能源英语阅读理解

1. 麻烦把英语阅读理解的题给翻译个大概意思，感谢啊

是不是你也因为早上起床困难而感到痛苦？这也许就是平时所说的懒，但是博士对此有一种新解释。他证实每人每天都有一个能量周期。
在你的体力运用在你工作中的几小时时间里，你可能说你很 " 热 "。没错，一天中你觉得最精力充沛的时候正是你的身体循环周期中体温最高的时候。
有一部分人，他们的这个高峰在中午之前。其他的人则在下午或者晚上。为什么如此还不得而知。 但是因此出现了一些大家熟悉的对话：“起床啊， John， 你上班又要迟到了！” 可能的解释就是John 的能量和体温高点出现在早上。很多家庭中的争吵在丈夫和妻子认识到这些周期的意义和其他家庭成员的周期时就结束了。你改变不了自己的周期，但是可以学着更好地适应它。Kleitman 博士相信良好的习惯会有帮助。

也许你在晚上很困乏， 但是又感觉你一定熬夜。习惯性的熬的比你想的更晚一些，会在某种程度上抵消你的周期的作用。如果你早上的能量很低， 但是又有很重要的工作，那就比正常时间的更早一些开始做。（你的英语原文这里好像少了东西）这改变不了你的周期，但是会让你在你能量的低点工作得更好。一个慢节奏的开始会节省你的能量。打着悠闲的哈欠，伸着懒腰起床。在床边坐一分钟，再在把你的脚放在地板上。为了避免一早去找干净的衣服，前一天就把它们摆好。尽可能把日常的工作安排在午后，把需要较多精力和注意力的任务留在你状态最好的时侯做。

2. 一篇关于能源的英语阅读理解，文中提到日本、意大利等国家

把开头一句网络一下就可以了

3. 六篇英语阅读理解

Unit 8 生态环境类
Passage 1
Green peace has identified global climate change as one of the greatest threats to the planet. Governments and scientists alike have agreed that the problem is real and serious.
Last year at the climate summit in Kyoto, instrialized countries agreed, at least on paper, to rece the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases they pump into the atmosphere. But crucial details, upon which the success or failure of the agreement rests, are still under negotiation, and in the meantime little real action is being taken to address the problem.
Greenpeace is therefore campaigning for governments to face up to their responsibilities and urgently address this problem. The longer action is delayed, the more drastic it will need to be in order to avoid dangerous interference with the planet’s climate from the so-called greenhouse gases.
Governments should be leading the way to a fundamentally new energy direction based on clean renewable energy, like wind or solar power. But at present many governments instead use taxpayers’ money to support the agenda of the companies, which continue to spend billions of dollars on development of coal, oil or gas—the climate-damaging fossil fuels.
Scientists estimate that we can only afford to release a limited amount of carbon into the atmosphere, otherwise, we pass the “safe” limits of climate change. It is at this point that climate change happens so last that ecosystems are unable to adapt. Greenpeace believes that a temperature increase of 1℃ is the absolute maximum that should be at-lowed. The amount of carbon that we can release to keep within these limits can be calculated and is in the range of 112.5 to 337.5 billion tons of carbon over the next 100 years.
But instry already has around four times this amount of carbon—over one thousand billion tons—in existing reserves of oil, coal and gas. This means that three quarters of the oil, coal and gas already found cannot be burned if we want to avoid dangerous climate change. If we continue burning fossil fuels at present levels, the “safe” limit of 1℃will be reached in just 40 years. That is why we have to start recing carbon dioxide emissions immediately and prepare for an orderly phase out of fossil fuels. Greenpeace calls this the “carbon logic”.
The oil companies alone have already found enough oil to cause dangerous climate Change. Yet they continue to look for more. And of course once they have invested in finding the oil, they will not be prepared to give up their right to pump it out and sell it. The effects on the climate could be catastrophic.

1. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Both governments and scientists have realized that global climate change is one of the
greatest threats to the planet.
B. At the climate summit in Kyoto, many countries planned to protect the atmosphere.
C. The atmosphere protection is still in the air.
D. Instrialized countries have reced the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouses they pump into the atmosphere.
2. According to the author, governments should_______.
A. support the companies to continue their development of coal, oil or gas
B. advocate the use of clean renewable energy like wind of solar power
C.not waste taxpayers’ money to develop new energy
D.prohibit the further exploration of the fossil fuels, only allowing the companies to burn the existing reserves already found
3. A suitable title for the passage is________.
A. Green peace’s International Campaign to Save the Climate
B. The Carbon Logic
C. Climate Change
D. Fossil Fuels
4. The author has a（n）________attitude towards our climate.
A. worried B. critical C. negative D. objective
5. What does the word “catastrophic” in Line 4 of the last paragraph mean?
A. far-reaching B. irresponsible
C. disastrous D. irrespective

【答案与解析】
1.D 本文第一段讲到，绿色和平组织认为全球气候变化是对地球的最大威胁之一，政府和科学家都已认识到这一问题非常严重。去年在京都的最高级会议上，发达国家至少在书面上都同意减少二氧化碳和其他引起温室效应的气体在大气中的排放量，可是涉及这一协议成败的关键细节仍在谈判中，同时未见解决这一问题的具体行动。由此可见，A、B、C正确，D不正确。
2.B 第三段第一句话说，政府应该带头使用全新的能源，如风能、太阳能这些清洁、可再利用的能源。故本题选B。
3.A 全文主要讲了绿色和平组织对全球气候变化的担忧，以及呼吁政府承担起自己的责任，立即解决这一问题。因此文章标题应为A。

4. 英语阅读理解

您好，
常见的命题方式：

What is the main idea of this passage?

What dose this passage mainly concern?

The main theme of this passage is_____________

The main point of the passage is___________

Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is______

The purpose of the writer writing this passage is_____

Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?

文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下几种情况：

1。题句位于句首。主题句出现在文首，开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见的演绎写作法。2。主题句位于段末。主题句出现在文章结尾是作者采用了先摆事实，后作结论的手法。这种段落称作归纳型段落。这是英语中最常见的归纳写作法。3. 主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方法也较为多见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。4。主题句位于段落的中间。主题句出现在文章的中间，通常前面只提出问题，文章的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、说明或发展。5。主题句隐含在段意之中。全文没有明确的主题句。其中心思想包含在各个句子中，在这种情况下，读者要把所有已知的细节综合起来，进行逻辑推理，概括归纳出主题句。

【典例1】 The global energy crisis is approaching. What can we do? Here are some steps you can take。

Cooling puts the greatest stress on your summer energy bill and the power grid(电网). Just as a tune-up for your car can improve your gas mileage, a yearly tune-up of your heating and cooling system can improve efficiency and comfort. Clean or replaces filters monthly or as needed。

……

Drive the car that gets better gas mileage whenever possible if you own more than one vehicle. If you drive 12,500 miles a year, switching 10 percent of your trips from a car that gets 20 miles per gallon to one that gets 30 mpg will save you more than ￡65 per year。

Carpool. The average U.S. commuter(乘车上班族) could save about ￡260 a year by sharing cars twice a week with two people in a car that gets 20.1 mpg—assuming the three passengers share the cost of gas. (2008·安徽卷)

This passage is mainly about ________。

A. energy-saving tips B. fuel-saving tips

C. do-it-yourself tips D. environment-protecting tips

【解析】 本文主要介绍了如何节约能源。本文是一篇科普文章，主题很明显，文章一开始就点明了主题，接下来整篇文章都是围绕如何save energy展开，而save fuel仅仅只是其中的一部分。故选A。针对主旨大意类题目，应采用快速阅读法(Skimming)浏览全文。在阅读时，应特别注意文章的开头、结尾及段落的段首句和段尾句，因为他们往往名包含文章的中心议题。

【典例2】 Domestic (驯养的) horses now pull ploughs, race in the Kentucky Derby, and carry police. But early horses weren’t tame (驯服的) enough to perform these kinds of tasks. Scientists think the first interactions humans had with horses were far different from those today。

Thousands of years ago, people killed the wild horses that lived around them for food. Over time, people began to catch the animals and raise them. This was the first step in domestication。

……

The domestication of horses has had great effects on societies. For example, horse were important tools in the advancement of modern agriculture. Using them to pull ploughs and carry heavy loads allowed people to farm more efficiently. Before they were able to ride horses, humans had to cross land on foot. Riding horses allowed people to travel far greater distance in much less time. That encouraged populations living in different areas to interact with one another. The new from of rapid transportation helped cultures spread around the world. (2008·北京卷)

