① 英语科普短文
泰哥，我给你找了几个，必须采纳啊！ To Pull up the Seedlings to Help Them Grow “拔苗助长”
Once upon a time, there was an old farmer who planted a plot of rice. After he planted the seedlings, every day he went to the field to watch the seedlings grow. He saw the young shoots break through the soil and grow taller each day, but still, he thought they were growing too slowly. Eventually he got impatient with the young plants and suddenly he hit upon an idea that one by one, he pulled up the young plants by half an inch. The next early morning, the young man couldn’t wait to check his “achievement”, but he was heart-broken to see all the pulled-up young plants dying.
从前，有个农夫，种了稻苗（seedlings）后，便希望能早早收成。每天他到稻田时，都发觉那些稻苗长得非常慢。他等得很不耐烦。想了又想，他终于想到一个“最佳方法”，他将稻苗全都拔高了几分。第二天，一早起身，他迫不及待地去稻田看他的“成果”。 哪知，却看到所有的稻苗都枯萎了。
Plugging One’s Ears While Stealing a Bell “掩耳盗铃”
Once upon a time, there was a man who wanted to steal his neighbor’s doorbell. However, he knew clearly that the bell would ring and catch the other people’s attention as long as he touched the bell. So he thought hard and suddenly hit on a clever “idea”. He plugged his ears with something, thinking that everything would go well when he stole the bell. Unfortunately to his disappointment, the bell still rang loudly and he was caught on the spot as a thief.
从前，有一个人想偷邻居门上的铃，但是他知道一碰到铃，铃就会响起来，被人发现。他想啊想，终于他想出一个“妙极”，他把自己的耳朵用东西塞起来，就听不见铃声了。但是当他去偷铃时，铃声仍旧响起来，他被别人当场抓住
The Fox and the Crow “狐狸和乌鸦”
One day a crow stood on a branch near his nest and felt very happy with the meat in his mouth. At that time, a fox saw the crow with the meat, so he swallowed and eagerly thought of a plan to get the meat. However, whatever the fox said to the crow, the crow just kept silent. Until the fox thought highly of the crow’s beautiful voice, the crow felt flattered and opened his mouth to sing. As soon as the meat fell down to the ground, the fox took the meat and went into his hole.
有一天,一只乌鸦站在窝旁的树枝上嘴里叼着一片肉，心里非常高兴。这时候，一只狐狸看见了乌鸦，馋得直流口水，非常想得到那片肉。但是，无论狐狸说什么，乌鸦就是不理睬狐狸。最后，狐狸赞美乌鸦的嗓音最优美，并要求乌鸦唱几句让他欣赏欣赏。乌鸦听了狐狸赞美的话，得意极了，就唱起歌来。没想到，肉一掉下来，狐狸就叼起肉，钻回了洞
Draw a Snake and Add Feet to It “画蛇添足”
Long long ago, several people had a jar of wine among them and all of them wanted to drink it by himself. So they set a rule that every one would draw a snake on the ground and the man who finished first would have the wine. One man finished his snake very soon and he was about to drink the wine when he saw the others were still busy drawing, so he decided to draw the feet to the snake. However, before he could finish the feet, another man finished and grabbed the jar from him, saying, "Who has ever seen a snake with feet?” The story of "Draw a snake and add feet to It.” tells us going too far is as bad as not going far enough.
古时几个人分一壶酒。他们都想独自喝完那壶酒，所以就定了一个规矩：每人在地上画一条蛇，谁画得最快，这壶酒就归谁。有一个人很快就把蛇画好了。他正打算喝这壶酒时，看见别人都还在忙着画，就决定给蛇再画上几只脚。结果，他的蛇脚还没加完，另一个人已经把蛇画好了。那人一下把酒壶夺了过去，说：“有谁见过长脚的蛇？”。这个故事告诉我们这样的道理：做得过分和做得不够都是不对的
② 英语阅读理解解中科普文章怎么做
做英来文阅读理解都是有规律的，一般每自段首句是段落的中心，后面都是分类的。在做阅读理解时，可以先看一下问题，找到关键词，然后到对应段落去找，把关键词的前后仔细看一下，答案就出来了。可以去参考新东方阅读理解讲解的笔记，有做题技巧的介绍.
