A. 初二英语阅读题答案及翻译
（一）
Once upon a time, there lived a rich man. He had a servant (仆人). He and the servant(仆人） loved wine and good food very much. Each time the rich man left his home, the servant would drink the wine and eat up all the nice food in the house. The rich man knew what his servant did, but he had never caught his servant doing that.
One morning, when he left home, he said to the servant, “Here are two bottles of poison (毒药) and some nice food in the house. You must take of them.” With these words, he went out.
But the servant knew that the rich man had said was untrue. After the rich man was away from his home, he enjoyed a nice meal. Because he drank too much, he was drunk and fell to the ground. When the rich man came back, he couldn’t find his food and his wine. He became very angry. He woke the servant up. But the servant told his story very well. He said a cat had eaten up everything. He was afraid to be punished, so he drank the poison to kill himself.
( )1.In the story, _______ liked wine and good food very much.
A. the rich man B. the servant C. both A and B D. neither A and B
( )2.The rich man knew that it was _______ that drank the wine and ate up all the nice food.
A. the cat B. himself C. nobody D. the servant
( )3.The rich told the servant that there was poison in the two bottles, because ________.
A. there was in fact poison in the bottles
B. did not want the servant to drink his wine
C. he wanted to kill the cat
D. he wanted to kill the servant
( )4.In fact, _______ ate all the nice food and drank the wine.
A. the servant B. cat C. the rich man D. nobody
( )5.From the story, we know that the servant is very _______.
A. lazy B. bad C. clever D. kind
译文：
从前，有一个富翁。他有一个仆人（仆人） 。他和仆人（仆人）喜爱葡萄酒和良好的食物非常。每次富人离开家乡，仆人将喝葡萄酒，吃的所有食物中的好房子。财主知道他的仆人一样，但他从来没有被他的仆人这样做。
一天早晨，当他离家出走，他的仆人说， “这里有两瓶毒药（毒药）和一些不错的食品在家里。你必须采取什么样的。 “随着这些话，他走了出去。
但仆人知道，富人说是不真实的。在富人是远离家乡，他喜欢聚餐的空间。因为他喝太多，他是喝醉了倒在地上。当富人回来了，他无法找到自己的粮食和他的葡萄酒。他非常生气。他醒来的仆人了。但是，仆人告诉他的故事非常好。他说，猫吃了一切。他害怕受到惩罚，所以他喝毒药自杀。
（二）
Most American families are smaller than the families in other countries. Most American families have one or two parents and one or two children each.
Children in the US will leave their parents’ home when they grow up. They usually live far from their parents because they want to find good jobs. They often write to their parents or telephone them. And they often go to visit their parents on holiday.
Parents usually let their children choose their own jobs. Americans think it important for young people to decide on their lives by themselves.
Children are asked to do some work around their house. And in many families, children are paid for doing some housework so that they learn how to make money for their own use.
( )6.The size of most American families is ________ that of other countries.
A. larger than B. smaller than C. as big as D. as small as
( )7.When children grow up, they leave their parents’ home to _________.
A. get married B. be free C. find good jobs D. study
( )8.They visit their parents ________.
A. on weekdays B. on weekends C. at any time D. on holiday
( )9.Which of the following statements is WRONG?
A. Children have the freedom to choose their own job.
B. Parents don’t ask their children to do the housework.
C. Parents think it important for children to make their own decision.
D. When children grow up, they usually live far away from their home.
( )10.Some parents pay their children for doing housework because ___________.
A. children can learn how to make money for themselves
B. their children required them to do so
C. they are rich
D. it is required by law
译文：
大多数美国家庭都小于家庭在其他国家。大多数美国家庭有一个或两个家长和一个或两个孩子。
孩子在美国将离开自己的父母家中长大后。他们通常远离他们的父母，因为他们想找到好工作。他们经常写信给他们的父母或电话他们。他们往往去访问他们的父母在度假。
父母通常让孩子选择自己的就业机会。美国人认为，重要的青年人来决定他们的生活本身。
儿童被要求做一些工作，他们的房子周围。而且在许多家庭，儿童是支付做一些家务劳动，使他们了解如何赚钱供自己使用。
（三）
Can dolphins talk? Maybe they can’t talk with words, but they talk with sounds. They show their feelings with sounds.
Dolphins travel in a group. We call a group of fish a “school”. They don’t study, but they travel together.
Dolphins talk to the other dolphins in the school. They give information. They tell when they are happy or sad or afraid. They say “welcome”when a dolphin comes back to the school. They talk when they play.
