㈠ 人教版初二英语语法。
1. so+谓语+主语：…也一样. 谓语:be动词/助动词/情态动词
2. so+主语+谓语:的确如此,真的这样.
3. help yourself/yurselves to．．．请随便吃点．．．
4. 发现sb做sth : find sb doing sth
5. 不完全同意I don’t really agree.
完全不同意I really don’t agree.
6. 或者．．或者．．．either…or…..就近原则
既不．．也不．．neither…nor….就近原则
既．．．．又．．．both…and….谓语用复数
7. 看起来，似乎It seems/seemed that…..
8. 由于．．．而闻名be famous for….
9. 餐馆就餐用语：a table for two/sit at the table by the window/here’s the menu/May I take your order?/could we have the bill?/That’s all.
10. 问路Which is the way to…/where is…/How can I get to…/Is there a..near here/Can you tell me the way to…/Can you tell me how I can get to…?
11. turn right at the third crossing/traffic lights在第3个路口往右拐＝take the third crossing on your right
12. 过桥go across the bridge=cross the bridge
13. 走到路的尽头go up this road to the end=go on until you reach the end.
14. at the street corner在街角
15. on sb’s way to….在sb去…的途中/路上
16. what’s the matter?=what’s wrong?=what’s the trouble?怎么了?
17. be sick in hospital/in bed 生病住院/卧床
18. Maybe it is there=it may be there可能在那里.
19. It takes/took/will take sb+时间+to do sth. Sb做sth花费了…时间
20. 路途遥远It’s (5 kms)far(away) from…=That’s quite a long way.
21. wait for…等待
22. 五分钟的步行/驾驶路程：five minutes’ walk/drive
23. 迷路lose sb’s way/sb be lost/sb get lost
24. just then=just at that time/moment就在那时
25. 首先first of all=at first
26. a big city like Tokyo像东京这样的大城市
27. It’s easy/interesting/important/ (for sb) to do sth.（对sb来说）做sth是容易的/有趣的/重要的.
28. if 条件状语从句：从句一般现在时，主句一般将来时。如：If it rains tomorrow, I will not go to the zoo.
29. at the head /end of…在…的前/尾部
30. 我的背很疼. My back hurts badly.
31. 为…做准备get /be ready for…
32. stop sb (from) doing sth.阻止/不让sb做sth
33. have a good/wonderful time=enjoy oneself 玩得很高兴
34. answer in a tired voice/with a smile 用疲惫的声音/面带微笑回答。
35. quarrel with sb on sth 为了sth与sb 吵架
36. complain about sth 为…而抱怨,投诉
37. 生病用语：sb have a headache=sb have a pain in the head 头痛，have a cough 咳嗽，have/catch a cold 感冒，have cancer 得了癌症。
38. have /take the medicine three times a day 吃药，每天3次
39. take sb’s temperature 量体温，look over 医生检查病人
40. drink more water 多喝水，take more exercise 多锻炼
41. sb醒来: sb wake up, //sb 醒着的：sb be awake
42. sb 睡着了入睡 be/fall asleep
43. 忙着…bu busy doing/with sth
44. as soon as… 一… 就 ...
45. sleeping pills安眠药，light music 轻音乐
46. again and again 再三地，一次又一次
47. dream about…梦见…; dream of… 梦想成为…
48. 系动词+形容词: be/smell/taste/sound/look/feel/turn/get/become
49. make trouble制造麻烦，惹是生非，make a noise 制造噪音
50. every five minutes 每隔5分钟
51. instead/instead of…代替，取而代之，反而
52. write to sb. 写信给sb
53. get enough sleep 睡眠充足；stay happy 保持心情开朗
54. on time 准时；in time 按时
55. sb had better (not) do sth， sb 最好（别）做sth
56. land on …登陆
57. pull…out of..=pull…up from…拉上来
58. 不定代词：something/anyone/nobody/everywhere等
59. we’re all by ourselves=we’re alone.单独，独自
60. feel a little afraid/don’t be afraid. 有点害怕/别害怕
61. perhaps=maybe也许，可能
62. not …until… 直到…才…
63. sooner or later 迟早，早晚
64. ran after追//ran to …向..跑去// ran away 逃跑了
65. eat up 吃光// use up 用完
66. take (good) care of ..=look after…照顾，保管
67. 我自学英语learn English by myself= teach myself English
68. learn to do sth 学会…
69. 记日记 keep a diary，写日记 write a diary
70. leave sb by oneself 单独留下sb
71. join in the League/Party 入团/党
72. 越来越…:比较级+and+比较级; more and more +多音节词。如：bigger and bigger , more and more interesting
73. 越…, 就越…: the +比较级，the +比较级。 如：越大越好：the bigger, the better
74. turn on/off 开/关（电器），turn up/down音量开大/小
75. the whole story=all the story整个故事,整件事情
76. 过了一会儿after a while/moment
77. make faces 做鬼脸
78. 名胜，景点interesting places=places of interest
79. my hometown in Zhejiang 我浙江的老家
80. 暑假summer holidays; 五一假期 May 1st holiday
81. a strong wind大风；in the wind 在风里
82. make sb do sth. 使/逼迫sb做sth
83. 倒装句（为了强调）There he is./ Away he went.
84. with these words. 说完这些话，说着说着（伴随状语）。
85. I don’t know how to use it yet. 我不知道怎样使用它。
where to go. 我不知道该去哪里。
what to do. 我不知道该做什么。
86. wait for sb’s turn to do sth 等着轮到sb做sth
It’s sb’s turn to do sth. 轮到sb去做sth
被动：be+动词过去分词
eg：The trees are planted every year.
过去完成时:
过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已经发生的动作或情况，一般用在描述过去的某个时点已经发生过的动作或情况的句子中,即：过去的过去。如:
When we got there, the football match had already started.
当我们赶到时，足球比赛已经开始了。
过去完成时由“主语+had+动词过去分词”构成。其肯定句，否定句和疑问句结构如下：
肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他.
否定句：主语+had not+过去分词+其他.
疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词+其他?
He had worked for two years by then. 到那时他已经工作两年了。
He hadn't worked for two years by then. 到那时他已经两年不工作了。
Had he worked for two years by then? 到那时他已经工作两年了吗？
三、过去完成时的基本用法
1. 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间之前已完成的动作，表示对这一过去时间造成的结果或影响。常用以下几种方式：
(1) 用by，before等构成的介词短语。 eg:
Linda had learnt 10 English songs by the end of last month.
到上个月底，琳达已经学了10首英文歌曲。
John had repaired that machine before midnight.
在半夜之前约翰已经修好了那台机器。
(2) 用when, before, after等引导的时间状语从句。如:
The train had started before we got to the station.
在我们到达车站之前，火车已经开了。
The plane had taken off when I reached the airport.
我到达机场时，飞机已经起飞了。
2. 过去完成时还可以表示过去某一时间以前发生开始的动作持续到
这一过去的时间。常与for, since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。如:
I had worked in a hospital for three years before I came here.
我来这之前，在一家医院已经工作三年了。
He told us that he had worked here since 10 years before.
他告诉我他自从十年前就一直在这儿工作了。
㈡ 初二英语语法学什么
我马上升初三了
八年级上学期主要学1.一般将来时be going to+动词原形/Will
2爱好，专be interested in, enjoy doing ,be fond of doing
3感叹句属，what a love dog/how love the dog is!
4过去进行时，I am reading ---l was reading
5形容词的比较级，后缀er或est
6反意疑问句，she can sing English songs, can't she?
八年级下学期主要学
1时间状语从句，条件状语从句，原因状语从句
2，动词不定式
3宾语从句
看我打了那么多，给分吧
㈢ 人教版的初中英语都学了什么（语法）详细点
初一主要语法：一般现在时，一般过去时，现在进行时，名词，数次，情态动词can，祈使句
初二主要语法：情态动词，形容词的比较级和最高级，直接引语和间接引语，现在完成时，反意疑问句
初三主要语法：by+doing的用法，used to的用法，被动语态，虚拟语气，定语从句，过去完成时，宾语从句，make的用法
说的详细吧，自己输入进去的，如果是你想要的记得采纳哈~！O(∩_∩)O
㈣ 初二上学期英语，都包含哪些语法知识
初二第一学期UNIT ONE英语语法总结
1.how often...?
1)How often do you read English? I read English every day.
每隔一天=每两天 every other day = every two days
每三、四、五天 every three/four/five days
eg.The Olympic Games are held every four years.
2)How often do you go to the movies? I go to the movies once a month.
一月两次twice a month 一月三次 times a month 一月两三次two or three times a month
2.sometimes的位置
3.pretty 漂亮 （注意和quiet 相当 的区分）
4. 5种how的疑问句
5.Do you have the same lifestyle as them? (the same ... as 的用法)
No,mine is different from theirs. (be different from 的用法)
6.may be 与maybe
May be kate knows the answer.
