A. 英语阅读:table manners in the west
table manners in the west 在西方的餐桌礼仪
manners
英 ['mænəz]
美 ['mænəz]
n. 礼貌（manner的复数形式）
n. (Manners)人名；(英、瑞典)曼纳斯
更多释义>>
[网络短专语]
manners 礼貌,礼仪,规矩属
Miss Manners 礼仪小姐,礼貌小姐
Telephone Manners 优雅的通讯礼节,电话礼仪,电话礼貌
B. 英语文章,关于中西文明礼仪的差异
中西方礼仪文化差异
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来源：洪恩论坛 English Cafe 日期：2005-4-12 作者：long007 阅读：18636 次
With China entry the WTO and will hold the Olympic Games in 2008, the relationship between China and Western in politics, economy, culture will become more and more close. It is undoubtedly that the etiquette will play an important role in this process. To the definition of etiquette, China and Western have a different understanding. As Chinese thinks that the etiquette is the common behavior standards that all the members must obey, and its purpose is to keep the normal living order of the society. In ancient China, a famous philosopher thinks that etiquette is a principal to deal with the relationship between man and supernatural beings, man and ghosts, man and men. There are also many words about etiquette
in English. For example, courtesy which means courteous behavior, good manners;
protocol which means system of rules governing formal occasion, e .g, meetings,
between governments, diplomats, etc. And these words are all from the same French word etiquette. Of course, more spread and more profound cultural comment of
the western etiquette is from the Classical Period, i.e., old Athens and Roma culture. Today, etiquette become the reflection and manifestation of one country’
s politics, economy, culture in people’s social contact. And it include the principal and moral that people should obey in daily life. Etiquette formed in the
process of the deposition of culture and social contact. So every nation have their own etiquette standard which created with the spirit of this their nation. Because of this formed the cultural difference between different nations. As languages is the carrier of the human culture. This difference must reflect in the language of different nations. So in the following, we will take china, British and America as the representation of Western, to look at some cultural difference
in etiquette, and then analyze the reasons. Furthermore, we will discuss how to
learn western culture.
一.
Cultural differences on politeness between western and Chinese can be found in
many aspects of daily communication, including addressing, greeting and parting,
compliments, apologies, thanks, etc. In the following, we will look at some cultural different between China and western.
1.Greeting and Parting
When people meet acquaintances or friends, people usually greet each other
. The purpose of greeting is to establish or maintain social contact. So formulaic expressions are often used, but such formulaic expressions often causes conflict because of the great cultural differences between Chinese and native English
speakers. In English, people often employ the following expressions to greet each other “Good morning/evening/afternoon. “Fine day, isn’t it? ”How is everything going?” Have you eaten yet?” What are you going to do?” Where have you
been?”etc. Westerners treat them as real question. While in Chinese, we always
say “你吃了吗？”“你上哪里去？”“你干什么去？”to show our consideration. Parting may be divided into two steps. Before the final prating, there is usual a
leave-taking. Western and Chinese cultures have diverse ways to deal with leave-
takings. Firstly, in English society, ring the closing phase of an encounter,
from ”I” perspective, reasons for terminating the encounter are presented in mitigatory comments. Typical comments are associated with expressions of apology,
such as “I” am afraid I must be off, I have to relieve the baby-sitter” etc.
Western people believe that to be willing to visit and converse with someone is
to have respect for him.; to terminate the visiting is not of one’s own free will, but because of some other arrangements, therefore they always try to make their leaving sound reluctant by finding some reasons and apologize for it to make the leaving acceptable for both parties. English speakers often signal several
times before leaving. “Well, it’s been nice to see you again. I do enjoy our
talk and the lovely dinner, but I must be going soon”. Thank you very much for
asking me over. I hope we’ll be able to get together again before long…” Consolidation in a wider range of common acquaintances also occurs, in expressions such as “Say hello to Jack for me” or “Remember me to John”. In Chinese society, ring the closing phase of and encounter, usually, from a “you ”perspective, reasons for ending the encounter are set forth in mitigatory expressions. Such expressions include“你挺忙的，我就不多打扰了。”“你一定累了，早点休息吧，我
要告辞了。”, etc. With these words, they may stand up from their seats. Chinese
leave-taking is very short and quick. Western people think it so abrupt that they have not prepare for it. While moving to the door, Chinese employ expressions
of apology like“对不起没，打扰了。”“对不起，占用你不少时间。”It should be noted that these expressions employed by Chinese guests to show concern for their
hosts can only be appropriate for business visits in the English environment2..AddressingBoth western and Chinese people have two kinds of personal names---a surname and
a given name. But the order and the use of these names in the two languages are
somewhat different. In Chinese, the surname comes first and then the given name
. And people like add“小”before their family name. Such as“小王”、“小郑”、
“小李”、“小徐”and so on.. While westerners names are written and spoken with
the given name first and the family name last. So John Smith's family name is Smith, not John. In a formal setting, address men as "Mister" (abbreviated as "Mr
."), married women as "Misses" (abbreviated as "Mrs."), and unmarried women as "
Miss" (abbreviated as "Ms."). These days many women prefer to be addressed using
the abbreviations "Ms." or "M.", pronounced "miz". If the person has an M.D. or
Ph.D., they will often be addressed as "Doctor" (abbreviated as "Dr."). Faculty
are addressed as "Professor" (abbreviated as "Prof.").In an informal situation,
westerners will introce each other by first name, without titles, and occasionally by just the last name. If you are introced to somebody by first name, you can address him or her by first name the next time you meet. The only exception would be for someone who holds an important position, such as the university president or provost. Unless they tell you otherwise, faculty should be addressed
using their title and last name (e.g., "Professor Smith"). When in doubt, use the formal manner of address, since it is better to err on the side of formality.
