to English morphological changes understanding, expands theirvocabulary, encourages their mouth writing skill to create sentences,to borrow this to train the student to use complete sentence 子表Italy the ability. (2) The text teaching process reads, writes,listens, to say takes turn. Generally hears in first, read-write inafter. Listens in view of the writing training, to say, to read,writes must pay attention to the material content the language formand the text content language form must have the suitable change andthe whole systematic characteristic, take the text content inquiry asthe example, the teacher inquires the words and expressions structureand the text content which uses is related, but uses the words andexpressions with the text language to have to have the suitabledifference, causes the student slightly to ponder can understand,contributes labor and materials for the student similar meaning manykinds of English approximate expression form, the accumulationmaterial, in unconsciously center understood grasps the more Englishsentence expression. (3) Instructs the student to carry on the longverse on the text content short to write, the short phrase detailedwrites the mouth writing skill practice, helps the student skilled tograsp in English the commonly used verb sentence structural change,the sentence and the plicate sentence similarities and differenceskey is at. The frequency of use is high, structural change moreEnglish commonly used verb like W i s h h o p e e x p e c the t and soon verb must frequently repeatedly use the different form practice,helps the student skilled to grasp the commonly used verb sentencestructure and the word meaning difference, graally has theconfidence and the custom in the psychology which creates sentenceswith English to express one's ideas. (4) Sometimes unifies the text,sometimes other supplement material, uses each kind of form toinstruct the student to rewrite, the abbreviation either theconjunction completes the short written work or completes theshort written work.
However in English text teaching carries on above writes the traininginstruction certainly not to solve the English written expressioncomplete, this process mainly holds English verb and Shan Fuju change,carries on the English written expression the fundamentaltraining, for raises the student solid language written expressionability also to need widespread many and mixed English reading.
Second,
"Studies the broken ten thousand volumes, starts writing liketo be bright". This speech vividly showed the written expression andthe widespread reading relations. The world famous foreign languageteaches the scientist American S t e p h e n K r a s h e n theteaching theory strength which published in its in 1993 to make "P o we r o f R e a d i n g - I n s i g h t f r o m t h e r e s e a r c h"center to point out in the foreign language process (1) foreignlanguage book read many people, its read-write ability studied thequantity few people to be stronger than. (2) The second languagereading quantity and the language custom between has the firmlyrelations. Indicated that, correctly instructs student reading issolves the glossary and rapidly enhances the second language theeffective way that must be taken. Studies and writing is just like theinput and the output, not the enough input absorption is impossible tohave the massive outputs.
High school student vocabulary limited, various branches work burdenheavy, English reading must consider, the difficulty is suitable, inthe time does not aggravate the extra burden as far as possible tothem. After the comparison choice, uses the province universitiespublishing house to distribute "the high school Englishgeneral-comprehension reading course" primarily, the national levelpublication "the high school English periodical" and the nationalrelease "the middle-school student reports" and "English auxiliary导报" for auxiliary. These kind of reading material contentwidespread, language vivid, the literature style is diverse, thearticle length is suitable, gains the students popularity very much.The time arrangement usually uses early studies by oneself the timelimit to complete, by each minute 50 to 100 words reading quantity,high three grades each week specially uses in with two classes timestudent freely to read English magazine and the publication, teacherthe particular guidance explanation question, persist reading thegeneral process two semesters to three semesters, the students willfeel the English commonly used word the basic word meaning and thescene have the very big enhancement. The verb structure and thetransformation quite was also familiar and be used to it, in fact thestudent unconsciously feature fun has been completing English glossaryconsolidated strengthened this arous task, for used English to carryon the written expression to accumulate the essential words andexpressions, the sentence type and the background aspect material. Thestudent carries on when English reading whether positive initiative,fills with the enthusiasm, is enormous regarding the language materialunderstanding and the absorption, if hugs is completing teacher thework the manner to study, possibly appears the buddhist priest tochant scripture the lip-service, front has looked, behind forgets thelight the phenomenon. Therefore, merely chooses for the student issuitable the interesting reading material and the arrangement certaintime is also insufficient, the teacher wants the idea in to instructin the process which the student reads to stimulate to train thestudent to study the foreign language on own initiative the interest,strengthens the student study foreign language the self-confidence,forms the good correct reading foreign language material the custom,the essential procere is frequently lets the student indiviallyunderstand in front of own schoolmate, successfully completes has thesuitable difficulty English reading question, teacher promptly givesthe encouragement.
Third, concentrates on the main points
English written expression integrated training needs toconcentrate on the main points is relatively time-saving effective.Especially high three graating classes time tight, the reviewquantity is big, is so. Here "the outline" refers is the program ofinstruction and the summary explained requests important grammarconcept and written expression each kind of different literary styleand request which the student grasps. Here "the collar" is said thewritten expression training process needs first oral to train, thelatter writing skill training, passes through throughout.
