『壹』 初中英语写作常用的好词 在写英语作文中能够用到的好词,短语.有知道或总结过的帮个忙.
am is are
can may must need
will go come cross so but and no not
cat dog car hen cow fox tiger lion monkey
man woman children old young
school tree.
and so on..
『贰』 英语短文敢错中常见的固定短语
高考英语短文改错
常见错误类型
高考英语改错题是考生感到棘手的题型之一。笔者对近几年的高考英语改错题作了细致的分析并加以归类后,发现错误类型主要集中在以下方面。(例题保留原题号)
1. 动词时态
每年都有时态错误的小题,而且改动基本集中在一般过去时与一般现在时之间。时态的更改要以上下文的主体时态为依据。
(1)(2003全国卷)She liked it very much and reads it to the class. All said the story was... 84. read
(and连接并列谓语)
(2)(2004江苏卷)At once I apologize and controlled myself... 83. apologized
(and连接并列谓语)
(3)(2004全国卷) Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class,... 82. talk
(根据sometimes可判断此句为一般现在时)
(4)(2005全国卷Ⅱ)I will write again and send you the photos we take together. 85. took
(把照片寄给你,应该是已经拍好的,用过去时)
(5)(2005全国卷Ⅰ) There are advantage for students to work while studying at school. One of them was that they can earn money. 77. is
(从上下文判断,应该是现在时,谓语用is)
(6)(2005江苏卷)We named him Jack and keep him for about three years. 76. kept
(and连接并列谓语)
2. 名词单复数
单复数互改是高考英语改错题的基本题型之一,改动的依据有:一是根据名词前的修饰限定成份;二是根据上下文的逻辑关系。
(1)(2003全国卷)Their word were a great encouragement to me. 85. words
(是把word改为words 还是把were改为was,根据名词前的修饰限定词their来决定。)
(2)(2004江苏)that was a dinner we had waited for several month. 85. months
(several修饰复数名词)
(3)(2004全国卷Ⅰ) a few minute on the Internet. 77. minutes
(a few修饰复数名词)
(4)(2005全国卷Ⅱ)But one and a half year later. 79. years
(one and a half意思为一年半,故判断此处year应为复数形式)
(5)(2005全国卷Ⅰ)There are advantage for students to work... 76. advantages
(从there are 判断应该用名词复数)
3. 句子结构
句子结构方面的错误范围庞大,解答高考英语改错题主要可以从以下几方面来思考:1)句子结构是否完整,成份是否冗缺;2)单词的词性与其在句中的功能是否相符;3)主谓一致;4)复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词或引导词的运用是否得当等。
(1)(2004 全国卷)I won’t be able to meet you at the airport although I have classes in the afternoon. 78. because/as
(复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词运用不当)
(2)(2004 全国卷Ⅱ) I don’t know that they don’t like to talk with me. 81. why
(复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词运用不当)
(3)(2005全国卷Ⅰ)For the most part, students working to earn money for their own use. 78. work
(缺谓语动词)
(4)(2005全国卷Ⅰ)Earning their own money allow them to spend on anything if they like. 79. allows
(主语是动名词短语Earning their own money,谓语应该用单数)
(5)(2005江苏卷)But the most wonderful thing about Jack were his musical ability. 84. was
(主语是第三人称单数)
4. 赘述
高考英语改错题中的赘述是指在一些固定表达中或从上下文逻辑来看用了多余的词,从而使句子表达不合规范或造成逻辑上的重复。
(1)(2003全国卷80)I followed her advice and should put down 100 words or so each day. 80. should
(并列谓语,should多余)
(2)(2004 全国卷)Can you tell me about what I should do? 85. about
(tell sb about/of sth或tell sb接从句)
(3)(2004重庆卷)I had to look up to the same word many times, ... 78. to
(look up a word查字典)
(4)(2005全国卷Ⅰ)Some students may also to save up for their college or future use. 84. to
(情态动词may后接动词原形)
(5)(2005江苏卷) But for the most wonderful thing about Jack was his musical ability. 83. for
(but是连词for是介词,不能并列)
5. 固定结构(固定句型、固定短语、固定搭配)
所谓固定结构是指英语中一些不能随意更改的习惯表达。如固定短语中的词不能缺,固定搭配要前后一致等。
(1)(2003全国卷81)Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper as I was ... 81. talking
(enjoy doing为固定短语)
(2)(2004 全国卷Ⅰ)I am sure they will laugh to me and see me as a fool. 79. at
(laugh at sb. 固定短语)
(3)(2004 浙江卷)from friends can all provide you for stamps from all over the world. 82. with
(provide ... with为固定短语)
(4)(2005全国卷Ⅱ)I am writing to thank you with your kind help. 76. for
(thank sb for sth)
(5)(2005全国卷Ⅰ) or for permission to do things by money. 83. with
(with money)
6. 冠词
英语中冠词只有三个,从高考英语改错题的角度来看,只能从以下几个方向出题:1)不定冠词a和an互改;2)不定冠词a或an和定冠词the互改;3)根据需要增删冠词。
(1)(2004 全国卷Ⅲ)I will have to decide what I want to do over a weekend. 77. the
(根据句义是特指这个周末)
(2)(2004江苏卷)When I was ∧boy, ... 76. ∧a
(我是一个男孩,应用不定冠词 a.)