It is also appropriate to ask how they prefer to be addressed. Children should
always address alts in the formal fashion, using their title and last name.
Another difference is about the form of addressing. From the viewpoint of sociolinguistics, forms of addressing can serve as an indication of the relationship of power and solidarity in the society. In calling their superiors or elders, the
Chinese are accustomed to the nonreciprocal or asymmetrical addressing, in other words. They use “title +surname” to address their superior or elders rather
than call them surnames, while the superior or elders call the addressers their
names. The Chinese tend to abide by the polite principle of depreciating oneself
and respecting others to show appropriate respects towards the persons being addressed, otherwise, the addresser may be considered as ill mannered, ill ecated or rude. But in English speaking countries, people have a tendency to follow the reciprocal or symmetrical addressing. Although they are different in age and
status, they can call the other directly, namely, their names, even first names
except when they call the doctors, not arousing offence between them, but demonstrating the sense of intimacy and the conception of” Everyone is created equal”
. Chinese people feel unnatural addressing a westerner by his given name, feeling that it indicates too close a relationship, and westerners, on the other hand,
may feel that if a Chinese insists on using his surname, it indicates an unwillingness to be friendly and maintains a gap between them. So the use of forms like” Miss Mary” or “Mr. Smith ” may be a Chinese forms of compromise. With Miss Mary, the use of the given name indicates friendliness, but the addition of the title indicates the respect they feel they ought to show. And with Smith, the
lack of a title indicates friendliness, but the use of the surname prevents if sounding too intimate. However, both addressing used by the Chinese sound very strange and uncomfortable to the westerner.
3.Compliments and ResponseTo compliment is to praise the addressee’s virtues, ability, behavior, appearance, clothing, personality and belongs. Appropriate compliments can serve as effective supplementary means in inter-personal communication. Western and Chinese culture are at polar opposites about compliment. An western hostess, if she is complimented for her cooking skill, is likely to say,” Oh, I am so glad that you
liked it. I cook it especially for you.” Not so is a Chinese hostess, who will
instead apologize for giving you “Nothing”. They will say“随便作几个菜，不好吃
。”If translate this into English“I just made some dishes casually and they are not very tasty. Perhaps the foreigner will think why you invite me to you family and have the untasty food. You aren't respect me. The English-speaking people
are more active to praise others and to be praise than Chinese people. For example, the Americans are “straight forwardness”, the Chinese take pride in “modesty”. That modesty has left many a Chinese hungry at an Americans table, for Chinese politeness calls for three refusals before one accepts an offer and the Americans hosts take ”no ” to mean “no ”, whether it is the first, second or
third time. Still bigger differences exist in people’s attitude towards compliments, i.e., in the response to compliments. Chinese are tend to efface themselves in words or refuse it, although they do feel comfortable about the compliments
. So many westerners simply feel puzzled or even upset when their Chinese friends refused their compliments. The Chinese people are not intending to be modest with the sacrifice of friendship in so doing, but it is rather
e to the traditional Chinese philosophy, that of modesty. The Chinese people
regard modesty as a most valuable virtue, so they seldom agree to the compliment
on their own.
4.Apologies and ResponsesIf wrong things are done, there must be apologies .As to how to offer apologies,
both western and Chinese people may “I am sorry….”,”I apologize for…”. Etc. But Chinese would like to apologize for the crowded state of their dwellings
and for small numbers of dishes, although the room is big enough and there are many dishes. Chinese stay these to express self-depreciation only out of courtesy
, not having other implication. But the westerners would wonder, since the room
is so large and there are so many dishes, why do they say so. May be they do not
welcome our visit, they don’t like us to eat more. When Chinese contact with westerners, if they do not know these differences, if will lead to misunderstanding. The ways to respond to apologies are different, too.
A: Oh, I’m sorry. I forget it.
B1: It doesn’t matter.
B2: That’s all right.
B2 is westerners. B1 is a Chinese person. “It doesn’t matter” is a translation of “没关系”from Chinese, which is a common pattern in Chinese to respond to
apologies. If a Chinese uses this to respond to apologies, westerners will think
that he is a sharp person, who simply cannot forgive a very little wrong thing.
5. Thanks and Responses
“Thank you” is widely used in English to show gratitude in such cases as being
invited, helped, given a gift, etc. Cultural differences exist between Chinese
and western in how to express thanks and responses. In fact, “Thank you” is uttered in English for more than acknowledging favor or gratitude, and it is often
a means to show politeness. On many occasions, the English use this utterance while the Chinese may say “有劳您了。”or do not say a word at all but just smile or nod. As a matter of fact, “Thank you ” is used more widely by westerners
than Chinese use“谢谢”, for minor favors like borrowing pencil , asking directions, requesting someone to pass on a message , receiving a telephone, etc. “Thank you” not only shows politeness but also carries a person’s grateful feeling for those who offer help. Without using expressions of gratitude, misunderstandings may arise because the help seems to be taken for granted and is mot appreciated, For westerners, each person is an equal indivial, whether he is a family member of not. In Chinese, “谢谢”is not frequently used between intimate friends and family members because it may imply a certain distance between the addresser and the addressee. Native speakers may respond to “Thank you ” by saying
: You are welcome /It’s a /my pleasure/ Not at all/ Don’t mention it/That’s all right. While Chinese people may say:“这是我应该做的”， which may convey to
westerners the message that the Chinese did not really want to do it, or that he
/she did it only because it wall his/her ty. This message is quite different
from what the Chinese speaker intended to express.