=Kate may know the answer.
=Perhaps Kate knows the answer.
7.try tries tried trying
try to do something 尽力、设法做某事
try doing something 试着做某事
try one's best to do something 尽某人最大的努力去做某事
8.keep in good health = stay in good health
㈤ 初中英语人教版初二语法
Unit 1 Will people have robots?
重点语法：一般将来时态的应用
do/does 的一般将来时态形式：(shall/will) do
do/does 的一般将来时态的被动语态：(shall/will) be done
一般将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式：
肯定句例句：People will have robots in a few years.
否定句例句：People (will not/won't) have robots in a few years.
一般疑问句例句：Will people have robots in a few years?
特殊疑问句例句：What will people have in a few years?
重点短语：won't = will not
they'll = they will
she'll = she will
he'll = he will
I'll = I will
fall in love with(sb./sth.) 爱上（某人/某物）
be able to do sth. 能够做某事
come true 实现
in the future 未来
hundreds of 数以百计的
thousands of 数以千计的
look for(sb./sth.) 寻找（某人/某物）
will → would 情态动词 will 的原形和过去式
may → might 情态动词 may 的原形和过去式
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
Look at the title and picture, and predict what you will read about. (看着标题和图片，预知你要阅读那些方面的内容。)This helps you get ready to acquire new information. (这样可以帮助你获得一些新的信息。)
Unit 2 What should I do?
重点语法：过去将来时态（将来时态的委婉说法）
do/does 的过去将来时态形式：(should/would) do
do/does 的过去将来时态的被动语态：(should/would) be done
过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式：
肯定句例句：You should write a letter to him.
否定句例句：You shouldn't write a letter to him.
一般疑问句例句：Should I write a letter to him?
特殊疑问句例句：What should I do?
重点短语：keep sb. out 不让某人进入
What's wrong? = What's the matter? = What's the problem? 怎么了？
out of style 不时髦的；过时的
call sb. up 给某人打电话
pay for sth. 为某事付款
part-time job 兼职工作
the same as = be same (to/with) 与……同样
in style 时髦的；流行的
get on [well] with sb. = get along [well] with sb. 与某人相处（好）
didn't = did not
couldn't = could not
as ... as possible 尽可能……(eg/ as soon as possible 尽快)
all kinds of 各种；许多
on the one hand 一方面
on the other hand 另一方面
ask sb. for sth. = ask sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事
ask sb. not to do sth. 请求某人不要做某事
spend (money) on sth. = spend (money) [in] doing sth. 花钱做某事
sth. cost sb. (money) 某人花钱为了某事
take sb. sometime to do sth. 花某人时间做某事
find out 查明
find sb. doing sth. 发现某人做某事
be angry with sb. 生某人的气
be angry at sth. 生某事的气
the same age as = as old as 与某人年龄一样
have fight with sb. 与某人打架
learn to do sth. 学会做某事
not ... until ... 直到……才……
compare sth.(A) with sth.(B) 把某事(A)与某事(B)作比较
it's time for sth. = it's time to do sth. 到该做某事的时间了
maybe adv. 或许
may be （情态动词 + 动词原形）可能是
shall → should 情态动词 shall 的原形和过去式
pay → paid → paid 动词 pay 的原形、过去式和过去分词
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
You will learn to use new words better if you use a learner's dictionary. (时刻学着应用新单词来学习比时刻使用字典这种途径方法更好。)A bilingual dictionary sometimes gives the wrong meaning for the situation you want. (在某些你需要的场合下，一本双语字典有时会给你错误的解释。)
Unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived?
重点语法：过去进行时态
do/does 的过去进行时态形式：(was/were) doing
do/does 的过去进行时态的被动语态：(was/were) being done
过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式：
肯定句例句：I was walking down the street when a UFO landed.
否定句例句：I wasn't walking down the street when a UFO landed.
一般疑问句例句：Were you walking down the street when a UFO landed?
特殊疑问句例句：What were you doing when a UFO landed?
动词 when 和 while 的选择：when 后加瞬间动词，while 后加延续性动词。
例句：The boy was walking down the street when the UFO landed.
=While the boy was walking down the street, the UFO landed.
感叹句
结构：(1) How + adj. + the + 主语 + 谓语动词
=(2) What + (a/an) + [adj.] + n. + 主语 + 谓语动词
例句：What a beautiful flower [it is]!
=How beautiful the flower is!
What beautiful flowers [they are]!
=How beautiful the flowers are!
重点短语：get out 出去；离开
take off 起飞
run away 逃跑；跑掉
come in 进来
hear about = hear of 听说
take place 发生
as ... as 像……一样(eg/ as old as him 像他一样老)
anywhere = everywhere = here and there 任何地方
think about 考虑
think of 认为
get up = get out of the bed 起床
at the doctor's 在诊所
every day 每一天
everyday adj. 日常的
most adj. 大部分
the most 最多的
in space 在太空中
national hero 民族英雄
all over the world = in the world 全世界
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
The title can be helpful for you to understand a text. (一篇文章的标题可以帮助你理解整篇文章。)It's also a good idea to read the first sentence of each paragraph before you read. (在阅读整篇文章之前，阅读每段的第一句话也是一个很有效的方法。)
Unit 4 He said I was hard-working.
重点语法：宾语从句
结构：主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语从句(主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语/表语)
例句：----I'm good at English. He says. (改为加宾语从句的复合句)
----He says I'm good at English.
注意：①主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态不受其影响。
例句：He says I'm good at English now.
He says I was good at mathematics when I was young.
②主句是过去时态，宾语从句也要用过去时态。
例句：He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday.
He said I was good at English now yesterday.
③宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。
例句：Our teacher says 24 hours make a day.
Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday.
④动词原形不能作主语，必须用其 -ing 形式。
例句：She said helping others changed her life.
重点短语：direct speech 直接引语
reported speech = indirect speech 间接引语
first of all = at first 首先
pass on 传递
be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事
be good at = do well in 在某方面做得好
in good health 身体健康
get over 克服
open up 打开
care for = take care of = look after 照料；照顾
not any more = not any longer = no longer 不再
have a cold 感冒
end-of-year exam 年终考试
get nervous 变得紧张
forget to do sth. 忘记做某事（该事未做）
forget doing sth. 忘记做某事（该事已做）
it's + adj. + [for sb.] + to do sth. 做某事[对某人来说]……（加形容词）
context 上下文
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
First read for meaning, not for detail. (首先理解文段的大致意思，不在于文段的细节部分。)You can understand the meaning of a word you don't know from the context. (至于不懂的单词，你可以通过上下文来寻找它的正确释义。)
Unit 5 If you go to the party, you'll have a great time!
重点语法：if 引导的条件状语从句
结构：主句 + if + 条件状语从句
if + 条件状语从句 + [(comma)] + 主句
注意：在 if 引导的条件状语从句中，主句应用将来时态，状语从句用一般现在时态。
例句：You'll have a great time if you go to the party.
=If you go to the party, you'll have a great time.
重点短语：take away 拿走
around the world = all over the world 在世界各地
make a living 谋生
all the time = always 一直
What's the problem? = What's the matter? = What's wrong? 怎么了？
in order to do sth. 为了做某事
make sb. do sth. 使得某人做某事（to 省略，该结构是一个不带 to 的不定式。）
make sb. adj. 使得某人……（加形容词）
make sb. done 使得某人被做
be famous for 为……而出名
be famous as 作为……而出名
in class 在课堂上
spend ...(time/money) on sth. = spend ...(time/money) in doing sth. 花……（时间/钱）用于做某事
see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某事（强调整个过程）
see sb. doing sth. 看见某人做某事（强调偶然性）
say → said → said 动词 say 的原形、过去式和过去分词
tell → told → told 动词 tell 的原形、过去式和过去分词
eat → ate → eaten 动词 eat 的原形、过去式和过去分词
speak → spoke → spoken 动词 speak 的原形、过去式和过去分词
Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells?
重点语法：现在完成进行时态
do/does 的现在完成进行时态形式：have/has been doing
do/does 的现在完成进行时态的被动语态：have/has been being done
现在完成进行时态所应用的场合：
①某事从过去发生一直持续到现在都在做
②过去发生的动作对现在造成影响
例：我已上了三年初中。
I have been in Junior School for 3 years.
自从那次他与我谈过心后，我天天都在进步。
I have been making progress since he talked with me that time.
现在完成进行时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式：
肯定句例句：I have been skating for five hours.
否定句例句：I haven't been skating for five hours.
一般疑问句例句：Have you been skating for five hours?
特殊疑问句例句：How long have you been skating?
注意：瞬间动词不能和一段时间连用。
例句：你借这本书已经多长时间了？
How long have you been keeping this book?