(3)(2004 辽宁卷)This was my first visit to a English family. 78. an
(English开头字母是元音,应该用an)
(4)(2004重庆卷)I started writing down words from ∧ books that I read. 82. ∧the
(名词后由从句修饰时,应使用定冠词)
(5)(2005全国卷Ⅱ)I hope you’ve had∧pleasant journey home and will come to China 83. ∧a
7. 代词
代词不仅要与其所指代对象一致,其运用还要符合上下文的语气及逻辑关系。
(1)(2004 浙江卷)And every year more and more people start a stamp collection of your own ... 78. their
(指代对象应一致)
(2)(2004湖北卷)You have to be friends with your pupils and take good care of him. 83. them
(pupils 是复数,后应该用替代复数名词的代词。)
(3)(2005全国卷Ⅰ)Some students may also save up for our college or future use. 85. their
(指代对象应一致)
(4)(2005江苏卷)We often play a trick on himself. 79. him
(play a trick on sb)
8. 连词及与并置问题
连词连接的前后两部分是否合乎逻辑;并列连词所连接的前后两部分结构是否等同。这两点是解答连词及其相关问题的关键所在。
(1)(2004江苏卷)My grandma was the best cook in the world but could make the most delicious dishes. 79. and (从句意可知,此处表并列关系,应用and)
(2)(2004全国卷Ⅳ)My class will be over by then or I will pick you up there. 82. and
(并列关系,“于是、同时、然后”等意思)
(3)(2004全国卷Ⅱ)I would describe myself as shy and quietly. 77. quiet
(连接的词性应一致)
9. 易混淆的词或词组
易混淆的词既包括词意相同或相近的同义词、近义词,也包括外形相似、意义有别的词组。易混淆词或词组的辨析也是高考改错题中不容忽视的部分。
(1)(2004全国卷Ⅰ)Finding information on the Net is easily. 83. easy
(be easy 非常容易,形容词做表语)
(2)(2004福建卷)She called 119 immediate. 84. immediately
(副词做状语)
(3)(2003全国卷)I always thought in Chinese and tried to translate anything into English. 78. everything
(在陈述句中一般用everything)
(4)(2004 重庆卷)...but I had terribly problems memorizing them. 77. terrible
(作定语应用形容词)
(5)(2005全国卷Ⅱ)My pronunciation was terribly. 78.terrible
(系动词后用形容词作表语)
以上错误类型的划分不一定很科学,但至少能为考生解答高考英语改错题提供思考方法。一旦考生认清了高考英语改错题的特点、解题方法以及错误类型,解题时就不会盲目从事,而能做到有的放矢。
短文改错题常见的错误类型
1、冠词的多用、少用、混用。
2、名词 的数与格的误用。
3、主谓不一致的错误。学生往往容易忽视定语从句中强调句型中的主谓一致性。
4、代词的指代不一致的错误。代词的指代一致性包括人称、数、格和性四方面的统一。代词的人称可分为第一、二、三人称和非人称;代词的数分为单数和复数;代词的格分为主格、宾格、所有格还有名词性物主代词;代词的性分为阳性、阴性和中性。
5、动词的时态、语态和语气的误用。多数动词有时态、语态、和语气变化形式,还有上下文的时态呼应,主从句的时态一致。
6、非谓语动词的误用。非谓语动词的难点主要体现在V—ing形式和过去分词的用法区别、V—ing形式与不定式的用法区别、以及非谓语动词的时态、语态的正确运用。
7、形容词、副词的混用及其比较等级的误用。形容词一般在句中作定语修饰名词或代词,作表语说明主语的性质、特征;而副词的作用较复杂,常常修饰形容词 、副词 、介词短语、动词或全句。形容词和副词比较等级的误用现象:①省略不当;②自身比较;③修饰语的误用;④than连接的两个比较对象不一致或不平行。
8、关联词语的误用。关联词分并列连词 and,but,or,so,when等,从属连词——各种从句的引导词。关联词语的误用除涉及到其基础知识,还涉及至行文逻辑关系。短文改错题惯用的命题手法是:①and,but,or,so等之间的混用;②because与so并用;③although与but并用;④why 与because并用;⑤come与go混用;⑥here与there混用。
9、平行结构的误用。平行结构是指用一连串作用和结构相同的或相似的成份表达同一范畴或同一性质、密切关联的内容。平行结构有词之间的平行、词组之间的平行、句子或从句之间的平行、段落之间的平行。在平行结构中常用的并列连词 有and,but,or,than等。
10、成分的多与少——多一词或少一词。多或少的词语,常见于冠词、介词、不定式标记to等,不过有时也可能是实义词。在短文改错中常出现repeat back,serve for等错误。这类错误大多由于学生受汉语表达习惯的影响,或对英语词义的理解不够准确造成的。
11、固定搭配、习惯用法和介词的误用。短文改错中涉及到固定搭配、习惯用法常常多用、少用或误用其中的介词,有时也涉及到其中的动词、冠词的错误搭配。
短文改错题常见的错误类型剖析
1、多词
①多冠词。I caught a sigh of my English in the crowd。[析]sight是不可数名词,且cath sight of是固定搭配,意为“看见”。故应去掉a。
②多介词。We practice for three times every week。此例中是作时间状语的名词短语多了介词,故应去掉for
③固定搭配中多词。I was used to watch it 。此 例属于used to do 与be used to两个固定搭配的误用,据句意应去was。即“过去常常”之意。
④行文逻辑上多词。First,let me tell you something more about myself .由first可知是刚刚开始向别人讲述自己的事情,故只能说something ,而不要加more.
⑤词义重复。I’ll spend all the whole weekend reading and preparing for it. the whole weekend 意为“整个周末”,再加上all ,词义重复。故去all.
⑥出现冗言现象。Today I visited the Smiths __my first time visit to an American family . 本句中first 修饰visit ,vsit 此处为名词,意为“我的第一次访问”,time多余。
2、缺词
①名词前缺限定词。The day before the speech contest English teacher talked to me .根据上下文分析,此处English teacher 是有所指的,指的是“我的”英语教师,故应English teacher 前加上my ,表达一个更确切的概念。
②缺动词不定式符号to. I’d like very much come but I have an examination on Monday morning .would like 后面不能直接加动词,需to,构成固定搭配would like to do something,意为“想做某事”。
③缺系动词。What your favorite sport ?本句缺谓语动词,应在What后面加is .
