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英语必修四个单元语法总结

发布时间:2020-12-27 09:53:20

『壹』 高一英语必修四语法

主谓一致是指:
1) 语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2) 意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3) 就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,

一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。
There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。
Ten thousand tons of coal were proced last year.

并列结构作主语时谓语用复数

Reading and writing are very important.

注意: 当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
The iron and steel instry is very important to our life.

典型例题
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注: 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C.。本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别, monitor 前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B。

主谓一致中的靠近原则

1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.

2)当either… or… 与neither… nor, 连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。 如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。
Either you or she is to go.
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

谓语需用单数

1) 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语,或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。
Each of us has a tape-recorder.
There is something wrong with my watch.

2) 当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.
<<天方夜谭>>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。

3) 表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语 时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可,意思不变。)
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
Ten yuan is enough.

- ing分词 看 参考资料 很详

构词法看这里http://ke..com/view/74735.htm?fr=ala0_1_1

『贰』 高中英语必修4语法

主谓复一致分为3大类
1)语制法上一致
比如 Mary and Jack look healthy.
2)意义上一致
形式是单数形式 但意义是复数 谓语就是复数 反之亦是
The crowd are running for their lives.
3)就近原则
or ;either...or ;not only...but also ;neither...nor ;there be句型

『叁』 高中英语人教版必修四第四单元Reading的相关语法

Book 4 Mole 4
1. bring up
2. as a result of…
3. be known for
4. earn/make one’s/a living
5. come to power
6. make a breakthrough=break through
7. a quantity of…+单数谓语,
quantities of…+复数谓语
8. a physical change,
9. physical labour, physical disability
10. escape punishment=escape being punished
11. escape from
12. the key to (doing) sth
13. rise/increase by…
14. rise/increase to…
15. do…by accident
16. throw… into…
17. jump out of…
18. a leading figure
19. as a child
20. from an early age
21. experiment with…
22. export…to…
23. send astronauts into space
24. be at war with…
25. shoot arrows
26. attach…to…,be attached to…,
27. in…direction
28. introce… to…
29. keep…doing
30. be used for…
31. graate from…
32. in the area/field of
33. award…Noble Prize for physics
34. in/ring the 1990s/1990’s
35. In the rice-growing world, the Chinese scientist, Yuan Longping, is a leading figure.
36. He thought that the key to feeding people was to have more rice and to proce it more quickly.
37. He thought there was only one way to do this—by crossing different species of rice plant.
38. Researchers were brought in from all over China to develop the new system.
39. As a result of Yuan Longping’s discoveries Chinese rice proction rose by 47.5 percent in the 1990s.
40. 50 thousand square kilometers of rice fields were converted to growing vegetables and other cash crops.
41. In Pakistan rice is the second most important crop after wheat and will be grown in many parts of the country.
42. Today rockets are very advanced machines which we can use to send astronauts into space.
43. The Chinese had a form of gunpowder which was put in bamboo tubes and thrown into fires to make explosions ring festivals.
44. The Chinese discovered that the gas escaping from the tube could lift it into the air.
45. The tubes were attached to a long stick which help keep the rocket moving in a straight direction.
46. One Italian scientist even invented a rocket which could travel over the surface of water and hit an enemy ship.
47. Not everyone wanted to use rockets in battles.
48. Did Wan Hu die in the explosion? Or was he carried miles into space, becoming the world’s first astronaut?

Book 4 Mole 4
1. 抚养养育,呕吐提出问题,抬高
2. 由于的结果
3. 因为而著名
4. 谋生
5. 掌权
6. 突破
7. 大量的

8. 一个物理变化
9. 体力劳动,身体残疾
10. 逃脱惩罚
11. 从中逃脱
12. 做的关键
13. 增加了
14. 增加到
15. 偶然做某事
16. 把仍入
17. 从中跳出
18. 一个领衔人物
19. 当他是一个孩子时
20. 养育
21. 从很小时起
22. 用……做实验
23. 出口……到……
24. 把飞行员送入太空
25. 与….处于交战状态
26. 射箭
27. 系…到…上,被系到…上,
28. 朝…方向
29. 把…引入,引进到…
30. 被用做…
31. 从毕业
32. 在领域
33. 授予诺贝尔物理奖
34. 在20世纪90年代
35. 在水稻种植界, 中国科学家袁隆平堪称为是一个领军人物 / 杰出人物。

