⑴ 初中英语的语法总结,特别是现在完成时和宾语从句!!!!
现在完成时的用法
have(has)+过去分词
1.现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生活或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
I have lost my wallet.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是:已可以吃饭了.)
Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)
2. 现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的情况,常与for,since连用.
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
3. 现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet
4. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:
Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
5. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has bee too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
6. 现在完成时表示现在之前业已完成的动作,虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续,但是有一些现在完成时的句子,在后面加上for+一段时间,则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性.
Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语)
Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.(同第2点用法第一个例句)
7. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.
We have had four texts this semester.
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现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”
1.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如:He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如:never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning / month /year...,today等)连用。
例如: Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?
2.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。
例如:He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。)
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now,so far)等。
例如:I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
注意:(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。
(2)现在完成时常见两种句型:
①主语+have / has been+for短语
②It is+一段时间+ since从句
例如:He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了
宾语从句,即:在主句中担当宾语的从句。学习宾语从句要抓住三要素:连接词、语序和时态。
连接词一般都是that(指事务或人),which(指事),who(指人)
1.从句为陈述句,常选择连接词that或将that省略,直接与主句相连。
2.从句为一般疑问句,常选择连接词if或whether。在whether…ornot结构中不能用if替换。
3.从句为特殊疑问句,常选择what,when,where,which,who,how等的疑问代、副词作连接词。
注意:当who为主语时,句式为:who+谓语+其他三:判断时态情况:
1。主句是一般现在时,从句为各种时态情况
2。主句是一般过去时,从句为各种相应过去时态注意:从句描绘客观事实,用一般现在时。
宾语从句与中考试题
学习宾语从句并不难,只要你能过好下面的三道关:
第一关,选好连接词(也有人叫关联词)。
引导宾语从句的连接词,课本上写有三类,但从学习的角度看分为四类更为实用。
1.连词that:只起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,也无词汇意义,在口语中或非正式文体中常被省略。例如: 1)He knew(that)he should work hard.
2)I am glad(that)you've passed the exam.
2.连词whether或if:它们起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,作“是否”解,口语中多用if。例如: 3)Do you know whether he will ride here at 8 tomorrow morning?
4)Tom didn't know if/whether his grandpa liked the present.
作“是否”解的if和whether在具体用法上差别较大,同学们不易掌握。在宾语从句中用whether没有用if时受到那么多限制。例如:
5)He asked me whether or not I was coming.他问我是否要来。(该句中的whether不能换成if,因为if不能与or连用。)
3.连接代词who,whom ,whose,what, which:它们起连接作用,作句子成分,各有其自己的意义。例如:
6)The teacher asked the new student which class he was in?(武汉市)(which引导宾语从句,在从句中作定语,修饰class,意为“哪个”。)
7)Can you tell me whom he is waiting for?(天津市)
4.连接副词when,where, why,how:起连接作用,分别作时间、地点、原因、方式状语,各有其自己的意义。例如:
8)I wonder where he got so much money.对他从哪里弄到那么多钱我感到疑惑。(where在从句中作地点状语,修饰got,意为“哪里;什么地方”。)
9)He didn't tell me how old his friend was.(四川省)(how引导宾语从句,作程度状语,修饰old,意为“怎样;如何”等意。)
第二关,牢记宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序,即“连接词+主语+谓语+其他”。这里特别强调的是,它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述句的语序,不是疑问句的倒装语序。例如: 10)You must remember what your teacher said.
11)—Dad,do you know when the football game will start?
—In half an hour.(宁波市)
12)汉译英:你能不能告诉我,我们去看望谁?
误:Can you tell me who(m)do we have to see?
正:Can you tell me who(m)we have to see?
错句的错误出在宾语从句中误用了疑问句的结构——主语前加了个助动词do。因为我们已经习惯了特殊疑问句,如W hat time does the plane arrive in Paris?就顺口说出“Do you know what time does the plane arrive in Paris?”这种错误句子来。但是一旦我们注意了,我们不久就习惯于说“Do you know what time the plane arrives in Paris?”了。
第三关,注意时态的呼应。 宾语从句中谓语动词的时态,常常受主句谓语时态的制约,这种现象称为“时态的呼应”。例如:
13)汉译英:我原以为你今天有空的。 误:I thought(that)you are free today.
正:I thought(that)you would be free today.
错句中宾语从句用are很可能是因为有 today,但因为主句谓语是thought,所以从句谓语就该用过去将来时would be了。
这种时态的呼应,如果主句谓语是现在时或将来时,宾语从句的谓语时态不受限制,如上述例句2),3),7),8),10),11),12)。如果主句时态是过去时,宾语从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时(即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等)。例如: 14)He thought he was working for the people.
15)I heard she had been to the Great W all.
16)John hoped that he would find a job soon.
但宾语从句如果表示定理法则、永恒真理等,则不变化:
17)The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun.
巩固与检测请做下列2002年中考题:
1.In the bookshop,a reader asked the shop keeper _____Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book.(北京市东城区)
A.that B.how C.what D.if
2.—I don't know _____ Mr.Green will come to see us.
—He will help us with our English.(杭州市)
A.why B.when C.how D.where
3.—We never know _____ the old m an is. —They say he is a teacher. A.what B.who C.which D.where
4.I was told _____ Bill Gates was thirteen he began to play with computers. A.that how B.how that C.when that D.that when
5.—Do you know _____ ?I'm going to see him. —Sorry,I don't know.(北京市海淀区) A.where does Mr.Li live B.where did Mr.Li live
C.where Mr.Li lives D.where Mr.Li lived
6.—W here do you think _____ he _____ the computer?
—Sorry,I have no idea.(南京市)
A./;bought B.has;bought C.did;buy D.does;buy
7.I don't feel very well.Mum asked me _____this morning.(重庆市)
A. what the matter is B.what is wrong
C.what the matter was D.what wrong was
8.—Where is Jack?