The passage is mainly about _______。

A. why humans domesticated horses

B. how humans and horses needed each other

C. why horses came in different shapes and sizes

D. how human societies and horses influenced each other

【解析】 本文以时间为顺序，记叙了人类对马的驯化以及马对人类的生活所产生的重要影响。本题考查主旨大意。前四段说明，人类驯养了野马，使得马的种类繁多，这是人类社会对马的影响；最后一段说明，马作为交通工具加速了人类文化传播的进程。故文章的主题应是D所说的内容。此主题句出现在文章的最后一段。如果文章没有明确的主题句，文章的中心思想往往包含在各个段落中，考生可采取提纲挈领的方法，通过分析细节把文章的要点归纳出来，概括出全文的中心思想。

选择标题属主旨大意题，是阅读理解题常考的题型之一。那么怎么样选择文章的标题？ 选择文章标题属深层次理解题，它要求考生在通读全文的基础上，认真分析主人公的特定心态、文章大意及作者写作意图，在此基础上，所选出的标题还应做到概括性、针对性、醒目性的有机结合。

1。概括性原则 要求标题应在最大限度上覆盖全文，囊括文章的主要内容，体现文章的主旨。标题实际上是文章主题的一种确认方式。前面我们提到，通过寻找主题句，往往很容易确定短文的标题。但大多数文章的主题句并不明显，需要我们通过体会字里行间蕴含的意思从整体上把握文章的主旨，从全局的角度概括归纳出文章的标题。要防止本末倒置，主次不分，以点代面，以偏概全。

2。针对性原则 针对性原则是对标题外延的一种界定。概括性原则要求文章标题包括文章的主要内容。但如果标题过大，就违背了针对性原则、针对性原则要求标题不能太过于概括，而是要直接指向文章的主旨。即标题不能太大也不能太小。要量体裁衣，大小适度。

3。醒目性原则 标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂。标题的好坏往往会影响文章的可读性。读者往往从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍。故标题往往比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，目的是为了吸引读者的注意力，唤起读者对文章阅读的兴趣。所以在标题选择的过程中，在满足概括性和针对性的条件下，还要考虑标题的醒目性。

(二)推理判断题

推理判断题是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，作出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。推理判断题在阅读中属于难度较高的题型，通常占总题数的15%－30%。它主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力以及考生的识别能力。推理判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，要求考生在遵循原文意义的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，揭示其深层含义。常出现的推理题有逻辑推理，知识推理等。这类考题中常出现的词有：infer, imply, suggest, indicate, conclude, learn from, probably, most likely, can, could, might, may等。

常见的命题方式：

From paragraph one we can infer that_________

What can be inferred from the passage?

We can infer from the text that…?

What can we learn from…?

We can conclude from the passage that_______

The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that______

The author implies that_______

This passage would most likely be found in______

The author’s attitude toward…is_________?

推理判断题要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，掌握文章的真正内涵。(1)要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础；(2)要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表入里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全；(3)要忠实于原文，不能主观臆想，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点；(4)要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展的方向，悟出作者的弦外之音。

希望我的回答对您有帮助，谢谢！祝您英语成绩步步高！

5. 急求一篇英语阅读短文的中文翻译，感谢大家了！~

:夏日,数以百万计的人们前往沙滩，游泳和嬉戏，然而海洋的价值绝不仅限于此。科学家们认为水波能发电。“当你在冲浪板或船上的时候,是否有向上漂浮的感觉?或者当你跳进水里，被波浪撞击的时候，能否感受到能量的存在?来自苏格兰爱丁堡大学波能研究小组的杰米·泰勒教授如是问。“当然,有大量的能源存在于波浪当中。科学家正尝试将其转换为电能。风吹过海面时，会有波浪出现。泰勒说，风力作用下，开始时，水面出现涟漪；风力继续作用下，涟漪变为了波浪。波浪是大自然产生能源的方式之一，然后再将其送出。当波浪涌向海岸时，人们可以设立大坝或者屏障来阻碍水流，并将其送至涡轮。而正是涡轮为发电机输送能量。美国和其他一些国家已着手波能的研究，而苏格兰已将其投入使用。这种能源是巨大的。波能可再生，且不会像诸如煤、石油等其他能源造成污染。海洋占据了地球表面的四分之三，使得波能成为了完美的能量来源。然而，也存在一定弊端。泰勒称，一方面，波能造价高；另外，其对海外生物的影响目前尚不为知。此外，也会影响渔业和海上交通。然而，在泰勒看来，随着研究工作的进一步深入，这些弊端都可以解决。地球对能源的需求日益增大，不管是为了看电视、用电脑，还是开汽车和室温调节等。随着传统能源，煤、石油的日益枯竭，找到更多的能源是非常重要的。也许未来的某一天，当你按下电灯开关的时候，正是海外波能在为你服务。