36. 他认为, 解决人们吃饭问题的关键在于拥有更多的稻米, 并且能更快地生产出来。

37. 他认为只有一种方法可以做到这一点—对不同种类的水稻进行杂交。

38. 全国各地的研究人员被召集到一起, 共同研究这项新体系。
39. 由于袁隆平的发现,中国的水稻产量在20世纪90年代增长了47.5%。

40. 五万平方千米的稻田转而种起了蔬菜及其它经济作物。

41. 在巴基斯坦, 水稻是继小麦之后的第二大作物, 而且将在这个国家的许多地区种植。

42. 当今, 火箭是非常先进的器械, 我们可以用来向太空派送宇航员。

43. 中国人发明了一种火药, 它可以在节日期间被装进竹筒扔进火里发出(噼里啪啦的)爆炸声。

44. 中国人发现, 从竹筒里跑出来的空气可以把它推向空中。

45. 竹筒被系在一根长棍子上, 它利于保持火箭直向飞行。

46. 一位意大利科学家甚至发明了一种能够在水面上飞行并击中敌舰的火箭。

47. 但是并非每个人都想在战争中运用火箭。

48. 万胡在爆炸中死掉了? 还是被带往空中几英里的地方, 成为世界上第一位宇航员?

『肆』 高中英语必修一到必修四有哪些语法知识点,详细归纳一下,谢谢

必修一到必修四的主要语法有:定语从句、时态语态、名词性从句、情态动词、非谓语和构词法。
每个单元具体语法如下:
必修一
Unit 1 Friendship 直接引语和间接引语(1)陈述句和疑问句
Unit2 English around the world 直接引语和间接引语(2)请求与命令
Unit 3 Travel Journal 现在进行时表将来
Unit 4 Earthquake 定语从句(1)(that,which,who,和whose)
Unit5 Nelson Mandela 定语从句(关系代词和关系副词)
必修二
Unit 1 Cultural relics 定语从句(限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句)
Unit 2 The Olympic Games 一般将来时的被动语态的结构与用法
Unit3 Computers 现在完成时的被动语态的结构与用法
Unit4 Wildlife Protection 现在进行时的被动语态的结构与用法
Unit5 Music 定语从句(介词+which)
必修三
Unit1 Festivals around the world 情态动词(1)
Unit2 Healthy Eating 情态动词(2)
Unit3 The million pound bank-note 宾语从句和表语从句
Unit4 Astronomy:the science of the stars 主语从句
Unit5 Canada-“The true North” 同位语从句
必修四
Unit1 Women of achievement 主谓一致
Unit2 Working the land 动词的-ing形式作主语和宾语
Unit3 A taste of English humour 动词的-ing形式作表语定语和宾语补足语
Unit4 Body language 动词的-ing形式作定语和状语
Unit5 Theme Parks 构词法

有帮助的话采纳下哈O(∩_∩)O~

『伍』 高一英语必修四语法总结(外研社版)