6. Asking Personal Affairs
People from China do not regard it as asking personal affairs when they ask others name、year、marital status、wages、personal life、belief and political points. It is regard as concerns. While the westerns will think you 侵犯their right
of privacy. when we talk to the westerns, we must avoid asking some questions like this:“How old are you?”、“Are you married？”、“How many children do you
have？”、“How much do you make？”、“What’s your weight?”、“Do you go to the church？”
7.Invitation and Saying Good-Bye
In the culture of British and America, it is very important to consult a time before you invite somebody to attend a banquet or take part in social activities.
Esp. in America, invite somebody means you are borrow times of others. So they respect time very much. While in China, people are prefer to an uninvited guest.
And otherwise, You will be thought unfriendly if you cannot receive an uninvited
guest very well.
8.关切语
In China, we always say“你辛苦了！”、“你一定累了吧！”to show our consideration when somebody from far place. While the westerners do it in a different way.
They will say "How is your trip? "You must be very interesting." These sentences
are all express in psychological aspect. Concerning the old people is the virtue of human race. But different cultures have different styles. In China, people
will say“您年纪大了，你坐吧！”when they 让座to a old man. But this is regarded
as taboo.
二.
Different cultural factors may result in cultural differences, and consequently,
the acknowledgment of the factors that affect the cultural differences will facilitate the understanding of such differences, part of which will vie discuss in
the followings. Since it is impossible to cover all of the factors in this thesis, the factors discussed here are some important ones.
Factors affect cultural differences1. Cultural Background
One of the cultural different reasons between China and western is cultural background. In Spring and Autumn and Warring s periods of China emerged Confucianism, Taoism and other ideologies .As different ideologies developed and combated each other, the basic framework of Chinese civilization was established. And then
Confucianism became the foundation stone of Chinese philosophy system. Confucianism's central doctrine is that of the virtue of Ren. What is Ren? Ren is translated variously as goodness, benevolence, humanity and human-heartedness. In short, Ren means affection and love. For more than 2 thousand years it has molded and shaped the civilization of China and exerted a profound influence upon almost
one fourth of human race. Just as DR. Sun-Yat-Sen said:” Therefore the old morals of loyalty and piety, affection, and love, faithfulness and righteousness, are superior to those of the foreign countries Let alone that peace and harmony. These high standards of morals are our national spirit. "
Different from China, Christianity plays an important role in western. The English speaking countries are generally considered as Christian countries where many
people believe in Christianity. Christianity is the region based on the life and teaching of Jesus Christ. He is the founder of Christianity. According to the
doctrine of Christianity, the Trinity is the union of the three forms of God, the Son and the Holy Spirit. Jesus Christ the son of the God, and the holy book of
Christianity is the Bible, which consists of the Old Testament and the New Testament. However, the power of the church cannot compare with the past time, it still influence many aspects of people 's daily life. For example, there are a few
important festivals in the western is concern with Jesus Christ. Christmas day
is a festival in celebration of the birth of the Jesus Christ on Dec.25.Virgin Birth refers to the birth of Christ, which Christians believe to have been caused
by God rather than by ordinary sexual union.
2. Different valuesAnother cultural different reasons between China and western is different value
The concept of Chinese values is often consciously or unconsciously placed in opposition with Western values. Therefore, it is necessary to determine how people
define Western values. Some have stated that the modern Western value system originated in Victorian England, and describe it as social norms and behaviors common in European people ring that time. The core of Western values is indivialism. David Hitchcock described Western values from a Chinese perspective. He said that, from the Chinese viewpoint, Western values have three levels: 1) physical level – science, technology, business, public administration, and modern capitalist economics; 2) conceptual level – equal opportunity, the role of law; and time management; and 3) core values – open debate, equality, balance of power
; free speech, and democracy. The core of the Chinese value has some relationship with the Confucianism. The ethnic principle of Confucianism is its discovery of the ultimate in the moral character of human relationships in which Confucius
offered the solution for the ills and evils of his days. That is the well-known
Five Relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend. This was explained as“There should be affection between
father and son , righteous sense of ty between ruler and minister, division of
function between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends.”During the more than two thousand years of the feudal period, the ruling class arrange every thing by this relationships, and then formed a class society. In this kind of society, a minister owes loyalty to his ruler
, and a child filial respect to his parent. The result is the humanity is neglected and people have no equality.
Different from China, in the Renaissance period of England, people began to emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of
their life, but also have the ability to perfect themselves and perform wonders.
This is the rudiment of Humanism. People became respect the humanity from then
on. And then develop into the ideas of what we always said freedom, democracy. Today, take Americans for instance; the top
C. 跪求西方礼仪，一定要是英文的！
A, banquet etiquette
一、宴会礼仪
(1) in when you're invited to dinner party, you sit at this table and table conversation, probably want to eat more interested in comparison. Therefore, should as far as possible to dine thetime little noise and less action.
1当你应邀去参加晚宴派对,你坐在这张桌子,餐桌上的谈话,大概要比吃更感兴趣。因此,进餐时的噪音要小,动作小些。
(2) the hostess a picked up a napkin, you also can take your napkin, in your lap. Sometimes napkin package are a little bread. If that is the case will get it also, on the side of XiaoDie.