6. 英语阅读

方向: 为每个段落读下列的通道而且选择来自这一本目录的最适当的标题。 有一个额外的标题。
全球的温暖 A. 证据
在食物制造区域上的 B. 效果
在可居住于的区域上的 C. 影响力
减少温室效应的 D. 方法
E. 困难在决定温室效应的范围方面
F. 二氧化碳功能
80.________有关减慢进入大气之内被释放的温室气体的数量增加的方法在若干的国家中有多公众的讨论。 这些包括:
? 减少化石燃料的消费。 能源保护措施能被采用，而且可重新开始的能源来源 , 像是太阳的力量,能被发展。
? 减慢比率在哪一森林正在被清除的, 而且介绍较多的重新造林计画,这也会减慢二氧化碳水平的增加。
81._________如果全球的温暖不能够被避免,许多国家将会需要如那个计划和住屋的设计调查如此的议题,特别地在受制于的低区域中增加了泛滥和腐蚀。
82.__________任何的气候上的变化将会影响农业的制造。 全球的温暖结果一些世界的主要食物制造区域可以非常地变成干燥机。 现在是太干而无法支援农业的其他区域可能对于食物制造是适当的经历增加的降雨而且变成。冲积平原和现在种植世界的食物重要比例的河三角州区域会长备地是在水之下。
83.__________大气的科学家仰赖人造宇宙站收集许多的他们数据。 他们最近已经发现，大部份这些人造宇宙站从他们的轨道已经滑倒，而且如此，在解释测量方面，科学家比实际上是情形已经在一种特别的高度假定温度是低的。 阅读因此已经被以上调整。 如此的困难只是在决定全球的温暖范围方面面对科学家的挑战一个例子。 有连续的需要研究增加的温室效应的结果。
84.__________在检查你能见到的这一个议题方面如果它的集中变成太高，二氧化碳，在对于在地球上的生活维护是必要的时候，能被视为大气的一个污染物质。