您好, 高一英语必修四语法总结(外研社)
高一英语必修4

重要词汇拓展
1 achievement n.成就,功绩→ v.达到,完成,实现
2 welfare n 福利事业,福利
3. project n.方案, 计划,, 设计,工程, 企业, 事业,科研项目; 课外自修项目
vi. ①伸出, 突出 ②设想自已处身于(into)
4. specialist n.专家,专业工作者→special adj.特殊的,专门的→specialize vi.专攻,专门从事
5. connection n.连接,关系→connect v.连接
6. condition n. 状况(不可数),条件(可数),环境(复数)on no condition 决不
7.organization n.组织,机构,团体 organize—vt.组织;筹备, 成立; 使加入工会,使有条理
8.behave v.举止,表现→behavior n.行为,举止
9. shade n.阴凉处 v.遮住光线
10.▲ worthwhile adj.值得的,值得做的 It is worthwhile doing sth./ to do sth.
worth adj.值……,值得…… be worth doing
worthy adj.值得做的,可尊敬的 be worthy of sth/ being done be worthy to be done
11. observe v.观察,观测,遵守→observation n.观察,观测
12. respect v./n.尊敬,尊重,敬意→respectable adj.值得尊敬的,正派的,体面地→respectful adj.有礼貌的,恭敬的
13. argue .v.争论,辩论→argument n.争论,辩论 argued-adj 引起争论的
14.entertainment-n 款待,娱乐 entertain-v 款待;招待,娱乐,抱有,怀着(想法、疑问)
15. crowd n.人群,观众 v.挤满,使拥挤→crowded adj.拥挤的
16. inspire v.鼓舞,激发→inspired adj.受到鼓舞的,有灵感的→inspiring adj.鼓舞人的→inspiration n.鼓舞,灵感
17 support v.支持,拥护→supporter n.支持者,拥护者
18.refer-vi 谈到,查阅,参考
19.intend v.计划,打算→intention n.打算,目的,意图
20.considerate adj.考虑周到的→consider v.考虑,认为
→consideration n考虑,体谅→considering prep考虑到
21.kind adj 仁慈的,和善的,友爱的kindness –n 仁慈,好意,善良
22.deliver v.递送,生(小孩),接生,发表(演讲等)→delivery n.投递,交货,分娩
23.modest adj 谦虚的,谦让的,适度的

重点短语梳理
1 devote…to (doing) sth.把…奉献给devote oneself to致力于,献身于 be devoted to专心致志于
2 human beings 人类
3 move off 离开,启程,出发
4 lead a…life 过着……的生活
5 crowd in 涌上心头,涌入脑海
6 look down on/ upon 蔑视,瞧不起
7 refer to 查阅,参考,谈到 (其中,to为介词)
8 by chance 碰巧,凑巧
9. come across 偶遇,碰见
10. carry on 继续,坚持 carry out 实行,执行,完成
11. be dressed in 穿着… dress as 打扮成…
12.fight for 为….而战 fight against 与…战斗
13.put to death判死刑
14. concern oneself with…关注… 注意…
15.intend to do sth./ doing sth. 打算做某事
16. in the shade of 在…的树荫下,在…的庇护下
17.gain doctor’s degree 获得博士学位
18. be considered as 被看做….
19.take turns to do sth 采取步骤做某事
20.do research on… 做…方面的研究
21.mean to do 打算做某事 mean doing 意味着
22. by now 直到现在

重点句型再现
1 She spent years observing and recording their daily activities.
她花去多年的时间观察和记录它们的日常活动。
(spend+时间/金钱+doing sth 花时间或金钱去做某事)
2 Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project. 她的母亲头几个月来帮过她的忙;这才使她得以开始自己的计划。
(only位于句首并修饰状语,句子要发生部分倒装,将助动词或联系动词置于主语之前)
3 Following Jane’s way of studing chimps, our group are all going to visit them in the forest.
我们一行人将按照Jane研究猩猩的方法去森林里拜访他们。
(-ing作方式状语。注意非谓语动词作状语时的区别:-ing主动/进行/延续,-ed被动/过去,to do主动/将来)
4.It seemed that she had been very busy in her chosen carrer travelling abroad to study as well as writing books and articles 看起来她忙于所选择的和写作一样的到国外研究。
(It seemed that+从句:似乎是,看起来好像是。 as well as 还有)
5.What made her succeed later on was the kindness and consideration she showed to all her patients
后来使她成功的是她对所有病人献出的爱心和体贴。
(What made her succeed主语从句。了解what引导的名词性从句的译法,明白它们在句中的成分:作主语、宾语、表语、同位语)