—He is away to spend his holiday.He's gone either to Hangzhou or to Wuhan,but I'm not sure _____ .(南昌市)
A.that B.which C.where D.there
Key: 宾语从句与中考试题 1—4 D A A D 5—8 C A C C
如还有任何疑问,可以发电子邮件给我:[email protected]
⑵ 初三英语语法学习重难点
初三英语总复习语法系列训练
英语的时态 (
2)
六,现在完成时
1.现在完成时的构成:助动词 现在完成时的构成:助动词have (has) + 动词的过去分词 用于第三人称单数, 用于其他所有人称. 注:has 用于第三人称单数,have 用于其他所有人称.
2.现在完成时的用法: 现在完成时的用法: (
1)现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成 ) 的影响或结果.通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词just,already, 的影响或结果.通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词 , before, yet, never, ever等状语连用.例如: 等状语连用. 等状语连用 例如: ① I have never heard of that before. ② Have you ever ridden a horse? ③ She has already finished the work. ④ Have you milked the cow yet? Yes, I have done that already. ⑤ I've just lost my science book。
有时没有时间状语;多是一般疑问句. 有时没有时间状语;多是一般疑问句.
(
2)现在完成时表示过去已经开始,持续到现在 也许还会持续下 )现在完成时表示过去已经开始,持续到现在,也许还会持续下 去的动作或状态.可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在( 去的动作或状态.可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括现 在在内) 的一段时间的状语连用. 如 : for和 since, 以及 so far, 在在内 ) 的一段时间的状语连用 . 和 , now, today, this week(month, year) 等. ① I haven't seen her these days. ② She has learnt English for 3 years. ③ They have lived here since 19
90. ④ What has happened to the USA in the last 350 years? 注意:表示短暂时间动作的词, 注意:表示短暂时间动作的词,如come, go, die, marry, buy等的完 等的完 成时不能与for, since等表示一段时间的短语连用. 等表示一段时间的短语连用. 成时不能与 等表示一段时间的短语连用
(
3)现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时 现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中, 完成的动作,例如: 完成的动作,例如: I'll go to your home when I have finished my homework. If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we'll go to the park. (
4) have been (to)和have gone (to)的区别: (to)和 (to)的区别 的区别: 表示"曾经去过"某地, ★have / has been (to) 表示"曾经去过"某地,说话时此人很可能 不在那里,已经回来.侧重指经历. 不在那里,已经回来.侧重指经历. 表示某人"已经去了"某地, ★have / has gone (to) 表示某人"已经去了"某地,说话时此人在 那里,或可能在路上,反正不在这里. 那里,或可能在路上,反正不在这里.
试比较: 试比较:
He has been to Beijing. 他曾去过北京. 他曾去过北京. (人已回来,可能在这儿) 人已回来,可能在这儿) He has gone to Beijing. 他已经去了北京. 他已经去了北京. (人已走,不在这儿). 人已走,不在这儿)
一般过去时与现在完成时之比较
1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强 ) 过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情, 调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响, 调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响, 强调的是影响. 强调的是影响.
2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用, 而现在完成时通常与模糊 ) 过去时常与具体的时间状语连用, 的时间状语连用,或无时间状语. 的时间状语连用,或无时间状语. 一般过去时的时间状语有: ◎ 一般过去时的时间状语有:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, , in October, just now, 具体的时间状语. 具体的时间状语. 共同的时间状语有: ◎ 共同的时间状语有:this morning, tonight, this April, now, once, , before, already, recently,lately等. , 等 现在完成时的时间状语有: ◎ 现在完成时的时间状语有:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 等不确定的时间状语. 等不确定的时间状语.
请大家认真分析比较下列各例句: 请大家认真分析比较下列各例句:
I saw this film yesterday. 强调看的动作发生过了. (强调看的动作发生过了.) I have seen this film. 强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了.) She has returned from Paris. 她已从巴黎回来了. (她已从巴黎回来了.) She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回来了. (她是昨天回来了.) He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续 在团内的状态可延续) 在团内的状态可延续 He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入团,joined为短暂行为.) 三年前入团, 为短暂行为. 为短暂行为 注意:句子中如有过去时的时间副词( 注意:句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday, last week, in 19
60)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时.例如: 不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时.例如: ) (错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
延续动词与瞬间动词
1) 用于完成时的区别: 用于完成时的区别: 延续动词表示经验,经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果, 延续动词表示经验, 经历 ; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果, 不能 与表示段的时间状语连用. 与表示段的时间状语连用. He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作. 表结果 表结果) 他已完成了那项工作. (表结果 I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了. 表经历 表经历) 我从那时起就认识他了.(表经历
2) 用于till / until 从句的差异: 用于till 从句的差异: 延续动词用于肯定句,表示" 直到……" ;瞬间动词 延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做……直到 直到 " 用于否定句,表示" 用于否定句,表示"到……,才……". , " He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来. 他到 点才回来. He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点 他一直睡到 点.
典型例题: 典型例题:
1. You don't need to describe her. I her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B 答案B ;首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样, 用描述.再次, 告知为反复发生的动作, 用描述.再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在 告知为反复发生的动作 完成时. 完成时.
2. I'm sorry to keep you waiting. Oh, not at all. I here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时. 答案A ; 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时.
七,过去完成时的用法
1,概念:表示过去的过去. ,概念:表示过去的过去. |||> 那时以前 那时 现在 其结构是:had + 过去分词 其结构是: 2,过去完成时的用法: ,过去完成时的用法: (
1)过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动 ) 作或状态;句中常用by, before, until, when等词引导的时间状语. 等词引导的时间状语. 作或状态;句中常用 等词引导的时间状语 By the end of last year we had built five new houses. I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university. (
2)过去完成时的动词还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动 ) 作或者状态持续到过去某个时间或者持续下去. 作或者状态持续到过去某个时间或者持续下去. Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.