(2)当女主人拿起餐巾时,你也可以把你的餐巾放在你身上。有时餐巾纸包有一点面包。如果是那样的话将会得到它,XiaoDie的一面上。
(3) napkin if large, double of overlapping in your lap, If small, is opened entirely. Never will napkin in collar or vest don't in hand, and don't rub disorderly. Can use the napkin corner of the mouth or wipe away the oil or dirt on her finger. Don't use it to wipe the silver or dishes.
(3)餐巾如果太大、双叠覆上了你的膝盖.如果小,就全部打开。不要把餐巾纸放在背心或别在衣领或手上,不要擦得乱七八糟。可以用手指捏住餐巾的角落擦去油口或灰尘。不要用它来擦刀叉或菜。
(4) dinner usually start from soup. In your seat before the biggest a spoon is spoon, and it's on your right side of the side. Don't wrong with in the middle of the table and the spoon, because that can be taken with vegetables can jam.
(4)晚餐通常是先从汤开始。在你的座位上最大的勺子是前汤匙,它在你的右手边的一边。别错放在桌子中间的汤匙 。
(5) in the hostess takes up her a spoon or a fork, before the guest may not eat any kind of a dish. The hostess normally wait until every guest get after dish began. She doesn't like China get used to that, please eat first. When she picked up the spoon or a fork, that means you can do that.
(5)在女主人拿起她的汤匙或叉子,在客人面前可能不吃任何一道菜。女主人通常等到每个来宾得到菜后才开始了。当她拿起那把汤匙或叉子,这就意味着你可以吃了。
(6) if you have fish this dish, it is found mostly in soup after send, table may have a special fish fork, it may also meat forks similar, usually are smaller, anyhow, harpoon in meat from the outside of the fork dish far side.
(6)如果有鱼这道菜,它多半在汤后发送,则表示有一个特殊的鱼餐叉,它也可能肉叉相似,通常较小,总之,在鱼叉叉菜的外面远的一边。
(7) usually served in fish, fish bone early before picking clean, if you eat the piece of fish and stab words, you can be left with a bread roll, or a piece of bread, right hand holding a knife through thorn.
(7)通常如果菜单有鱼,鱼骨头在之前就采摘干净,如果你吃了那块鱼和刺的话,你可以留下了一个小圆面包,或一片面包,右手拿着刀子。
(8) if mouth has got a splinter quietly, as far as possible, should not attract attention with fingers will it out, put them in the plate edge and don't put on the table, or throwing in underground.
(8)如果口里扎了一根刺,尽量不应引起人们的关注,用手指将它出来,放在盘子边缘,不要放在桌上,或者扔在地下。
In addition, I on French table manners taboo some knowledge, such as after:
此外,我在法国的餐桌礼仪禁忌的一些知识,如下:
Second, the French table manners seven avoid
其次,法国餐桌礼仪七条
Promised to each other's invitation if temporary have something to be late or even cancel the appointment, must notice to each other. When some of the later is acceptable, but if more than 15 minutes will give each other not value date of bad impression. In order when oneself should be selected favorite foods, if read the menu also have no idea word, but please waitress for you recommend restaurants specialty, but will give made clear, if eat seafood, don't eat red meats, remember everything hesitated, only knows how to say "is it (literally let)" will only add trouble to ride the guest. Dinner should pay attention to detail very much, but actually most daily's etiquette, just keep calm, not doing big movement, not a lot of noise or obstruction of others as a proper words had dinner.
如果邀请临时有事要迟到或甚至取消约会,一定要注重彼此打招呼。在这之后的是可以接受的,但如果超过15分钟会给对方不好的印象。在点餐时自己应该选择最喜欢的食物,如阅读菜单中也不知道的话,可以请服务员为您推荐餐厅的菜,要给予明确表示,如果吃海鲜,不吃红肉, 晚餐要注重细节非常多,但其实大多数的日常的礼仪,只是保持镇静,不要做大的运动,而不是很大的噪音或妨碍他人就是一个好的晚餐。
1, use the most basic principle is tableware from outside to inside, complete a dish is serve to receive this of tableware, according to need or will fill the another set of knife and fork.
1,用最基本的原则是餐具从外到内,完成一道菜来接受这个副本是服务的餐具,根据需要或将填补另一组刀叉。
2, eat meat (such as when the steak) should start cutting corners, finished one again cut piece. Do not eat or parts of dishes, need to move it to plate.
2,吃肉时(如牛排)应该从最面前开始,吃完了一次再切。不要吃掉一半的菜肴,需要将它整个移动到盘子里,然后再小块的吃。
3, such as mouth have anything to spit it out, shall be handed over to pick up a fork mouth, or with finger out, then moved to plate edge. The process must try not to lead others note that after meals can be naturally.
3,如口有东西要吐了出来,应当用叉子,或用手指,然后放在桌子旁边。在过程中必须尽量避免引起别人的注意,要自然的。
4, meet legumes or rice type of dishes, can left hand to hold the forks on flat surface plate, fork pointing upwards, again with a knife will legumes or rice light to fork on will be to dial. If need seasoning but stretched out his hand and took less than, can ask the other side pass you, don't stand up prone to take.
4、豆类和大米类型的菜,会左手握叉子在平面板、叉尖向上,再用刀子豆类或大米光将会拨叉上。如果需要调味料,但伸手拿不到的,可以要求另一方通过你们,不要站起来容易掉出来的。
5, finish eat wipe hand wipe mouth with the napkin energetically rub, avoid by all means a corner of the carriage with the napkin attention to talk or finger print gently on the oil can be.