They make a few sounds above water. They make many more sounds under water. People cannot hear these sounds because they are very, very high. Scientists make tapes of the sounds and study them.
Sometimes people catch a dolphin for a large aquarium（水族馆）. People can watch the dolphins in a show. Dolphins don’t like to be away from their school in an aquarium. They are sad and lonely（孤独的）.
There are many stories about dolphins. They help people. Sometimes they save somebody’s life. Dolphin meat is good, but people don’t like to kill them. They say that dolphins bring good luck. Many people believe this.
1. Dolphins show their feelings with ___________ .
A. pictures B. words
C. water D. sounds
2. People can’t hear the dolphin’s sounds because ________ .
A. they are above the water
B. they are under the water
C. they are very high
D. they are very low
3. Which one is true according to the passage?
A. Dolphins swim together in a school because they want to study
B. They don’t study, but they travel in a group
C. Dolphins like to be away from their school on an island.
D. Dolphins like to kill people
译文：
海豚可以谈话？也许他们不能谈论的话，但他们交谈的声音。他们表明自己的感情的声音。
海豚旅行的一组。我们呼吁一群鱼“学校” 。他们没有研究，但他们一起旅行。
海豚跟其他海豚在学校。他们提供资料。他们告诉当他们感到高兴的或悲伤或害怕的倾向。他们说， “欢迎”时，海豚又回到学校。他们谈到当他们发挥。
他们提出一些听起来水面。他们有更多的声音在水中。人们无法听到这些声音，因为它们是非常，非常高。科学家使磁带的声音和研究。
有时人们捕捉海豚的一个大型水族馆（水族馆） 。人们可以观看海豚表演。海豚不喜欢离开自己的学校，一座水族馆。它们是令人伤心和孤独（孤独的） 。
有许多故事海豚。它们帮助人们。有时候，他们拯救别人的生命。海豚肉是好的，但人们不喜欢要杀死他们。他们说，海豚带来好运。许多人相信这一点。
（四）
All my friends at school smoked. My dad smoked; he didn’t want me to smoke but my friends kept saying I was stupid. They asked when I was going to grow up. So I started when I was sixteen and after a month I couldn’t stop. But two years later I could feel what smoking was doing to me. I couldn’t run far, and I coughed every morning. I got very ill and decided to stop. It wasn’t easy, but now I’ve done it, and I feel better. Now I have money for other things.
If you smoke, you are twice as likely to die from a heart attack. And the more you smoke, the earlier the heart attack is likely to be. For example, a 50-year-old who smokes more than 20 cigarettes a day, is four times more likely to have heart disease than a non-smoker of the same age.
What does smoking do to the heart? First of all, it makes the heart beat faster and increases the blood pressure. The cigarette smoke also reces the amount of oxygen in the blood. Consequently, the heart has to work harder, with less oxygen. Finally, your arteries will narrow faster if you smoke.
So if you want to rece your chances of getting heart disease, the answer is easy –– not to smoke. Don’t your friends and other people who smoke. If you smoke, find out how to stop. Stopping isn’t easy, but you’ll be healthier, and ....
1. Who is more likely to have heart disease?
A. A smoker
B. A non-smoker
C. A 50-year-old person
2. What does the writer think of smoking?
A. It is good for his health
B. Smoking is bad for him
C. Is it neither good nor bad for his heath
3. What happens after the writer stopped smoking?
A. He becomes rich
B. He has more friends
C. He becomes healthier and has money to do other things.
译文：
我的所有朋友在学校吸烟。我爸爸抽烟，他不希望我抽烟，但我的朋友不停地说我是愚蠢的。他们问我要长大。所以我就开始当我还是16和一个月后，我不能停止。但两年后，我能感觉到什么吸烟正在给我。我不能远，我每天早上咳嗽。我病得很重，并决定停止。这是不容易的，但现在我已经做到了，我感觉更好。现在，我有足够资金用于其它事上。
如果你吸烟，你的两倍，可能死于心脏病发作。和你越是烟雾，越早心脏病发作可能。例如，一个50岁谁吸烟超过20支，每天的4倍更可能有心脏病比不吸烟的年龄相同。
吸烟是什么做的心？首先，它使心跳速度和增加血压。在香烟烟雾中也减少了血液中的氧气。因此，心脏必须加倍努力，以较少的氧。最后，您将动脉狭窄更快如果你吸烟。
因此如果您想降低您的机会越来越心脏病，答案是很简单-不要吸烟。请勿复制您的朋友和其他人谁烟雾。如果你吸烟，了解如何停止。停车是不容易的，但你会更健康，并....
