1. 分享一下初中英语语法知识。语法全一点,有例子。章节清晰。
一 名词性从句:1.主要包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句.一般由that 引起,也可由who,what,when,why,which,whom,whether,how 引起.
2.主语从句很多情况下都可以放到句子后面,而用代词it作形式上的主语.:
3.形式宾语
4.由名词性关系代词whatever,whoever,whichever 等引起的宾语从句
5.whether and if 都能引导从句,但用法有所不同.当主语从句直接位于句首时,应用whether,而不用if.Whether 后能直接or not,但if 不能.
Whether he will come or not is not known.
6.在名词reason后的表语从句必须用that引导,不可误用 because.
The reason why he is often late for class is that he has the bad habit of getting up late in the morning.
二:定语从句
1.引导定语从句的关系词有who,whom,whose,that,when,where,why and which.在非限制定语从句中,只可用which,who,whose,where ,when.,如果指代前面整个句子,多用which.
2.当引导定语从句的先行词前有all,any,no,little,much,very first 等词,或先行词前为形容词最高级所修饰时,或先行词为all,anything,nothing,something,everything 时,从句的引导词只能用that.
3.as 可做引导词引导定语从句,多和such,the same 连用.As 引导的定语从句也可修饰整个句子,既可放在先行词后,也可放在句子开头.
4.介词+which/whom/whose从句
5.代/名+介词+which 从句
6.同位语从句和定语从句
三 状语从句:修饰主句中的动词,形容词和副词,通常有从属连词引导,按其意义和作用可分为时间,地点,条件,原因,让步,目的,结果,方式,比较.等
1.时间状语从句:
1) 常见连词有 after,as,before,once,since,till,(not)until,when,whenever(no matter when),while,as long as,as soon as etc.
2) no sooner…than,hardly(scarcely,barely)…when:刚做…就….
3) 还有 immediately,directly,instantly,the moment,the minute,the instant,the second,every time etc
2.地点状语从句:一般用where or wherever 引导
3.条件状语从句:真实条件从句:if,unless,so long as,provided that,supposing that,on condition that,in the event that,in case that etc
4.原因状语从句:从属连词有because,as ,since,for,now,that,in that,seeing that,considering that(鉴于,由于) 5.让步状语从句:
1):even if,though,even though,while(尽管) no matter what/how/which,however,whatever,whichever,however etc.
2) 由as 引起的让步从句,语气较强烈,被强调的词须放在句首.
3) whether…or,不管…或…
6.结果状语从句:so that,so…that,such…that
7.目的状语从句:so that,in order that,for fear that,lest,in case
8.方式状语从句:as,just as,as if:如同…一样
(记得采纳哦)
2. 初中英语语法怎么学
在学习一个语法项目时,一定要把它的基本概念搞清楚。理解它的基本用法版,并权牢记在心,这一点非常重要。
要学好英语语法,必须通过大量的练习和实践,而不能靠死背语法条文。因为语言是活动的、有生命的、无法固定的,这就决定了学语法的方法应该是活动的、应用的、循序渐进的、逐渐消化的。实践应包括听、说、读、写四个方面,要借助读物,借助有情景的语言材料来学语法。
学习英语语法应多用比较法。要在英语各个语法项目之间、英语语法和汉语语法之间作比较;还要注意英语习惯和汉语习惯的差别,特别要重视英语中有而汉语中无的语言现象。
3. 初中英语语法知识
中学英语语法精典总结 1.sometimes/some times/sometime/some time: sometimes: “有时”=at times. He is sometimes late for school. some times: “几次”I have been to Nanjing some times. sometime: “某一时刻”I bought it sometime last spring. some time: “一段时间”We have to stay here for some time. 2.need 的用法:1.need可当情态动词(和can等用法类似,但need只用于疑问句或否定句中):Need I go now? (need 在一般疑问句的开头) I needn’t tell you the answer. (否定句中直接在need后加not) 【当情态动词时,need无时态变化。】 