重点短语：run out of 用完；用尽
by the way 顺便说说
be interested in doing sth. 对某事感兴趣
more than 比……多
far away 在远处
would like to do sth. = want to do sth. = feel like doing sth. 想要做某事
send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. 把某物赠送给某人
in fact 实际上
room 房间（用于可数名词）；空间（用于不可数名词）
common → more common → the most common 形容词 common 的原级、比较级和最高级
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
Let your eyes "scan" the text quickly to find details that you're looking for. (在阅读文章之前，用眼睛“横扫”整篇文章，快速寻找你需要的文章要点。)You can find information quickly without reading the whole text. (这样你就不用细读整篇文章，就能寻找到你需要的一些信息。)
Unit 7 Would you mind turning down the music?
重点语法：mind [one's] doing sth. 介意（某人）做某事
重点短语：not at all 一点也不
turn down 调节使音量变小
right away = in a minute = at once 立刻；马上
wait in line 排队等候
cut in line 插队等候
hasn't = has not
keep ... down 压低声音；使缓和
at first = first of all 首先
take care 当心；小心
take care of = care about = look after 关心；照顾
break the rule 违规
obey the rule 遵守规定
put out 熄灭
pick sth. up 捡起某物
wait for sb. 等候某人
depend on 依赖；依靠
get back = return 要回
mean → meant → meant 动词 mean 的原形、过去式和过去分词
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
As we read, we need to find "topic sentences".(在我们阅读的时候，我们需要寻找“主题语句”，也就是和文章中心最相关的语句。) These sentences usually gives us a "summary", or overall meaning of each paragraph and help us understand what the paragraph is about.(这些语句通常会给我们一些文章的“概要”，或者每个文段的全部意思，来帮助我们理解段落大意。) After the topic sentence comes more detail and explanation.(当“主题语句”出现后，该段的一些解释和细节也就会随之出现。)
Unit 8 Why don't you get her a scarf?
重点语法：询问别人为什么要做或者不做某事
why don't you do sth. = why not do sth.
例句：Why don't you get her a camera? = Why not get her a camera?
what about = how about
例句：How about some tennis balls? = What about some tennis balls?
重点短语：fall asleep 入睡
give away 赠送；分发
hear of = hear about 听说
take an interest in = be interested in 对……感兴趣
make friends with 与……交友
make progress 取得进步
keep → kept → kept 动词 keep 的原形、过去式和过去分词
feed → fed → fed 动词 feed 的原形、过去式和过去分词
fall → fell → fallen 动词 fall 的原形、过去式和过去分词
hear → heard → heard 动词 hear 的原形、过去式和过去分词
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
To understand the important ideas from the text, we must "summarize".(为了了解文段最主要的意图，我们必须要进行总结。) Do this by answering "who, what, where, why" questions as you read.(在阅读时，常注意回答时间、地点、人物这些基本要素问题，达到总结的目的。)
Unit 9 Have you ever been to an amusement?
重点语法：现在完成时态
do/does 的现在完成时态形式：(have/has) done
do/does 的现在完成时态的被动语态：(have/has) been done
现在完成时态主要强调过去发生的事情对现在的影响。
例句：我去年去过美国，那是我第一次出国。
I have ever been to America. It's the first time for me to go abroad.
重点短语：have a great time = have a good time = have fun = enjoy oneself 玩得高兴
on board 在船上
end up doing sth. 结束做某事
all year round = all over the year 终年
understand → understood → understood 动词 understand 的原形、过去式和过去分词
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
After reading, write down three or more things you have learned. (在阅读整篇文章之后，把你学到的三样或更多事物写下来。)We always remember things better if we take time to reflect. (如果我们花时间去思考一些问题的话，那么我们就能更容易地记住一些事情。)
Unit 10 It's a nice day, isn't it?
重点语法：反意疑问句
反意疑问句由肯定陈述句加否定问句构成，或者由否定陈述句加肯定问句构成。
例句：He's a student, isn't he?
She's not his mother, is she?
回答反意疑问句时，要根据事实来回答。若事实是肯定的，则必须用 yes 回答。若事实是否定的，则必须用 no 回答。
例句：你还没有准备好，对吧？
You're not ready, are you?
是的，我没有准备好。
No, I'm not.
不，我准备好了。
Yes, I am.
重点短语：look through 浏览
come along 出现；发生
get along 相处
at least 至少
at most 至多
a thank-you note 感谢信
forget → forgot → forgotten 动词 forget 的原形、过去式和过去分词
little → less → least 形容词 little 的原级、比较级和最高级
many/much → more → most 形容词 many/much 的原级、比较级和最高级
更多语法知识点请参见书后附录的 Grammar (语法) 章节。
㈥ 人教版初一到初二英语书上的主要语法和知识点
【精萃】新目标英语知识点总结及练习七年级上
【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语
1. Sit down
2. on ty
3. in English
4. have a seat
5. at home
6. look like
7. look at
8. have a look
9. come on
10. at work
11. at school
12. put on
13. look after
14. get up
15. go shopping
II. 重要句型
1. help sb. do sth.
2. What about…?
3. Let’s do sth.
4. It’s time to do sth.
5. It’s time for …
6. What’s…? It is…/ It’s…
7. Where is…? It’s….
8. How old are you? I’m….
9. What class are you in? I’m in….
10. Welcome to….
11. What’s …plus…? It’s….
12. I think…
13. Who’s this? This is….
14. What can you see？ I can see….
15. There is (are) ….
16. What colour is it (are they)? It’s (They’re)…
17. Whose …is this? It’s….
18. What time is it? It’s….
III. 交际用语
1. Good morning, Miss/Mr….
2. Hello! Hi!
3. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you, too.
4. How are you? I’m fine, thank you/thanks. And you?
5. See you. See you later.
6. Thank you! You’re welcome.
7. Goodbye! Bye!
8. What’s your name? My name is ….
9. Here you are. This way, please.
10. Who’s on ty today?
11. Let’s do.
12. Let me see.
IV. 重要语法
1. 动词be的用法；
2. 人称代词和物主代词的用法；
3. 名词的单复数和所有格的用法；
4. 冠词的基本用法；
5. There be句型的用法。
【名师讲解】
1. in/on
在表示空间位置时，in表示在某个空间的范围以内，on表示在某一个物体的表面之上。例如：
There is a bird in the tree. 树上有只鸟。
There is a picture on the wall. 墙上有张图。
2. this/that/these/those
(1)this常常用来指在时间、地点上更接近讲话人的人和事，these是this的复数形式。that常常用来指在时间、地点上离讲话人更远一点的人和事，those时that的复数形式。例如：
You look in this box and I’ll look in that one over there.你看看这个盒子，我去看那边的那个盒子。
I want this car, not that car. 我想要这辆小汽车，不是那一辆。
Take these books to his room, please. 请把这些书拿到他房间去。
This is mine; that’s yours. 这个是我的，那个是你的。
These are apples; those are oranges. 这些是苹果，那些是橘子。
(2)在打电话的用语中，this常常指的是我，that常常指的是对方。例如：
This is Mary speaking. Who’s that? 我是玛丽。你是谁？
3. There be/ have
There be "有"，其确切含意为"某处或某时存在某人或某物。"其结构是：There be + 某人或某物 + 表示地点或时间的状语。There be 后面的名词实际上是主语，be 动词的形式要和主语在数上保持一致，be动词后面的名词是单数或不可数名词时用is，名词是复数时用are。例如：
(1) There is a big bottle of coke on the table. 桌上有一大瓶子可乐。
(2) There is a doll in the box. 那个盒子里有个娃娃。
(3) There are many apples on the tree. 那树上有许多苹果。
总之，There be结构强调的是一种客观存在的"有"。have表示"拥有，占有，具有"，即：某人有某物(sb. have / has sth.)。主语一般是名词或代词，与主语是所属关系。例如：
(4) I have two brothers and one sister.我有两个兄弟，一个姐姐。
(5) That house has four rooms.那所房子有四个房间。
4. look/ see/ watch
(1)look 表示“看、瞧”，着重指认真看，强调看的动作，表示有意识地注意看，但不一定看到，以提醒对方注意。，如：
Look! The children are playing computer games. 瞧！孩子们在玩电脑游戏。
Look! What’s that over there? 看！那边那个是什么？
单独使用是不及物动词，如强调看某人/物，其后接介词at，才能带宾语，如：
He’s looking at me。他正在看着我。
(2)see强调“看”的结果，着重的是look这个动作的结果，意思是“看到”，see是及物动词，后面能直接跟宾语。如：
What can you see in the picture? 你能在图上看到什么？
Look at the blackboard. What did you see on it?看黑板！你看到了什么？
(3)watch“观看，注视”，侧重于场面，表示全神贯注地观看、观察或注视某事务的活动，强调过程，常用于“看电视、看足球、看演出”等。如：
Yesterday we watched a football match on TV.昨天我们从电视上看了一场足球比赛。
4. put on/ / in
put on意为“穿上，戴上”。主要指“穿上”这一动作, 后面接表示服装、鞋帽的名词。
in 是介词，表示“穿着”强调状态。在句中可以做定语、标语和状语。如：
It’s cold outside, put on your coat. 外面冷，穿上你的外衣。
He puts on his hat and goes out. 他戴上帽子，走了出去。
The woman in a white blouse is John’s mother.穿白色衬衣的那个妇女是John的妈妈。
5. house/ home/family
house ：“房子”，指居住的建筑物; Home: “家”，指一个人同家人共同经常居住的地方; Family: “家庭“，“家庭成员”。例如：
Please come to my house this afternoon. 今天下午请到我家来。
He is not at home. 他不在家。
My family all get up early. 我们全家都起得很早。
6. fine, nice, good, well
四者都可用作形容词表示"好"之意，但前三者既可作表语又可作定语，而后者仅用作表语。主要区别在于：
(1) fine指物时表示的是质量上的"精细"，形容人时表示的是"身体健康"，也
可以用来指"天气晴朗"。例如：
Your parents are very fine. 你父母身体很健康。
That's a fine machine. 那是一台很好的机器。
It's a fine day for a walk today. 今天是散步的好时候。
(2)nice主要侧重于人或物的外表，有"美好"，"漂亮"的意思，也可用于问候或赞扬别人。例如：
Lucy looks nice. 露西看上去很漂亮。
These coats are very nice. 那些裙子很好看。
Nice to meet you. 见到你很高兴。
It's very nice of you. 你真好。
(3)good形容人时指"品德好"，形容物时指"质量好"，是表示人或物各方面都好的普通用语。例如：
Her son is a good student. 她儿子是一个好学生。
The red car is very good. 那辆红色小汽车很好。
(4)well只可用来形容人的"身体好"，但不能作定语，它也能用作副词作状语，多放在所修饰的动词之后。例如：
I'm very well, thanks. 我身体很好，谢谢。
My friends sing well. 我的朋友们歌唱得好。
【考点扫描】
中考考点在本单元主要集中在：
1. 动词be的用法；
2. 人称代词和物主代词的用法；
3. 名词的单复数和所有格的用法；
4. 冠词的基本用法；
5. There be句型的用法。
6. 本单元学过的词汇、短语和句型；
7. 本单元学过的日常交际用语。
考试形式可以是单项填空、完型填空、短文填空、完成句子。
【中考范例】
1. (2004年北京市中考试题)
Mary, please show ________ your picture.