（五）
In the USA, there are many types of restaurants. Fast food restaurants are very famous. You can find McDonald’s and Kentucky Fried Chicken in many countries around the world. You look at a menu above the counter, and say what you’d like to eat. You pay the person who serves you. You take your food and sit down or take it away. There’s no need to leave a tip.
In a coffee shop you sit at the counter or at a table. You don’t wait for the waitress to show you where to sit. She usually brings you coffee when you sit down. You tell her what you’d like to eat and she brings it to you. You pay the cashier as you leave. A diner is like a coffee shop but usually looks like a railway carriage.
In a family restaurant the atmosphere is casual, but the waitress shows you where to sit. Often the waitress tells you her name, but you don’t need to tell her yours. If you don’t eat everything, your waitress gives you a doggy bag to take your food home. You add an extra fifteen percent to the bill as a tip.
In top class restaurants, you need a reservation and you need to arrive on time. The waiter shows you where to sit. If you have wine, he may ask you to taste it. You can only refuse it if it tastes bad, not if you don’t like it. When you get your bill, check it and then add fifteen to twenty percent to it as a tip for the waiter.
1. There are ______ types of restaurants here.
A. three B. four C. five D. six
2. We should sit ______ in a coffee shop.
A. near the door B. in the corner
C. at a counter D. on the floor
3. In what kind of restaurant does the waitress often tell you her name?
A. In a top class restaurant B. In a fast food restaurant
C. In a coffee shop D. In a family restaurant
4. How much do you need to tip in a top class restaurant?
A. Ten percent B. Fifteen percent
C. Thirty percent D. Forty percent
译文：
在美国，有许多类型的餐馆。快餐店是非常有名的。你可以找到麦当劳和肯德基在世界各地许多国家。你看看上面的菜单柜台，并说要吃饭。你付出的人谁为您服务。你和你的食物坐下或是否可以离开。没有必要留下小费。
在咖啡店你坐在柜台或在桌子上。你不要等到服务员向您显示在坐。她通常会带给您咖啡当你坐下来。你告诉她你想要吃饭，她把它给你。您支付本票作为你离开。饭店就像一个咖啡馆，但通常看起来像车厢。
在一个家庭餐馆的气氛是轻松，但服务员告诉您在哪里坐。往往是服务员告诉你她的名字，但你不必告诉她你的。如果你没有吃的一切，您的服务员为您提供了一种狗袋采取的粮食回家。您添加额外的百分之十五的法案作为小费。
在一流的餐厅，你需要保留的，但您必须按时到达。服务员告诉您在哪里坐。如果您有酒，他可能会要求您品尝它。您只可以拒绝它，如果口味不好，而不是如果你不喜欢它。当您收到您的帐单，检查，然后放入15至百分之二十，以它作为一种提示侍者。
答案：（一）CDBAC
（二 BCDBA
（三）DCB
（四）ABC
（五）BCDB
1。Today and friends of foreign travel, outside air is very good, people feel very comfortable. We all appreciate the fine girls bicycles. We enjoyed the beautiful nature brought. We happily spent a happy day. 今天和朋友一起出外交游，外面的空气很好，人感觉很舒服。我们骑着自行车一路欣赏鸟语花香。享受着大自然带给我们的无限美好。大家开开心心地度过了愉快的一天。
2。Today Mailehaoo clothes, and parents take to the streets is happy, the parents have to pay to buy things. Unlike in their street to buy things they like to take a long time but saw the price, Ha-ha, is really very happy. I love my parents, I too thank them for the care and love. `` 今天买了好多衣服，和父母上街就是愉快，买东西有父母帮付钱。不像平时自己上街买东西碰到喜欢的但看了价钱都要考虑好久，呵呵，真的是很开心。我爱我的父母，太感谢他们对我的关心和爱戴了。
3.Flute " Robinson Crusoe " of good fortune, novelist of British, describe protagonist drift about on the island, overcome the difficulty, the legend story of pioneering an enterprise with painstaking efforts. Novel write true naturally, legendary. The protagonist plants the crops on the detached island, puts up the log cabin, has eaten the innumerable trials and tribulations, survive. Want, go back human world anxious, want to go how about go out of these damnable place only like make him to be fascinated, result fail, get back to, long separated for Britain for 28 year give me enlightenment by " Robinson's records of adventure " on 1868 year finally, tanacity of him let me wait for a chance to cause trouble, want, march toward another goal for life, look like Robinson like that spend one's own strength,reach ideal realm one's own. We need possess Robinson so spirit of struggle diligently.