短文改错的解题步骤
1、通读短文,把握文意。快速阅读短文,了解短文大意,利用短文大意攻克文中的错误,切忌拿到短文提笔就改。2、依据句意和语法逐句判断。错误是按行设置的,但找错不是以行为单位寻找,必须依据句意和语法分析,逐句或跨行寻找错误。3、先易后难,逐类排查。先找出比较明显的错误,逐步缩小 错误的范围。十行之中有一行是正确的。4、利用行文逻辑,突破改错难点。有些行文逻辑错误,从词法、句法的角度看是正确的,但是通过上下文的逻辑分析就会发现是错误的。
5、复读短文,检查答案,注意行文逻辑关系的正确合理。
6、严格按照试题要求答题,万万不能随心所欲解题。
短文改错的解题技巧
1、利用排除法进行短文改错,所谓“排除法”就是在理解单句或短文大意基本把握住文章整体时态的前提下,行不离句,句不离文,将句子分成若干语段,逐一排除,使错误缩小到最小范围。再根据基础知识进行扩散性思考,从而快速找到答案。
2、发现有平行结构,就要检查是否有用词不一致或因成分短缺而引起的句子不平衡错误。如:She was eating her sandwich and drank her milk at the table when I arrived .此句中并列的平行结构是两个语法上相同的谓语,故应把drank改drinking.
3、发现有比较结构,就要检查是否有形容词、副词的比较级,比较的对象等方面的错误。如:In some places you can borrow many books as you want ,根据上下文不难发现该句含“as……as”结构的句子,所以应在many前加上as。
4、发现有转折、因果、对比等结构时,就要检查是否有行文逻辑方面的错误。如:His company publishes books and he buys books all over the world .按行文逻辑,应把buys 改sells.又如:I like singing ,my brother likes dancing .英语中两个分句之间不能仅仅用逗号,而要用合适的连词连接。故以上两个分句之间要加上连词while 表示对比。
5、发现句子有多重结构,就要检查是否有时态、语态、连词或成分短缺等错误。如:He wrote to me immediately as soon as he got there .该句犯了连词重复使用的错误,应去掉immediately.
6、发现有特殊疑问句结构,就要检查是否有疑问词使用不当的错误。如:---How many was the price of your car ?---I bought the car at cheap price ,only S2,000.英语中问价格时,可用what price 或how much 提问。回答时常用high price low price .所以应把句子中的How many 改为What ,把答句中cheap 改为low.
7、发现有名词和代词时,就要检查是否有数、所有格或指代不一致的错误。如:Some people read the books or watch TV, while others have sports .去掉books前的the ,books在此表示泛指。
8、发现有固定短语时,就要检查副词、介词、冠词是否使用错误。如:Suddenly I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd .caught sight of (看见)是固定词组,所以要去掉a.
9、发现并列主语、从句、不定代词、集合名词、非谓语动词、时间、金钱等作主语,together with, as well as 等引导的成份修饰主语时,就要检查是否有主谓不一致的错误。如:Playing football not only makes us grow tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and team spirit .but also 后面的分句的主语也是playing football,其谓语动词应当用单数,故give应改为gives .
10、发现有特殊动词结构时,就要检查其特殊用法是否正确。如:He made me to post a letter for him .英语中的感官动词see; look at ;watch ; notice; observe ; hear; listen to 等,使役动词let ;make ; have 等后面所跟的复合宾语中,如果由不定式的短语作宾语补足语,不定式须省去to.故应去掉句中的to.
11、发现有非谓语动词作状语、表语或定语时,就要检查是否有非谓语动词和逻辑主语不一致的错误。如;The box is too heavy for the little boy to carry it .该句型中不定式to carry 逻辑上的宾语就是句子中的主语,所以句中的it是多余,应去掉。
短文改错题中动词错误的解题思路
1、如果该动词在句中作谓语,可考虑其时时态和语态。如:Anyone may borrow books ,and it cost nothing to borrow them (cost----costs) 如:Books may be keep for two weeks (keep kept )
2、如果该动词不作谓语,可试着改成非谓语动词形式。如:I look forward to hear from you soon .(hear -----hearing ) 如:play football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also (play-------playing )
短文改错的考点分析
短文改错是一种对基础知识与综合技能的检测题。它主要检测考生对词法、句法和语篇中的行为逻辑等的把握。
1、词法:主要涉及名词的单复数;人称代词的性、数、格;不定代词和连接代词的用法;动词的时态和语态;情态动词和非谓语动词的用法;定冠词不定冠词的用法;并列连词和从属连词的看法;介词的搭配;形容词和副词的区别及其比较级和最高级的用法;词语的固定搭配和习惯用法等。
2、句法:各类从句的连接;主谓一致;省略与替代;否定句型;强调句型;句子结构的连贯性、完整性等。
3、语篇:短文时态的前后呼应、代词的前后一致、逻辑的前后顺应等。
短文改错中错词的误用
1、名词单复数误用。She said that she and my schoolmate all wished me success. 根据句意分析,schoolmate应改为复数形式。
2、非谓语动词误用。I was often a little tired after a day’s work and watch TV demands very little effort .根据句意分析,and连接两个不同的事情,故watch 应以动名词watching 作主语。
3、连词误用。It looks as if my parents treat ,me as a visitor and a guest !分析后各知。本句话意思为“看起来我的父母亲把我当成了visitor或gust 了。“二者为选择关系,而非并列关系,故应将 and改为or.
4、关系代词与关系副词误用。I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China.此句后一部分是非限制性定语从句,应用关系代词which作主语。
5、限定词误用。We may be one family and live under a same roof .same 意为“同样的”,前面应加定冠词the ,而不是a。
6、词义辨析误用。They did not want me to do my work at family .family 侧重指“家庭这个结构或家里人”,而home 则侧重指“家庭的所在地”。因此“在家里”应用at home.
短文改错中“一致性”问题
1、主谓一致
2、时态与语态的一致
3、代词先后指代一致
4、名词数的一致
5、平行结构中的一致
6、全文写作逻辑语义一致
『叁』 初中英语书面表达常见错误有哪些
1.时态误用
主要表现在两方面:1)学生写作之前没有判断整篇文章主要用哪种时态,常出现该用一般现在时的句子,用了一般过去时;而该用将来时的句子,用了完成时。2)时态构成表达错误。由于学生对各种时态掌握不好,常常将所学的各种时态混淆,以致出现如下的错误如,I‘m go to school by bike. He told some children that there are some places of interest in Beijing.