A. my B. mine C. I D. me
【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是人称代词和物主代词的用法。本题中动词show后面跟双宾语，空白处应填入人称代词的宾格me作宾语。
2. (2004年上海市徐汇区中考试题)
_________ orange on the desk is for you, Mike.
A. A B.An C. / D. The
【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是冠词的基本用法。因为是特指课桌上的那个橘子，所以用定冠词the。
3. (2004年哈尔滨市中考试题)
---What _______ the number of the girls in your class?
---About twenty.
A. is B. am C. are D. be
【解析】答案：A。该题考查的是动词be的用法和主谓一致。the number作主语，应该是单数第三人称，动词be变为is。
4. (2004年陕西省中考试题)
There _______ a football match on TV this evening.
A. will have B. is going to be C. has D. is going to have
【解析】答案：B。该题考查的是There be…句型和动词have用法区别。There be句型本身就表示“在某个地方存在某个人或物”，不能和动词have混在一起用。
【精萃】新目标英语知识点总结及练习七年级下
【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语
1. a bottle of
2. a little
3. a lot (of)
4. all day
5. be from
6. be over
7. come back
8. come from
9. do one’s homework
10. do the shopping
11. get down
12. get home
13. get to
14. get up
15. go shopping
16. have a drink of
17. have a look
18. have breakfast
19. have lunch
20. have supper
21. listen to
22. not…at all
23. put…away
24. take off
25. throw it like that
26. would like
27. in the middle of the day
28. in the morning / afternoon/ evening
29. on a farm
30. in a factory
II. 重要句型
1. Let sb. do sth.
2. Could sb. do sth.?
3. would like sth.
4. would like to do sth.
5. What about something to eat?
6. How do you spell …?
7. May I borrow…?
III. 交际用语
1. —Thanks very much!
—You're welcome.
2. Put it/them away.
3. What's wrong?
4. I think so.
I don't think so.
5. I want to take some books to the classroom.
6. Give me a bottle of orange juice, please.
Please give it / them back tomorrow. OK.
9. What's your favourite sport?
10. Don't worry.
11.I’m (not) good at basketball.
12. Do you want a go?
13. That's right./ That‘s all right./ All right.
14. Do you have a dictionary / any dictionaries?
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
15. We / They have some CDs.
We / They don’t have any CDs.
16. ---What day is it today / tomorrow?
---It’s Monday.
17. ---May I borrow your colour pens, please?
---Certainly. Here you are.
18. ---Where are you from?
---From Beijing.
19. What's your telephone number in New York?
20. ---Do you like hot dogs?
---Yes, I do. ( A little. / A lot. / Very much.)
---No, I don't. ( I don't like them at all.)
21. ---What does your mother like?
---She likes mplings and vegetables very much.
22. ---When do you go to school every day?
---I go to school at 7:00 every day.
23. ---What time does he go to bed in the evening?
---He goes to bed at 10:00.
IV. 重要语法
1.人称代词的用法；
2. 祈使句；
3. 现在进行时的构成和用法；
4．动词have的用法；
5．一般现在时构成和用法；
6．可数名词和不可数名词的构成和用法
【名师讲解】
1. That's right./ That‘s all right./ All right.
That’s right意为“对的”，表示赞同对方的意见、看法或行为，肯定对方的答案或判断。例如：
"I think we must help the old man.""我想我们应该帮助这位老人。"
"That's right."或 "You're right.""说得对"。
That’s all right.意为“不用谢”、“没关系”，用来回答对方的致谢或道歉。例如：
"Many thanks." "That's all right."
"Sorry. It's broken." "That's all right."
All right.意为“行了”、“可以”，表示同意对方的建议或要求。有时还可以表示“身体很好”
"Please tell me about it." "请把此事告诉我。"
"All right.""好吧。"
Is your mother all right?你妈身体好吗
2. make/do
这两个词都可以解释为“做”，但含义却不同，不能混用。make指做东西或制东西，do指做一件具体的事。
Can you make a paper boat for me? 你能为我做个纸船吗？
He’s doing his homework now.他正在做他的作业。
3. say/speak/talk/tell
say：是最口语化的最普通的一个词，意为“说出”、“说道”，着重所说的话。如：
“I want to go there by bus” , he said . 他说，“我要坐汽车到那里去。”
Please say it in English .请用英语说。
speak : “说话”，着重开口发声，不着重所说的内容，一般用作不及物动词 (即后面不能直接接宾语 ) 。如：
Can you speak about him? 你能不能说说他的情况？
I don’t like to speak like this. 我不喜欢这样说话。
speak 作及物动词解时，只能和某种语言等连用，表达在对话中恰当使用词汇的能力。如：
She speaks English well.她英语说得好。
talk : 与 speak 意义相近，也着重说话的动作，而不着重所说的话，因此，一般也只用作不及物动词， 不过，talk 暗示话是对某人说的，有较强的对话意味，着重指连续地和别人谈话。如：
I would like to talk to him about it . 我想跟他谈那件事。
Old women like to talk with children.老年妇女喜欢和孩子们交谈。
tell : “告诉”，除较少情况外，一般后面总接双宾语。如：
He’s telling me a story.他在给我讲故事。
tell a lie 撒谎
tell sb. to do sth. /tell sb. not to do sth.
Miss Zhao often tells us to study hard.
4. do cooking/ do the cooking
do cooking 作“做饭”解，属泛指。do the cooking 特指某一顿饭或某一家人的饭。cooking为动名词，不能用作复数，但前面可用 some, much修饰。从do some cooking可引出许多类似的短语：
do some washing 洗些衣服
do some shopping 买些东西
do some reading 读书
do some writing 写些东西
do some fishing 钓鱼
从以上短语可引申出另一类短语，不能用some, much或定冠词。
go shopping 去买东西
go fishing 去钓鱼
go boating 去划船
go swimming 去游泳
5. like doing sth./ like to do sth.
like doing sth. 与like to do sth. 意思相同，但用法有区别。前者强调一般性的爱好或者表示动作的习惯性和经常性；后来表示一次性和偶然性的动作。例如：
He likes playing football, but he doesn‘t like to play football with Li Ming.
他喜欢踢足球，但是他不喜欢和李明踢。
6. other/ others/ the other/ another
other表其余的，别的，
Have you any other questions?你还有其他问题吗?
others 别的人，别的东西
In the room some people are American, the others are French.在屋子里一些人是
美国人,其他的是法国人。
the other表另一个（二者之中）one…，the other…
One of my two brothers studies English, the other studies Chinese.