③ 英文科普短文
The Internet is a giant network of computers located all over the world that communicate with each other. The Internet is an international collection of computer networks` that all understand a standard system of addresses and commands, connected together through backbone systems. It was started in 1969, when the U.S. Department of Defence established a nationwide network to connect a handful of universities and contractors. The original idea was to increase computing capacity that could be shared by users in many locations and to find out what it would take for computer networks to survive a nuclear war or other disaster by providing multiple path between users. People on the ARPNET (as this nationwide network was originally called) quickly discovered that they could exchange messages and conct electronic "conferences" with distant colleagues for purposes that had nothing to do with the military instrial complex. If somebody else had something interesting stored on their computer, it was a simple matter to obtain a (assuming the owner did not protect it). Over the years, additional networks joined which added access to more and more computers. The first international connections, to Norway and England, were added in 1973. Today thousands of networks and millions of computers are connected to the Internet. It is growing so quickly that nobody can say exactly how many users "On the Net". The Internet is the largest repository of information which can provide very very large network [参考译文] Internet是由位于世界各地相互通信的计算机连接而成的巨大的计算机网络。 Internet是计算机网络的国际性的集合，这些网络都符合具有地址和命令的标准体系，并经骨干网连在一起。Internet始建于1969年，当时美国国防部为连接少数几所大学和协议企业而建立了一个全国性网络。最初的想法是要增加计算机能力并可由许多地点的用户共享，并且通过提供用户间多条路径来找到哪一种计算机网络能够在核战或其他灾难中幸存。ARPNET（这种全国网络最初的名称）上的用户很快就发现他们可以与远距离的同事交换消息，并且进行某种目的的电子“会议”，而这些目的与军事工业企业没有任何关系。如果另外一些人在其计算机中存有有趣的东西，得到其拷贝是很容易的事（假定拥有者没有进行保护）。 几年间，新的网络接入使越来越多的计算机加入进来。在1973年进行了第一次与挪威和英国的国际连接。今天，有成千上万的计算机网络和数百万台计算机与Internet相连。Internet发展如此之快以至于没有人能准确地说出网上有多少用户。 Internet是最大的信息宝库，它可以提供非常巨大的网络资源。这种网络资源可分为网络设备资源和网络信息资源。网络设备资源使我们能够进行远程计算和通信。网络信息资源向我们提供各种各样的信息服务，如科学、教育、商务、历史、法律、艺术和娱乐等等。
④ 科普英语阅读里的两道题
1. 非谓语动词start和句子主语the government buildings之间是被动的关系，所以用过去分词形式started.
此时start不翻译为回“开始”，而译为“始建”答。
2. since引导介宾短语做句子时间状语时，该句才会使用现在完成时（has begun to）；
用before引导的话，则表示具体的一个过去时间状语，句子一般用一般过去时或过去完成时。
3. By the fourth century B.C. 到公元前4世纪时
by的意思是“到...的时候”
⑤ 给我15篇英语短文(7篇科普文其余不限,200字左右,要中文翻译)
I. CASE BACKGROUND
1. Abstract:
This website aims to analyze the key events leading to the construction of the Panama Canal, and detail certain environmental and tactical problems that threaten the canal today. The website historically examines why people wanted to construct the Panama Canal and details the efforts that lead to the construction of the canal. The website will also go into detail on how the U.S. supported the liberation of Panama, the decisive strategies it implemented to complete the canal, and a brief overview of events that take us to today's situation with the canal. Finally, the website ends on how environmental problems of deforestation and fresh water loss coincide to threaten the maintenance of the canal as well as its proposal to increase capacity to satisfy rising demands.