语法剖析(主谓一致)
主谓一致,指人称和数方面的一致关系。分为:语法一致, 内容一致, 就近一致。
(一) 语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数。以下为注意事项:
1. 单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数。如: Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质。No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐。
2. 用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数。如:
The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人)
A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具. (两样物)
用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
3. 不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如:
Serving the people is my great happiness.
为人民服务是我最大的幸福.
When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.
我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。
4. 用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数.
Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳.
No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 没有老师也没有学生开会缺席.
Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。
5. each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如:
Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说。
6. 若主语中有more than one 或many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数。 但more+复数名词+than one做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数. 如:
Many a boy likes playing basketball. 许多男生都喜欢打篮球.
More than one student was late. 不只一个学生迟到
More persons than one come to help us. 不止一个人来帮助我们。
7. none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数; 但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数. 如:
None of us are (is) perfect. 人无完人。
None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我着急。
8. 名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数. 如:
His clothes are good. 但这些名词前若出现 a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如:
A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜。
9. 形复意单名词如:news ; 以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics; 国名如: the United States; 报纸名如: the New Times; 书名如: Arabian Night <天方夜谈>; 以及The United Nations<联合国> 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
10. “a +名词+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词” 等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数. 如:
Only one and a half apples is left on the table.
注意: one or two + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如:
One or two places have been visited. 参观了一两个地点。
(二) 内容一致原则:
1.主语中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如:
The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行车, 今天出售。
60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。
Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的苹果都是烂的。
Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。
2. 不定数量的词组, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如:
A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科书已运到。
A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。
3. 加减乘除用单数.如:
Fifteen minus five is ten . 15减去5等于10。
4. 表示时间, 金钱, 距离, 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式, 它们做为一个单一的概念时, 其谓语动词用单数.如:
Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一个相当的距离。
5. (1) 通常作复数的集体名词. 包括police , people, cattle 等, 这些集体名词通常用作复数.如:
The British police have only very limited powers.
(2) 通常作不可数名词的集体名词. 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.
(3) 可作单数也可作复数的集体名词. 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:
The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委员会决定解雇他。
6. the +形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数.如:
The injured were saved after the fire.
(三) 就近原则
1. 由here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中, (有时主语不止一个时)谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致.如:
Here comes the bus 公共汽车来了.
Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 给你一支钢笔和几张纸。
Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?
你不在这儿的时候, 你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢?
2. 用连词or, either.... or, neither….nor, not only….but also 等连接的并列主语, 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。 如:
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 学生和老师都不知道这事.
He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的钢笔。
注意: one of +复数名词+who/that/which 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词为复数。如:
Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。
The only one of +复数名词+ who/that./which 引导的定语从句中,定语从句的动词应为单数。
Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人。

重要词汇拓展
1 sunburn v.日晒,晒黑→sunburnt adj.晒黑的
2 struggle v./n.挣扎,奋斗,努力 struggle against struggle for struggle with
3 decade n.十年,十年期
4 super n.冗员, 额外人员; [口]特级品, 特大号商品; 超级市场adj特级的, 极好的, 非凡的
5. hunger n.饥饿,渴望/v.使饥饿→hungry adj.饥饿的;渴望的
6.output n. 产量,输出,input 输入,消费
7.disturbing adj 引起烦恼的,令人不安的,disturb v. 打扰,麻烦
8.expand vt.扩大, 扩展,张开, 使发, 详谈; 引伸
9. circulate v.循环,流通→circulation n.循环,流传
10. battle n.战役,战斗 v.搏斗,奋斗
11. therefore adv.因此,所以
12. rid vt 摆脱,除去
13.freedom n 自由,自主→ free adj 自由的,免费的
14.equip v.配备,装备→equipment n.设备
15. export v.输出,出口 n.输出(品)→import v.输入,进口 n.进口(品)
16.nationality n 国籍,national adj 国家的,民族的 nation n. 国家
17.occupation n 工作,职业,占领 occupy v.占用,使从事,把注意力集中于...占领, 占据
18.confuse v.使迷惑,使为难→confused adj.感到迷惑的 confusing adj.令人迷惑的
19 regret v./n.后悔,遗憾→regretful adj.后悔的,遗憾的
20.proction n.生产,制造,proctive 可生产的,可制造的,proce –v 生产,制造
21.discovery n. 发现,发觉,discover-v 发现,
22.focus v. 集中,聚焦,n 焦点,中心点
23. rece v.减少,缩减→rection n.减少,缩减
24 comment n./v.评论,议论