5,吃完了擦手擦嘴用餐巾,切忌在一个角落里用餐巾,注意谈话声音小些,或者用手轻轻地叉掉油即可。
6, even if stool more comfortable, sitting position should be kept upright, don't depend on the back. While feeding body can be slightly lean forward, two arms shall cleave to the body, to avoid hitting the next door.
6坐姿应该保持正直,不要靠在椅背上。进食时身体会略向前倾,两臂紧贴身体,以免撞到隔壁。
7, finish eat after each dish, such as put your knife and fork quadrilateral put, or play cross put in disorder, is very ugly. The correct method is put your knife and fork side by side on plate, fork tooth face up.
7,吃完之后,每个菜,如将刀叉四边形放,或者玩交叉乱放,非常丑陋。正确的方法是将刀叉并排放好
D. 跪求 有关于英美国家社交礼仪方面的英语阅读文章，中英文对照
http://www.pep.com.cn/ce/czyy/bnjx/dzkb/200703/t20070315_345662.htm
E. 英语阅读短文 手机上的礼节
Unspoken rules govern cell phone etiquette
are using cell phones in a Manhattansubway. Most Americans believe there are unspokenrules about mobile phone etiquette, accorind to anonline poll.
It may not seem like it when commuters areshouting down their cell phones to the dismay ofother passengers but most Americans believe thereare unspoken rules about mobile phone etiquette.
Checking emails, sending text messages andmaking telephone calls while in the company of others are definite breeches of mobile manners.
Texting ring a date is also strictly forbidden.
But most people questioned in an online poll said they would not be offended if theyreceived an electronic thank you, instead of a written note and 75 percent had no objections toanyone using laptops, netbooks and cell phones in the bathroom.
"Etiquette is first and foremost a question of awareness," said author and etiquetteexpert Anna Post.
But she described the results of the Harris Interactive poll commissioned by Intel as "prettysurprising statistics."
Sixty-two percent of the 2,625 alts who took part in the survey agreed that cellphones, laptops, netbooks and other electronic devices are part of daily life.
Fifty-five percent also thought the demands of business mean people must stay connected,even if it involves taking a laptop on a holiday or answering a cell phone ring a meal.
But despite the need to be constantly connected and the general acceptance of thetechnology, people were more sensitive about technology abuses ring holiday and religiousactivities.
Nearly 90 percent of Americans think cell phone use is unacceptable ring a religiousservice and 30 percent admitted they would be offended if they received an online gift wish.
But more than half revealed that they intended to send an electronic greeting card, insteadof a traditional one.
"These are issues about common sense," said Dr Genevieve Bell, an ethnographer anddirector of Intel's User Experience Group, adding that the social rules of when and how it isappropriate to use the technology are still being formed.
Vocabulary:
shout down: to overwhelm or silence by shouting loudly(高声喝止，大声喊叫使对方的声音听不到)
to the dismay of sb.:使某人沮丧;使某人惊慌
etiquette: the practices and forms prescribed by social convention or by authority(礼节)
breeches: conceited; unly self-confident(妄自尊大，目中无人)
netbook: a small portable laptop computer designed for wireless communication andaccess to the Internet(上网笔记本电脑)
first and foremost：first of all, most important, primarily(首先，首要地)
在上下班的路上打手机声音太大把别人吓到，你可能难以相信，但大多数美国人认为使用手机还是有一些不成文的礼节。
当你和朋友在一起时，查收电邮、发短信以及打电话都被视为不礼貌的行为。
约会时发短信也是一大禁忌。
但在一项在线调查中，大多数受访者称自己即便收到的感谢便条是电子版的而非亲笔写的，也不会生气。75%的受访者对别人在浴室里用笔记本电脑、上网本和打手机没有意见。
作家和礼节专家安娜 波斯特说：“礼节首先是一个意识的问题。”
但她称该调查的结果“相当令人吃惊”。该调查由英特尔公司委托哈里斯互动调查开展。
在2625名成年受访者中，62%的人认为手机、笔记本电脑、上网本以及其它电子设备是日常生活的一部分。
55%的受访者认为，工作需要使人们必须保持联系，哪怕这意味着在度假时要带上笔记本电脑，或者在用餐时接手机。
尽管时时保持联系成为一种需要，人们也普遍接受了这项科技，但人们对在休假和宗教活动时使用手机还是比较敏感。
近90%的美国人认为在宗教活动时使用手机不可接受，30%的受访者称自己如果收到网络礼物会不高兴。
但一半以上的受访者称他们更倾向于发送电子贺卡，而非传统贺卡。
人种学者、英特尔公司用户体验团队的主管吉纳维芙 贝尔博士说：“这是常识的问题”，“何时以及如何正确使用手机的社会规则仍在形成之中。
F. 英语阅读理解讲怎样向机器人结借书要讲礼貌的七年级
robot baby-sitter Japan recently made a new robot. It can take care of a cld. The new robot is called robot baby-sitter. It weighs 1. pounds, and has a body of 1. by 10. and by . inches. robot baby-sitter is a small robot, but it has many special skills. It can recognize and remember up to ten faces and use its eight separate electronic ears to understand human voices even in noisy situations. It also plays games with cldren when they are unhappy, or sing songs or ask suizzes to entertain the cld. If the cld is bored, iPapero will change new songs and suizzes so that it doesn't repeat itself. The robot babysitter even has a cell phone to call a parent when the cld asks for s mother. 日本不久以前制造了一个新的机器人。它会照看小孩。这个新机器人叫做机器人保姆。它1.磅重，身体是1.×10.×.英寸 机器人保姆是个小机器人，但它有很多特殊的技能。喔 顺便一提，目前我在学的ABC天芐口语的老师和我提到 就是想学会英语是不难的！一定要有一个适宜的研习情境和进修口语对象 老师水平是关键，欧美人士比东南亚好很多 口语标准才是最好 坚决经常口语沟通 1&1个性化学习才能够有非常.好.的学习成效；学习后需要重复复习录音文档，来进一步深化知识..实在是真的无对象可练习的状况下，那么就到 VOA或爱思取得课余学习材料研习 多说多练不知不觉的英语水平就提升起来，整体效果肯定会迅速明显的；它能识别和记忆多达十张脸，即使是在吵闹的情况下，它也能用它八只分开的电子耳朵听懂人的声音。当孩子们不高兴时，它还和他们玩游戏、唱歌或猜谜语让他们开心。如果孩子感到无聊了，他会换新的歌和谜语，这样就不会重复。这个照看小孩的机器人甚至还装有移动，当孩子找妈妈时，可以用它打给父母。希望能被采纳，望您学习更好、
G. 英语阅读理解题
1.细节理解题：从文中找到对的或错的一项 2.推理判断题：从文章中你可以推出什么 3.主旨大意回题：文章答讲了什么？文章的题目，段落的大意 4.判断词义题：文中的生词是什么意思？ 5.观点态度题：作者对于事件的态度？如怀疑，客观，支持，反对等
H. 样的暑假到了，我想买一些相关礼仪书籍和中英文杂志阅读，各位知道关于中英文杂志和礼仪的书籍哪种更有用
我个人认为商务英语礼仪这本书不错，关于礼仪的知识挺多的。英语时代周刊，Beijing review
China daily 这些杂志都还可以
I. 求自考英语阅读1 第4篇文章american social relations的翻译
American Social Relations
Gladys G.Doty Janet Ross