need 可当行为动词(和want 等用法类似): He needs a bike. (后可直接加名词) I need to go over my lessons. (后接带to不定式) Do you need to have a rest? (一般疑问句中do, does, did在句首) We don’t need to wait for her coming. (否定句中do,does,did提前) 【注:need 后接表被动的内容时,可表达为: The TV needs to be repaired. = The TV needs repairing.】 3.do with 与deal with: 都译为“处理,对付,安排,应付” What have you done with the milk? 用what提问。 How shall we deal with this problem? 用how提问。 下面两句由此而来:Could you tell me what to do with the milk? Could you tell me how to deal with this problem?4.就近原则:常见的有:Either you or Lucyis wrong. There is a dog and two cats in the yard. (there be句型) Not only you but (also) Iam strict in the work. Neither you nor Lucy has seen the film before. 5.主谓一致:One/Neither of you is right. (单数谓语) Tom, with his friends, has gone. (主语是Tom, 单数谓语) This pair of shoes looks beautiful. (主语是pair, 单数谓语) The shoes look beautiful. (主语无pair, 复数谓语) Every boy and every girl has a chance to do it. (单数谓语) The old need to be looked after carefully. The young are energetic. (the 加形容词表一类人,谓语用复数) Mr. and Mrs Green are from America. 指格林夫妇 (复数谓语) The teacher and writer is an able man.指教师兼作家, 一个人,单数谓语。 Both you and I are excited about the news. (复数谓语) the number of与a number of6.quite/such/really用法之一:如果出现不定冠词时,常放在后面。 It’s quite an easy question. He is quite a clever boy. It’s such an important lesson.(另见33) Lily is really a lazy girl. 7.部分用what 提问的句型: What size do you want? What will you do with the problem? What’s the population of China? What day is it today? What’s the date today? What’s the price of this one? 8.there be部分用法:1There is only a student taking notes now. There is no need to open the box. There are 20 trees to be planted. 2常有以下结构: there may/will/must/is going to/used to/…be. … 3there be中不可再出现have/has/had(有)的词。 9.常见表否定的词或短语:no, not, hardly, few, little, neither, nor, nothing, nobody, none, nowhere等. 有些有时在某些句型中也相当于否定,如without, too…to… without anything, too tired to go any further 但前缀如dis--, un--, in--或后缀如--less,并不表否定。 10.常见后接动词原形的词或短语: why not / had better / please /would you please / let / make / 情态动词,等等。【注意否定形式:had better/ would you please/ let直接加not + 动原;而please加don’t+动原】 11.常见后接动词ing的词或短语:finish /enjoy /practice /give up / end up /put off /consider /keep /feel like /prefer…to…/can’t help / be busy /be worth /take turns /miss(错过) /spend /have fun /介词等。 12.常见后接带to不定式的词或短语:want /hope /wish /allow /encourage /ask /tell /pretend /decide /plan/invite /urge/ advise/warn/ seem /in order (为了) /疑问词,等等。 另外it作形式主语,后也常有带to不定式。 【否定:以上大多词 + not + to do sth】 13.被动语态(be +v.过去分词)用法:I did it. →It was done. 双宾:He told us a story.→We were told a story.→A story was told to us. She passed me a pen.→I was passed a pen.→A pen was passed to me. 