英国小说家笛福的《鲁滨逊漂流记》描述了主人公漂流海岛,战胜困难,艰苦创业的传奇故事. 小说写得真实自然,富有传奇色彩.主人公在孤岛上种庄稼,搭木屋,吃了千辛万苦,生存下来.但想回人间的心切,使他着迷般地只想到如何走出这个鬼地方,结果还是失败了,最后于1868年回到阔别28年的英国
《鲁滨孙漂流记》给我以启示，他的顽强让我蠢蠢欲动，想要迈向人生的另一目标，像鲁滨孙那样用自己的力量，到达自己理想的境界。
我们需要具备鲁滨逊那样的刻苦奋斗的精神.
B. 英语阅读理解练习题及答案 越短越好
一、
Betty and KittyBetty and Kitty are twins. They’re 12 years old. They look the same. But they have different hobbies. Betty likes collecting stamps. She has many beautiful stamps. They’re from different cities and countries. But Kitty likes growing flowers. The flowers are all very beautiful.Betty and Kitty both like reading books. Betty likes reading storybooks. But Kitty likes reading science books.On Sunday, they usually ride bikes to the park. They can play with their friends there. Sometimes their parents go there, too.
根据短文内容，判断下列句子的正误，正确的写“T”，错误的写“F”。
( ) 1. Betty is Kitty’s sister.
( ) 2. Betty likes growing flowers.
( ) 3. Kitty likes reading storybooks.
( ) 4. They’re twelve years old.
( ) 5. They usually take a bus to the park on Saturday.
二、
Lovely pandasPandas’ faces look like cats’, but their fat bodies and short tails are like bears’. Pandas are very lovely and they are friendly to people. People likes them very much.Most Pandas live in China. The northwestern part of Sichuan Province(省) and southern part of Gansu Province are their hometowns. Pandas like to climb trees. They usually live in the forests of high mountains, eat bamboo and drink spring water.
根据短文的意思，选出正确的答案。
( )1. The panda mainly lives in . A. America B. Shanghai C. London D. China
( )2. is like a cat’s. A. The panda B. The panda’s face C. The panda’s body D. The panda’s tail
( )3. Where are the pandas’ hometowns? A. Guangdong and Gansu. B. Sichuan and Suzhou.C. Gansu and Sichuan D. Hubei and Sichuan
( )4. What’s the panda’s main food? A. Rice. B. Meat. C. Bamboo. D. Grass.
三、
Four Good FriendsMary, Nancy, Ron and Kate are good friends. Mary’s favorite number is 3 and her favorite country is France. 16 is Nancy’s number, and America is her favorite country. Ron likes Japan very much. 30 is his favorite number. Whose favorite number is 60? Oh, it is Kate. Kate’s father works in Chinese food very much and they also like Chinese people. Kate’s lucky number is 6. All of them hope that one day they can travel the world together.
阅读短文，回答问题。
1. What’s Mary’s favorite number?
2. What’s Nancy’s favorite country?
3. What’s Kate’s father’s job?
4. Does Kate like Chinese food?
“God made the world, but the Dutch made Holland.” True to this saying, the people of the Netherlands are again “making” their land.
About 1980 the Netherlands will complete a project begun in the 1920’s: transforming the Zyuder Zee, an inlet (小港) of the North Sea into dry land and a freshwater lake. By stages, 550,000 acres of land will serve several purposes: instrial, recreational, military, and agricultural. Fed by the river Yssel, the remaining water basin Lake Yssel, about 300,000 acres will irrigate the surrounding land and help in the fight against salination (盐化作用). Excess water will drain through sluices into the sea.
As the first stop a nineteen-mile-long barrier dam, rising twenty-five feet above sea level, closed the entrance to the Zuider Zee. Then the experimental polder of a hundred acres preceded the first and smallest of the main polders fifty thousand acres that became dry land in 1930. The fifth and largest polder 150,000 acres will be the last of the Zuider Zee works.
Farmers for the new polder (开拓地) come from every province. The Eastern Flevoland polder, completed in 1957, became farmland for many from the province of Zealand which was badly hit by the disastrous floods of 1953.