等动词后的宾语从句. (
3)在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句. ) 等动词后的宾语从句 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. (
4)在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中 , 发生在先 , 用过去完 ) 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先, 成时;发生在后,用一般过去时. 成时;发生在后,用一般过去时. When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. (
5)表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, )表示意向的动词, suppose等,用过去完成时表示 原本 ,未能 原本…,未能…" 等 用过去完成时表示"原本 We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. (
6)过去完成时的时间状语 )过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as. . He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
用一般过去时代替完成时
1) 两个动作如按顺序发生 , 又不强调先后 , 或用 两个动作如按顺序发生, 又不强调先后, 或用then,and,but , , 等连词时,多用一般过去时. 等连词时,多用一般过去时. When she saw the mouse,she screamed. , My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
2) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时; 间完成,用过去完成时. 间完成,用过去完成时. When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时. 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时. Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 14
92.
时间 过去
那时所预见的情况
现在
八,一般过去将来时
一,基本概念: 基本概念:
过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态. 过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态. 它是一个相对的时态,即立足于过去某时, 它是一个相对的时态,即立足于过去某时,从过去的某一时间看即 将发生的事情就要用这一时态. 将发生的事情就要用这一时态.
1) He said his mother would buy a bike for him
2) My brother told me he wouldn't believe Jack any more.
3) Would it be all right if he knew his illness?
基本形式: 二,基本形式:
would/should+动词原形 / + (其中 would 用于各种人称, should 常用于第一人称). 用于各种人称, 常用于第一人称). 例如: 例如: They were sure they would win the final victory. . 他们坚信会赢得最后胜利. 他们坚信会赢得最后胜利. He didn't expect that we should(would)all be there. ( ) . 他没想到我们都在那里. 他没想到我们都在那里. 上述两个例句中的宾语从句谓语 would win 和 should(would) be 分别与其主句谓语 were sure 和 didn't expect 相对应. 相对应.
三,过去将来时的一些其它表达形式: 过去将来时的一些其它表达形式:
1.was/were+going to+动词原形 was/were+ to+ He said he was going to try. . 他说他准备试试. 他说他准备试试.
2.was/were+to+动词原形 was/were+to+ They said the railway was to be opened to traffic on May Day. . 他们说这条铁路将在五一节通车. 他们说这条铁路将在五一节通车.
3.was/were about+动词原形 was/ about+ We were about to go out when it began to rain. . 我们正要出去天(突然)下起雨来. 我们正要出去天(突然)下起雨来.
4.过去进行时(一般多为动作概念较强的动词,如 go,come, 过去进行时(一般多为动作概念较强的动词, go,come, leave,start, open, leave,start, open,begin 等)也可用于表示将来. 也可用于表示将来. I didn't know when they were coming again. . 我不知道他们什么时候再来. 我不知道他们什么时候再来.
四,用法注意点: 用法注意点:
1.在时间和条件状语从句中,常用一般过去时来表示过去将来时. .在时间和条件状语从句中,常用一般过去时来表示过去将来时. 例如: 例如: He said he would come to see you when he had time. . 他说他有时间就来看望你. 他说他有时间就来看望你.
2."would+动词原形"可表示过去习惯性的动作.此时,不管 . +动词原形"可表示过去习惯性的动作.此时, 什么人称,都可用would. 什么人称,都可用 . When he was a child he would get up early. . 他年幼时,总是很早起床. 他年幼时,总是很早起床.
⑶ 初三英语语法大全:如何区分过去时态和完成时态
现在完成时 和过去时
现在完成时 有两种形式
主语在过去做了某事(导致现在。。。。)
如果说 主语在过去做了某事(单纯陈述主语过去做了某事)=用过去时
eg:
I have eaten a lot of food, not hungry now. 准确意思就是 我之前吃了很多,导致现在不饿了。 是以现在为基点来说的, 之前做的事对现在产生了影响,用现在完成时。
I ate a lot of food. 准确意思就是 我之前吃了很多(单纯的陈述之前吃了很多,不是就现在的情况来叙述的)
2.现在完成时 二
(到现在)一个动作持续了一段时间=现在完成时。
(曾经/之前)一个动作持续了一段时间=过去时。
括号里的是 过去时 和 现在完成时 区分的关键。
eg:
小张在公司走廊遇到老板, 老板问他在公司工作多久了? 小张说: 我在这里工作了三年。
这里用英语回答就是: I have worked here for 3 years. 用现在完成时
如果 小李和朋友逛街, 路过曾经工作过的公司, 小李对朋友说:
我在这里工作了三年
这里应用 过去时, 单纯的叙述之前发生过的事。
I worked here for 3 years. 也就是我之前在这里工作了三年的意思。
补充:对于一个动作持续了一段时间, 会涉及到 瞬间动词 和延续性动词的 区别运用, 可以了解一下, 例如, alive 活着的, die 是一瞬间的事, 瞬间过度的 是瞬间动词, dead 已经无生命的, 是一种状态,
能够在时间上延续的动词称为延续性动词。
不能在时间上延续的动词称为瞬间东西/ 非延续性动词。
go 是瞬间动词,要记住
eg:
he stayed in Hong Kong for two weeks. 这里不能用went to, 要用延续性动词 stay。
希望对你有帮助,供参考!
⑷ 初中英语语法总结 重点:现在完成时
楼主,我高三毕业生一个字一个字打出来帮你的。你给我最佳答案吧!