我两个哥哥中的一个学习英文,另一个学中文。
another表三者以上的另一个，另一些
There is room for another few books on the shelf.书架上还可以放点书。
7. in the tree/ on the tree
in the tree 与 on the tree.译成中文均为"在树上"但英语中有区别。in the tree表示某人、某事（不属于树本身生长出的别的东西）落在树上，表示树的枝、叶、花、果等长在树上时，要使用on the tree.如：
There are some apples on the tree. 那棵树上有些苹果。
There is a bird in the tree. 那棵树上有只鸟。
8. some/ any
(1)some和 any既可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。但有以下两点需要
注意。
some常用于肯定句中，any常用于否定句和疑问句中。如：
There is some water in the glass.
Is there any water in the glass?
There isn't any water in the glass.
(2)在说话者希望得到肯定答复的一般疑问句中，或在表示请求，邀请的疑问句中，我们依然用some。如：
Would you like some tea?
9. tall/ high
(1)说人，动物，树木等有生命的东西，主要用tall，不用high，例如
a tall woman 一个高个子妇女
a tall horse 一个高大的马
(2)说一个不与地面接触的人和物的高时，要用high，而不用tall，比如人站在桌子上时，飞机飞上天时，例如：
He is high up in the tree. 他高高地爬在树上。
The plane is so high in the sky. 飞机在空中这么高。
(3)指建筑物、山时要tall或high都可以，不过high的程度比tall高。
(4)high可作副词，tall不能。
(5)tall的反义词为short, high的反义词为low.
10. can/ could
(1) can表示体力和脑力方面的能力，或根据客观条件能做某种动作的"能力
"。例如：
Can you ride a bike？ 你会骑自行车吗？
What can I do for you？ 要帮忙吗？
Can you make a cake？你会做蛋糕吗？
(2) can用在否定句和疑问句中时有时表示说话人的"怀疑""猜测"或不肯定。例如：
Where can he be？他会在什么地方呢？
Can the news be true？这个消息会是真的吗？
It surely can't be six o'clock already？不可能已经六点钟了吧？
You can't be hungry so soon，Tom，you've just had lunch.汤姆，你不可能饿得这么快，你刚吃过午饭。
What can he mean？他会是什么意思？
在日常会话中，can可代替may表示"允许"，may比较正式。例如：
You can come in any time.你随时都可以来。
--- Can I use your pen？我能用你的钢笔吗？
--- Of course，you can.当然可以。
You can have my seat，I'm going now.我要走了，你坐我的座位吧。
(3) could
could 是 can的过去式，表示过去有过的能力和可能性（在否定和疑问句中）。例如：
The doctor said he could help him.（能力）医生说他能帮助他。
Lily could swim when she was four years old.（能力）
当丽丽四岁的时候她就会游泳。
At that time we thought the story could be true.（可能性）
那时我们以为所说的可能是真的。
could可代替can表示现在时间的动作，但语气较为婉转。例如：
Could I speak to John，please？我能和约翰说话吗？
Could you？在口语中表示请求对方做事。例如：
Could you wait half an hour？请你等半个小时好吗？
Could you please ring again at six？六点钟请你再打电话好吗？
(4) can的形式
只有现在式can和过去式could两种形式。能表示一般现在和一般过去两种时态，有时也能表示将来。所有其他时态（包括将来时）须用be able to加动词不定式来表示。例如：
They have not been able to come to Beijing.
他们没有能到北京来。
11. look for/ find
look for 意为“寻找”，而find意为“找到，发现”，前者强调“找”这一动作，并不注重“找”的结果，而后者则强调“找”的结果。例如：
She can’t find her ruler. 她找不到她的尺子啦。
Tom is looking for his watch，but he can’t find it.汤姆正在寻找他的手表，但没能找到。
12. be sleeping/ be asleep
be sleeping 表示动作，意思是“正在睡觉”；be asleep 表示状态，意思是“睡着了”。如：
---What are the children doing in the room? 孩子们在房间里做什么？
---They are sleeping.他们正在睡觉。
The children are asleep now.现在孩子们睡着了。
13. often/ usually/sometimes
often表示"经常"，sometimes表示"有时候"，在表示发生频率上often要高于usually，usually要高于sometimes。这三个词表示的是经常性，一般性的动作或情况，常与一般现在时连用，常位于主要谓语动词的前面，其他谓语动词（be动词，情态动词和助动词）的后面，有时也可位于句尾。如果要加强语气，则放在句首。
We usually play basketball after school.我们通常放学后打篮球。
Sometimes I go to bed early.有时，我睡觉很早。
He often reads English in the morning.他经常在早晨读英语。
14. How much/ How many
how much常用来询问某一商品的价格，常见句式是How much is / are…?
How much is the skirt? 这条裙子多少钱？
How much are the bananas? 这些香蕉多少钱？
how much后加不可数名词，表示数量，意为“多少“，how many后加可数名词的复数形式。
How much meat do you want? 你要多少肉呀？
How many students are there in your class? 你们班有多少人？
15. be good for/ be good to/ be good at
be good for 表示"对……有好处"，而be bad for表示"对……有害"；be good to表示"对……友好"，而be bad to表示"对……不好"；be good at表示"擅长，在……方面做得好"，而be bad at表示"在……方面做得不好"。
Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes.做眼保健操对你的眼睛有好处。
Eating too much is bad for you health.吃的太多对你的身体有害。
Miss Li is good to all of us.李老师对我们所有的人都很友好。
The boss is bad to his workers.这个老板对他的工人不好。
Li Lei is good at drawing, but I'm bad at it.李雷擅长画画，但是我不擅长。
16. each/ every
each 和every都有"每一个"的意思，但含义和用法不相同。each从个体着眼，every从整体着眼。each 可用于两者或两者以上，every只用于三者或三者以上。
We each have a new book.
我们每人各有一本新书。
There are trees on each side of the street.
街的两旁有树。
He gets up early every morning.
每天早晨他都起得早。
each可以用作形容词、副词和代词；every只能用作形容词。
Each of them has his own ty.
他们各人有各人的义务。
They each want to do something different.
他们每个人都想做不同的事情。
17. 一般现在时/现在进行时
一般现在时表示经常性的或习惯性的动作或存在的状态，也表示说话者的能力，还有自然现象；而现在进行时表示正在进行或发生的动作（构成方式为am/is /are/+doing）。
I do my homework in the evening.
我在晚上做作业。
I'm doing my homework now.
我现在正在做作业。
现在进行时常与now, these days, at the moment 或Look, listen等词连用；而一般现在时常与often, always, sometimes, usually, every day, in the morning, on Mondays等连用。
We often clean the classroom after school.
我们经常放学后打扫教室。
Look! They are cleaning the classroom .
看！他们正在打扫教室呢。
【考点扫描】
中考考点在本单元主要集中在：
1．动词一般现在时和现在进行时的用法，人称代词的用法，可数名词和不可数
名词的构成和用法。
2．本册书中常见的交际用语
3．本册书中一些重点的词组和短语
考试形式往往是单项填空、完形填空、短文改错和短文填空。
㈦ 八下英语语法重点请问人教版八下英语主要学习了哪些
Unit 1 What’s the matter?
一、重点短语
1. have a fever 发烧 2. have a cough 咳嗽
3. have a toothache 牙疼 4. talk too much 说得太多
5. drink enough water 喝足够的水 6. have a cold 受凉;感冒
7. have a stomachache 胃疼 8. have a sore back 背疼
9. have a sore throat 喉咙痛 10. lie down and rest 躺下来休息
11. hot tea with honey 加蜂蜜的热茶 12. see a dentist 看牙医 13. get an X-ray 拍X 光片 14. take one’ s temperature 量体温
15. put some medicine on sth. 在……上面敷药16. feel very hot 感到很热
17. sound like 听起来像 18. all weekend 整个周末
19. in the same way 以同样的方式 20.go to a doctor 看医生
21. go along 沿着……走 22. on the side of the road 在马路边
23. shout for help 大声呼救 24. without thinkingtwice 没有多想
25. get off 下车 26. have aheart problem 有心脏病
27. to one’ s surprise 使....... 惊讶的 28. thanks to 多亏了；由于
29. in time 及时 30. save alife 挽救生命
31. get into trouble 造成麻烦 32. right away 立刻；马上
33. because of 由于 34. get out of 离开;从……出萍
35. hurt oneself 受伤 36. put abandage on sth. 用绷带包扎
37. fall down 摔倒 38. feel sick 感到恶心
39. have a nosebleed 流鼻血 40. cut his knee 割伤他的膝盖
41. put her head back 把她的头向后仰 42. have problems breathing 呼吸困难
43. mountain climbing 登山运动 44. be used to doing sth.习惯做某事
45. run out (of) 用完;用尽 46. so that 以便
47. so . . . that 如此… …以至于… 48. be in control of 掌管;管理
49. in a difficult situation 在闲境屮 50.keep on doing sth. 继续或坚持做某事
51. make a decision 做出决定 52. take risks 冒险
53. give up 放弃
二、重点句型
1. What’s the matter? 怎么了？
What’s the matter with you? = What’s the trouble with you?= What’s wrong withyou?