31. This article gives a present-day example of how__________.
A. salty soils are desalinated B. the Netherlands has increased its land area
C. irrigation systems are built D. dams are constructed
32. The period taken for the Zuider Zee project is__________.
A. from 1900 up to 1960 B. from the 1920 till about 1980
C. from 1930 to 1957 D. less than fifty years
33. The Zuider Zee will be replaced by____________.
A. 550,000 acres of land B. 300,000 acres of fresh water
C. both A and B D. Neither A nor B
34. The article gives a measurement for the__________.
A. height of the barrier dam B. width of the barrier dam
C. width of the road along the dam D. height above sea level of the area on the land side of dam
35. Implied but not stated:
A. The first step in the project was a barrier dam.
B. The polder recipe was first used in this century.
C. Half of the Netherlands is below sea level.
D. There is more than one method of fighting salination.
D B C D A
During the Christmas shopping rush in London, the intriguing story was reported of a tramp(流浪汉) who, apparently through no fault of his own, found himself locked in a well-known chain store late on Christmas Eve. No doubt the store was crowded with last minute Christmas shoppers and the staff were dead beat and longing to get home. Presumably all the proper Security checks were made before the store was locked and they left to enjoy the three-day holiday untroubled by customers desperate to get last minute Christmas presents
However that may be, our tramp found himself alone in the store and decided to make the best of it. There was food, drink, bedding and camping equipment, of which he made good use. There must also have been television sets and radios Though it was not reported if he took advantage of these facilities, when the shop re-opened, he was discovered in bed with a large number of empty bottles beside him. He seems to have been a man of good humor and philosophic temperament---as indeed vagrants(流浪汉) very commonly arc. Everyone also was enjoying Christmas, so he saw no good reason why he should not do the same. He submitted, cheerfully enough, to being taken way by the police. Perhaps he had bad a better Christmas than usual. He was sent to prison for Seven days. The judge awarded no compensation to the chain store for the food and drink our tramp had consumed. They had, in his opinion, already received valuable free publicity from the coverage the story received in the newspapers and on television. Perhaps the judge had had a good Christmas too.
1. The tramp was locked in the store____
A. for his mistakes. B. e to a misunderstanding. C. by accident. D. through an error of judgment.
2. The staff were 'dead beat' means they were _____
A. half asleep. B. exhausted. C. irritable. D. forgetful.
3. What action did the tramp take? He_____
A. looted the store. B. made himself at home.
C. went to sleep for 2 days. D. had a Christmas party.
4. When the tramp was arrested, he _____
A. laughed at the police. B. looked forward to going to pr)son.
C. rook his bottles with him. D. didn't make any fuss.
5. Why didn't the judge award compensation to the chain store?
A. The tramp had stolen nothing of value.
B. The store had profited by the incident.
C. The tramp deserved a happy Christmas.
D. The store was responsible for what happened.
1.C(apparently through no fault of his own)第一段中找答案
2.B（No doubt the store was crowded with last minute Christmas shoppers and the staff were dead beat and longing to get home.）
3.B
4.D（He submitted, cheerfully enough, to being taken way by the police. ）
5.B（They had, in his opinion, already received valuable free publicity from the coverage the story received in the newspapers and on television. ）
C. 英文阅读题目，求原文和答案。！！
1.True
2.?
3.True
4.Not given
5.an alt's working life
6.$1.6 million
7.bachelor's degree holder
8.8,655
9.tuition
10-14.B C D E F
原文:
ERIC Identifier: ED470038
Publication Date: 2002-00-00
Author: Porter, Kathleen
Source: ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher Ecation Washington DC.
The Value of a College Degree. ERIC Digest.
The escalating cost of higher ecation is causing many to question the value of continuing ecation beyond high school. Many wonder whether the high cost of tuition, the opportunity cost of choosing college over full-time employment, and the accumulation of thousands of dollars of debt is, in the long run, worth the investment. The risk is especially large for low-income families who have a difficult time making ends meet without the additional burden of college tuition and fees.
In order to determine whether higher ecation is worth the investment, it is useful to examine what is known about the value of higher ecation and the rates of return on investment to both the indivial and to society.
THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF HIGHER EDUCATION
There is considerable support for the notion that the rate of return on investment in higher ecation is high enough to warrant the financial burden associated with pursuing a college degree. Though the earnings differential between college and high school graates varies over time, college graates, on average, earn more than high school graates. According to the Census Bureau, over an alt's working life, high school graates earn an average of $1.2 million; associate's degree holders earn about $1.6 million; and bachelor's degree holders earn about $2.1 million (Day and Newburger, 2002).
These sizeable differences in lifetime earnings put the costs of college study in realistic perspective. Most students today-- about 80 percent of all students--enroll either in public 4-year colleges or in public 2-year colleges. According to the U.S. Department of Ecation report, Think College Early, a full-time student at a public 4-year college pays an average of $8,655 for in-state tuition, room and board (U.S. Dept. of Ecation, 2002). A full-time student in a public 2-year college pays an average of $1,359 per year in tuition (U.S. Dept. of Ecation, 2002).