2. 汉语式英语
由于受汉语的影响,再加上对英语句子结构掌握不好,导致学常常按汉语的词序来翻译句子,在学生的作文中常常见到这样的句子: You can be bus. In china have different places of interest. In autumn is best season for traveling.
3. 逻辑错误
在做书面表达的过程中,有的学生一拿到考题慌慌张张开始写,在写作之前没有构思好先写什么后写什么,哪些内容应该详写,哪些内容应该略写,而是一边写一边构思,从而导致整个文章逻辑不清,层次感不强,整篇文章不知所云。
4.单词拼写错误
由于部分学生平时不注意记忆单词,基础知识掌握不牢固,所以在文章中常出现单词拼写错误如,September 写为 septber because 写为 beacause
5. 缺少衔接
有些学生虽然在词汇运用书面表达方面能够达到基本要求,但由于句子之间没有添加适当的衔接成分,使句子之间和文段之间缺乏必要的过渡和连贯,影响了信息的传递和表达效果。
6.文体不对
中学阶段要求学生掌握的文体主要有说明文、记叙文、议论文和应用文,其中应用文又包括通知、请假条、书信和电子邮件等,由于一些学忽视了各种体裁的写作特点,从而导致文章体裁格式不正确如:将写信的日期写在信末;写请假条不写署名等。
『肆』 英语写作中,遇到的错误,词汇方面,句法方面,语篇方面都各指啥
词汇方面的错误大多在拼写和单复数。句法方面的错误在句型使用错误,语法掌握不牢固,语篇涉及到逻辑关联度。
精 锐
『伍』 英语专业学生的英语写作中的误用有哪些
英语作文的写作方法及技巧
英语作文是一项主观性较强的测试题。它不仅考查学生的写作基础而且还考查学生在写作过程中综合运用语言的能力。答案开放、多元,有利于培养学生的创新思维。英语作文决不是停留在句子翻译的层面上,而是要求语言流畅,语法正确,逻辑合理。考生在写作时要把握好三个环节:写作之前:仔细审题、按规定写、准备写作。写作之中:书法规范、精心构思、行文正确。写作之后:通读全文、查找错误、周密推敲.
英语写作是语言应用的一个重要方面,也是语言能力测定的重要手段,衡量写作水平的
标准便是看其是否能用学过的语言材料,语法知识等用文字的形式来表达描述。
书面语言表达一般分为三个过程:思维、组织、表达。先是思维,把要写的东西在脑中
思考,这往往是个别的,孤立的一些素材,很凌乱琐碎;因此要对此进行组织,把这些思维
作出整理,使其条理、系统化,但这还是较粗糙的,可能还有一些用词不当或语言错误;最
后才是表达,把组织过的材料仔细推敲,确无问题了再落笔成文。在撰写时要注意主谓语一
致,时态呼应,用词贴切等,这就是写作。上述的三个过程,最难的就是第三个过程,这需
要我们有较好的语法知识,掌握一定数量的句型,习惯用语,熟练的写作技巧,这样才能写
出通顺生动的文章来。
总之,要提高英语写作水平,需要两方面的训练:一是语言基础方面的训练,要有扎实
的造句、翻译等基本功,即用词法、句法等知识造出正确无误的句子;二是写作知识和能力
方面的训练以掌握写作方面的基本方法和技巧。
那么,究竟怎样才能写好作文呢?
阅读优秀范文
首先要搞好阅读。阅读是写作的基础,在阅读方面下的功夫越深,驾驭语言的能力也就
越强。所以要写好英语先要读好英语,在语言学习方面狠下苦功,教科书要读透,因为教科
书中的文章都是一些很好的范文,文笔流畅,语言规范,精彩的一些课文段落要背诵。再就
是要进行大量课外阅读,并记住一些好文章的篇章结构。
加强练词造句训练
其次,要加强练词造句的训练。词句对作文相当于造房的材料,无好材料就造不出好房
子。平时在学习阅读时要注意收集积累,把好的词语、短语、句型做好笔记。平时在练习中
的错误也要做好记录,再对照正确句子,使地道的英语句子如同条件反射,落笔就对。
了解英语写作格式 还有,要了解英语写作的不同体裁与格式。可以先看一本介绍英
语写作入门的书,对英语写作有一个初步的概念,如怎么写议论文,如何提出论据,如何展
开,如何确定中心句;又如,英语信的格式,如何根据不同身份写不同结束语等,然后根据
不同的体裁进行写作练习。
用英语写日记
要养成记英语日记勤练笔的好习惯。经常用英语记日记,等于天天在练笔,这无疑是提
高英语协作的行之有效的好办法。在记日记时,不要总是用简单句,要有意识地用一些好的
词组、句型、关联词和复合句等,使文句更优美生动。还有要按照题目或所给情景写文章练
笔。写好后对照范文,找出差距,然后再练习,这对提高英语作文也很有帮助,在游泳中学
会游泳,只有多练习才能练好。
总之,平时学习语言素材积累多了,体裁格式记住了又经常练习不断提高,到作文下笔
时就会得心应手,水到渠成。
『陆』 初中生英语写作存在哪些问题
在初中阶段学生基本上没有进行正规系统的写作训练。英语语言的基础也比较差,主要表现在以下几个方面: (一)词汇贫乏且运用能力差
词汇是英语写作必不可少的基本要素,要写好一篇作文以表达自己的思想,必须以足够的词汇量为基础,但实际上大多数学生掌握的词汇量都达不到规定的要求,因而在写作时也就不能随心所欲地表达自己的思想。出现的问题往往有拼写错误,影响理解,词语误用,表
达不准确;某一词语反复使用,语言表达缺乏变式,文章显得单调乏味;文章中出现大量自己的“造词”,让人看了啼笑皆非等。显然词汇量不足已成为制约学生写作的瓶颈。 (二)句式单一枯燥
文章的内容固然重要,但是形式也不容忽视。然而很多同学作文中的句子都是同一句式,长短相近,所用句型也多是些there be类的句子,而且全都是主语、谓语、宾语、的单一顺序,缺少变化,读起来乏味、枯燥;平时学到的很多语法、句法,比如从句 、强调句型、感叹句、虚拟语气等等在单项选择题中很顺手的东西这时却派不上用场,仿佛它们只是用来对付选择题的。 (三)段落、文章的逻辑性差
传统的英语教学把语言知识放在首位,忽视了文章的篇章结构和段落,因此学生写出来的东西往往是信息感不强,逻辑性差,很少有主题句,学生们大多想的是:我尽量多写,写够字数就算完成任务了。偶尔有了主题句,下面的支持细节也不能很好地说明主题句。文章整体内容缺乏一致性,连贯性,内容安排上也无主次之分,所以读完之后有时甚至全然不知所云,仅仅是句子的堆砌,意思的重复。 (四)中英句式差异分辨不清
学生们在完成写作题时,总是按照汉语的习惯来思考这个句子怎么写,写出来的句子大部分都是单词的堆砌,有的句子甚至错的都有点离谱,所以英语语言的特点也是学生们写作需要克服的一个难点。
『柒』 英语写作中存在的语言错误如:主谓一致、时态处理、冠词用法、名词单复数形式、单词词性怎么区分和搭配
一、概述
在作谓语的动词用来表示动作(或情况、状态)发生时间的各种形式称为时 态。由于英语属于曲折变化的语言,其动词时态的变化要通过词的曲折词形变化来体现的,因而也就有了现在式、过去式、过去分词式三个基本词形。英语中根据说话的时间不同有时和体的不同,主要有十六这十二种时态可以列表如下:
一般现在时 现在进行时 现在完成时 现在完成进行时
一般过去时 过去进行时 过去完成时 过去完成进行时
一般将来时 将来进行时 将来完成时 将来完成进行时
一般过去将来时 过去将来进行时 过去将来完成时 过去将来完成进行时
这些时态的形式可以用下表来表示,以do 动词为例:
一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态
现在do
doesbe (am, is are ) doinghas doing
havehas been doing
have
过去did be (was, were) doinghad donehad been doing
将来shall do
will shall (will) be doing shall (will) have doneshall (will) have been doing
过去将来should (would) doshould (would) be doingshould (would)
have done should (would) have been doing
下面根据这些时态常用的程度不同分别说明它们的用法。
二、各时态详解
1、一般现在时
一般现在时主要由动词原形表示,但第三人称单数后要加词尾-s,另外be 和have要根据人称的变化使用特殊的形式。一般现在时主要表示经常性的动作或存在的状态,还可用来表示普遍真理。
The Yangtze rises in Qinghai. 长江发源于青海。
Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜于言辞。
We have friends all over the world. 我们的朋友遍天下。
2、现在进行时
现在进行时是由助动词be加现在分词构成的。主要表示现在或现时刻这一阶段正在进行的动作,有时候还用来表示一个最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。
How are things getting on with you? 工作进行的怎么样?
Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你接电话。
They are publishing a new version of the playscript by Taso Yu this autumn.
今年秋天他们要出版曹禺剧作的一个新译本。
3、一般将来时
一般将来时由助动词shall (will)加动词原形构成。它表示将要发生的动作或情况。
They will sit the post-graate examinations next autumn.明年秋他们要参加工硕考试。
The teacher will not let me go home before I have finished my homework.
老师要我做完作业才能回家。
4、一般过去时
一般过去时由动词过去式表示,动词be 根据人称有was和were两个词形,规则动词在词尾加-d-或ed;其他动词参阅不规则动词变化表, 该时态主要表示过去某时发生的动作或情况。
It's a pity that you did not go to the movie. 很遗憾你没有去看那部电影。
Many people died in the tsunami that took place in Thailand.
很多人在泰国的那次海啸中遇难丧生。
5、现在完成时
现在完成时是由助动词have和has加过去分词构成的。主要表示此刻以前曾经发生的动作或情况。如:
Grain output has greatly increased in the past few years. 这几年粮食产量有了很大增长。
The area has suffered from disastrous floods throughout its history.
这个地区历史上一直遭受水患之苦。
注意:过去时和现在完成时的区别:
现完成时的基本特点是它和现在有密切的联系,或是指迄今为止这一段时间的情况,或是过去发生的事对现在造成的影响或结果等。而过去时主要强调过去某时刻所发生的动作或情况,与现在没有任何联系。如:
Up till now we have planted over 10,000 apple trees.
到目前为止我们共种了一万多棵苹果树。
I saw him a minute ago. 我前一会还见到他的。
6、过去进行时
过去进行时是由助动词be的过去式加上现在分词构成的,主要表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。
At that time she was working as an assistant in a physics labatory.
那时她在一家物理实验室做助手。
They took us to see the chemical fibre mill that they were building.
他们带我们去参观了他们正在修建的化纤厂。
7、过去完成时
过去完成时由助动词had加动词的过去分词构成,主要表示过去某时刻前业已完成的动作或存在的状态,其实就是指过去的过去。使用时往往要要在从句中或有一个明确的过去时间状语。
Before daybreak they had covered half the distance. 拂晓前他们已经走完了大半路程。
No sooner had the rain stopped than they set out again. 雨一停他们就又上路了。
He had not learned any English before he came to the university.
上大学前他一点英语没学过。
8、一般过去将来时
一般过去将来时由助动词would加动词原形构成,主要表示从过去某一时间角度看以后将要发生的动作。含这个时态的句子常带一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语或是一个短语,或是一个句子。这个时态常用于:宾语从句或间接引语中。例如:
When I thought about it, I wondered what their reaction would be.
当我考虑这件事时,我想知道他们的反应是什么。
She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next day.