我只能帮你翻译，自己填答案，可以吗？

7. 悬赏！大学英语中翻英，英翻中，阅读理解练习

给你一个专门练习英汉互译的网站 http://www.cet4.com/translation/ Solar energy for your home is coming. It can help you as a single home owner. It can help the whole country as well. Whether or not solar energy can save your money depends on many things. Where you live is one factor. The type of home you have is another. Things like insulation present energy coasts, and the type of system you buy are added factors. Using solar energy can help save our precious fuel. As you know, our supplies of oil and gas are very limited. There is just not enough on hand to meet all our future energy needs. And when Mother Nature says that’s all. The only way we can delay hearing those words is by starting to save energy now and by using other sources, like the sun. We wont have to worry about the suns running out of energy for another several billion years or so. Besides begin an endless source of energy, the use of the sun has other advantages as well. The sun doesn’t offer as many problems as other energy sources. For example, fossil fuel plants add to already high pollution levels. With solar energy, we will still need sources of energy, but we wont need as much. That means we can cut down on our pollution problems. With all these good points, why don’t we use more solar power? There are many reasons for this. The biggest reason is money. Until now, it was just not practical for a home owner to put in a solar unit. There were cheaper sources of energy. All that is changing now. Solar coats are starting to equal the costs of oil and electricity. Experts say that gas, oil and electricity prices will continue to rise. The demand for electricity is increasing rapidly. But new power plants will use more gas, oil or coal. Already in some places the supply of electricity is being rationed. Solar energy is now in its infancy. It could soon grow to become a major part of our nations energy supply. 21. Which statement best expresses the main idea? A) Something about Solar Energy and Pollution. B) Solar Energy. C) Energy and Pollution D) Energy and Money. 22. Solar energy can help us save ____. A) the earth and natural resources B) mother nature C) the sun D) our precious fuel 23. The sun is an endless source of energy, it will not run out of it for ____. A) several million years B) several hundred years C) several billion years D) several thousand years 24. Which of the following statements is correct? A) Energy from coal would not pollute our living environment. B) Energy from natural gas would not pollute our living environment. C) Energy from the sun would not pollute our living environment. D) Energy from oil would not pollute our living environment. 25. Solar energy is now in its infancy, ____. A) but it will be considered as an important part of our nation s energy supply B) yet we will build more power plants C) and the supply of electricity will be rationed D) but we don t need practice energy rationing now 短文大意 太阳能不久将成为我国的主要能源，因为太阳能可以节省能源。不象传统的能源——石油，天然气那样既储量有限，又带来污染，太阳能可以说是取之不尽用之不竭的能源，因为太阳的寿命是几十亿年。尽管太阳能有这么多优点，但我们依然使用得不多，大的原因是钱的问题。不过现在情况正在变化，专家认为别的能源价格将继续上涨，目前太阳能处于婴儿时期，但不久会成为我们的主要能源。 21. 答案 B 。 【试题分析】 此题考查文章的主题。 【详细解答】 本文讲解太阳能，其余的答案都不符合题意。 22. 答案 D 。 【试题分析】 此题为直接寻找信息题。 【详细解答】 “太阳能可以节省能源”与题意最贴切。见文章第二段第一句。 23. 答案 C 。 【参考译文】 太阳能是一种永恒的能源，几十亿年不会枯竭。 【试题分析】 此题为寻找具体信息题。 【详细解答】 文中所说的太阳的寿命是几十亿年。见文章第三段第一句。 24. 答案 C 。 【试题分析】 此题为判断题。 【详细解答】 只有太阳能无污染。 25. 答案 A 。 【参考译文】 现在太阳能处于婴儿期，但不久将会成为我国能源的重要组成部分。 【试题分析】 此题考查对文章主旨的理解。 【详细解答】 太阳能将是今后的主要能源。见文章最后两句话

8. 2009年重庆高考试题英语阅读理解C篇翻译

运动可以帮助你保持健康，接近自然。然而，不管是登山，踏浪还是在草专地上，你都应该意识属到你选择的运动有可能挥动环境有很大的影响。
有些运动很消耗资源。正如你所知，高尔夫不仅吞掉大片的乡村土地，而且还要消耗大量的水。除此以外，要保持球场状况良好，还要使用各种各样的化学物质和大量的能量。这导致主要的环境问题。举例来说，在葡萄牙和西班牙的干旱地区，高尔夫要对一些地方的水资源短缺负起主要责任。
有许多环保的运动。步行就是一项今天就可以开始的环保型运动。你不需要任何特别的装备除了一双好鞋子；你也不必担心资源问题和你的钱包。很简单，很自由，就可以让你保持健康了。如果你经常步行的话，对你的心脏和骨头会很有好处。专家说每天20分钟的步行可以让你减轻焦虑，睡眠良好以及更好的控制体重。
不管你从事什么运动，你都可以通过使用环保型的装备和购买回收材料所制成的产品来使这项运动更有利于环境。但是最好的选择应该是“绿色健身房”。他们更好的取代了传统的健康俱乐部和现代的运动中心。“绿色健身房”的成员们在室外，乡下或其他户外空地上运动。对于开始你的会员资格没有特别的要求。最好的是，它是免费的。