These statistics support the contention that, though the cost of higher ecation is significant, given the earnings disparity that exists between those who earn a bachelor's degree and those who do not, the indivial rate of return on investment in higher ecation is sufficiently high to warrant the cost.
OTHER BENEFITS OF HIGHER EDUCATION
College graates also enjoy benefits beyond increased income. A 1998 report published by the Institute for Higher Ecation Policy reviews the indivial benefits that college graates enjoy, including higher levels of saving, increased personal/professional mobility, improved quality of life for their offspring, better consumer decision making, and more hobbies and leisure activities (Institute for Higher Ecation Policy, 1998). According to a report published by the Carnegie Foundation, non-monetary indivial benefits of higher ecation include the tendency for postsecondary students to become more open-minded, more cultured, more rational, more consistent and less authoritarian; these benefits are also passed along to succeeding generations (Rowley and Hurtado, 2002). Additionally, college attendance has been shown to "decrease prejudice, enhance knowledge of world affairs and enhance social status" while increasing economic and job security for those who earn bachelor's degrees (Ibid.)
Research has also consistently shown a positive correlation between completion of higher ecation and good health, not only for oneself, but also for one's children. In fact, "parental schooling levels (after controlling for differences in earnings) are positively correlated with the health status of their children" and "increased schooling (and higher relative income) are correlated with lower mortality rates for given age brackets" (Cohn and Geske, 1992).
THE SOCIAL VALUE OF HIGHER EDUCA5ION
A number of studies have shown a high correlation between higher ecation and cultural and family values, and economic growth. According to Elchanan Cohn and Terry Geske (1992), there is the tendency for more highly ecated women to spend more time with their children; these women tend to use this time to better prepare their children for the future. Cohn and Geske (1992) report that "college graates appear to have a more optimistic view of their past and future personal progress."
Public benefits of attending college include increased tax revenues, greater workplace proctivity, increased consumption, increased workforce flexibility, and decreased reliance on government financial support (Institute for Higher Ecation Policy, 1998).
COLLEGE ATTENDANCE VERSUS COLLEGE COMPLETION
In their report, College for All? Is There Too Much Emphasis on Getting a 4-Year College Degree? Boesel and Fredland estimate that around 600,000 students leave 4-year colleges annually without graating. These noncompleters earn less than college graates because they get fewer years of ecation. More surprising, they tend to earn less than or the same amount as 2-year college students who have as much ecation. Furthermore, 2-year college students show about the same gains in tested cognitive skills for each year of attendance as 4-year college students. Students at 4-year colleges also pay more in tuition and are more likely to have student loan debts than 2-year students (Boesel and Fredland, 1999, p. viii). The authors conclude that high school graates of modest ability or uncertain motivation-factors that increase their chances of leaving college before graation-would be well-advised to consider attending 2-year, instead of 4-year, colleges. If they did, they would probably realize the same earnings and cognitive skill gains at lower cost and with less debt. In order to maximize the return on their time and monetary investment, students who do choose to enroll in 4-year colleges should do everything in their power to graate. (Boesel and Fredland, 1999, p.ix).
CONCLUSION
While it is clear that investment in a college degree, especially for those students in the lowest income brackets, is a financial burden, the long-term benefits to indivials as well as to society at large, appear to far outweigh the costs.
REFERENCES
Boesel, D., & Fredland, E. (1999). College for all? Is there too much emphasis on getting a 4-year college degree? Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Ecation, Office of Ecational Research and Improvement, National Library of Ecation.
Cohn, E., & Geske, T.G. (1992). Private Nonmonetary Returns to Investment in Higher Ecation. In Becker, W. & Lewis, D. The Economics of American Higher Ecation. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Day, J.C., & Newburger, E.C. (2002). The Big Payoff: Ecational Attainment and Synthetic Estimates of Work-Life Earnings. (Current Population Reports, Special Studies, P23-210). Washington, DC: Commerce Dept., Economics and Statistics Administration, Census Bureau. [On-Line]. Available: http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/p23-210.pdf
The College Board. (2001). Trends in Student Aid 2001. New York: The College Board.
Institute for Higher Ecation Policy (1998). Reaping the Benefits: Defining the Public and Private Value of Going to College. The New Millennium Project on Higher Ecation Costs, Pricing, and Proctivity. Washington, DC: Author.