2. Description:
There has been a strong desire to have a canal run through the Central American isthmus since the early 16th century when the Spanish dominated the region. They sought to build a canal to achieve an easier route to access their colonies on the Atlantic and Pacific sides. Though, the Spanish government had plans in place no action was taken. Interest intensified to build a canal when gold was discovered in California in 1848. American settlers, looking for land and gold, wanted a quicker route than making the arous trek across the continental U.S. In 1850, an international expedition composed of Colombia, France, Britain and the U.S. went to explore a claim made by Dr. Edward Cullen on how to cross the Darien Gap, the shortest distance between the tide waters of the Atlantic and Pacific in the Americas. The U.S. expedition, led by Navy Lieutenant Isaac Strain, arrived early and went into the Darien Gap without Cullen's guidance. Most of Strain's men died on the misguided expedition and Strain declared that a canal built through the Darien Gap was "impracticable." (McCullough, 22-23) In 1870, Commander Thomas Selfridge took two expeditions through the Darien Gap and followed Dr. Cullen's trail. While his first expedition faced many hardships getting from the Atlantic side to the Pacific, his expedition made it. Selfridge added insight on how the canal should be built, saying it must be "through-cut," at sea level. (McCullough, 44)
Ferdinand Marie de Lesseps was not an engineer or an architect, he was an entrepreneur extraordinaire. "He had all the nerve, persistence, dynamic energy, a talent for propaganda, a capacity for deception and imagination." (53, McCullough) With his outgoing social manner and his dream firmly in place, de Lesseps made the construction of the Suez Canal happen. He was the chairman and president of the Suez Canal Company and was the charmed guardian for the fortunes of all his shareholders. De Lesseps had fascinating dreams that kept the public enthralled like railways from Paris to Moscow to Peking, or creating an inland sea in the Sahara Desert by breaking through a ridge on Tunisia's Gulf of Gabes and flooding a depression the size of Spain. (57, McCullough) He was able to handle and use money like no other man in his time. Though, in 1875 two things happened. One was the British took control of the Suez Canal, and while he remained president his influence was undercut. The second event that occurred was his decision to take on the project of building a canal between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans in the Americas.
In the summer of 1875, de Lesseps declared his desire to build an inter-oceanic canal through the Americas at France's Geographical Society. (58, McCullough) In May of 1879, de Lesseps hosted a meeting with delegations of 22 countries around the world, discussing the tactics on how to build the canal. This delegation, the International Canal Congress, brought suggestions to the floor on the type and location. There was debate over whether the canal should be built in Panama or Nicaragua. When Panama was chosen, the next argument was whether it should be a sea level canal or a lock canal. De Lesseps declared that it would have to be a sea level canal. The problem of a sea level canal was seen right away in terms of the landscape that the canal was to be built on. The source of this problem was the Chagres River. "The absolutely unavoidable problem was the river. Any canal at Panama-a lock canal, a sea-level canal-would have to cross the river at least once. If a sea-level canal were cut through, the result would be a stupendous cataract. The fall of the river into the canal would be 42 feet and this measurement was based on the level of the river in the dry season, when the river was only a few feet deep. In the rainy season the river could be instantly transformed into a torrent, rising ten feet in an hour. The cost of controlling so monstrous a force-if it could be done at all-was beyond reckoning." (76, McCullough)
Nicholas Joseph Adolphe Godin, chief engineer with the French Department of Bridges and Highways, agreed with one of the American delegates that the Chagres River needed to be bridged, though he decided for that to happen there needed to be dams creating two artificial lakes. These lakes would act like the lake in Nicaragua, when the Nicaragua plan was on the table. "There would be two artificial lakes, with flights of locks, like stairs, leading up to the lakes from the two oceans. As Lake Nicaragua was the essential element in the Nicaraguan plan, providing both easy navigation and an abundant source of water for the canal, so his man-made lakes would serve at Panama." (80, McCullough) These dams would allow the Charges River to flow into the lakes, providing an endless source of water for canal use. On May 28, 1879, Panama was pronounced the proper place for the canal and a sea-level canal was the type of canal that would be built.
After de Lesseps returned to France from his three month visit to where the canal would be built, he immediately started fundraising and propagandizing the campaign. De Lesseps and France were confident; they had exceptional engineers and the experience of the Suez Canal. Though, in Panama they had to improvise. Panama was infinitely more challenging than the Suez in every aspect except for the distance and any lesson that Suez provided was useless and a hindrance. The French had to go into a thickly matted jungle that had poisonous reptiles, jaguars and pumas, and tons of insects. The summer of 1881, the French also discovered another deadly obstacle in their canal project; yellow fever and malaria. By the end of 1881 there were 2,000 men at work, including office and technical staff. As the number of laborers increased so did the death rate. By the end of 1883, 1,300 laborers had died throughout the year. While progress was being made laborers would die, at times on average of 200 per month. (McCullough, 160-161)
The rate of sickness only got worse. The worst year for the French regime in Panama was 1885, where up to forty people per day died at times. (McCullough, 172) The death toll was not the only number increasing at a rapid rate, so too was the financial cost. De Lesseps’ efforts to raise the proper money were without comparison in his time. He was truly talented at raising money for his projects and inspired many of his countrymen. Unfortunately, the conditions kept getting more arous in Panama and de Lesseps had to keep justifying to the French government to give him more money. While his efforts were valiant, on February 4, 1889, the shareholders of the original company assigned a liquidator and the French effort was brought to an end. De Lesseps could only whisper, “It is impossible! It is shameful!” (McCullough, 202)
While de Lesseps’ might have wanted to continue his legacy of the construction of important canals throughout the world, the U.S. had other reasons. President Theodore Roosevelt and Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan were obsessed with naval power. Sea power was necessary to facilitate trade and peaceful commerce, therefore, the country with the greatest sea power would be able to wield great influence on the world stage. Therefore, long coastlines, good harbors, and power over the Suez and the soon-to-be Panama Canal was essential. Mahan’s theories on sea power conflicted with another major geopolitical, that of Sir Halford Mackinder. Mackinder believed that spatial integration and advanced technology on the interiors of continents was essential. (http://www.list.org/~mdoyle/theory.html) Perhaps the U.S. followed Mackinder and Mahan, because before de Lesseps arrived in Panama to begin work on the canal, the U.S. controlled the Panama Railroad that went from Colon, on the Northern Atlantic side, to Panama City on the Southern Pacific side. The railroad in addition to the canal in 1914, allowed the U.S. to control nearly all commodities and ships going between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans and vice versa.