你怎么了？
2. What should she do? 她该怎么办呢？
Should I take my temperature? 我应该量一下体温吗？
主语+ should/shouldn’t + 动词原形. ..
① You should lie down and rest. 你应该躺下休息一会儿。
② You shouldn’t go out at night. 你晚上不应该出去。
3. Do you think it comes from a newspaper or a book? 你认为它是来自报纸还是书呢？
4. I think I sat in the same way for too long without moving.
我想我以同样的姿势一动不动地坐得太久了。
5. Shesaid that the man had a heart problem and should go to the hospital
她说这个男子有心脏病，应该去医院。
Unit 2 I’ll help to clean up the city parks.
一、重点短语
1. Clean-Up Day 清洁日 2. an old people’s home养老院
3. help out with sth. 帮助解决困难 4. used to 曾经… …；过去
5. care for 关心;照顾 6. the look of joy 快乐的表情
7. at the age of 在......岁时 8. clean up 打扫(或清除)干净
9. cheer up (使)变得更高兴; 10. give out 分发;散发
11. come up with 想出；提出 12. make a plan 制订计划
13. make some notices 做些公告牌 14. try out 试用;试行
15. work for 为…工作；为…. 效力 16. put up 建造;举起;张贴
17. hand out 分发;散发;发给 18. call up 打电话;召集
19. put off 推迟;延迟 20. for example 比如；例如
21. raise money 筹钱;募捐 22. take after 与......相像;像
23. give away 赠送;捐赠 24. fix up 修理;修补;解决
25. be similar to 与……相似 26. set up 建立;设立
27. disabled people 残疾人 28. make a difference 影响;有作用
29. be able to 能够 30. after-schoolreading program课外阅读项目
二、重点句型
1. The boy could give out food at the food bank. 这个男孩可以在食品救济站分发食物。
2. Clean-Up Day is only two weeks from now. 清洁日离现在仅仅两周的时间。
3. He volunteers at an animal hospital every Saturday morning.
每周六上午，他都在一家动物医院当志愿者。
4. Last year, she decided to try out for a volunteer after-school readingprogram.
去年，她决定去参加一个课外阅读项目的志愿者的选拔。
5. . . . you can see in their eyes that they’re going on a differentjourney with each new book.……从他们的眼睛里你可以看到他们正在进行每本不同的新书之旅。
6. I want to put off my plan to work in an animal hospital until nextsummer.
我想把我在动物医院工作的计划推迟到明年夏天。
7. Most people today are only worried about getting good jobs to make lotsof money.
现在的大部分人只是为找一份能挣许多钱的好工作而着急。
8. You helped to make it possible for me to have Lucky.
在你的帮助下，我才有可能拥有“幸运儿”。
Unit 3 Could you please clean your room?
一、 重点短语
1. go out for dinner 出去吃饭 2. stay out late 在外面待到很晚
3. go to the movies 去看电影 4. get a ride 搭车
5. work on 从事 6. finish doing sth. 完成做某事
7. clean and tidy 干净整洁 8. do the dishes 洗餐具
9. take out the rubbish 倒垃圾 10. fold your/the clothes 叠衣服
11.sweep the floor 扫地 12. make your/thebed 整理床铺
13.clean the living room 打扫客厅 14. no problem 没问题
15. welcome sb. 欢迎某人 16. come home fromschool/ work放学/下班回家
17. throw down 扔下 18. sit down 坐下
19. come over 过来 20. take sb. fora walk 带某人去散步
21. all the time 一直;总是 22. all day/evening 整日/夜
23. do housework 做家务 24. shout back 大声回应
25. walk away 走开 26. share thehousework 分担家务
27. a comfortable home 一个舒适的家 28. in surprise 惊讶地
29. get something to drink 拿点喝的东西 30. watch one show 观看一个节目
31. hang out 闲逛 32. pass sb.sth. 把某物传给某人
33. lend sb. sth. 把某物借给某人 34. get sth. wet 使某物弄湿
35. hate to do sth. 讨厌做某事 36. do chores 做杂务
37. help sb. (to ) d o /with sth 帮助某人干某事38. bring a tent 带顶帐篷来
39. buy some snacks 买些小吃 40. go to the store 去商店
41. invite sb. to a party 邀请某人参加聚会 42. make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事
43. enough stress 足够的压力 44. a waste of time 浪费时间
45. in order to 为了 46. get good grades 取得好成绩
47. mind doing sth. 介意做某事 48. depend on 依赖;依靠
49. develop children’s independence 发展孩子的独立性
50. look after/take care of 照顾；照看 51. do one’s part in (doing ) sth.做某人分内的事
二、重点句型
1. Could you please do sth. ?
Could you please clean your room? 你能整理一下你的房间吗？
2. I have to do some work. 我必须干些活。
3. Could I+ do sth. ? Could I useyour computer? 我可以用一下你的电脑吗？
4. She won’t be happy if she sees this mess. 如果她看到这样乱七八糟的话她会不高兴的。
5. For one week, she did not do any housework and neither did I.
整整一周，她什么家务活都不干了，我也一样。
6. My mom came over as soon as I sat down in front of the TV.
我一在电视机前坐下，我妈妈就过来了。
7. hate + ( to do/ doing) sth. Ihate to do chores.
讨厌（憎恨）做某事
Unit 4 Why don’t you talk to your parents?
一、重点短语
1. have free time 有空闲时间 2. allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
3. hang out with sb. 与某人闲逛 4. after-school classes 课外活动课
5. get into a fight with sb. 与某人吵架/打架 6. until midnight 直到半夜
7. talk to sb. 与某人交谈 8. too many 太多
9. study too much 学得过多 10. get enough sleep 有足够的睡眠
11. write sb. a letter给某人写信 12. call sb. up 打电话给某人
13. surprise sb. 令某人惊讶 14. look through 翻看、浏览
15. be angry with sb. 生某人的气 16. a big deal 重要的事
17. work out 成功地发展;解决 18. get on with 相处；
19. fight a lot 经常吵架/打架 20. hang over 笼罩
21. refuse to do sth. 拒绝做某事 22. offer to do sth. 主动提出做某事
23. so that 以便 24. mindsb. doing sth. 介意某人做某事
25. all the time 一直 26. in future今后
27. make sb. angry 使某人生气 28. worry about sth. 担心某事
29. one’ s homework 抄袭某人的作业 30. be oneself 做自己
31. family members 32. spend time alone 独自消磨时光
33. give sb. pressure 给某人施压 34. have a fight with sb. 与某人吵架
35. compete with sb. 与某人竞争 36. free time activities 业余活动
37. get better grades 取得更好的成绩 38. give one’ s opinion 提出某人的观点
39. learn exam skills 学习应试技巧 40. practice sports 体育训练
41. cause stress 造成压力 42. cut out 删除
二、重点句型
1. I studied until mid night last night so I didn’t get enough sleep.
我昨晚学习到半夜所以睡眠不足。
2. Why don’t you forget about it? 你为什么不忘掉它呢？
3. Although she’s wrong, it’s not a big deal. 虽然她错了，但这并不是什么大事儿。
4. He should talk to his friend so that he can say he’s sorry.
他应该跟朋友谈谈以便他能说声对不起。
5. Maybe you could go to his house. 也许你可以去他家。
6. I guess I could, but I don’t want to surprise him.
我想我可以，但我不想让他感到惊讶。
㈧ 人教版的初中英语都学了什么（语法）详细点
形容词的比较级和最高级
宾语从句
定语从句
过去时态专
被动语态
冠词
（精属 锐）
㈨ 初二人教版英语重点语法
常见动词不定式词组、句型用法总结
.固定用法(非谓语动词)：以下是带to的动词不定式常见搭配
★希望做某事hope to do sth. ★决定做某事decide to do sth
★同意做某事agree to do sth. ★需要某人做某事need to do sth.
★使用某物做某事use sth to do sth ★迫不及待做某事can’t wait to do
★准备做某事get/be ready to do ★尽力/努力做某事try to do sth
★ 计划做某事plan to do sth. ★希望某人做某事wish sb. to do sth.
★轮流做某事take one’s turns to do sth. ★拒绝做某事refuse to do sth.
★告诉某人做某事tell sb. to do sth.★请某人做某事ask sb. to do sth.