9. 05年硕士研究生入学考试英语阅读理解试题译文

Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de waal's; study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber . Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to rece resentment in a female capuchin.
The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions, in the wild, they are a co-operative, groupliving species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
人人都喜欢大幅加薪，但是当你知道一个同事薪水加得比你还要多的时候，那么加薪带给你的喜悦感就消失的无影无踪了。如果他还以懒散出名的话，你甚至会变得怒不可遏。这种行为被看作是“人之长情”，其潜在的假定其他动物不可能具有如此高度发达的不公平意识。但是由佐治亚州亚特兰大埃里莫大学的Sarah Brosnan 和Frans de Waal进行的一项研究表明，它也是“猴之常情”。这项研究成果刚刚发表在《自然》杂志上。
研究者们对雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为进行了研究。它们看起来很可爱，性格温顺，合作，乐于分享食物。最重要的是，就象女人们一样，它们往往比雄性更关注“商品和服务”价值。这些特性使它们成为Brosnan 和 de Waal理想的研究对象。研究者们花了两年的时间教这些猴子用代币换取食物。正常情况下，猴子很愿意用几块石头换几片黄瓜。但是，当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。
在卷尾猴的世界里，葡萄是奢侈品（比黄瓜受欢迎得多）。所以当一只猴子用一个代币换回一颗葡萄时，第二只猴子就不愿意用自己的代币换回一片黄瓜。如果一只猴子根本无需用代币就能够得到一颗葡萄的话，那么另外一只就会将代币掷向研究人员或者扔出房间外，或者拒绝接受那片黄瓜。事实上，只要在另一房间里出现了葡萄（不管有没有猴子吃它），都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。
研究人员指出，正如人类一样，卷尾猴也受社会情感的影响。在野外，它们是相互合作的群居动物。只有当每只猴子感到自己没有受到欺骗时，这种合作才可能稳定。不公平而引起的愤怒感似乎不是人类的专利。拒绝接受较少的酬劳可以让这些情绪准确无误地传达给其它成员。但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成，还是来自三千五百万前他们共同的祖先，这还是一个悬而未决的问题。
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.
There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report “Science never has all the answers .But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”
Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”.
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures .A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private instry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
还记得科学家们认为吸烟会致人死亡，而那些怀疑者们却坚持认为我们无法对此得出定论的时候吗？还记得怀疑者们坚持认为缺乏决定性的证据，科学也不确定的时候吗？还记得怀疑者们坚持认为反对吸烟的游说是为了毁掉我们的生活方式，而政府应该置身事外的时候吗？许多美国人相信了这些胡言乱语，在三十多年中，差不多有一千万烟民早早的进了坟墓。
现在出现了与吸烟类似的令人感到难过的事情。科学家们前仆后继，试图使我们意识到全球气候变暖所带来的日益严重的威胁。最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家团，他们告诉我们，地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖，而这个问题主要是人为造成的。明确的信息表明是我们应该立刻着手保护自己。国家科学院院长Bruce Alberts在专家团报告的前言中加上了这一重要观点：“科学解答不了所有问题。但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。
就象吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整。在我们证实这件事之前可以向大气中不断的排放气体。这是一个危险的游戏；到了有百分之百的证据的时候，可能就太晚了。随着风险越来越明显，并且不断增加，一个谨慎的民族现在应该准备一份保单了。
幸运的是，白宫开始关注这件事了。但是显然大多数总统顾问并没有认真看待全球气候变暖这个问题。他们没有出台行动计划，相反只是继续迫切要求进行更多的研究――这是一个经典的“分析导致麻痹案例”。
为了成为地球上有责任心的一员，我们必须积极推进对于大气和海洋的深入研究。但只有研究是不够的。如果政府不争取立法上的主动权，国会就应该帮助政府开始采取保护措施。弗吉尼亚的民主党议员Robert Byrd提出一项议案，从经济上激励私企，就是一个良好的开端。许多人看到这个国家正准备修建许多新的发电厂，以满足我们的能源需求。如果我们准备保护大气，关键要让这些新发电厂对环境无害。
Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and rears, by the late 1970s. neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” the random byprocts of the neural-repair work that goes on ring sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line”. And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. “It's your dream” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. “If you don't like it , change it.”
Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active ring REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system (the “emotional brain”)is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy of depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr, William Dement.
The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated ring the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events-until, it appears, we begin to dream.
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead, the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of “we wake u in a panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you'll feel better in the morning.
在高质量睡眠的所有因素中，梦似乎是最无法控制的一个。在梦中，窗户通向的世界里，逻辑暂时失去了效用，死人开口说话。一个世纪前，弗洛伊德阐述了革命性的理论，即梦是人们潜意识中欲望和恐惧经伪装后的预示；到了20世纪70年代末期，神经病学家们转而认为梦是“精神噪音”，即睡眠时进行的神经修复活动的一种杂乱的副产品。目前，研究人员猜想梦是大脑情感自动调节系统的组成部分，当大脑处于“掉线”状态时对情绪进行规整。一名主要的权威人士说，梦这种异常强烈的精神活动不仅能被驾驭，事实上还可以有意识地加以控制，以帮助我们更好地睡眠和感觉。芝加哥医疗中心心里学系主任 Rosalind Cartwright说“梦是你自己的，如果你不喜欢，就改变它。”
大脑造影的证据支持了以上观点。匹兹堡大学的埃里克博士说，在出现清晰梦境的快速动眼睡眠中大脑和完全清醒时一样活跃。但并非大脑的所有部分都一样，脑边缘系统（“情绪大脑”）异常活跃，而前额皮层（思维和推理的中心地带）则相对平静大。斯坦福睡眠研究员William Dement博士说：“我们从梦中醒来，或者高兴或者沮丧，这些情绪会伴随我们一整天。”
梦和情绪之间的联系在Cartwright的诊所的病人身上显露出来了。多数人似乎在晚上入睡的较早阶段做更多不好的梦，而在快睡醒前会逐渐做开心一些的梦，这说明人们在梦里渐渐克服了白天的不良情绪。因为清醒时我们的头脑被日常琐事占据着，所以并不总是想到白天发生的事情对我们情绪的影响，直到我们开始做梦，这种影响才出现。
这一过程不一定是无意识的。Cartwright认为人们可以练习有意识地控制噩梦的重演。你一醒来就立刻确定梦中有什么在困扰你，设想一下你所希望的梦的结局，下次再做同样的梦时，试图醒来以控制它的进程。通过多次练习，人们完全可以学会在梦中这样做。
Cartwright说，说到底，只要梦不使我们无法睡眠或“从梦中惊醒”，就没有理由太在意所做的梦。恐怖主义、经济不确定及通常的不安全感都增加了人们的焦虑。那些长期受到噩梦折磨的人应该寻求专家帮助，而对其他人来说，大脑有自动消除不良情绪的方法。安心睡觉甚至做梦，早上醒来时你会感觉好多了。
American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing:The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in ecation. Mr.McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the graal disappearance of “whom” ,for example, to be natural and no more regranttable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.
But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly ecated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.
Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas .He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.
Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical ecation reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.
美国人已不再期待公众人物在演讲或写作中能运用技巧和文采来驾驭英语，而公众人物自己也不渴望这样。语言学家麦荷特喜好争论，他的观点混杂着自由派与保守派的看法。在他最近的书《做我们自己的事：语言和音乐的退化，以及为什么我们应该喜欢或在意？》中，这位学者认为60年代反文化运动的胜利要对正式英语的退化负责。
责备放纵的六十年代不是什么新鲜事，但这次算不上是对教育衰落的又一场批判。麦荷特先生的学术专长在于语言史和语言演变。举例来说，他认为“whom”一词的逐渐消失是自然的，并不比古英语中词格尾缀的消失更让人惋惜。
然而，“做自己的事”这一对事务真实性和个人性的崇高信条，已经导致了正式演讲、写作、诗歌及音乐的消亡。在20世纪60年代以前，仅受过一般教育的人在下笔时都会寻求一种更高雅的强调；而那之后，即使是最受关注的文章也开始逮住口语就写在纸面上。同样的，对于诗歌来说，非常个性化和富有表现力的创作风格成为了能够表达真实生动含义的唯一形式。无论作为口语还是书面语的英语，随意言谈胜过雅致的言辞，自我发挥也压过了精心准备。
麦荷特显示先生从上层和下层文化中列举了一系列有趣的例子，从而说明他记录的这种趋势是确凿无误的。但就书中副标题中的疑问：为什么我们应该、喜欢或在意，答案却不够明确。作为语言学家，麦荷特认为各种各样的人类语言，包括像黑人语言这样的非标准语言，都具有强大的表达力――世上没有传达不了复杂思想的语言或方言。不像其他大多数人，麦荷特先生并不认为我们说话方式不再规范就会使我们不能够准确的思考。
俄罗斯人深爱自己的语言，并在脑海中存储了大量诗歌；而意大利的政客们往往精心准备演讲，即使这在大多数讲英语的人们眼里已经过时。麦荷特先生认为正式语言并非不可或缺，也没有提出要进行彻底的教育改革――他其实只是为那些美好事务而不是实用品的消逝而哀叹。我们现在用“纸盘子”而非“瓷盘子”装着我们的英语大餐。真是惭愧啊，但很可能已无法避免。