她告诉我,她第二天要去欧洲旅行。
Whenever he had time, he would help his mother with some housework.
无论他什么时间有空,他总是帮他妈妈干点家务活。
No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it . 不管工作有多难,他总会坚持不懈地把它干完。
9、一般将来完成时
一般将来完成时由shall (will) + have + 过去分词构成。主要表示在将来某时业已发生的动作。如:
After we finish this text, we'll have learned twenty texts.
这课课文结束后,我们就学了二十课课文了。
By the next month, I'll have finished my task. 到下个月,我将完成任务。
They will have hit the year's target by the end of October.
到十月底他们就可完成全年的指标了。
10、现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时由have(has)been加动词的现在分词构成,表示发生在过去的某个动作延续到现在或刚刚完成,或许还要继续延续。这种时态侧重于这个动作的连续性,或者说不间断性。例如:
I've been waiting for you for the whole morning. 整个上午我一直在等你。
It has been raining for three days. 雨连续下了三天。
Where have you been? 你去哪儿啦?
She has been busy preparing the exhibition since we met last time.
自我们上次见面以来,她就一直忙着筹备那个展览。
11、过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时由had been加现在分词构成,表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如:
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places. 倾盆大雨下了一周,在许多地区引发了山崩。
At last they gor the telegram they had been expecting.
最后他们收到了他们一直盼望的电报。
三、时态强化练习
1. . My dictionary __________, I have looked for it everywhere but still_________ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find
C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
2. Mary ____________ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
3. He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment.
A. had not given; had not succeeded B. would not give; succeed
C. will not give; succeed D. would not give; will succeed
4. By the time he arrives in Beijing tomorrow, we __________ here for two days.
A. have been staying B. have stayed
C. shall stay D. will have stayed
5. You don't need to describe her. I ______________ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
6. We ________ let you use the toilet room on condition that you ___________ keep it clean and tidy.
A. will; would keep B. would; kept C. will; keep D. can't; would keep
7. When you ____ the test, check your papers before you hand them in.
A. will finish B. will have finished
C. are finishing D. have finished
8. He has been studying here for three years, by next summer he _________.
A. will graate B. will be graated
C. will have graated D. will be graating
9. Don't you know it's the first time he ____ this kind of meeting? ?
A. attends? B. attended? C. has attended? D. is attending
10. She ____ for 12 years by the time she graates from the Foreign Language Institute.
A. has studied English B. has been studying English
C. had studied English D. will have been studying English
四、时态练习详解
1.「答案」D.
「解析」前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。
2.「答案」C.
「解析」割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,“玛丽在做衣服时”提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。
3.「答案」B.
「解析」在时间,条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He said,故为过去式。主句用将来时,故选B. 此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。
4.「答案」D.
「解析」考察学生对将来完成时态的用法。在这一时态中注意介词by,它一般用于将来时态中,题干后有for two days,又表示完成,故而使用将来完成时。
5.「答案」B.
「解析」首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。
6.「答案」C.
「详细解答」一般来说,在表达将来的主从结构中,主句用一般将来时,而从句应用一般现在时。该题就符合这一特点。
7.「答案」D.
「解析」在表示“吩咐,命令,劝告”等的祈使句结构中可以和一个表示完成时的时态连用,主要用来表示一个动作结束后再开始另一动作。类似这样的用法在英语中使用相当频繁。
8.「答案」C .
「解析」 将来完成时主要表示将来某时将会发生的事情,一般要用表示将来的时间状语,如:by 或 before 引导的介词词组或 before 引导的时间状语从句。
9.「答案」C.
「解析」在“It's the 1st time that…”结构中,that分句中的动词用现在完成体。
10.「答案」D.
「解析」本题考点是将来完成进行时。by+将来的时间是将来完成时的标志,而“学习” 这个动作是一直进行的,因此选D.
『捌』 英语写作要注意的几种情况:常见的10个句子错误
Incomplete Sentence - Sentence Fragment
句子不完整——残缺句
One common mistake many students make is the use of incomplete sentences. Each sentence in English must contain at least a subject and a verb, and should be an independent clause. Examples of incomplete sentences without a subject or a verb might include an instruction or a prepositional phrase.
许多学生都会犯一个常见的错误,就是写出来的句子不完整。英语中,每个句子都必须至少有一个主语,一个动词,并单独成句。没有主语或动词的残缺句子可能就只有表示指令的句子或者介词短语了。
For example:
例如:
Through the door.
穿过大门。
In the other room.
在另一个房间。
Over there.
在那里。
These are phrases we may use in spoken English, but that should not be used in written English as they are incomplete.
在英语口语中,你可能会用到这些短语,但是因为它们毕竟不是完整的英语句子,所以在书面语言中,我们一般不会使用。
Sentence fragments caused by dependent clauses used without an independent clause are more common. Remember that subordinating conjunctions introce dependent clauses. In other words, if you use a subordinating clause beginning with a word such as 'because, though, if, etc.' there must be an independent clause to complete the thought. This mistake is often made on tests asking a question with 'Why'.
由于缺乏独立分句的从属子句导致的句子残缺很常见。记住,从属连词引出了从属子句。也就是说,如果你用一些词语来引出从句,例如because,though,if等等,就必须要有一个独立分句来使句子完整。我们在考试中,使用why来提出问题时,经常会犯这样的错误。
For example, the sentences:
例如,下面这个句子:
Because Tom is the boss.
因为汤姆就是老板。
Since he left work early without permission.
自从他不经允许就早退。
We might answer the question: "Why did he lose his job?" However, these are sentence fragments. The correct answer would be:
我们可能会问:“他为什么丢掉工作?”但是,这些句子都是不完整的。正确用法应该是:
He lost his job because Tom is the boss.
因为汤姆就是老板,所以他丢掉了工作。
He lost his job since he left work early without permission.
他因为不经允许就早退而丢掉了工作。
Other examples of incomplete sentences introced by subordinating clauses include:
其他关于从属子句的残缺句还包括下面内容:
Even though he needs help.
虽然他需要帮助
If they study enough.