1,现在完成时由“have或者has+过去分词”构成
例如:I have made a mistake 我犯了一个错误
He has gone home 他回家了
在第三人称单数后用has,其他情况下都用have。过去分词也分为两类,一类为规则动词,后面由-ed构成。另一类为不规则动词,需要你自己去记忆了。
2,现在完成时主要表示已经发生并且对现在有影响的动作(个人认为:题意有明显倾向强调影响时才如此考虑):
例如: She has gone hone 她回家了(已经不在这儿了)
He hasn't had his breakfast 。他没吃早饭(有些饿了)
也可以指现在以前这段时间发生的动作:
She has just phoned .她刚刚来过电话
We have put up hundreds of buildings。我们盖了数百个高楼
还可以指持续到现在的状态:
She has been here for two years 。她来这里有两年了。
They have lived here for ten years 。他们在这里住了十年了。
终于打完了,累死我了。这种木有财富值的活儿我都这么卖力地干了。楼主给我最佳答案吧!!
⑸ 初二英语语法:现在完成时以及过去分词。急!
现在完成时语法句式
have(主语为第一/二人称或复数) / has(主语为第三人称单数) + 动词过去分词
eg; I have finished doing my homework.
She has finished doing her homework.
其他版的建议权看看 人教版课本 八年级下册
⑹ 英语语法:现在完成时中未完成用法,指动作一直延续和现在完成进行时的用法区别,要实用的
区别在于,现在完成进行时动作(或活动)从过去到现在一直在进行着,现在还没停止;而现在完成时虽然对现在产生影响,但动作已经停止
⑺ 英语语法现在完成时
现在完成时结构是:have done sth.
第一个have 是结构里的have,第二个had 是跟my breakfast连一起的,即结构里的done sth.
⑻ 初三英语语法全部 新目标的 要求每个单元的分开 就80分啦,拿走
新目标九年级英语重点基础语法归纳辅导
(一)现在完成时态
1,现在完成时的定义:现在完成时是表示在过去发生但与现在情况有联系的动作或状态的时态.
2,现在完成时的构成:现在完成时是由"助动词have/has+动词过去分词"构成的.
①助动词have/has可以与主语缩写为've/'s.
e.g. I have → I've We have → We've He has → He's It has → It's
②规则变化的过去分词与动词过去式一样.
③不规则变化的动词过去分词见表.Book 3 P255—257
3,现在完成时的基本句型.
①陈述句肯定形式.
e.g. I have had lunch. 我已经吃过午饭了. He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了.
②陈述句否定形式.(在助动词have/has后+not,可缩写为haven't/hasn't)
e.g. I haven't had lunch. 我还未吃午饭. He hasn't gone to Beijing. 他还没有去北京.
③一般疑问句形式及其答语.(将助动词have/has提前,答语一般用have, has回答)
e.g. Have you had lunch 你吃过午饭了没 Yes, I have. No, I haven't.
Has he gone to Beijing 他去过北京了没有 Yes, he has. No, he hasn't.
否定回答还可以用:No, not yet. / No, never. / No, not even once等.
④特殊疑问句形式.(疑问词+一般疑问句)
e.g. Where has he gone 他去了哪里
4,现在完成时的三个基本用法.
(1) 现在完成时的第一个基本用法表示过去发生或已完成的某一个动作对现在造成的影响或结果.
e.g. Have you had lunch Yes, I have. I've just had it.
你吃过午饭没 有,吃过了,我刚刚吃的.(影响及结果:我现在饱了,不需要了)
He has gone to Beijing.
他已经去北京了.(影响及结果:他人现在不在这里了)
该用法常already(已经), never(从不), ever(曾经), yet(仍然), just(刚刚), before(以前)等副词(作状语)连用.
① already, just, ever, never常用于助动词之后,实义动词之前.
already, just多用于肯定陈述句.
e.g. She has already finished her work. 她早已干完了活.
Would you like to go to see the film No, I've seen it already.不,我已经看过了.(already偶尔会出现于句末)
They have just won a game. 他们刚刚赢了一场比赛.
有时already可以用于疑问句,表示期待肯定回答,或表示惊讶,意外.
e.g. Have you finished reading the book already 你真的已经读完这本书了 (表示惊讶)
ever多用于疑问句,问初次经历.
e.g. Have you ever spoken to a foreigner 你跟外国人讲过话吗 (问初次经历)
never多用于否定陈述句(注:本身表示否定意义)
e.g. He has never done such a thing, has he 他从来没有做过这样的事,不是吗 (否定)
② yet一般用于疑问句(已经)或否定句(还),常位于句末.
e.g. Have you got ready yet 你已经准备好了吗
He hasn't finished his homework yet. 他还没完成作业.
③ before一般位于句末.
e.g. I have never seen the film before. 以前我从未看过那部电影.
现在完成时的第一种用法常与以上的副词连用,因此这些词有时可以作为现在完成时的标志词.
(1) 现在完成时的第二个基本用法表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态.该用法常和表示过去某一时刻延
续到现在的一段时间的状语连用.
①与for +一段时间连用,表示多久.
e.g. He has learned English for two years. 他已经学习两年英语了.
I have been here for three days. 我在这里已经3天了.
②与since +时间(起点)连用,表示自…以来.
e.g. His father has worked in that factory since 1991. 他爸爸自1991年以来都在这家工厂工作.
I've had a cold since last Friday. 自上星期五起我就感冒了.
③与since +一段时间+ ago连用,表示自…以前就….
e.g. Jim has waited there since half an hour ago. 吉姆自半个小时前就已经在那里等候了.
He has stayed here since three weeks ago. 他在这儿已呆了三个星期.
④与since +从句(从句用一般过去时)连用,表示自某事发生后就一直….
e.g. The Greens have lived in Beijng since they came to China. 格林一家自从来到中国后就一直住在北京.
I've known her since I came to work here. 自从我来这里工作就认识他了.
(3) 现在完成时的第三个基本用法表示到现在为止这一时期中多次动作的总和或所做过的工作的量的积累.
e.g. I have been to Beijing twice. 我去过北京两次.