The burgeoning U.S. fleet needed to be able to move between the Caribbean and Pacific easier than taking the 18,000 mile route around South America. Secretary of State John Hay went to Colombia to negotiate the terms in buying the region so that the U.S. could start construction in the Colombian province of Panama. The Colombian Congress rejected the offer. Roosevelt who did not think highly of the Colombian government, demonstrated in this quote: "We were dealing with a government of irresponsible bandits," Roosevelt stormed. "I was prepared to . . . at once occupy the Isthmus anyhow, and proceed to dig the canal. But I deemed it likely that there would be a revolution in Panama soon." (http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/joining.html)1 The U.S. sent battleships outside of Colon and Panama City to prevent the Colombian army from mobilizing, while the Panamanian rebels declared independence on November 3, 1903. The U.S. guaranteed sovereignty to Panama and paid them $10 million up front in order to have control over the canal zone.
The U.S. would end up building the canal through Panama, opening up on 1914, though not without more deaths from illnesses. The U.S. did though have Dr. Gorgas who had developed treatment for Malaria and Yellow Fever, which were the main source of diseases in the region. Unlike the French who had to improvise, the Americans learned from the mistakes the French engineers made and were not bogged down by Panama’s terrain. The U.S. also shifted the engineering plan from a sea-level canal to a lock canal. In total, the U.S. suffered over 5,000 worker deaths, bringing the total to over 25,000 for the whole project over the thirty year period of the canal’s construction.
Today, the Panama Canal faces a myriad of problems that need to be fixed, should the canal continue to be effective. Deforestation of the rainforest around the canal basin could lead to water loss. Considering the canal will be operating at maximum capacity all the time in 2009, e to increased trade between Asia and the Americas, fresh water used to fill the locks is emptying out at rapid rates. While this is not a concern ring the wet season in Panama, ring the dry season, between December and April, this could turn into a potential disaster. Deforestation can also hurt the burgeoning tourist instry, should most of the wildlife around the canal basin disappear. The other main problems that the Panama Canal faces today are the amount of ships that travel through the canal each day as well as the size of the ships. Last month, the Panamanian government decided to propose an enlargement program adding two more locks, one on the Atlantic side as well as the Pacific side. These locks will be able to increase the capacity of what the canal can handle, as well as provide enough room so that the post-Panamax ships that cannot fit through the current locks will be able to use the canal. Channels will be widened for these new locks and water reutilization plants will be established. Also, Gatun Lake is set to be deepened to increase water holding capacity. (Third Set of Locks Project, Fact Sheet)
一,案例背景
1 .摘要:
这个网站旨在剖析关键事件导致建造巴拿马运河,并详细某些环境和战术问题,威胁运河的今天.网站历史研究的人,为什么要兴建巴拿马运河和细节的努力,导致建造的运河.该网站也将详述如何支持美国解放巴拿马,具有决定性的战略实施,完成南运河,并简要概述事件,我们今天的局面,与运河.最后,该网站的目的,就如何把环境问题,森林和淡水的损失,同时威胁到维持运河以及其提案,以增加其容量,以满足日益增长的需求.