★想要某人做某事want /would like sb. to do sth. ★不得不have to do
★同意某人做某事agree sb. to do sth. ★教某人做某事teach sb. to do sth.
★喜欢/想要某人做某事 like sb. to do sth.★encourage sb to do鼓励某人做
★帮助某人做某事help sb. to do sth/help sb.do
★It’s one’s turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事 例:It your turn to clean the blackboard.
★It’s time(for sb.) to do sth.是某人做某事时候了 例:It’s time for me to go home.
★It’s +adj. for/of sb. to do sth. 对于某人来说做某事是……
例: It is easy for me to learn it well. It is very kind/foolish/nice of you to do so.
★It takes sb. sometime to do sth. 某人做某事花了某时间
例句: 1.It takes me an hour to get to school by bike. 2.It took me an hour to watch TV last night. 3.It will take her two weeks to finish the work.
★too+adj./adv. to do sth. 太…..而不能 例: He was to angry to say a word.
★find/think/feel it +adj. to do sth.发现/认为/感到做某事是… I find/think/feel it hard to learn English well.
★序数词+to do 第…..个做某事 例句:Who is the first to get there?
★我不知/忘记了怎么办。I didn't know/forgot what to do.
★离开房间时不要忘记/记住关灯
例句:Don’t forget/Remember to turn off the lights when you left the room
★be+adj+to do sth 例句:I am very sorry to hear that. I am ready to help others. I am happy / pleased / glad to meet you.
顺口溜：本领最多不定式，主表定补宾和状；样样成分都能干，只有谓语它不敢；大家千万要小心，有时它把句型改；作主语时用it，自己在后把身藏；七个感官三使役，宾补要把to甩开；疑问词后接上它，宾语从句可充当；逻辑主语不定式，不定式前加for sb.；to前not是否定，各种用法区别开。
以下是不带to的动词不定式(即动词原形)的常见用法
★ let sb. do sth让某人做某事 ★ make do sth使得某人做某事
★ hear do sth do sth听见某人做某事 ★see do sth do sth看见某人做某事
★why not/why don’t you +动原？为什么不.?Why not/Why don’t you take a walk?
★ 某人+had better( not)do 某人最好(不)做某事
★情态动词can/may /must /should+ 动词原（包括情态动词的否定形式+动词原形）
★ 助动词do/does/did/will/would在构成疑问句或者构成否定句即don’t /doesn’t /didn’t /will not /would not+ 动词原形
★ be going to + 动词原形（表示“即将”“打算” 做某事）
使用-ing分词的几种情况
1.在进行时态中。He is watching TV. They were dancing at nine o'clock last night.
2.在there be结构中。如：There is a boy swimming in the river.
3.在have fun/problems结构中。如：We have fun learning English this term.
They had problems getting to the top of the mountain.
4.在介词后面。如：Thanks for helping me. Are you good at playing basketball？
What /How about doing sth? 做某事怎么样? I am interested in playing football.
5.在以下结构中 1. enjoy doing sth 喜欢做某事；
2. finish doing sth； 完成做某事； 3.feel like doing sth 想要做某事；
4. stop doing sth 停止做某事（原来的事） 5.forget doing sth 忘记做过某事
6. go on doing sth 继续做某事（原来的事）；7.remember doing sth 记得做过某事
8. like doing sth 喜欢做某事； 9.find /see/hear/watch sb doing发现/看到/听到/观看某人做
10. try doing sth 试图做某事； 11. need doing sth 需要做某事；
12. prefer doing sth 宁愿做某事； 13.mind doing sth 介意做某事；
14. miss doing sth 错过做某事； 15.practice doing sth 练习做某事；
16. be busy doing sth 忙于做某事；17.can't help doing sth 禁不住做某事；
18.waste time/money doing 浪费时间/钱做; 19.keep sb.doing 让…始终/一直做…
20. stop sb.(from)doing 阻止某人做某事
21. prefer doing A to doing B=like A better than B喜欢做B更喜欢做A
22. “do some +doing”短语 如：do some shopping/do some washing/do some reading/do some practicing/do some cleaning/do some speaking
23．“go doing”短语去做某事（主要指文娱活动等）如：go shopping/go fishing/go swimming/go hiking/go skating/go camping/go skiing（滑雪/go boating /go hunting (打猎)
.注意动词的过去分词的常见搭配: I feel(am/was) excited/ surprised/ amazed /interested /tired/pleased/worried/lost
Keep…closed/ a boy called/named Tom
㈩ 目前人教版的八年级英语语法学到哪里了
八年级上册学的都比较简单，形容词和副词的比较级和最高级，句子成分，类型，简单句的五种基本句型，宾语从句，各种时态包括一般现在时，现在进行时，一般过去时，动词不定式等……具体内容如下——
一、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
1) 单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加 -er 和 -est 构成。
great (原级) greater(比较级) greatest(最高级)
2) 以 -e 结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加 -r 和 -st 构成。
wide (原级) wider (比较级) widest (最高级)
3)少数以-y, -er, -ow, -ble结尾的双音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加 -er 和 -est 构成。
clever(原级) cleverer(比较级) cleverest(最高级)
4) 以 -y 结尾,但 -y 前是辅音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是把 -y 去掉,加上 -ier 和-est 构成.
happy (原形) happier (比较级) happiest (最高级)
5) 以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写该辅音字母然后再加 -er和-est。
big (原级) bigger (比较级) biggest (最高级)
6) 双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和最高级需用more 和 most 加在形容词前面来构成。
beautiful (原级)? difficult (原级)
more beautiful (比较级) more difficult (比较级)
most beautiful (最高级) most difficult (最高级)
不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good better best
many more most
much more most
bad worse worst
little less least
ill worse worst
far farther(further) farthest(furthest)
deep deeper deepest
tall taller tallest
形容词比较级的用法:
形容词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较,其结构形式如下:
主语+谓语(系动词)+ 形容词比较级+than+ 对比成分。 也就是, 含有形容词比较级的主句+than+从句。注意从句常常省去意义上和主句相同的部分, 而只剩下对比的成分。
形容词最高级的用法:
形容词最高级用于两个以上的人和物进行比较, 其结构形式为:
主语+谓语(系动词)+the+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句。
二、句子成分
1、主语
主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式等充当。
2、谓语
谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。
一般可分为两类：
1)，简单谓语
由动词(或短语动词)构成。
可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。
2)，复合谓语：情态动词＋不定式
3、表语
4、宾语
宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。
有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。
有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。
5、定语
在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。
用作定语的主要是形容词，代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语等。形容词，代词，数词，名词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。
但副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。
6、状语
修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分，叫做状语。用作状语的通常是副词，介词短语，不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。
三、句子类型：
1、简单句的基本形式是由一个主语加一个谓语构成。
2、复合句（Complex Sentence）由一个主句（Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause)构成。
3、两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。
四、简单句的五种基本句型
基本句型一： S V （主＋谓）
基本句型二： S V P （主＋谓＋表）
基本句型三： S V O （主＋谓＋宾）
基本句型四： S V o O （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
基本句型五： S V O C （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
五、宾语从句
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句.
1. 由that引导的宾语从句。That只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语
和非正式文体中可以省略。
2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。
初二上册学的宾从就是这些。
六、时态：
一. 一般现在时: (1)表示现在的状态, 例如:He’s twelve. (2)表示经常性的或习惯性的动作,例如:I go to school every day. (3)表示主语具备的性格和能力,
1. 肯定句结构:
(1) 行为动词:
a. 第一、二人称,复数人称: They/We/You+动词原形...
b.第三人称单数: He/She/It+动词-s/es…
(2)系动词(be): I am... They/We/You are… He/She/It is…
2.否定句结构:
(1) 行为动词:
a. 第一、二人称,复数人称: They/We/You+don’t+动词原形... 例如:They don’t go to school every day.
b.第三人称单数:He/She/It+doesn’t +动词原形… 例如:Lily doesn’t like singing.
(2)系动词(be): 在is/am/are后加not 例如:I am not a worker.
3. 一般疑问句结构:
a. 第一、二人称,复数人称: Do+they/we/you+动词原形...
b.第三人称单数: Does +he/she/iIt+动词原形…
(2)系动词(be):把is/am/are提在主语前.
二.现在进行时: 表示现在正在进行的动作或发生的事情.常与now, look…, listen…等表示现在状态的时间状语连用.
1.肯定句结构: 主语+is/am/are+动词-ing…
2.否定句结构: 在is/am/are后加not
3. 一般疑问句结构: 把is/am/are提在主语前.
三.一般过去时:表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态.常与yesterday…, last…, …ago, in1990等表示过去状态的时间状语连用.
1. 肯定句结构:
(1) 行为动词: 主语+动词的过去式…
例如: The twins went to school two hours ago.
(2) 系动词(be): I/ He/She/It+was… They/We/You+were…
例如: I was at home last night.