We've learnt five English songs this year. 今年我们学了五首英语歌曲.
How many pages of the book have you read 这本书你读了多少页了
5,延续性与非延续性动词在现在完成时态中的使用.
(1)有一些动词是瞬间动词,也叫非延续性动词,这些动词一发生就结束了,常见的有:come, go, arrive, reach, leave,
begin, start, buy, join, die, borrow, get up, become, open, stop等.这些动词虽然可以用于现在完成时(说明某个
动作的结果还存在),但由于它们不能延续,因此不能跟表示一段的时间状语连用.(也即现在完成时的第二个
基本用法中不能使用非延续性动词).
e.g. Jim has come back. (正) 吉姆已经回来了.
Jim has come back for a month. (误) come back的动作不能延续一个月,因此错误.
(2)瞬间动词不可以用于有段时间的现在完成时态中,因此,若要解决这一问题,就应把它改为相应的延续性动词
或短语,主要有以下几种:
①用相应的延续性动词
如: buy → have borrow → keep come/go/become → be
put on → wear catch a cold → have a cold
②转换成be+名词
如: join → be a member of go to school → be a student
③转换成be+形容词或副词
如: die → be dead leave → be away begin → be on finish → be over
fall asleep — be asleep open → be open get up → be up close → closed
④转换成be+介词短语
如: come to/go to/arrive in (at)/get to/reach …→ be in/at… join the army → be in the army(军队)
e.g. I have borrowed the book. 我已经借了那本书.
I have kept the book for two days. 我已经借那本书两天了.
Jim has joined the band. 吉姆已经加入那乐队了.
Jim has been a member of the band for a month. 吉姆已经加入那个乐队一个月了.
His grandfather has died. 他祖父已经死了.
His grandfather has been dead for 2 years. 他祖父已经死了两年了.
My father has arrived in China. 我父亲已经到达中国了.
My father has been in China for a week. 我父亲已经在中国一个星期了.
(3)在否定句中,非延续性动词也可以与时间段连用.
e.g. I haven't borrowed books from the library since last year. 自去年以来我就没有在图书馆借过书.
Jim hasn't come back for a year. 吉姆已有一年没回来了.
6,现在完成时的几种常见的句型转换.
现在完成时可以转化成一般过去时,还可以转化成"It is/has been +时间段+since从句(用一般过去时)"等句型.
e.g. Jim has been back for a month. 吉姆已经回来一个月了.
= Jim came back a month ago. 吉姆一个月前就回来了.
= It is/has been a month since Jim came back. 自吉姆回来已经有一个月了.
= A month has passed since Jim came back.
I have kept the book for two days.
= I borrowed the book two days ago.
= It is / has been two days since I borrowed the book.
= Two days has passed since I borrowed the book.
7,现在完成时和一般过去时的区别:
现在完成时强调的是过去的动作对现在的影响,它和现在有密切的联系.现在完成时经常会出现下列的标志词.
如:already, yet, just, ever, never, several times, before, so far, for +时间段, since +时间点或从句等.一般过去时强调的是动作发生的时间,地点,不涉及对现在的影响,所以凡含有表示过去的时间状语的句子,都必须用一般过去时,不能用现在完成时.
(二)宾语从句
1,宾语从句的概说:宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语.
整个复合句结构如下:
I think (that) I have lost it. 我想我已经把它丢了.
主语 + 谓语 +(引导词)+ 主语 + 谓语
主句 宾语从句
由此可见宾语从句就是作及物动词,介词或某些形容词的宾语的句子.
2,由that引导的宾语从句.(即陈述句作宾语从句)
(1) 主句的谓语.
① 很多及物动词后都可接由that引导的宾语从句,如:think, hope, say, tell, know, see, hear, remember, mean等.
② 一些表示人的感情的形容词如sure, happy, glad, pleased, surprised, sorry, afraid等后面也可接由that引导的宾
语从句,表示产生这种感情的原因.
e.g. I'm sure (that) he will come tomorrow. 我肯定他明天会来.
I'm happy (that) I see you here. 我很高兴看到你在这里.
注意:如果主句与从句的主语一致,可把从句改为不定式,如果不一致,则只可用that从句.如②句可改写为
I'm happy to see you here. 而①句则不可改.
(2) 从句的引导词,即that.
在连词that引导的宾语从句中,that本身无意义,在句子中不但任任何成分,在口语或非正式文体中常常省略.
e.g. I hope (that) you'll have a good holiday. 希望你们假日愉快.
He says (that) the Chinese people are very friendly. 他说中国人民很友好.
(3) 从句的语序:宾语从句永远用陈述语序.
e.g. Does he know (that) she is a scientist 他知道她是科学家吗
Are you sure (that) you will win 你肯定你会赢吗
(4) 从句的时态.
若主句为一般现在时态时,则宾语从句要根据具体情况选择所需要的时态.
e.g. He says (that) he is ill now. 他说他现在病了.
He says (that) he has been ill for ten days. 他说他已经生病十天了.
He says (that) he was ill last week. 他说他上周生病了.
He says (that) he will return soon. 他说他很快就回来.
若主句为一般过去时,则宾语从句也要用某种过去时态.
e.g. He said (that) he was ill then. 他说他那时病了.
He said (that) he was doing his homework then. 他说他那时正在做作业.
若宾语从句说的是客观真理,自然现象等,要用一般现在时.
e.g. The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳转.
(5) 否定的转移.
若主句的主语是第一人称(I, we),且谓语动词是think, guess, believe, suppose等时,如果要否定,只能否定主句,
而不能否定从句.
e.g. I don't think he will come tonight. 我认为他今晚不会来.