如果他们好好学习
As they had invested in the company.
因为他们投资了这家公司
Run-on Sentences
句子不连贯
Run-on sentences are sentences that:
不连贯句子指的是:
1) are not connected by appropriate linking language such as conjunctions
缺乏合适的连接词,例如连词。
2) use too many clauses rather than using periods and linking language such as conjunctive adverbs
使用过多的从句,而非句号和连接语,例如连接副词
The first type leaves out a word - usually a conjunction - that is required to connect a dependent and independent clause. For example:
第一种是漏掉了一个词——通常是连接词——用于连接非独立子句和独立子句。
The students did well on the test they didn't study very much.
学生们考得很好他们没有下多少功夫。
Anna needs a new car she spent the weekend visiting car dealerships.
安娜想买辆新车她整个周末都在约见代理商。
The first sentence should use either a conjunction 'but', or 'yet' or a subordinating conjunction 'although, even though, or though' to connect the sentence. In the second sentence, the conjunction 'so' or the subordinating conjunction 'since, as, or because' would connect the two clauses.
第一句话要么应该加上一个连词but,要么加上yet,或者一个从属连词although, even though或though来连接前后两句。
The students did well, yet they didn't study very much.
学生们考得很好,但他们并没有下多少功夫。
Anna spent the weekend visiting car dealerships since she needs a new car.
因为想买辆新车,安娜整个周末都在约见代理商。
Another common run on sentence occurs when using too many clauses. This often occurs using the word 'and'.
另一种句子不连贯发生在使用太多从句的时候。常常是由于and一词导致。
We went to the store and bought some fruit, and we went to the mall to get some clothes, and we had lunch at McDonald's, and we visited some friends.
我们去商店买了一些水果,去购物商城买了一些衣服,在麦当劳吃的午饭,又见了一些朋友。
The continuous chain of clauses using 'and' should be avoided. In general, do not write sentences that contain more than three clauses to ensure that your sentences do not become run-on sentences.
我们应该避免使用and来连接一大串的从句。一般来说,从句不要超过三个,以确保句子的连贯性。
Duplicate Subjects
两个主语
Sometimes students use a pronoun as a plicate subject.
有时候,学生们会将代词作为第二个主语。
Remember that each clause takes only one sentence. If you have mentioned the subject of a sentence by name, there is no need to repeat with a pronoun.
记住,每个从句只需要一句话。如果之前你已经提到主语的名字,就不需要再用代词重复了。
Example 1:
例一:
Tom lives in Los Angeles.
汤姆住在洛杉矶。
NOT
而不是
Tom, he lives in Lost Angeles.
汤姆,他住在旧金山。
Example 2:
例二:
The students come from Vietnam.
学生们来自越南。
NOT
而不是
The students they come from Vietnam.
学生们他们来自越南。
Incorrect Tense
时态错误
Tense usage is a common mistake in student writing. Make sure that the tense used corresponds to the situation. In other words, if you are speaking about something that happened in the past do not use include a tense that refers to the present. For example:
时态错误在学生写作中很常见。你要确保时态与事情发生的情况一致。也就是说,如果你要表达的是发生在过去的事,就不要使用现在时态。例如:
They fly to visit their parents in Toronto last week.
上周他们坐飞机去看望父母。
Alex bought a new car and drives it to her home in Los Angeles.
亚历克斯买了一辆新车,并把它开进了洛杉矶的家。
Incorrect Verb Form
动词形式错误
Another common mistake is the use of an incorrect verb form when combining with another verb. Certain verbs in English take the infinitive and others take the gerund (ing form).
另一个常见的错误就是在与其他动词连用时,动词形式的错误。英语中的动词既有不定式形式,又有动名词形式。
It's important to learn these verb combinations. Also, when using the verb as a noun, use the gerund form of the verb.
学习这些动词的连用很重要。当动词作为名词使用时,就要使用动名词形式。
He hopes finding a new job. / Correct -> He hopes to find a new job.
他想找一个新工作。
Peter avoided to invest in the project. / Correct -> Peter avoided investing in the project.
皮特没有在这个项目上投资。
Parallel Verb Form
动词复数形式
A related issue is the use of parallel verb forms when using a list of verbs. If you are writing in the present continuous tense, use the 'ing' form in your list. If you are using the present perfect, use the past participle, etc.
在使用多个动词时,有一个问题就是动词复数形式的使用。如果你是在用现在进行时进行写作,就应该使用动词ing形式。如果你使用的是现在完成时,就应该使用过去分词形式。
She enjoys watching TV, play tennis, and cook. / Correct -> She enjoys watching TV, playing tennis, and cooking.
她喜欢看电视,打网球和烹饪。
I've lived in Italy, working in Germany and study in New York. / Correct -> I've lived in Italy, worked in Germany, and studied in New York.
我住在意大利,在德国工作,在纽约读书。
Use of Time Clauses
时间从句的使用
Time clauses are introced by the time words 'when', 'before', 'after' and so on. When speaking about the present or future use the present simple tense in time clauses. If using a past tense, we usually use the past simple in a time clause.
时间从句由时间词语引导,例如when,before,after等等。当我们表达现在或将来的事时,可以使用一般现在时的时间从句。如果使用过去时态,通常会使用过去时的时间从句。
We'll visit you when we will come next week. / Correct -> We'll visit you when we come next week.
下周我们会来看你。
She cooked dinner after he was arriving. / Correct -> She cooked dinner after he arrived.
他到了之后,她才开始煮饭。
Subject - Verb Agreement
主谓一致
Another common mistake is to use incorrect subject - verb agreement. The most common of these mistakes is the missing 's' in the present simple tense. However, there are other types of mistakes. Always look for these mistakes in the helping verb.
另一个常见的错误就是主谓不一致。最常见的就是一般现在时中漏掉了-s。但是,还有其他类型的错误。这些错误常发生在助动词的使用上。
Tom play guitar in a band. / Correct -> Tom plays guitar in a band.