Take tests the outline to enlarge the outline request each kind ofwritten expression form as the order, always reviews in the high threeEnglish in the process separately carries on the special writingtraining instruction, the goal is clear about, is advantageous for thearrangement; Pointed strong, is easy to ince. Each special, theunion literary style, carries on first orally, the latter writingskill writing training, may cause the student mutually to exchange,makes up for one's deficiency by learning from others' strong points,profits by opinions from various sources,
Grasps the identical topic well, the literary style many kindsof expressions form and different links up the combination. Also isadvantageous to strengthening the student written expression theself-confidence and the accuracy, reces the nonessential simplemistake, is actual superior carries on two times of above languagesexpressions training to one kind of topic and the literary style,imperceptibly plays the consolidated strengthened role. Take tests theliterary style which the outline and the program request grasps towrite the notice as the example, explained how carries on the writingtraining which always reviews: (1) Splits out the identical contentwith the projecting apparatus the oral notification and the writtennotification compares its form and the sentence type characteristic.(2) Orally let the student repeat the identical content two kind ofnotices. (3) The teacher provides another content notice the requestand the essential words and expressions. (4) Prepares by the studentindivially to speak, the oral expression notice request uses thedifferent English sentence structure and the word order as far aspossible expresses the similar content. (5) The teacher organizes tocompare in the student oral expression the different structure and theword order similarities and differences and the effect. (6) Incesoral and writing skill notice commonly used each kind of 开头语;Middle content verb structure; Ending request polite talk and basicform. (7) Arranges the oral writing skill notice the written practice.(8) Takes back the practice, revises immediately, exchanges thestudent in the classroom to write has the characteristic or the basiccorrect notice. (9) Collective or indivial translation review noticeopening, middle and ending commonly used sentence type. The mainroutine which above the concrete step is the student carries on whenwritten expression training uses, how from this can probably see thewritten expression is concentrates on the main points carries on thetraining.
『陆』 浅析如何在英语课堂对学生进行写作指导
论文摘要:在问卷调查和访谈的基础上,探讨学生对课堂写作教学的反馈及相关问题,提出了可供教师参考的提高学生英语写作能力的策略和训练方法。
在英语学习的过程中,强化语言的产出能力(ProctiveCompetence)是语言学习的主要目的之一。而且,语言的输出(LanguageOutput)能力——说与写,相对来说要比语言的输入(LanguageInput)能力——听与读,更加难以提高。