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(6) 含宾语从句的复合句的反意疑问句,一般情况下,根据主句主谓语来确定附加疑问句.
e.g. The teacher didn't say that he would come here, did he
但对于有否定转移的主从复合句来说,其附加疑问句的主谓语须根据从句来确定.
e.g. I don't think he can swim, can he 我认为他不会游泳,对吗
I believe he is a student, isn't he 我相信他是个学生,不是吗
3,由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句.(即特殊疑问句作宾语从句)
(1) 主句的谓语:可由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句的动词有see, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, find out,
show, choose, remember, forget等.
e.g. Do you know who will give us a talk 你知道谁将给我们做演讲吗
We asked him why he was late. 我们问他为什么迟到.
I am going to see how Kate is. 我准备去看凯特怎么样了.
(2) 从句的引导词.
由连接代词who, whom, whose, what和which引导,这些词在宾语从句中可作主语,宾语,表语和定语,因而不能省略.
e.g. Do you know who will give us a talk 你知道谁会给我们做演讲吗 (who在宾语从句中作主语)
Can you tell me whom you are waiting for 你能告诉我你在等谁吗 (whom在宾语从句中作宾语)
She asked whose jacket it was. 她问这是谁的夹克衫.(whose在宾语从句中作定语,修饰jacket)
I don't know whose that is. 我不知道那是谁的 (whose在宾语从句中作表语)
由连接副词when, where, why和how引导,这些词在宾语从句中作状语,不能省略.
e.g. Do you know when he will be back 你知道他何时回来吗
We asked him why he was late. 我们问他为何迟到.
I want to know where she lives. 我想知道她住在哪里.
(3) 从句的语序:特殊疑问句坐宾语从句,仍用陈述句的语序.
e.g. What day is it today Do you know → Do you know what day it is today
When will the train leave I want to know. → I want to know when the train will leave.
Where does she live Can you tell me → Can you tell me where she lives
How did you do it Please tell me. → Please tell me how you did it.
(4) 从句的时态:与that引导的宾语从句的时态一样.
(5) 注意:① 当what, which, whom, who等疑问代词作宾语从句里句末介词的宾语,又引导宾语从句时,句末的
介词不可随意省掉.
e.g. I don't know what they are looking for 我不知道他们正在找什么.
Do you know which room she lives in 你知道她住在哪个房间吗
②当宾语从句的主语与主句的主语(或宾语)一致,且从句谓语时态为将来时或表示将来意义,如should
时,从句可简化为疑问词(why 除外)+不定式.
e.g. I don't know where I should go. = I don't know where to go. 我不知道要去哪里.
I'll show you how you should do it. = I'll show you how to do it. 我将教你该怎么做它.
4,由if和whether引导的宾语从句
(1) if和whether用以引导宾语从句时意为"是否",该宾语从句是由一般疑问句变来的.其语序,时态变化和前两
种宾语从句一致.
e.g. Did he like this coat She asked. → She asked if / whether he liked this coat.
Will Mary be free tomorrow I don't know. → I don't know if / whether Mary will be free tomorrow.
(2) 一般情况下,whether和if用于引导宾语从句时可以通用,但在下列情况下,whether和if的用法有区别:
whether后可以接不定式短语,而if不能.
e.g. I can't decide whether to go to Beijing. 我不能决定是否去北京.
当引导的从句作介词宾语时,只能用whether,不能用if.
e.g. They're talking about whether they can finish the work on time. 他们正在谈论他们是否能按时完成工作.
whether引导的从句可移至句首,if则不行.
e.g. Whether this is true or not, I can't say. 这是不是真的,我不敢说.
动词discuss后面的宾语从句,只用whether引导,不用if.
e.g. We discussing whether we will have a sports meeting next week. 我们正在讨论下周是否举行运动会.
当从句中有 "or not" 时,or not可以紧接whether之后,也可以位于句末,此时,一般不用if.
e.g. Please tell me whether or not he'll come here. = Please tell me whether he'll come here or not.
请告诉我他是否会来这儿.
whether和if一般引导肯定形式的宾语从句,若宾语从句是否定形式,表示"是否"的连词只能用if.
e.g. We want to know if they won't come truly. 我们想知道他们是不是真的不来.
whether和if除共同可以引导宾语从句,各自还可以用来引导其他类型的从句.
① if可以引导条件状语从句,意为"如果",whether不能.
e.g. The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny tomorrow. 如果明天天气晴朗,学生们要去野餐.
② whether可以引导让步状语从句,意为"不管,无论"之意.
e.g. Hainan Island is the place to be, whether it's summer or winter.
不管是夏天还是冬天,海南岛都是应该去的地方.
(一)过去将来时
1,表示的意义和用法:过去将来时表示在过去的某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态,判断这一时态一定要
有用于表示"过去"的动作,而不是时间,过去将来时常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中,少单独使用.
2,谓语结构.
(1). should / would +动词原形,第一人称用should / would 都可以,其他人称只用would.
e.g. You knew I should / would come. 你知道我会来的.
They told us that they would come back two days later. 他们告诉我们他们两天后会回来.
She said she would be free next week. 她说她下周会有空.
(2). was / were going to +动词原形
e.g. I thought they were going to visit me tonight. 我原以为他们今晚会来拜访我.
The radio said it was going to snow tomorrow. 收音机说明天将下雪.
3. 某些"移位"动词如go, come, arrive, travel, start, begin, leave, move, fly, return等的过去进行时也可用来表示
过去将来时.
e.g. He didn't say when he was coming. 他说没什么时候会来.
I was not sure if he was leaving for shanghai the next week. 我不确定他是否下周会去上海.
3,注意:
1. 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中用一般过去时表示过去将来时.
e.g. She said she would ring you when he got to shanghai. 她说她到上海时将给你打电话.
Li Lei told me that he would go to the park alone if you didn't. 李雷告诉我,如果你不去公园的话,他独自去.