American society is much more informal than that of many other countries and, in some ways, is characterized by less social distinction. The American mixture of pride in achievement and sense of “’m just as good as anybody else.” along with lack of importance placed on personal dignity, is difficult for a foreigner to understand. Americans in general do not like to be considered inferior, and they grumble loudly about inconveniences or not getting a “fair deal.” Yet they do not make a point of their personal honor. As an illustration of the difference between Europen and American reflection in this respect, John Whyte in American Words and Ways gives the following account.
A…[European] professor [visiting in American] was once sent a bil for hospital services which he had never enjoyed. The bill was accompanied by a strong letter demanding payment. It was obvious that a mistake in names had been made, but the professor, thoroughly aroused by this reflection on his character and financial integrity, wrote a vigorous letter of reply ( which an American might also have done.) But in this letter of reply he demanded that the creditor write him a formal letter of apology… for this reflection on his honor. Since no publicity could possibly have been given to the mistake, for mistake it was, most Americans in that sitution, after getting the matter off their chest ( or without doing that ) would have let the matter rest.
An example of the same thing may be that although Americans like to talk about their accomplishments, it is their custom to show certain modesty in reply to compliments. When someone praises an American upon his achievement or upon his personal appearance, which, incidentally, is a very polite thing to do in America, the American turns it aside. If someone should say, “Congratulations upon being elected president of the club,” an American is expected to reply, “Well, I hope I can do a good job,” or something of the sort. Or if someone says, “That’s a pretty blue necktie you are wearing,” an American is likely to say, “I’m glad you like it,” or “Thank you. My wife gave it to me for my birthday.” The response to a compliment seldom conveys the idea, “I, too, think I’m pretty good.”
Likewise, there are fewer social conventions that show social differences in America. Students do not rise when a teacher enters the room. One does not always address a person by his title, such as “Professor” or “Doctor” (“Doctor” is always used, however, for a doctor fo medicine). The respectful “sir” is not always used in the northern and western parts of the country.
Clothing in America, as in every place in the world, to a certain degree reflects a person’s social position and income, or, at least among the young, his attitudes toward society or toward himself. Yet no person is restricted to a certain uniform or manner of dress because of his occupations or class in society. A bank president may wear overalls to paint his house and is not ashamed of either the job or the clothing, and a common laborer may wear a rented tuxedo at his daughter’s wedding.
Yet in spite of all the informality, America is not completely without customs that show consciousness of social distinction. For example, one is likely to use somewhat more formal language when talking to superiors. While the informal “Hello” is an acceptable greeting from employee to employer, the employee is more apt to say, “Hello, Mr. Ferguson,” whereas the emplyer may reply, “Hello, Jim.” Southerners make a point of saying “Yes,sir,” or “Yes,ma’am,” or “No,sir,” or “No, ma’am,” when talking to an older person or a person in position of authority. Although this is a good form all over the United States, “Yes, Mr. Weston.” or “No, Mrs. Baker” is somewhat more common in a similar situation in the North or West.
Certain other forms of politeness are observed on social occasions. Though people wear hats less now than in the past, women still occasionally wear hats in church and at public social functions ( except those that are in the evening ).
In American there are still customs by which a man may show respect for a woman. He opens the door for her and lets her precede him through it. He walks on the side of the walk nearest the street. He takes her arm when crossing a street or descending a stairway. A younger person also shows respect for an older one in much the same fashion, by helping the older person in things requiring physical exertion or involving possible accident.
American surface informality often confuses the foreigner because he interprets it to mean no formality at all. He does not understand the point at which informality stops. A teacher, though friendly, pleasant, and informal in class, expects students to study hard, and he grades each student’s work critically and carefully. He also expects to be treated with respect. Although students are free to ask questions about statements made by the teacher, and may say that they disagree with what he says, they are not expected to contradict him. Similarly, in boy-girl relationships a foreign student should not mistake the easy relationship and flattery that are part of the dating pattern in the United States, nor presume that it means more than it does.