2 .描述:
有一个强烈愿望,有一条运河,贯穿中美洲地峡初以来, 16世纪时,西班牙为主的地区.他们试图建立一个以运河,以达到一个更容易的途径进入他们的殖民地,对大西洋和太平洋.虽然,西班牙政府已经准备到位,没有采取任何行动.利息加紧修筑一条运河黄金时,被发现在加州1848 .美国定居,寻找土地和黄金,想要一个便捷的路线比作艰苦跋涉,横跨大陆,美国, 1850年,一个国际探险队组成,哥伦比亚,法国,英国和美国去探索提出的索赔博士爱德华卡伦对如何跨越包括darien差距,最短距离潮流水域是大西洋和太平洋在美洲.美国探险队,由海军中尉艾萨株,提前抵达,并进入了包括darien差距卡伦的指导.大部分菌株的男人就死了误导探险和应变宣称运河建成通过包括darien差距,是"不切实际" ( 2.69月22-23日) 1870年,司令托马斯空降仿真了两次考察,通过包括darien差距,并遵循卡伦博士的线索.而他的第一次探险队遇到了许多困难,从大西洋到太平洋,他的探险了.空降仿真洞察力,对如何运河应建说,它必须透过"禁" ,在海平面. ( 2.69 , 44 )
费迪南德玛丽aranea不是一个工程师或建筑师,他是一个企业家开讲. "他所有的神经,毅力,活力,人才,为宣传,身份诈骗和想象力" ( 53岁, 2.69亿)与卸任的社会态度和梦想坚定地德aranea取得建造苏伊士运河发生.他是董事长兼总裁苏伊士运河公司是8548监护人的命运他的所有股东. 德aranea了迷人的梦羁市民着迷铁路一样,从巴黎到莫斯科到北京,或创造一个内海,在撒哈拉大沙漠中突破了里奇对突尼斯的海湾加贝斯和洪水气压大小西班牙. ( 57 , 2.69 ) ,他能否有效地处理和利用这些钱,没有其他人在他的时候.虽然,在1875年两件事情.其一是英国控制了苏伊士运河,而他仍然是总统,他的影响力被削弱. 第二次发生的事件,他决定采取对工程建设的一条运河与太平洋和大西洋,在美洲.
在夏季, 1875年,德aranea宣布他的愿望,即建立一个跨大洋运河通过在美洲的法国地理学会的会员. ( 58 2.69 ) ,可在1879年,德aranea主持召开了各代表团, 22个国家在世界各地,讨论战术,就如何建设运河.这个代表团,国际运河国会提出建议,向地板上的类型和地点.有争论运河应建于巴拿马和尼加拉瓜.巴拿马时,被选定后,另一个论点是,我们是否应该海平面运河或运河船闸.德aranea宣布,它势必要经历一个海平面运河.问题海平面运河被马上从景观,是运河将建成.这问题的根源是查格雷斯河. "绝对不可避免的,问题是河.任何运河在巴拿马举行了运河船闸,海平面运河将要过河至少一次.如果海平面运河被划破,结果将是一个了不起白内障.秋季河水入运河,将42英尺这种测量是基于一级河流在旱季时,河水只有几英尺深.在雨季河水可瞬间转化成洪流,上升10英尺,在一个小时.成本控制等弥天的力量, 如果它可以做到在所有被清算以后. " ( 76 , 2.69 )
尼古拉约瑟夫夫奥努丁总工程师法文系,桥梁和公路,同意一个美国代表说, 查格雷斯河需要加以弥合,但他决定为做到这一点,需要有水坝形成两个人工湖.这些湖泊会像湖中,尼加拉瓜,在尼加拉瓜计划是放在桌上. " ,将有两个人工湖,同航班的铁锁,像楼梯,导致该湖由两大洋.至于尼加拉瓜湖是必不可少的因素,在尼加拉瓜计划,同时提供简单易用的导航功能和丰富的水源供运河,所以他的人造湖泊将在巴拿马. " ( 80 , 2.69 ) ,这些水坝将使收费河流流入湖泊,提供了无尽的水源使用运河.于1879年5月28日,巴拿马宣告各得其所,为运河和海平面运河类型运河将建成.