2. should / would 不一定都表示过去将来时,should可以作为情态动词,表示义务,"应该,应当" 而would 可以
表示客气,礼貌的请求,你能……吗
e.g. We should keep our classroom clean. 我们必须保持教室清洁.
Would you lend me your ruler 你能把尺子借给我吗
(二)过去完成时
1,过去完成时的定义:表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已完成的行为或存在的状态,即动作或状态发生在"过
去的过去".
2,过去完成时的构成:过去完成时是由"助动词had+动词过去分词"构成的.助动词had可以与主语缩写为'd
e.g. I had… → I'd He had… → He'd
3,过去完成时的基本句型与现在完成时的基本句型基本一样.
陈述句肯定形式:
e.g. They had read the book. She had arrived at Chaozhou.
陈述句否定形式:在助动词had后+not, 可缩写为hadn't
e.g. They hadn't read the book. She hadn't arrived at Chaozhou.
一般疑问句形式及其答语:将助动词had提前,答语一般也用had回答
e.g. Had they read the book Yes, they had. / No, they hadn't.
Had she arrived at Chaozhou Yes, she had. / No, she hadn't.
特殊疑问句形式:疑问词+一般疑问句
e.g. What had they read Where had she arrived
4,过去完成时的基本用法.
(1). 表示在过去某一时间之前已经发生或完成的动作,常与介词"by / before+过去的时间"构成的短语连用.
e.g. We had learned one thousand English words by the end of last term.
到上学期结束时,我们已经学了一千个单词.
By the time he was ten, Edison had built a lab for himself.
到爱迪生10岁的时候,他已给自己建了一个实验室.
He had got up before six o'clock yesterday morning. 昨天早上6时以前他就起床了.
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They had planted 1000 trees before 2000. 2000年以前他们已经种了1000颗树.
(2). 表示在过去某一动作之前就已经发生或完成了的动作,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时.
e.g. He told me that he had sent a letter to me.
他说他已经给我寄来了一封信.("寄"先于"告诉")
该用法也常与when, before等引导的从句连用.
e.g. When I got to the cinema, the film had already begun.
当我来到电影院时,电影已经开始了.("开始"先于"到达")
Mother had already cooked supper before I returned home.
在我回到家之前,妈妈已做好了晚饭.("煮饭"先于"到家")
After I had finished reading the novel, I went to sleep.
在我读完这部小说之后,我睡觉了.("读完"先于"睡觉")
注意,因为after和before本身已表达了动作的先后关系,所以谓语动词常用一般过去时代替过去完成时.
e.g. After he finished his homework, he went to bed. 做完作业后他便上床睡觉了.
Where did you study before you came here. 你来这儿之前你在哪里学习.
还可以通过上下文表示.
e.g. I met him yesterday. We hadn't met each other for a long time.
昨天我遇到了他,我们彼此很久没有见面了.
(3). 表示从过去某一时间开始,持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,往往与for, since引导的表示一段时间的短语或
从句连用.
e.g. Mr. Wang had taught in the school for six years before I came here.
在我来这儿之前,王老师已在这所学校任教了六年.
I received a letter from Tom last week. We had not heard from him since 1998.
上周我收到了汤姆的一封信.自从1998年以来我从未收到他的来信.
5,不用过去完成时的三种情况.
句子如有yesterday, last year, in 1996, three years ago等表示很确定的过去时间的状语,强调某动作或状态在该时间发生,谓语动词必须用一般过去时.
e.g. He was a worker three years ago. 三年前他是个工人.
He came here yesterday. 他昨天来过这儿.
汉语中虽然有"了""曾""过"等表示动作完成的字眼,但没有说明该动作是在过去某一时间或动作之前完成的,译成英语时要用一般过去时,不用过去完成时.
e.g. They finished reading five English story-books last year. 去年他们读完了五本英语故事书.
They went to Japan last year. 他们去年曾去过日本.
叙述在过去连续发生的两件以上的事,虽然时间有先后之别,但仍用一般过去时.
e.g. He got up quickly, ate a light breakfast and hurried to school by bike.
他飞快的起床,稍稍地吃了早饭,快速地骑车奔学校而去.
(三)动词不定式作主语.
动词不定式(短语),可以直接放置于句首担当句子主语.
e.g. To say is easy, but to do is difficult. 说起来容易,做起来难.
To learn a foreign languages is not easy. 学好一门外语不容易.
动词不定式作主语的句子,通常可以用形式主语"it"代替,同时把真正的主语,即动词不定式(短语)放在后面,以使句子平衡.即构成句型It + be +形容词+to do sth.
e.g. It's easy to say, but it's difficult to do. It's not easy to learn a foreign language.
如果要表示不定式动作的执行者,就在It + be +形容词+to do sth该句型中的不定式之前加for sb或of sb.
①在形容词hard, difficult, easy, necessary, important, impossible, good, helpful, useful, dangerous, safe等之后常用for sb,即构成句型:It + be + 形容词+for sb to do sth.
e.g. It's not easy for us to learn a foreign language well. 对我们来说学习好一门外语不容易.
It's dangerous for you to swim in the river. 在那河里游泳对你来说很危险.
该句型中的形容词修饰的是不定式,强调的是做某事怎么样.
②在形容词nice, kind, clever, foolish(愚蠢的), polite(有礼貌的), careless, careful等之后,常用of
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sb,即构成句型:It + be + 形容词+of sb + to do sth
e.g. It is very kind of you to help me. 你能帮助我,你真是太好了.
It was wrong of them to cut the trees. 他们砍伐树木是不对的.
该句型中的形容词主要修饰人,表示某人的性质或特征,强调的是这个人怎么样.
it作形式主语时,其后的谓语也可以是实义动词.
e.g. It took us five hours to get there. 我们用了5小时到达那里.
It made me happy to find my friends there. 发现朋友在那里令我很高兴.