Also, because an American is perhaps more likely to admit and laugh at his own mistakes than one who stands more on his dignity, a foreigner sometimes does not know how to handle the American’s apparent modesty. The American is quite ready to admit certain weaknesses, such as “I never was good at mathematics.” “I’m a rotten tennis player.” or “I’m the world’s worst bridge player.” However, the stranger must not be too quick to agree with him. American think it is all right, even sporting, to admit a defect in themselves, but they feel that it is almost an insult to have someone else agree. A part of American idea of good aportmanship is the point of being generous to a loser. This attitude is carried over into matters that have nothing to do with competition. If a man talks about his weak points, the listener says something in the way of encouragement,or point to other qualities in which the speaker excels. An American student reports that when he was in a foreign country he was completely stunned when he said to a native, “I don’t speak your language very well.” and the native replied, “I should say you don’t.” In a similar situation an American would have commented, “Well, you have only been here two months.” or “But you’re making progress.”
Although Americans are quite informal, it is best for a foreigner, in case of doubt, to be too formal rather than not formal enough. Consideration for others is the basis of all courtesy.
美国的社会比其他国家的社会更加非正式，在某些方面，美国社会的特征就是较少的社会差别。美国式的混合物－个人的成就感、不比别人差的优越感以及对个人尊严缺乏重要性，这些对一个外国人来说是很难理解的。通常来讲美国人不喜欢被别人看成低人一等的，他们也会为自己遭受的不便而抱怨，还会为自己没有得到公平的待遇而抱怨。然而，他们也不是很重视自己的荣誉。在这一方面，为了更好展示欧洲人和美国人的不同反映，John Whyte 在《美国语言和方式》这本书里给了我们如下的描述。
有位欧洲的教授曾在美国访问，他有次收到一份在医院接受治疗的账单，实际上他并没有接受过任何治疗。随附账单还有一封措施很强烈的信件。很明显这是因为把姓名弄错了，但是这位教授由于对信中对自己人格以及金钱方面的廉洁而提出的质疑感到不舒服，他也写了一份措辞很激烈的回信。（美国人也会这样去做）。但是在这份回信中，这位欧洲教授要求他的债权人写一份正式的道歉信，就因为对他人格的指责。由于这样的错误并没有被公众知悉，即使这样的错误已经发生了，但大多数美国人在这种形势下，只是将其宣泄一番，甚至有的人根本就不用宣泄，就让这件事情过去了。
同样的事情我再给你举一个例子，尽管美国人比较喜欢讨论自己的成就，但是他们有个习俗，那就是如果你得到某种赞美时，你的回答要展示某种谦虚。当有人在赞美一个美国人诸如他的成就或外貌的时候，这些话题在美国被认为是很有礼貌的事情，他也不会太在意。如果有人对一个美国人说：“祝贺你当选俱乐部主席”，他会回答“我希望把工作做好”或者诸如词类的话语。当有人说：“你打的领结很漂亮”，而美国人会说“我很高兴你喜欢它”或者“谢谢你，这是我妻子送给我的生日礼物”。所有对这种赞美的回答从来都不会传达这样的含义即“我也认为我挺不错的” 同样的，在美国也很少有那种社会习俗来表现这种社会差异。当老师进教室的时候，学生是不起立的。也不经常在一个人的名字前面加一些头衔，比如教授或博士。（DOCTOR 如果从医药学方面来称呼也是可以的）。表示尊敬含义的SIR在美国北部和西部也是很少使用的。
在美国正如在世界上其他地方一样，从某种意义上，人的穿着会反映其社会地位和收入，或者至少在年轻人当中可以反映这个社会或者自己的态度。但是由于自已的职业或社会地位，没有任何一个只局限穿一种特定的制服或选择某种特定的穿衣方式。一个银行的行长在粉刷自己房子的时候会穿工装服，而且不会因这种工作和穿衣的方式而感到羞愧。而一个普通劳动者在自己女儿的婚礼上也会租穿一件无尾燕尾服。
尽管有诸如此类非正式的东西，但是美国也并不是完全没有习俗来展现这种社会差别意识。例如，但一个人跟他的上司说话的时候，他会用更加正式的语言。尽管非正式语言HELLO可以用于雇员和雇主之间，但对于一个雇员来说，他更倾向于使用HELLO,MR FERGUSON，而上司回答时可以直接回答HELLO JIM。当跟一个年长者或者权位更高的人说话时，美国南方人主张说YES SIR 或YES MA’AM 或NO, SIR或NO, MA’MA。尽管这样的称谓在全美国被认为是一种很好的称谓形式，但是在美国北部或西部，人们还更倾向于称YES,MR WESTON或NO,MRS BAKER。某种表示礼貌的形式可以在社交场合会看到的。尽管现在的人不像过去那么经常带帽子，但是女性在教堂或一些公众庆祝宴会时会带上帽子的（当然这些场合如果发生在晚上就不用了）
在美国仍然还有些习俗，男士们通过这些习惯来表现对女士的尊敬。他会给女士开门，而且让女士先进入。男士也会走在更靠近街道的人行道。当穿过一条阶段或下楼梯时，男士会扶着女士。一个年轻人同样也会表示对年长者的尊敬，他们通过帮助他们做一些费体力的活或一些引发事故的活。
美国人这种表面上的非正式性会让一个外国人迷惑，因为他认为美国人的这种非正式性意味着没有正式性而言。但是他并不知道美国人的这种非正式性会在哪里变成了正式性，比如一个老师在课堂上看起来友好、和善，在课堂上也表现的非正式，但老师要求学生努力学习，并且在批改作业时是很严格和仔细的。而且这位老师也同样希望学生能尊敬他。尽管学生对老师的陈述自由提出问题，而且也可以表达对老师观点的不同意，但是这些学生也不能驳斥老师的观点。同样，在男孩和女孩交往的过程中，一个外国学生也不要对美国人在约会里表现的亲近关系或奉承的话语而误会，不要认为他们还有更深层次的含义。同样，因为比那些经常想保持自己尊严的人来说，美国人非常有可能承认和嘲笑他自己的错误、缺点。但是有时外国人不知道怎么处理美国人这种表面的谦虚。美国人很容易承认自己的某些弱点，诸如“我的数学不好”，“我的网球打的很烂”或者说“我的桥牌打的也是出奇的差”，但是，这个时候对于一个陌生人不能随声附和。美国人认为，承认自己的一些弱点没有什么，即使是运动项目不行，但是如果别人对他们谦虚的话语表示同意，他们认为这是对他们若大的侮辱。美国竞技精神的一部分就是对失败者要赋予同情和慷慨。这种态度从体育竞技中被带入到跟体育竞技一点关系都没有的事情当中了。如果一个人谈及自己的弱点时，听者一般都会以鼓励来回应或指出失败者在其他领域是很擅长的。一个美国的学生讲到，有次他去国外时，当他对当地人说：“我说你们的语言说的不好”，而对方回应到“我也这么认为”，他被当地人的回答惊呆了。当然，在同样的情势下，一个美国人将会回应到“你来这里才刚两个月而已” 或者说“但是你取得进步了”。