10. 请问有没有适合初一学生做的英语阅读理解(关于空气污染)简单一点，加翻译 谢谢啦

有很多文章可以在书通网网页链接找一下。只能帮你到这里了。

篇一：空气污染 Air Pollution

In the past few decades, our Earth has changed a lot, but to the bad direction. Among these changes, the air pollutions resulting from a huge number of automobiles and coal-burning is almost the severest. The severe air pollution alarms humans of the heavy load we have exerted on Earth by our insatiable proction and usage of automobiles. However, with the deepening of urbanization, more cars are needed, which will make the air pollution worse. Therefore, the following actions should be taken. First, we should apply the most cutting-edge technologies in order to adopt new forms of energy as substitutes for fossil fuels. Second, try hard to develop possible transportation means, which are enviromental friendly. So that the citizens can rece the dependence on cars. In short, our humans should take responsibilities for the air pollution and have to find ways to solve this problem.
在过去的几十年中，我们的地球发生了很大变化，但是是往坏的方向。在这些变化中，大量汽车和煤燃烧产生的空气污染是最为严重的。严重的空气污染警告人类，我们无休止的的生产和使用汽车给我们的地球带来了沉重的负荷。然而，随着城市化的加深，汽车的需求量也越大，这会导致空气污染更严重。因此，我们应该采取以下行动。首先，我们应该运用最尖端的技术，以新型能源作为化石燃料的替代品。其次，努力寻找可能的环境友好型交通方式。这样城市居民就可以减少对汽车的依赖。简而言之，人类应该承担空气污染的责任，寻找解决这一问题的方法。

篇二：汽车与环境空气污染Car and Pollution

In general, there are two ways of traveling, private cars and public transportation. Chinese people should regard public transportation as their first traveling opinion.
一般来说,有两种旅游方式，私家车和公共交通工具。中国人应该把公共交通工具作为旅游的第一选择。
First, there are so many people living in this countries that make it so crowded. If each chinese people own a car, there will be far more traffic jams and accidents, which increase you impatience.
首先,这个国家住着很多人，使得它非常拥挤。如果每个中国人都拥有一辆私家车，将会有更多的交通堵塞和事故，这会让你变得更加的不耐烦。
Moreover, there will be far more pollution resulted from cars. Once a car started, it release huge amount of dirty gas and heat, which lead to great pollution and result in green house effect.
再者，由于私家车将会有更多的污染。一旦汽车起动,它释放大量的脏气和热量，这会导致很大的污染和温室效应。
All in all, Chinese people should take public transpotation into consideration first。
总之，中国人应该以公共交通工具为第一选择。

篇三：关于空气污染的英语作文

Once man did not have to think about the protection of his environment. There were few people on the earth, and natural resources seemed to be unlimited.
Today things are different. The world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources,and polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.
We realize that if too many fish are taken from the sea, there will soon be none left. Yet,with modern fishing methods, more and more fish are caught.We know that if too many trees are cut down, forests will disappear. Yet, we continue to use powerful machines to cut down more and more trees. We see that if rivers are polluted with waste procts, we will die. Yet, waste procts arestill put into rivers.
We know that if the population continues to rise at the present rate, in a few years, there won't be enough food.What can we do to solve these problems?
If we eat more vegetables and less meat, there will be more food available. Land for crops feeds five times more people than land where animals are kept.
Our natural resources will last longer if we learn to recycie them.
The world population will not rise so quickly if people use modern methods of birth control.
Finally, if we ecate people to think about the problems we shall have a better and cleaner planet in the future.

从前人类不必考虑保护他的环境。地球上几乎没有人，自然资源似乎是无限的。 今天情况不同。世界变得太拥挤了。我们正在消耗我们的自然资源，用危险的化学品污染我们的环境。如果我们继续这样做，地球上的人类生命将无法生存。 我们意识到，如果有太多的鱼被从海里带走，很快就会剩下一条鱼了。然而，随着现代捕鱼方法，越来越多的鱼被捕获。我们知道，如果砍伐太多的树木，森林将消失。然而，我们继续使用强大的机器砍伐越来越多的树木。我们看到，如果河流被废物污染，我们就会死亡。然而，废物仍然被放入河流中。 我们知道，如果人口继续以现在的速度增长，几年后，就不会有足够的食物。我们能做些什么来解决这些问题？ 如果我们多吃蔬菜少吃肉，就会有更多的食物供应。种植作物的土地比饲养动物的土地多出五倍。 如果我们学会重新利用它们，我们的自然资源将持续更长的时间。 如果人们使用现代的节育方法，世界人口不会增长得如此迅速。 最后，如果我们教育人们思考这些问题，我们将来会有一个更好、更清洁的星球。