情态动词:We can make a plan. →A plan can be made. 进行时态:Tom is writing a letter.→A letter is being written by Tom. 完成时态:I have finished the work. →The work has been finished. 14.名词或所属格作定语:1强调性别时a man doctor / two men doctors ; a woman teacher / six women teachers 被修饰词是单数时,性别也用单数;被修饰词是复数时,性别也用复数。 2a girl actor / four girl actors a boy player / two boy players a bus station / some bus stations 复数只变被修饰的词。 3a boys’ team / a gentlemen’s holiday / the Teachers’ Day / the Children’s Day “复数 + ’s ”作定语,译为“…的…” 4Father’s Day / Mother’s Day 此处“单数 + ’s ”作定语。 附:and连接的名词所属格:Lucy’s and Ann’s fathers are workers. 分别是两个人的爸爸,所以应分别加“’s” Lucy and Ann’s father is very interesting. 两个人共有的爸爸,所以在两人后只加一个“’s”。) 15.win与beat区别:win后加物:I’m sure Jim will win the match. We won the first place in the sports meeting. 而beat后加的是人:I’m afraid they will beat us. I hope we can beat the boys’ team. (男子队,相当于人。) 16.it/that/one的部分用法:1it 指上文的某个事物,和上文是同一个。This book is very useful. I will take good care of it. it也可指上文所说的事:My son has lost himself in the computer games. I’m worried about it. 2that与上文所说是同一类,但不是同一个,常指不可数名词。The food in China is quite different from that in America. The weather of Hainan is better than that of Gansu. that也可指上文所说的事:A: I had an accident and broke my legs. B: I’m sorry to hear that. 3one 指代上文所说的某类可数名词单数,但不是同一个物。This sweater is too expensive, do you have another one?(也指毛衣,但不是上文那个) 17.at/by the end of, in the end 的区别: 1at the end of +时间点或地点,“在…的尽头,在…的末尾” They will have a sports meeting at the end of March. (加时间) He put some books at the end of the bed. (加地点) 2by the end of +时间点,“截止到…末” 若接过去的时间点,常用过去完成时:They had planted six thousand trees by the end of last month. 若接将来的时间,常用一般将来时:We shall finish the work by the end of next month. 3in the end “最后”,后不加of 短语:They wanted to find a place to rest in, in the end, they saw a village. 18.have gone to/have been to/have been in: 1have gone to+地点“已去了…(还未回来)”-I can’t find those children, where are they? -They have gone to the farm. (去了农场,不在这儿) 2have been to+地点“去过…(原来去过,现在已回)”句尾常接次数或多个地点或before,或句中常有ever, never等。 She has been to Qing three times. I have been to two big cities. Have you been to Dalian before? I have never/ever been to Dalian. I have never been there before. (此短语省略了to) 3have been in+地点,“已在…(多久了)”句尾常接for+时间段,或since +时间点/一般过去时的句子。 Peter has been in China for a long time. I’ve been here for 2 hours/since 2 hours ago. (此短语省略了in) 19.all/whole用法:all (of) the land / all (of) the class / all (of) the students…【all 在定冠词the 前】 the whole school / the whole country / the whole area…【whole 在定冠词the 后】 20.a bit / a little区别:都可作副词,后直接加形容词和副词。 I’m a bit / a little hungry. She feels a bit / a little tired. 