动词不定式与疑问词how, what, when, where, which等构成不定式短语,也可作主语.
e.g. How to use the computer is the question. 如何使用电脑是个问题.
Where to go has not been decided. 去哪儿还没有定下来.
注意:主语,表语都为动词不定式时,不能用形式主语it代替不定式.
e.g. To see is to believe. 眼见为实.
(四)定语从句
定语从句的概念:在复合句中,用来修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句.被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词,定语从句必须放在先行词之后,对先行词起修饰限定作用.
e.g. He is the man who I want to see.
先行词 关系词 定语从句
定语从句的引导词:
定语从句的引导词有关系代词that, which, who (whom, whose)和关系副词where, when, why两种,关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起联系作用,同时又在定语从句中充当一定成分.
关系代词引导的定语从句:
如果先行词是表示人的名词或代词,关系代词应用who (whom, whose) 和that.
e.g. This is Xiao Wang who / that gave us a talk yesterday. (who / that在从句中作主语)
这就是昨天给我们作报告的小王.
The man whom / that you saw last week has left the town. (whom / that
⑼ 英语语法,现在完成时,思维导图
一、基本结构
1. 肯定式 主语 + 助动词(have/has)+过去分词+其他
l 规则动词的过去分词的构成与动词过去式相同,不规则动词的过去分词见九年级英语教材后的不规则动词表;
l have可缩写为’ve,has可缩写为’s。如:
They’ve worked in the factory for ten years.
He’s been there before, hasn’t he?
2. 否定式 主语 + has/have + not+过去分词+其他
l have not可缩写为haven’t,has not可缩写为hasn’t。如:
I haven’t found my lost cat.
She hasn’t finished her homework yet.
3. 疑问式
Has/Have + 主语+过去分词+其他+“?”
肯定回答常用:Yes, 主语+has/have,有时也用:Yes, already
否定回答常用:No, 主语+hasn’t/haven’t,有时也用“No, not yet”等形式。如:
—Have you been to Dalian? 你去过大连吗?
—No, not yet. 不,还没去过。
He has taught you English since two weeks ago, hasn’t he?
二、现在完成时的用法
1. 过去的动作,对现在的影响:表示动作发生在过去,强调对现在造成影响。此情况多用瞬间动词,如吃饭、起床。
如:I have had lunch already, so I am not hungry now.
I got up late this morning, so I didn’t catch the bus to cshool.
现在
过去的某一动作发生
时间轴
影响
简单来说就是,动作发生在过去的某一时间点,对现在造成了影响
时间轴表示:
2.动作发生在过去,并且现在持续进行。表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,这种用法中的谓语动词一般为延续性动词(或反复性动词)。将来是否延续下去,我们还不知道。如:
We have lived here for over three years.
现在
过去的某一时间动作开始
时间轴
持续
We have studied English since three years ago.
时间轴表示:
三、现在完成时的时间状语(是应试答题的关键)
1. 现在完成时与不明确的过去时间状语副词before,just,already,yet,ever等连用。如:
I haven’t seen him before. 我以前没有见过他。
They have just done their homework. 他们刚做完作业。
2.现在完成时与for/since等引导的持续性时间状语或these days,so far等包括“现在时间”在内的时间状语连用。如:
I have known him for six years. 我认识他六年了。
The doctor has saved over two hundred people’s lives so far.
到目前为止,这位医生已挽救了二百多人的生命。
四、副词区分
1. 一些时间状语副词的用法区别
① yet,already,just与ever
Yet否定句和疑问句句尾,疑问句中常译为“已经”,否定句中常译为“尚未,还”
already常用于现在完成时的肯定句中,常译为“已经”,用于疑问句时表示“惊讶、怀疑、不相信”等语气,
just常用于肯定句,
ever常用于疑问句。
如:
—Have you had your breakfast yet? 你已经吃过早餐了吗?
—Yes, I have already had it. 是的,我已经吃过了。
Have you ever seen the film? 你曾经看过这部电影吗?
② before与ago,just与just now
before表示现在看来的“以前”,独用于现在完成时中,不与表示一段时间连用,
ago表示在过去某时间的“以前”, 形式“一段时间+ago”与过去时连用;
just常与现在完成时连用,多用于句中助动词之后修饰谓语动词,
just now多与一般过去时或一般现在时连用,一般用于句末。如:
Have you met him before? 你以前见过他吗?
My brother met her in the street two days ago.
我哥哥两天前在街上遇到了她。
I have just had breakfast. 我刚吃过早餐。
She had breakfast just now.
她刚吃了早餐。
2. for与since的区别
for + 段时间,
since +过去的时间点,(since可作连词时,后接从句,从句常用一般过去时。)
如:
I have known him for three years.
我认识他有三年了。
We have lived here since 1998.
我们从1998年就住在这里了。
How many English words have you learned since you came here?
自从你来这儿你学了多少英语单词?
3. have (has) been to与have (has) gone to的区别
have (has) been to表示已经去过某地,人离开了某地,已经返回,人对该地已有(或没有)经历或体验;
have (has) gone to表示人已经去了某地,人不在说话地。如:
He has been to Japan twice. 他去过日本两次。
—Where is Jim? 吉姆在哪儿?
—He has gone to the post office. 他去了邮电所。
4. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时表示过去的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况;而一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,与现在没有关系,所以现在完成时不能与具体的过去时间状语如last year,ago,just now,in 1997等连用;现在完成时动作发生在过去,并有可能要持续下去,但一般过去时动作没有持续性;when引导的疑问句也不能用现在完成时,但可以用一般过去时。如:
He has lived here since 2000.
2000年以来他一直住在这儿。(他现在还住在这里。)
He lived here in 2000.
2000年他住在这儿。(不涉及现在他是否还住在这里。)
—I have read the book before. 我以前已经看过这本书了。
—When did you read it? 你什么时候看的?