经过德aranea返回法国,从他3个月的访问,而运河将建成后,他立即开始筹款和宣传活动. aranea德和法国人的信心;他们有着非凡的工程师和经验丰富的苏伊士运河.虽然,在巴拿马只好凑合.巴拿马是无限的难度大于苏伊士在各个方面,除了距离和任何教训苏伊士提供的是没用的一个障碍.法国已经到了一个厚厚但这就是弱肉强食了有毒的爬行动物,美洲虎和美洲狮,一吨昆虫.夏天, 1881年,法国又发现了另一个致命的障碍,他们在运河工程;黄热病和疟疾.截至1881年共有2000名男子在工作,包括办公室和技术人员.随着一系列的劳动者增加,所以没有死亡率.截至1883年, 1300名华工死于贯穿全年.而正在取得进展,劳动者会死的时候,平均每月200 . ( 2.69 , 160-161 )
率病只有越变越糟.最差的一年,法国政权巴拿马是1885年,有多达40人,每天死亡的时候. ( 2.69 , 172 ) ,死亡人数不仅数量增长快,所以也被财务费用.德aranea '努力提高妥善钱比较,在他的时候.他是真正的天才,在筹钱,为他的计划,并激发他的许多同胞.不幸的是,保存条件越来越艰苦,在巴拿马和de aranea保持了理向法国政府给他更多的钱.而他的努力得到了英勇的,对1889年2月4日,股东对原公司指定清算人和法国努力告一段落.德 aranea只能嘀咕, "这是不可能的!实在可耻! " ( 2.69 , 202 )
而德aranea '也许是想继续他所遗留下来的建筑重要的,运河在世界各地,美国也有其他原因.总统罗斯福和队长阿尔弗雷德马汉厌倦了痴迷的海军实力.海上力量是必要的, 以促进贸易和商业的和平,因此,该国最大的海上力量将能发挥很大的影响力在世界舞台上.因此,有漫长的海岸线,优良的港口,电力超过苏伊士运河和不久将巴拿马运河是必不可少的.马汉的理论,对海权的冲突,与另一家大型缘,爵士mackinder排出. mackinder认为,空间整合和先进技术对内饰大洲是必不可少的. ( http://www.list.org/ ~ mdoyle / theory.html )也许美国走mackinder和马汉,因为在此之前德aranea抵达巴拿马开始工作,对运河,美国控制巴拿马铁路, 1814年结肠癌,对北部大西洋一方,在巴拿马市对南大西洋方面.铁路除了运河, 1914年允许美国几乎控制所有商品和船只来往太平洋和大西洋,反之亦然.
新兴的美国舰队必须能够来往于加勒比海和太平洋地区较容易以 18000英里的路线周围南美洲.国务卿约翰海伊前往哥伦比亚进行谈判的条件,买区域,使美国可以动工,在哥伦比亚省的巴拿马.哥伦比亚国会拒绝了.罗斯福没有瞧得起哥伦比亚政府表明,在此引述他的话: "我们打交道的政府不负责任的土匪, "罗斯福破门. "我当时准备.一下子占据地峡无论如何,并着手挖掘运河.但我认为它有可能将是一场革命,巴拿马很快. " ( http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/joining.html ) 1美国派出战舰之外结肠癌和巴拿马市,以防止哥伦比亚军队调动,而巴拿马叛军宣布独立, 1903年11月3日.美国保证主权巴拿马向他们支付1000万美元的前面,以控制运河区.
美国落得建设运河通过巴拿马,开放的1914年, 虽然没有更多的人死于疾病.美国虽然没有博士gorgas曾研制治疗疟疾和黄热病,其中主要来源地区的传染病.不同于法国人来了一段即兴,美国人的错误中汲取经验,法国工程师了,并没有陷入巴拿马的地形.美国也转向工程计划从海平面运河锁定运河.总起来,美国遭受了5000多名工人死亡,使总数达到 25000多名,为整个工程在过去30年期间,运河的建造.