重点短语梳理
1 if not 如果不…. If so 如果这样,
2.consider oneself sth 自认为是… consider sb sth 认为某人是…
3.since then 从那时起
4.search for a way to do sth 寻找做某事的途径。
5.thanks to 幸亏,由于,因为 (to为介词)
6.rid…of… 摆脱,除去 get rid of 除去…
7. be satisfied with 对……感到满意
8 would rather do than do宁愿,宁可…也不…=would do rather than do
9with the hope of 满怀希望..
10.in some way 在某种程度上
11.cause damage to 对… 造成危害。
12.build up 增强,强大
13. lead to 导致,造成(to为介词)
14. focus on 集中(注意力、精力等)于
15. keep…from/of 使……免受(影响、伤害等)

重点句型再现
1. Dr Yuan Longping grows what is called super hybrid rice.
袁隆平博士种植的是被称为“超级杂交水稻”的稻种。
(what引导的名词性从句在句中作宾语)
2. The special strain of rice makes it possible to proce one-third more of the crop in the same field. 这种特殊的稻种使得同样的田地多收获三分之一的产量。
(makes it possible 中it为形式宾语,to do不定式短语为真正宾语)
3. It’s a great pity that 很遗憾的是….
4.Using his hybrid rice,farmers are procing harvest twice as large as before.
由于使用了他的杂质水稻,农民的丰收是以前的两倍。
(-ing动词短语作原因状语)

语法剖析(非谓语动词---动词的-ing形式作主语和宾语)
一、动词-ing形式作主语
● 动词-ing形式作主语常用来表示经常性和习惯性的动作。动词-ing形式作主语通常放在句首,谓语用单数形式。例如:Listening to music is my sister’s hobby.
● 动词-ing形式作主语时,为了保持句子平衡,可以用it作形式主语。常用的结构:
1. It is + no use / no good / useless etc.+ v-ing
2. It is + nice / good / interesting / a waste of … etc. + v-ing 例如:
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
二、动词-ing形式作宾语
● 动词-ing形式既可作动词的宾语,又可作介词的宾语。
1. 以下动词或短语只接动词-ing形式作宾语:
admit, avoid, appreciate, consider, enjoy, escape, finish, keep, mind, miss, suggest等动词; can’t stand, give up, feel like, keep on, think of, set about, dream of 等短语。
2. 在下列短语中,to是介词,后面应用动词-ing形式作宾语:
be / get used to, look forward to, devote…to, pay attention to, object to等。
3. 下列动词或短语既可以跟动词-ing形式作宾语,也可以跟不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别:
● like, love, prefer如表示经常性的行为后接动词-ing形式;如表示具体的行为常用动词不定式,但要注意:如果like, love, prefer前有would,后面则接动词不定式。如:Would you like to go shopping with me?
● 下列几组词接动词-ing形式作宾语和不定式作宾语含义不同:
forget doing 忘记已做过某事; forget to do 忘记要做某事
remember doing 记得做过某事; remember to do 记住要做某事
mean doing 意思是,意味着; mean to do 打算做
regret doing 后悔做过某事; regret to do 遗憾要做某事
can’t help doing 禁不住做; can’t help (to) do 不能帮忙做。
● 在allow, permit, advise等动词后直接跟动词-ing形式作宾语,如果这些词后面有名词或代词作宾语,其后要用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如:
We don’t allow smoking in the classroom.
We don’t allow students to smoke.
● 动词need, require, want作“需要”解时,其后用动词-ing的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语,这时动词-ing的主动形式表被动意义。如:
Your coat wants washing. = Your coat wants to be washed.
三、动词-ing的复合结构
动词-ing的复合结构即:物主代词或名词所有格(作宾语时也可以用代词宾格或名词普通格) + 动词-ing。如:
Lucy’s turning up surprised everyone present.
Would you mind my / me using your mobile phone?
四、动词-ing的时态、语态以及否定形式动词-ing有一般式(doing) 和完成式 (having done) 两种时态,一般式的被动语态是being done,完成式的被动语态是having been done。动词-ing的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。
动词-ing的否定形式是在doing之前加not。例如:
I’m sorry for not having told you the news earlier.