汤姆在乐队里是弹吉他的。
They was sleeping when she telephoned. / Correct -> They were sleeping when she telephoned.
他打电话过来时,他们都睡着了。
Pronoun Agreement
代词一致
Pronoun agreement mistakes take place when using a pronoun to replace a proper noun. Often this mistake is a mistake of use of a singular form rather than a plural or vice versa. However, pronoun agreement mistakes can occur in object or possessive pronouns, as well as in subject pronouns.
代词不一致发生在用代词来替代专有名词的情况下。通常是使用了单复数形式的错误使用。但是,代词不一致也会发生在宾语或物主代词,和主格代名词上。
Tom works at a company in Hamburg. He loves his job. / Correct -> Tom works at a company in Hamburg. He loves his job.
汤姆在汉堡一家公司工作。他热爱这份工作。
Andrea and Peter studied Russian at school. He thought they were very difficult.Correct -> Andrea and Peter studied Russian at school. They thought it was very difficult.
(正确)安德里亚和皮特在学校里学习了俄语。他们觉得俄语很难。
Missing Commas After Linking Language
连接语言后漏掉了逗号
When using an introctory phrase as linking language such as a conjunctive adverb or sequencing word, use a comma after the phrase to continue the sentence.
当我们使用介绍性短语,例如连接副词或表示顺序的词语,通常会在短语后面打上逗号来连接下文。
『玖』 常见英语写作错误
1.结构不平行例:I was able to raise my TOEFL score by studying hard and I read lots of books.当使用连词将一系列的单词联接起来的时候,应当使用词性相同或同一类型的短语。
2.不知所云例:Many companies began using computers mouth.
3.段落过长,不分段主语与动词一致问题She are a good friend of mine that I has known for a long time.主语和动词在数方面不一致。
4.句子别扭We heated the soup in the microwave for too long and the shape of the container changed.措辞过长或不清。换言之,句子显得滑稽可笑。
5.不要使用缩写在正式的写作中不要使用缩写形式(can't,don't,it's,we'll,they've等等),而应当使用单词的完整形式(cannot,do not,it is,we will,they have等等)。
6.关联词语重复Since I want to go to a good school, therefore I am trying to raise my test scores.不能在该句的主要主语和主要动词前使用连词。
7.句子不完整Many students have a hard time passing all the tests to getsintoscollege. For example, my friend in high school.句子没有主要主语或主要动词,因为其实它应是一个从句。这是一个非常常见的错误,修改的方法是将两个句子连接起来。
8.不要使用get When I got home, I got tired, so I got a book and gotsintosbed. Get太不正式,意思也过于含糊,不适合用在正式的场合。应将get改为一个更加具体的单词,如become, receive, find, achieve,等等。
9.书写难以辨认信息不正确I would like to study in America because all modern technology originated there.传的信息不正确,或者让人听起来觉得可能不正确(如果确实是正确的,应当解释为什么这样,因为读者不认为是正确的)。上述例句中,all的意思是百分之百;我们不能绝对地说每一件新东西都是从美国诞生的。为保险起见,应当使用many或most。非英语单词Computers are very helpful and advantageable.尽管看起来象个单词,其实不是,至少不是个英文单词。使用这个单词的另一种形式。
10.介词多余I would like to discuss about something important that you mentioned about to me ring yesterday. We went to downtown yesterday to buy a watch. When I first came to the US, I did not have a lot of friends in here. In class, my classmate never mentioned about her husband.在表示这种意思时此单词不能与介词连用。这种情况常见于downtown,home,there,here等词。这些词语在英语中是副词而非名词,因而不能在它们前面添加介词。
11.跑题或不相关There are many reasons to buy a car, preferably a nice car.这个意思与文章的主题无关。
12.陈词滥调It is okay for children to fail sometimes.所表达的意思很普通大多数人都已经知道到了,因而就没有必要再说出来。
13.标点问题I love animals. And I like to help them. Because they are helpless. So I want to become a vet.这是一个非常普遍的问题!许多学生在句子中使用了太多的句号,尤其是当他们用手写的时候。
14.重复冗余Personally, I believe what the newspaper prints.一种意思的表述不止一次,或者某个词语不必要。
15.单数/复数Many year ago, dinosaur roamed the Earths.单词需要从单数变为复数,或者由复数变成单数。单数可数名词单数可数名词不能单独使用,应该将其变为复数形式或者加上限定词(a, the, my, his, her, Gary's, no, any, 1, 3, 50, most,等等)。
16.拼写错误主语、动词或宾语有问题I want to buy something for my mother that she will like it. There was a terrible accident happen yesterday.句子的基本结构有问题缺少主语、动词或宾语,或者这些成分重复。
17.语气与文章不符I was kind of mad at the guy who vociferated angry words at me. I have heard many wonderful things about such cosmopolitan cities as Paris, London, Tokyo, and Hong Kong and I would love to visit these cities to check them out.语气与文章其他部分不相符可能是过于正式或者太不正式。
18.代词指代不明If people do not speak the same language, it has a greater chance of miscommunication. I intend to complete my studies in the United States because they have good programs there.代词所指代的指示词(介词所代替的名词)不清楚。
19.过于笼统We should use our resources on Earth because the Earth is getting worse.句子或它所表达的意思过于笼统,不能提供多少信息。
20.动词时态错误Yesterday I will go to the store because tomorrow I needed some food.动词时态不正确检查一下是应该用现在时、过去时、将来时还是完成时等等。
21.选词不恰当I was late getting home because I lost my way.在这种情况下不应该使用该词可选择更好的词语或者所使用的词语与文章的总体语气不符。
22.单词形式不当I want to creation a great web site so that I can becoming wealth.所使用的单词的形式不正确检查一下应该使用该词的名词、形容词或副词形式的哪一种。
23.用词错误Even I don't speak Spanish, I was able to find a bathroom in the department store. I gained a lot of pounds ring vacation.用词错误或在此种情况下该词不是最佳用词。
『拾』 英语误用"被"字
nces and emotions which were clog