今天,运河面临着很多问题,需要加以固定,如果运河继续有效.砍伐雨林围绕运河流域可能导致水土流失.考虑到运河将满负荷运行的所有时间,在2009年,由于之间的贸易增加,亚洲和美洲,淡水用来填补门锁是排空出高速率.虽然这不是一个关注的雨季期间,在巴拿马,每逢旱季, 12月至4月,这可能变成一个潜在的灾难.毁林也伤害了蓬勃发展的旅游业,应大多数野生围绕运河流域消失.另一个主要问题是巴拿马运河今天面临数额的船只穿越运河每天以及大小船只.上个月,巴政府已经决定提出的扩大计划,并增加了两个锁,一个是关于大西洋方以及太平洋侧.这些锁,将能够提高能力,有什么运河能处理,以及提供足够的空间,使后巴拿马型船舶不能适合通过这次锁,将能够使用运河.渠道将拓宽为这些新的门锁和中水回用厂,将被建立.同时, gatun湖设为深化,以增加蓄水能力. (第三套船闸工程概况)
⑥ 我要一些英语科普的阅读文 要有中文的哦！谢谢
Black holes on a collision course
趋于碰撞的黑洞
Scientists say Chandra provides first evidence that two such mysteries can coexist in one galaxy. 科学家说，钱德拉望远镜首次证实两个黑洞可共存于同一星系中。
In a very bright galaxy 400 million light-years away, two black holes are drifting toward each other and in millions of years will merge with an eruption of energy and a burst of gravitational waves that could warp the very fabric of space, astronomers said Tuesday. 天文学家本周二说，在一个距地球4亿光年的明亮星系内，两个黑洞正在互相靠近，数百万年后将融为一体，并爆发出大量的能量，由此产生的引力波可能会影响到宇宙的每一个角落。
THE SCIENTISTS said the Chandra X-ray Observatory has found the first evidence that two immense black holes can coexist in the same galaxy and that they are moving toward each other for an eventual merger. 《科学家》说，钱德拉X线望远镜已经发现初步证据，证明两个巨大的黑洞可以同时存在于同一星系中，它们正在彼此靠拢，最终将合二为一。
The double black holes were found in a bright, highly active galaxy known as NGC6240, about 400 million light-years from the Earth. 这对黑洞存在于一个极其活跃明亮的星系中，该星系被命名为NGC6240，它距地球约有4亿光年。
Astronomers studied NGC6240 because it proced unexplained bursts of X-rays that appeared to come from one of two nuclei at the galactic center. Images collected by radio, infrared and optical observations showed two bright spots, but did not pinpoint the origin of the X-rays. 天文学家之所以研究NGC6240，是因为发现该星系中心有两个核，其中一个不断爆发出难以解释的X线。由无线电、红外线和光学观察收集到的影像显示该星系中有两个亮点，但无法准确定位X线的来源。
When Chandra, with its sensitive X-ray detectors, focused on the nuclei, astronomers hoped it would tell them whether either of the two points of activity were black holes. 钱德拉装有敏感的X线检测器，天文学家用它对准这星系的核心，希望确定两个活跃点中是否有一个为黑洞。
"Much to our surprise, we found that both were active black holes," Stefanie Komossa of the Max Planck Institute in Germany, said in a statement. 德国Max Planck研究所的Stefanie Komossa在一份申明中说："我们惊讶地发现它俩都是活跃的黑洞。"
Finding two black holes in one galaxy, said Komossa, "supports the idea that black holes can grow to enormous masses in the centers of galaxies by merging with other black holes." Komossa说，同一星系两洞并存的科学发现证明，星系核心的黑洞可以通过相互兼并融合而发展为宏大的物质。
An artist's conception shows two black holes whirling around each other at the center of a galaxy. 艺术化的构想是：这两个黑洞在星系中心互相围绕对方旋转。
Guenther Hasinger, also of Max Planck, said the Chandra images captured the unmistakable markings of two black holes - high-energy photons swirling around the dense black hole centers and X-rays spewing out from iron atoms being pulled into the center at a high rate of speed. Max Planck的Guenther Hasinger说，钱德拉所摄的影像捕获了可以确定两个黑洞并存的迹象，即在密度甚高的黑洞中心周围涡动着高能量的光子，从铁原子中喷射出的X线被高速吸入黑洞中心。
Komossa and Hasinger are co-authors of a study submitted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters. Hasinger和Komossa曾联名撰文发表在《天文物理学通讯》上。
The two black holes in NGC6240 are now about 3,000 light-years apart and are expected to merge some time in the next few hundred million years, the researchers said. The merger will be accompanied by an eruption of radiation and a burst of gravitational waves that will spread throughout the universe, causing ripples in the fabric of space, the astronomers said. 据研究人员介绍，NGC6240中的两个黑洞目前相距大约3000光年，预计要几亿年后才能彼此融合，届时将会产生大量的辐射和引力波，冲击宇宙各处，造成太空的涟漪。
The gravitational ripples could cause minute changes in the distance between any two points in the universe, they said. 天文学家说，这种引力涟漪会使宇宙中任何两点间的距离发生细微的变化。
In another study, French and Argentine astronomers said that observations by the Hubble Space Telescope and ground-based telescopes have detected a stellar black hole streaking across the Milky Way at about 250,000 miles an hour. A companion star is being dragged along and slowly devoured by the black hole, according to scientists at the French Atomic Energy Commission and the Institute for Astronomy and Space Physics in Argentina. 在另一项研究中，法国和阿根廷天文学家说，通过哈勃太空望远镜和地面的天文望远镜，他们发现一个星球的黑洞正以25万英里的时速穿越银河系。据法国原子能委员会和阿根廷天文和空间物理研究所的科学家介绍，这个黑洞后还有另一颗星尾随相伴，并正在被黑洞慢慢地蚕食。
The astronomers said the stellar black hole may have been created by an exploding star in the inner disk of the Milky Way. The black hole is 6,000 to 9,000 light years away, the researchers said. A report on the observations appears Tuesday in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.