英语翻译123团队帮您
学习快乐.
及时采纳. 要守信哦.

『陆』 高中英语必修4语法详解

非谓语动词
一、动词不定式 动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”,有时可以不带to。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能作谓语,但可以担任主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语。动词不定式仍保留动词的一些特点。 (一)动词不定式的特征及用法 1.动词不定式的构成及特征 “to +动词原形”构成动词不定式,是一种非谓语形式,在句子中不能作谓语,没有人称和数的变化,它具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。 2.动词不定式的用法 动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。 作主语 动词不定式作主语时,往往用it作形式主语,这种句型可归纳为下面的句型: It is + adj.+ 动词不定式 如果要说明不定式的动作执行者,可以用for It is + adj.+ for sb. to do sth. 作表语 My wish is to become a teacher. 作宾语 Most of us like to watch football matches. 作宾语补足语 He told me to be here on time. 作定语 I have nothing to say about that thing. 作状语 He stopped to have a look. 3.动词不定式的否定形式 动词不定式的否定形式not + to + 动词原形 4.动词不定式与疑问词连用 疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how, why等后面可以接动词不定式,构成动词不定式短语,可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。(二)动词不定式的时态和被动形式 动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,由不定式符号(to)加动词原形构成。不定式的形式有五种: 一般式to do. 完成被动式to have been done 二、分词 分词是动词非谓语形式的一种,包括现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示:主动,动作正在进行。过去分词表示:被动,动作已经完成。 (一)分词的作用 分词在句中可以作定语、表语、状语和宾语补足语。分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,否则分词前面必须有自己的主语。 (二)分词的时态 现在分词分一般式和完成式,而过去分词则没有时态形式的变化。 现在分词的一般式表示动作与谓语动词同时发生,或在谓语动词之前发生。现在分词的完成时,表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。常用作状语。(三)现在分词的被动式 被动一般式 being done 被动完成式 having been done This is one of the new supermarkets being built in our city. Having been told many times, he was able to operate the machine. (四)分词的否定形式 分词的否定式,由not+分词构成,(五)分词独立主格结构 当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时,带逻辑主语的分词短语成为独立主格结构,在句法功能上起状语作用。三、动名词 动名词是动词非谓语形式的一种,由动词加ing构成。动名词既有动词特征,也有名词特征。 动名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语和定语. 动名词的否定形式由not +动名词构成。 动名词的复合结构由名词所有格或物主代词加上动名词构成。 动名词的一般式,表示的动作可以与谓语动词同时发生或在前,或在后。 动名词的完成式表示在谓语动词之前完成的动作。

『柒』 高中英语必修四语法

what根本不抄能出现在定语从句里。How也是。that代替先行词可以是人也可以是物,在从句里作主语,宾语,表语。which只能代替先行词是物,在从句里作主语,宾语,when 代替先行词是一个时间名词,在从句里做时间状语。where代替先行词是一个地点名词,在从句里作地点状语why代替先行词是一个原因名词,在从句里作原因状语

『捌』 高中英语必修4语法

http://wenku..com/view/825b90d233d4b14e852468d6.html
在网络抄文库里找到好多那

『玖』 英语必修四第四单元语法题目(合成句子)

1、Holding the front door open and bowing deeply, the man was smiling.
2、Racing past, the car almost hit us as it turned the corner.
3、I looked up to see a long line of flying birds.
4、Your mother just called, hopping to talk to you.