也可作代词或形容词,后接名词时有所不同: I have only a little drink. She ate a little bread and went out. (a little 直接加名词) 而下文:I have only a bit of drink. She ate a bit of bread and went out. (a bit 先加of再加名词) 21.“擅长”与“不擅长”; “对…有利”与“对…有害”: “擅长”:be good at / do well in “不擅长”:be bad in / be poor in / be weak in / do badly in “对…有利”:be good for “对…有害”:be bad for 22. 表数量的词和短语的部分用法:1none / all / some / most / plenty of / a lot of (lots of) 后既可接可数名词复数,也可接不可数名词。2many / (a) few / a number of / several只接可数名词复数。3much / (a) little / a bit of只接不可数名词。 23.易用错的副词:1really可修饰动词、副词和形容词,常在它们前面。I really love reading. I really miss you. (修饰动词) Tom speaks really quickly. 汤姆说得非常快。(修饰副词) It’s really kind of you. 你真好。 (修饰形容词) 2very much常修饰动词want, miss, hate, love, like, dislike, enjoy, take after(长得像…), move(使…感动), excite(使…激动)等等。常在句尾。Jack wants to go there very much. 杰克很想去那 23very修饰形容词和副词,放在它们前面: She is very kind. I am very happy. Peter speaks very slowly. (very不可修饰动词:I very like English. He very misses you.等类似结构都是错误的。) 24.常用于现在完成时的词或短语:for(后加时间段,句中谓语用延续性动词);since(后加时间点或一般过去时的句子,主句谓语用延续性动词);How long(对时间段或for与since引导的内容提问,句中谓语也用延续性动词)in/all one’s life(在某人一生);in/ring the past/last+时间段 (在最近的…时间内) ;so far(到目前为止);yet(用于句尾,用在疑问句或否定句中);already (用于句中或句尾,用在肯定的陈述句中) ;ever;never;just;before(单独用在句子末尾,常用此时态。但若时间段加before, 常用过去完成时) 以及recently等. 25.形容词与副词区别:1形容词修饰名词,作定语(划线部分): She is a kind girl. What bad weather! I bought a new bike. 形容词可在系动词后,作表语(划线部分): The girl is kind. His face turned red. It tastes sweet. 2副词(划线部分)修饰动词、形容词、副词,也可修饰整个句子。 He ran quickly. Please speak loudly. Tim lives alone. 修饰动词 She is very angry. He felt too tired. I’m so lucky. 修饰形容词 He got up quite early. She did it very well. 修饰副词 Unluckily, I failed the English exam. 修饰整个句子26.everyday与every day: everyday是形容词,后接名词,“日常的”。He is practicing everyday English. every day是副词,作时间状语,“每天”。We speak English every day.
4. 如何快速掌握初中英语语法知识
我自己学习英语以及在辅导其他孩子英语的过程中,一直在强调语法的重要性.所谓语法,就是语言的法则,属于规律性的东西.遵循这个规律就是对的,不遵循这个规律就是错的,语法就像人的骨架一样,有了骨架才能撑得起整个身体.但是实际上大部分的学生对于英语语法知识的重要性认识不够,这也是为什么大部分的学生学习英语比较困难的原因,因为没有清晰的语法知识体系,在学习英语的过程中就会没有头绪!现在说这些东西没有太大的用处了,对于初三党来说如何在短时间内快速掌握初中所有的英语语法知识(或者说是中考常考的英语语法知识)才是最重要的事情.其实凌云想说的是,英语语法并不难学,而且知识量也不大,只要大家多分析多总结,在短时间内就可以把所有初中英语语法知识完全掌握!但是现在让孩子再去自己总结英语语法知识不太现实了,所以凌云自己把这个工作给做了.上面是我以代词为例,画的一张思维导图,这张图上基本上涵盖了初中阶段代词常考的知识点,大家只要按照这个图去复习,那么在两周之内就可以把初中阶段所有的语法知识都完全掌握.当然上面的图并不一定适合所有的孩子,大家可以根据自己的情况对上面的图形进行简单地修改和补充!比如,看到形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词,如果你不知道这两者的关系,那么可以在旁边进行解释一下,形容词性物主代词+n.=名词性物主代词.当看到other the other another others the others的时候,如果你已经掌握的差不多了,那么再过一遍.如果你一点也没有弄清楚,就可以在旁边标注一下,带the的就是剩余的全部,不带the的就是剩余的部分.