本文以调查为基础,探讨高中英语写作教学的现状及写作能力的训练与提高问题。通过数据分析与比较,找出提高英语写作教学的相关策略,以达到提高学生书面表达能力的目的便是本文的主旨。
一、语言的产出能力与信息加工理论
我们常常把语言的书面表达理解为一个信息加工的过程。这个过程包括接收信息、组织信息、加工信息和产出信息。从广义上来讲,这也是语言学习的过程。所以我们认为写作技能的训练也就是信息加工过程中各个环节的指导与训练。语言的学习是信息加工的理论已经被人们广泛接受。信息加工是心理学和社会心理学方面的一个术语。在这一过程中人们通过不同渠道获得的信息在记忆中得到储存、组织和提取。信息加工理论的研究包括记忆的研究、解码与验证假设的研究及学习者用目标语表达思想的策略的研究。
在认知心理学领域最有影响的信息加工理论模式是JohnAnderson(1983)的ACT(adaptivecontrolofthought)模式。[1]它基于记忆的类型:第一种是“knowledgethat”——即你要了解某一方面的知识，如英语动词的过去式有三种主要形式。第二种是“knowledgehow”——即你要掌握这些知识的具体内容。如怎样构成动词的过去式。语言学习常常始于第一种类型,即首先我们要知道英语动词的过去式有三种主要形式，然后要掌握三种形式的具体构成方法。这种模式对于语言教师来说，既具有说服力又具有实践意义。KeithJohnson(1996)阐述到自动化和信息加工理论对语言的教和学都有一定的影响。[2]Hallidy有关语言的论述不仅同这一理论密切相关而且还探讨了它在交际教学中的作用。[3]从他们的一系列理论与分析中，我们可以确信第二语言或者外语的写作就是信息加工的过程。
二、调查的方法与问卷的设计和操作
本调查采用应用语言学研究中的定量与定性分析方法,通过调查问卷和访谈形式获得相关数据,进行实证论述。通过对数据的分析,了解高中英语课堂写作教学的现状,提出解决问题的建议和策略。
三、调查结果与分析
问卷的第一部分主旨是要了解教师在课堂上是如何指导学生写作训练的。归纳起来包括这样几种经常采用的练习形式:汉译英练习、造句、听写。其中高中一年级的学生中52.6%认为老师常常用的练习形式是汉译英。高中二年级的学生也是选择“经常”这一选项的最多。很少采用的方式有:口头作文、看图作文，其中高中二年级的学生中41.8%和43.9%对这两种写作训练模式在课堂上的使用频率选择的是“很少”。
从调查问题的反馈中,我们可以看到英语课堂教学中书面表达能力的训练仍然集中在翻译、造句等传统的练习方法中。当然我们并不排斥这类训练，这也是英语教学中基础训练必不可少的一部分。但是,仅仅局限在这样的范围内，远不能满足学生提高英语书面表达能力的需要。不同形式、不同层次、不同目的的训练模式是提高写作水平的必经之路。
问卷的第二部分主要是了解学生对有关写作问题的看法及他们自己的练习方式。写作中困难的问题主要集中在词汇量少、句子结构表达不准确、词语搭配不当等方面。其中50.3%的高一学生认为词汇量少是主要困难,36.1%的高二学生认为词汇量少、句子表达不准确,34%的高三学生认为基本上是词汇量和词语搭配不当的问题。当谈到“老师不给写作任务,你是否在课后自觉练习写作”时,大部分的高一、高三学生回答“很少”。38.2%的高二学生回答“从不”。 从上面的数字和对学生的访谈中我们可以了解到以下这些问题：教师的课堂写作指导和学生的提高写作能力的训练之间存在着一定的距离;尽管在某些方面教师给予学生一定的写作指导,但是学生依然在运用时有些困难,如:词语搭配、句子结构等方面;教师的课堂写作指导与课后个别辅导应该更具有针对性;学生的自主学习能力需要加强,如何改进他们的学习策略也需要教师的帮助。四、英语写作训练的模式与指导针对在问卷中所反映出来的问题,我们同有关教师和同学进行了对应策略的探讨。通过探讨我们总结出以下几个方面的写作训练模式:一是基础结构训练(genericstructures)。通过分析问卷中学生对写作困难的反馈和所收集的学生高考作文中的常见错误,我们可以看出基础知识和基本结构的训练是必不可少的。在基础结构训练中,教师应该注重训练写作中的常用句型,例如,在开头段、过渡段、结尾段常用的句型。此外,还应该要求学生掌握过渡词语的使用,例如,and,moreover,however,but;therefore,so,inaword,inbrief等,以达到文章的统一性和连贯性。
在这类训练中教师可以采取连词成句、填空、改错、句型转换、仿写、扩写等形式。[4]并可以根据学生的不同程度、不同年级设计不同等级的练习,例如,写作能力较强的学生完成一级训练,稍微有些困难的学生完成二级训练,然后再逐步提高。
产品(Proct)。从某种意义上来讲,我们可以说:Noprocess,noproct。只把语言操练作为写作侧重点的教学活动是不能调动起学生的积极性的。只有赋予写作活动一定的交际性,学生才能积极地表达各自的想法。这就意味着学生的作文必须有一个假定的读者(Audience),比如他们是给朋友写一封信,给老师写一个便条,为别人记录一次电话内容,或是给笔友通过电子邮件就特定的话题交换各自的看法。由于写作的对象和写作的目的不同,学生的作文也会有很大区别。
近年来国内外写作教学越来越提倡过程写作教学法。[4]它把重点放在写作过程上,强调在学生写作过程中帮助他们发现问题、分析问题并解决问题。教师通过多样化的教学活动,侧重在语篇水平上指导写作,包括构思、写提纲、写初稿和修改等各个写作环节。过程写作要培养学生的具体写作技能,它包括四个步骤,首先是写前准备,包括理解写作任务、缩小主题范围、收集想法并考虑读者;第二是组织,包括开头与结尾清晰明了、写一句意见或是目的的中心句、各个段落之间顺利过渡;第三是发展,包括用具体细节来支持主要观点,用事实、例子、具体描写并联系个人经历来发展中心思想;第四是检查与修改,包括再次考虑文章的写作目的、使用准确的语言、避免常见的语法与句法错误。三是文体写作(genre-basedwriting)。课堂教学中的这种写作模式是一种循环式的方法,也是一种与文本互动的写作训练模式。其具体操作步骤如下:首先,教师选择不同文体的文章展示给学生,然后分析文体风格、写作目的、语言和结构的特点等。其次是合作步骤。教师将学生们的观点逐一写在黑板上。再次是学生的独立写作阶段。学生根据黑板上的提示完成写作任务。这一阶段中包括准备阶段、初稿阶段、讨论阶段和评价阶段。最后,教师讲评学生作文。肯定优点,鼓励学生大量练习。
某些研究者们认为这是模仿写作方法。由于模仿是人类的认知行为,所以模仿写作在完整的写作训练中是行之有效的。