『拾』 人教版高一英语必修一各个单元的语法知识点

一. 一般现在时
1. 表示主语现在所处的状态及其所具备的特征、性格、能力等
例如:I am a girl.
2. 表示习惯性、经常性的动作
例如:I usually go to bed at 9:00.
3. 标志性的词语
Always often sometimes now and then
4. 若助于为第三人称单数(he she it)则动词要用单三现
二. 现在进行时
1. 说话时正在进行的动作
例如:I am reading.
2.表示即将发生的动作,多用于go come start leave return arrive stay fly等词语之中,句子中常常有时间状语
例如:The plane is going to Beijing.
3.当句子中出现了always 、forever 、constantly 、continually 、
All the time等
例如:I am always thinking of you.
三. 倍数比较
1.A+系动词+倍数词+as+ adj \adv的原型+as+B
例如:The class is twice as big as that one.
2.A+系动词+倍数词+adj\adv的比较级+than+B
例如:The class is twice bigger than that class.
3.A+系动词+倍数词+the size\amount(数量)\ength\width\height
\depth\+of+B
例如:The class is twice the size of that class.
四. With的复合结构
1. With+宾语+宾语补足语
宾语补足语根据逻辑意义的不同可以是不同的词语,如形容词、现在分词、过去分词、副词、介词短语、不定式等,with在复合结构中常作状语
2.常用结构
○1with+宾语+doing
表主动与进行
例如:Tom was quite safe with Lucy standing behind him.
○2with+宾语+done
表被动与完成
例如:With all things she need bought,she went home.
○3with+宾语+to do
表将来
例如:With so many thing to deal with.
五. 现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时
1.基本表达式(I have been doing )
I/ we/ you/ they have been doing sth.
he/ she/ it has been doing sth.
2.表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,并且还将持续下去。
The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.
中国有2000年的造纸历史。(动作还将继续下去)
I have been learning English since three years ago.
自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。(动作还将继续下去)
3.表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。
We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
我们已经等你半个钟头了(人还没到,如同在电话里说的,还会继续等)
4.有些现在完成进行时的句子等同的句子。
例如:They have been living in this city for ten years.
They have lived in this city for ten years.
他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。
I have been working here for five years.
I have worked here for five years.
我在这里已经工作五年了。
5.大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。
例如:I have been writing a book.(动作还将继续下去)
我一直在写一本书。
I have written a book.(动作已经完成)
我已经写了一本书。
They have been building a bridge.
他们一直在造一座桥。
They have built a bridge.
他们造了一座桥。
6.表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。
例如:I have known him for years.
我认识他已经好几年了。
I have been knowing...
这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有:love爱,like喜欢, hate讨厌,等。
注意:比较过去时与现在完成时
1.过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2.过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语:
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately
现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不确定的时间状语
3.现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
例如: I saw this film yesterday.
(强调看的动作发生过了。)
I have seen this film.
(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)
Why did you get up so early?
(强调起床的动作已发生过了。)
Who hasn't handed in his paper?
(强调有卷子,可能为不公平竞争。)
She has returned from Paris.
她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned yesterday.
她是昨天回来了。
He has been in the League for three years.
(在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years.
(是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入团,joined为短暂行为。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He's already been sent for.
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
六.过去完成时
1. 概念:表示过去的过去
其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2. 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3.过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
例如:He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
七.现在完成进行时
1.其构成形式如下:
I / we / they have been + 动词的现在分词
He / she / it has been + 动词的现在分词 功用如下:
2. 表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的行动,如:
Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.
Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
3.表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的行动,如:
It has been raining for two hours. (现在还在下)
Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.
4. 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在,可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内,重复发生的行动,如:
She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
5. 现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响,而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身,如:
Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.
The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.
注意:
现在完成时有否定结构、而现在完成进行时没有否定结构。 现在完成时态可表示做完的时期以及已有的经验、但现在完成进行时不可以 现在完成进行时的否定结构 现在完成进行时有时也可用否定结构。
如: Since that unfortunate accident last week, I haven’t been sleeping at all well. 自从上周发生了那次不幸事故之后,我一直睡得很不好.
He hasn’t been working for me and I haven’t has that much contact with him. 他并没有给我工作过,我和他没有过那许多接触。
6.否定句构成:
主语+has/have+not+been+现在分词
7.一般疑问句构成:
Have/has+主语+been+现在分词+其他

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