A black hole is a point in space that is so dense with matter that its gravitational field will not let anything - not even light - escape. Stellar black holes, equal to 3.5 to about 15 solar masses, can be formed by the collapse of a single massive star. But galactic black holes, such as those in NGC6240, are much larger, equal perhaps to millions of solar masses, and are usually at the center of galaxies.The Milky Way, home galaxy of the sun and its planets, is thought to have a black hole at its center.With its immense gravitational pull, a black hole can suck in gas, st and other matter from the surrounding space. Entire stars can be stripped and pulled into the bottomless maw. As it spirals in at near light speeds, matter captured by a black hole heats by millions of degrees and gives out intense radiation in several parts of the spectrum, including X-rays. The orbiting Chandra observatory is able to detect these X-rays and relay the data to Earth for study by astronomers. 黑洞就是太空中的一个点，此点密度甚高，使得任何物质甚至光都无法脱离它的引力。一个巨星的瓦解就足以产生质量相当于3.5至15个太阳的星球黑洞。但星系黑洞如NGC6240中的黑洞要大得多，质量相当于几百万个太阳，通常位于星系的中心。 银河系是太阳及其九大行星的家，科学家认为银河系的中心就存在着一个黑洞。靠着强大的引力牵拉，黑洞能吸入来自周围空间的气体、尘埃和其它物质。这个无底洞甚至将整个星球分解后吸入。物质被黑洞捕获后以几近光速的高速被旋转吸入洞中时，它所释放出的热量可高达几百万度，并可发出不同的强烈射线，包括X射线。正在轨道上运转的钱德拉望远镜可以检测到这些X射线，并将数据传回地球，供天文学家研究。
NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory was launched and deployed by the space shuttle Columbia on July 23, 1999. 美国航空航天局的钱德拉X线望远镜是在1999年7月23日，由哥伦比亚号太空飞船搭载发射升空的。
生命的循环
Facing death, Jeff Cross and Lily Cheng had run out of options. But a rare "domino" liver transplant, involving a living donor, gave both a future.
面对死亡，杰夫·克罗斯和程莉莉已经没有其他选择了。但是一个罕见的"多米诺"式肝脏移植(涉及到一位活人器官捐献者)，却给两人带来了新的生机。
Circle of Life
Since last spring, Jeff Cross, 29, had been tormented by night sweats, a side effect of the rare genetic illness that threatened to kill him unless he got a new liver.
⑦ 初中科普英语趣味阅读百篇
Jenna盘坐在复一条腿上画了25分钟画，铃制响时站起来就觉得特神~ 感觉不到腿了
(就是压麻了呗)
如果这发生在你身上，你就短时间对脚丧失知觉了~，或者觉得特沉，要么就是有“刺痛”，可是这都是为啥呢~？
很多人都觉得这是因为切断了对脚的供血，但是实际上应该归咎于神经。神经就像贯通你全身的线，从大脑到身体传送信号。当你坐脚上的时候，就会压迫该区域的神经。这样神经就不能向大脑正常传输信号了，也就是说这时候连接就中断了，就觉不出来啥了~ 基本类似于你跟哥们打电话，结果你哥们已经挂了，你大脑还喊“喂”呢，可是你的脚已经不能回应了
你站起来或者把腿伸直之后，神经就不受到压迫了，这样很快你就又能感觉到自己的脚了。可能会有一些刺痛，针扎的感觉。不过一般几秒之后就连接就恢复了，而且这样不会伤害你的身体。
1. tucked 这应该是盘腿，然后坐在腿上。
2. pins and needles 就是有针刺感
3. cut off 切断
4. nerves 神经
5. blame 归咎
6. wires 线
7. forth 向前
8. compress 压迫
9. connection 连接
⑧ 科普类的英语阅读题
你想要科普类的题还是说这种题目的做法?
⑨ 英语阅读理解有哪几种类型（如科普类）
建议你多做些科普类或者经济类的，生词一般都在那里面，社科类一般都懂得。