Rowley, L.L., & Hurtado, S. (2002). The Non-Monetary Benefits of an Undergraate Ecation. University of Michigan: Center for the Study of Higher and Postsecondary Ecation.
Schultz, T.W. (1961). Investment in Human Capital. American Economic Review, 51: 1-17.
U.S. Department of Ecation (2001). Digest of Ecation Statistics 2001. [On-Line]. Available: http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/digest2001/tables/PDF/table170.pdf
U.S. Department of Ecation (2000). Think College Early: Average College Costs. [On-Line]. Available: http://www.ed.gov/offices/OPE/thinkcollege/early/parents/college_cos ts.htm
Wolfe, B.L. (1994). External Benefits of Ecation. International Encyclopedia of Ecation. Oxford; New York: Pergamon Press.
D. 小学英语阅读理解题及答案20篇
建议你上卓越买一本书：小学英语阅读100篇天天练 /每日15分钟（3-6年级），我的孩子用过，真的很不错，你可以试试，祝你进步！
E. 英文阅读题目2，求原文和答案。！！
1.B
2.C
3.A
4.B
5.A
6-8 ?
9.True
10.True
11.not given
12.True
13.False
Scratching the surface
Itching sensations often have psychosomatic, not physical causes, writes David Hambling
They are insidious skin parasites, infesting the occupants of factories and offices. They cause itching, prickling and crawling sensations in the skin that are almost untreatable. These creatures may only exist in the mind, but their effects are real and infectious.
The classic case occurred in a US laboratory in 1966. After new equipment was installed, workers started to suffer from itching and sensations of insects crawling over them. Complaints multiplied and the problem, attributed to "cable mites", started to affect families. A concerted effort was made to exterminate the mites using everything from DDT and mothballs to insecticide and rat poison.
Nothing worked. Thorough examination by scientific investigators could not locate any pests, or even signs of actual parasite attacks. However, they did find small particles of rockwool insulation in the air, which could cause skin irritation. A cleaning programme was introced and staff were assured the problem had been solved. The cable mite infestation disappeared.
Another 1960s case occurred in a textile factory, where workers complained of being bitten by insects brought into the factory in imported cloth. Dermatitis swept through the workforce, but it followed a curious pattern. Instead of affecting people in one particular part of the factory, the bugs seemed to be transmitted through social groups. No parasites could be found.
A third infestation spread through clerical staff working with sty records. They attributed their skin problems to "paper mites", but the cause was traced to irritation from paper splinters.
These are all cases of illusions of parasitosis, where something in the environment is misinterpreted as an insect or other pest. Everyone has heard of delirium tremens, when alcoholics or amphetamine users experience the feeling of insects crawling over their skin, but other factors can cause the same illusion. Static electricity, st, fibres and chemical solvents can all give rise to imaginary insects; the interesting thing is that they spread. The infectious nature of this illusion seems to be a type of reflex contagion. Yawn, and others start yawning; if everyone around you laughs, you laugh. Start scratching and colleagues will scratch, too.
Dr Paul Marsden is managing editor of the Journal of Memetics, the study of infectious ideas. He suggests that this type of group behaviour may have had an evolutionary purpose. In our distant past, one indivial scratching would have alerted others that there were biting insects or parasites present. This would prime them to scratch itches of their own. Anyone who has been bitten several times by mosquitoes before they realised it will recognise the evolutionary value of this kind of advance warning. It may also promote mutual grooming, which is important in the bonding of primate groups.
The problem comes when the reflex contagion is not related to a real threat. Normally, everyone would soon stop scratching, but people may unconsciously exaggerate symptoms to gain attention, or because it gets them a break from unappealing work. The lab workers were scanners, who spent the day laboriously examining the results of bubble-chamber tests; textile workers and clerical staff poring over records may also find their jobs tedious. Add the factor that skin conditions are notoriously susceptible to psychological influence, and it is easy to see how a group dynamic can keep the illusory parasites going.
Treatment of the condition is difficult, since few will accept that their symptoms are the result of what psychologists call a hysterical condition. In the past, the combination of removal of irritants and expert reassurance was enough. However, these days, there is a mistrust of conventional medicine and easier access to support groups.
Sufferers can reinforce each other's illusions over the internet, swapping tales of elusive mites that baffle science. This could give rise to an epidemic of mystery parasites, spreading from mind to mind like a kind of super virus. Only an awareness of the power of the illusion can stop it.
You can stop scratching now...
F. 英文阅读，求原文和答案
1.Yes
2.Yes
3.Yes
4.No
5.family-friendly
6.personal time?