5. 怎样学好初中英语语法
我觉得一开始学习国际音标是最科学的,再学26个英文字母,然后是最最基本的3000个英文单词,最后才是语法和课文。因为不会国际音标你就没法学习英文字母,不会英文字母你急没法学习单词,不会单词你就没法学习语法和课文。而课文是所有这些的载体,只要能够坚持每天朗读中小学的英语教材并且把课文全部背诵下来,肯定你的英语基础就打得很牢固。虽然有人说学语法没用,但是对于中国人学习英语而言,语法是一条捷径,因为它是多年来英语专家的权威总结,可以帮你少走很多弯路。最后就是口语学习阶段了,最好的教材就是美剧,给你推荐一部《老友记》全部有十季,不能看字幕,坚持反复看,直到能够把里面的口语表达都弄明白并且会使用了,你的美式英语水平就可以超过重点中学的英语老师了。以下是推荐的语法书:
1.《英语语法新思维》初级、中级、高级
作者张满胜【推荐所有学生和老师阅读】
记得我当年读的时候,还是32开本,新版内容扩充,版式变为16开。这几乎是可以向除了少儿外的所有学生推荐的必备语法学习书籍。
走进语法、通悟语法、驾驭语法。阶梯层级;环环相扣,层层递进,逻辑性强。
不仅讲解规则规律,更深刻洞悉思维差异。张满胜是英国剑桥大学硕士(曾是上海新东方老师)。娓娓道来式的写作,没有很多“大部头”的“粗暴感”和“断裂感”。循序渐进,语法水平——“曲折式前进,螺旋式上升”!力荐!
4.《《朗文英语语法》
作者:L.G.亚历山大【推荐所有“新概念英语”的老师和相关学员阅读】
本书作者,比这本书更有名——世界著名的英语教学权威、曾任欧洲现代语言教学委员会理事、其著作(NCE,FollowME)为交际教学法奠定基础的L.G.亚历山大教授。
外国人自己写的语法书,原汁原味。而且“实用性强,针对性强”(薄冰教授评语)。但由于汉语与英语属于不同语系,因而,作为英国人的亚历山大教授在本书的编写过程中无法顾及到中国学生的学习难点和中文本身与英文的差异点。这也是几乎无法避免的缺憾。
2002年6月17日。正当我为我的高考19天倒计时的时候,亚历山大教授与世长辞……
而幸运的是,多年以后,作为新东方教师中的一员,有幸聆听到了同样为知名语言学家的亚历山大夫人JuliaAlexander对《新概念英语》教学法进行了精辟阐述……其它的都忘了,就记住一句:“《新概念英语》不适合孩子学。”(这也正是为什么在2008年5月,亚历山大夫人JuliaAlexander编写了《新概念英语》青少版。)
6. 推荐几本初中英语语法书
1、《Semicolons, Cupcakes, and Cucumbers》
作者/插画:Steve Newberry
这本书,把所有标点符号都变成一个个生动有趣的形象,包括句号、逗号、感叹号和问号等等。每个标点符号的角色都符合标点使用规则,比如说,感叹号对一切都感觉很兴奋,问号就总是提问。书中所有的标点符号角色,都显眼而且颜色鲜艳,让孩子一看就会爱不释手,印象深刻。
2、《Punctuation Takes a Vacation》
作者:Robin Pulver 插画:Lynn Rowe Read
如果标点符号都集体去度假了,会发生什么事呢?Mr. Wright班上的标点符号学生,都去度假了,但每一个标点符号都寄回了明信片,上面说明了标点的用法。这本书用一种简单有趣的方式,让孩子进入故事里了解标点符号的用法。
3、《Punctuation Celebration》
作者:Elsa Knight Bruno 插画:Jenny Whitehead
这本书中,每个标点符号的用法,都写在一首朗朗上口的诗里。插画可爱有趣,让孩子在句子中体验标点符号的用法,也能了解标点符号的重要知识点。
4、《Eats, Shoots & Leaves: Why, Commas Really Do Make a Difference!》
作者:Lynne Truss 插画:Bonnie Timmons
这本书非常有创意,用一种简单的方法向孩子示意:一个逗号如何影响整个句子的意思。每两页是一个单元,同一个句子,但逗号放在不同的位置。插画幽默好玩,充分表达两个句子的差异。
5、《The Girl’s Like Spaghetti: Why, You Can’t Manage without Apostrophes!》
作者:Lynne Truss 插画:Bonnie Timmons
这本和上面 Eats, Shoots & Leaves是同一种风格,但主题是向读者介绍了省略号的重要性。同样是两页为一组,句子简单,插画生动有趣,向孩子展示了省略号在句子中的作用。