尽管美国人好像十分不正式，但对于一个外国人，尤其在不知道情况下，你最好尽可能正式的对待。总是考虑别人是所以礼仪的基础。
J. 关于社交礼仪的英文短文
您好！以下部分范文已经修改。推荐第一篇（初高中皆可）（第二可摘要点）.第三篇阅读，适合中上高中水平... 另外推荐楼主加入部分该学期重点句型，词汇。。可是文章更生动...
1.《英国餐桌礼仪》Different cultre ,different manners.Good manners can lead the culture of a country into a colorful one ,the same to a person .For example,In Britain,If you are a guest to be invited to someone's home, we should test some of this tiger. For example, the time has come to hosts who looked at what? Decent, if not to talk about things, just a social gathering early to be impolite. The hostess is doing to prepare, she has not completely ready you up, make her feel very embarrassed. As late as 10 minutes the best. As late as half an hour becomes too late, and need to apologize to the owner. So,go for it ! You can be a gentleman!
如果你被邀请到别人家做客，就要考虎这样几个情况。比如，该在什么时候到主人家?如果不是谈正经事，只是个社交聚会，早到是不礼貌的。女主人正在做准备，她还没完全准备好你就到了，会使她感到非常尴尬。晚到10分钟最佳。晚到半小时就显得太迟了，需要向主人致歉
2.TABLE MANNERS AT A DINNER PARTY: 宴会上的餐桌礼仪.There are two pairs of knives and forks on the table, 桌子上有两双刀叉Forks on the left and knives in the right of the plate.叉子放在盘子的左边，刀子放在右边When you see two spoons, the big one id for the soup and the small one for the dessert. 你能看到两个勺子，大的是为了盛汤，小的为了甜点。 For the starter, which you eat with the smaller pair, 开始时候你用小的那对吃you keep the knife in your right hand and the fork in your left.保持着左手叉右手刀The next dish is the main course.下一道菜是主菜。At table ,you should try to speak quietly and smile a lot,but do not laugh all the time. 在桌子上你应该试着轻声的说话，并且常常微笑，不要一直笑，Table manners change over time.餐桌礼仪总是在变They follow the fashion of the day .他们随着时代改变 .
3.办公室英语之餐桌礼仪
7) Second Helpings
The hostess may or may not ask if you would like a second helping, according to the formality of the meal. If she does and you accept it, you should pass your plate to her or to the servant with the knife and fork still lying on it.
8) The Salad Course
A salad is eaten with a fork only held in the right hand with points turned up. There is usually a special one for the salad, a little smaller than the meat fork.
9) Bread and Butter
Bread is taken in the fingers and laid on the side plate or the edge of the large plate, it is never take with a fork. Butter is taken from the butter dish with the butter knife and placed on the side plate, not on one’s bread.
10) Other Things on the Table
When there are things on the middle of the table, such as bread, butter, jelly, pickles, nits, candies, you should not take any until the hostess ahs suggested that they be passed.
11) Leaving the Table
It is impolite for a guest to leave the table ring a meal, or before the hostess gives the signal at the end. When the hostess indicates that the dinner is over, she will start to rise from her seat and all the guests she rise from theirs at the same time.
12) Various rules and Suggestions
Sit up straight on your chair;
Do not put much food in your mouth at a time;
Drink only when there is no food in your mouth;
Try not to get into your mouth anything that will have to be taken out;
Do not make any nose when you eat;
Do not clean your teeth at the table or anywhere in public, either with your finger or a tooth pick(牙签), not even with you tongue.
其英语作文也是有通性的，LZ可自行从以上范文中摘录相关要点，自行编写，融合自己的作文风格，做出你自己的作文。。 学以致用.. 希望对你有帮助..