Stars without the stripes
A US-style project-led model means long hours and burn-out. Why we can't be more like Europe, asks Richard Scase
Managing cultural diversity is a core component of most MBA programmes these days. The growth of Japanese corporations in the Sixties and Seventies reminded us that there were other models of business than those taught by Harvard professors and US-based management consultants. And the cultural limits to the American model have more recently been underlined by developments in Russia and central Europe over the past decade.
Yet in Britain, we are still more ready to accept the American model of management than most other European countries. As a result, UK managers often fail to understand how business practices are fundamentally different on the Continent. One outcome is that many mergers and acquisitions, strategic alliances and joint ventures between British and European companies do not achieve their objectives and end in tears. The tribulations of Marks & Spencer in France are a case in point.
Alternatively, managers may avoid a merger or joint venture which makes sense from a hard-nosed strategic point of view because they fear that different working practices will prevent their goals from being achieved.
Essentially, Anglo-Saxon companies are structured on the principles of project management. In the Eighties, companies were downsized, with tiers of management eliminated. In the Nineties, management fashion embraced the ideas of business process re-engineering, so organisations were broken down into customer-focused trading units. Sometimes these were established as subsidiary companies, at other times as profit-and-loss or cost centres.
Over the past 10 years, these principles have been applied as vigorously to the UK public sector as to private-sector corporations. Hospitals, schools, universities, social services departments, as well as large areas of national government, now operate on project management principles - all with built-in operational targets, key success factors and performance-related reward systems.
The underlying objectives for this widespread process of organisational restructuring have been to increase the transparency of operations, encourage personal accountability, become more efficient at delivering service to customer and directly relate rewards to performance.
The result is a management culture which is entrepreneurially oriented and focused almost entirely on the short term, and highly segmented organisational structures - since employee incentives and rewards are geared to the activities of their own particular unit.
This business model has also required development of new personal skills. We are now encouraged to lead, rather than to manage by setting goals and incentive systems for staff. We have to be co-operative team members rather than work on our own. We have to accept that, in flattened and decentralised organisations, there are very limited career prospects. We are to be motivated by target-related rewards rather than a longer-term commitment to our employing organisation.
This is in sharp contrast to the model of management that applies elsewhere in Europe. The principles of business process re-engineering have never been fully accepted in France, Germany and the other major economies; while in Russia, the attempt to apply them in the Nineties brought the economy virtually to its knees, and created huge opportunities for corrupt middle managers and Mafia-led ventures.
Instead, continental European companies have stuck to the bureaucratic model which delivered economic growth for them throughout the twentieth century. European corporations continue to be structured hierarchically, with clearly defined job descriptions and explicit channels of reporting. Decision making, although incorporating consultative processes, remains essentially top-down.
Which of these two models is preferable? Certainly, the downside of the Anglo-American model is now becoming evident, not least in the long-hours working culture that the application of the decentralised project management model inevitably generates.
Whether in a hospital, a software start-up or a factory, the breakdown of work processes into project-driven targets leads to overoptimistic goals and underestimates of the resources needed. The result is that the success of projects often demands excessively long working hours if the targets are to be achieved.
Further, the success criteria, as calibrated in performance targets, are inevitably arbitrary, and the source of ongoing dispute. Witness the objections of teachers and medics to the performance measures applied to them by successive governments. This is not surprising: in a factory procing cars the output of indivials is directly measurable. But what criteria can be used to measure output and performance in knowledge-based activities such as R&D labs, government offices and even the marketing departments of large corporations?
The demands and stresses of operating according to the Anglo-American model seem to be leading to increasing rates of personnel burn-out. It is not surprising that managers queue for early retirement (in a recent survey, just a fifth said they would work to 65). This could be why labour market participation rates have declined so dramatically for British 50-year-olds in the past 20 years.
By contrast, the European management model allows for family-friendly employment policies and working hours directives to be implemented. It encourages staff to have a long-term psychological commitment to their employing organisations.
Of course, companies operating on target-focused project management principles may be committed to family-friendly employment policies in theory. But, if the business plan has to be finished by the end of the month, the advertising campaign completed by the end of next week, and patients pushed through the system to achieve measurable targets, are we really going to let down our 'team' by clocking out at 5pm and taking our full entitlement of annual leave?
Perhaps this is why we admire the French for their quality of life.
Richard Scase is professor of Organisational Behaviour at the University of Kent and author of Britain in 2010: the changing business landscape (Capstone, £9.99).
G. 英语阅读，全文翻译，答案
drank