2.否定句结构:
(1) 行为动词: 主语+didn’t+动词原形…
(2)系动词(be): 在was/were后加not
3. 一般疑问句结构:
(1) 行为动词: Did+主语+动词原形…?
(2)系动词(be): 把was/were提在主语前.
例如: Were you at home last night? (Yes, I was. No, I was’t.)
四.一般将来时: 表示将来某时将要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作.
1. 肯定句结构:
(1)用于书面语: 主语+will+动词…
例如: We will come to see you tomorrow
(2)用于口语: 主语+am/is/are going to+动词…
例如: Tom is going to see his uncle next Sunday.
2.否定句结构:
(1)用于书面语: 在will后加not
例如: We won’t come to see you tomorrow. (will not=won’t)
(2)用于口语: 在is/am/are后加not.
例如: Tom isn’ going to see his uncle next Sunday.
五.动词不定式：want /forget /remember /would like /go + to + 动词原形…
例如: I want to get back my book..
Lucy went to see his mother last night.
八年级下册英语语法重点，加强学习了情态动词及用法，加强学习了一般将来时，学习了直接引语变间接引语，过去进行时，现在完成时，反义疑问句，状语从句等。
一、情态动词
定义:情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,但要与动词原形一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等。
位置：情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前, 谓语动词前若有助动词,则在助动词之前,疑问句中, 情态动词则在主语之前。
用法初二重点掌握may和might，will和would.
1、may和might的用法
1. 表示许可。
表示请求、允许时，might比may的语气更委婉一些，否定回答时(口语中常用) no , you can't . or , yes, please 用mustn't表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意(具有强烈禁止的意思)如：
You may drive the car.
— Might I use your pen? — No, you mustn't.
用May I ... 征询对方许可在文体上比较正式，在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中，用Can I ... 征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。
2. 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如：
May you succeed!
3. 表示推测、可能（疑问句不能用于此意）。
He may be very busy now.
4. “may(might) + have + 过去分词”表示对过去发生的行为的推测。如：
He may not have finished the work.
2、will和would的用法
1. 表示请求、建议等，would比will委婉客气。如：
Would you pass me the book?
2. 表示意志、愿望和决心。如：
I will never do that again.
3. 用“will be”和“will(would) + have + 过去分词”的结构表示推测，主要用于第二、三人称。前者表示对目前情况的推测，后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。如：
This will be the book you want.
I thought you would have finished this by now.
4. Would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。Would表过去习惯时比used to正式，并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如：
The wound would not heal.
During the vacation he would visit me every week.
5. 表料想或猜想。如：
It would be about ten when he left home.
What would she be doing there?
I thought he would have told you all about it.
二、一般将来时
一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作。常常与表示将来的时间状语连用。
Will和shall用法的区别
① 说或写都尽量使用“I'll, You'll, He'll , She'll , It'll, We'll , They'll …”的简缩形。
②要表达主语的“意志”，通常都用“will”（文法上称为意志将来。）
② 说话者要把自己的“意志”表达或行使出去，通常用“shall”。
③ 第一人称问句使用“shall”。
④ 问句是“Shall…?”，答句就用“shall ~”；问句用“Will …？”，答句就用“will ~ ”。
三、直接引语变间接引语
一、如何变人称;
人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：
She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：
He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"→He asked Kate how her sister was then。
直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：
Mr Smith said。 "Jack is a good worker。"→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。
二、如何变时态：
直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。
现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如：
1)She said. "I have lost a pen."→She said she had lost a pen
2)She said. "We hope so."→She said they hoped so.
3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"→She said he would go to see his friend。
但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。
①直接引语是客观真理。
"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. → The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
②直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：
Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。
③直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：
Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。" →Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。
④直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：
He said, "I get up at six every morning。" →He said he gets up at six every morning。
⑤如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如：
Peter said. "You had better come have today。" →Peter said I had better go there that day。
三、如何变状语：
直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规津，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then, yesterday。变为 the day before）地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为that),如：
He said, "These books are mine." →He said those books were his.
四、如何变句型：
①直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：She said, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes."→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.
②直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：He said, "Can you swim, John?" →He asked John if he could swim.
"You have finished the homework, haven‘t you?" my mother asked. →My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.
"Do you go to school by bus or by bike?" →He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.
③直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。
She asked me, "When do they have their dinner?"→ She asked me when they had their dinner.
④直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth."句型。如：
"Don’t make any noise," she said to the children. →She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. "Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she.→She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.
⑤直接引语如果是以“Let‘s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动句词（或从句）。”如：
He said, "Let’s go to the film." →He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.
引述别人的话有两种方式：一是使用引号引出人家的原话，这叫做直接引语；一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来，这叫做间接引语。例如：
John said, "I’m going to London with my father."
约翰说："我要和父亲到伦敦去。"（引号内是直接引语）
John said that he was going to London with his father.
约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦。（宾语从句是间接引语）
[注意]
（1） 如果直接引语是表示客观真理时，变为间接引语，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
The teacher said "The earth goes round the sun."
→The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
（2） 如果直接引语中有明确表示过时间的状语，变为间接引语时，一般过去时不改为过去完成时。如：
He said to me, "I was born in 1973."
→He told me that he was born in 1973.
(3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
He said, "I’m a boy, not a girl."
→He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.
(4)如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作，在变为间接引时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
The girl said, "I get up at six every morning."
→The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.
(5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如：
He said to me, "I have taught English since he came here ."
→He told me that he had taught English since he came here.
(6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,在变为间接引语时，这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如：
The teacher said to me . "You must pay more attention to your pronunciation."
→The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.
He said , "I could swim when I was only six ."
→He said that he could swim when he was only six.
6.代词等一般地应作用相应的变化。
指示代词 this ---that
these--- those
表示时间的词 now --- then
today--- that day
this week(month ,etc) ----that week (month ,etc)
yesterday ----the day before
last week(month) --- the week(month) before
three days(a year)ago---three days(a year)before
tomorrow ----the next (following ) day
next week(month)--the next(following)week(month)
表地点的词 here --there
动词 bring -- take
come –go
四、过去进行时
一、 概念和用法：过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。其形式为was /were + V-ing。常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如：last night, last Saturday等；或者与when, while, as引导的过去时间状语连用。例如： We were watching TV from seven to nine last night. 昨天晚上七点到九点的时候我们在看电视。 What was he researching all day last Sunday? 上周日他一整天都在研究什么？
二、 过去进行时可以表示在过去某个时间点发生的事情。时间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示。如： What was she doing at nine o‘clock yesterday? 昨天晚上九点她在做什么？ (介词短语表示时间点) When I saw him he was decorating his room. 当我看见他的时候他正在装饰房间。 (when从句表示时间点)
三、 在复合句中，如果主要动作和背景动作都是延续的或同时发生的，那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。例如： While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper.他边等车边看报。 (两个动作都是延续的) He was cleaning his car while I was cooking. 他擦车时我在做饭。(两个动作同时进行)
四、 通常不能用于过去进行时的动词主要有：agree, is,am,are, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, have(拥有), wish等。
五、现在完成时
用法
（1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的情况,常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点）连用.
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
注（超重要）：瞬间动词（buy,die,join,lose……）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词
come-be
go out-be out
finish-be over
1.have代替buy
My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.
2、用keep或have代替borrow
I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.
3、用be替代become
How long has your sister been a teacher?
4、用have a cold代替catch a cold
Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.
5、用wear代替put on
b)用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词
1、be＋married代marry 2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill
3、be＋dead代die 4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep
5、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose
c)用“be＋副词”代终止性动词
1“be＋on”代start,begin
2“be＋up”代get up
d)用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词
1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to
2.用be in the army 代替join the army
3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to
常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：
1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw.
→have been in sw./at…相应的介词
2. have come/gone back/returned → have been back
3. have come/gone out →have been out
4. have become → have been
5. have closed / opened→ have been close/open
6. have got up → have been up；
7. have died → have been dead；
8. have left sw. → have been away from sw.
9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep；
10. have finished/ended/completed → have been over； 六、反义疑问句
反意疑问句(The Disjunctive Question)
即附加疑问句。它表示提问人的看法,没有把握,需要对方证实。
反义疑问句由两部分组成：前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简短的疑问句，两部分的人称时态应保持一致。
1．陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分否定式
2．陈述部分否定式+疑问部分肯定式
They work hard, don’t they?
七、状语从句
状语从句 （Adverbial Clause）
状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。
1． 时间状语从句
常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until
特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when
2． 地点状语从句
常用引导词：where
特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere
Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
3． 原因状语从句
常用引导词：because, since, as, for
特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that.
My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.
4． 目的状语从句
常用引导词：so that, in order that
特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that
The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.
同学，这可是我结合课本与网络“呕心沥血”总结出来的，希望对你有所帮助，如果还不行，建议到人教网把电子课本翻到后面也还有。