『壹』 七年级下册英语语法及重点句型
人教版新目标英语七年级(下)各单元知识概要 Unit 1 Where’s your pen pal from? 一、词组 be from= come form 来自... pen pal=pen friend 笔友 like and dislike 好恶;爱憎 live in….在...居住 speak English 讲英语 play sports 做体育运动 a little French 一些法语 go to the movies 去看电影 an action movie 一部动作片 on weekends 在周末 Excuse me 对不起,打扰 get to 到达、抵达 beginning of 在...开始的时候 at the end of 在...结束的时候 arrive at / 二、句型 (1)、Where主 +be+主语+from? 主语+be+from+地点. (2)、Where do/does+主语+live? 主语+live/lives in… (3)、What language do/does +主语+speak? 主语+speak/speaks…. (4)、主语+like/likes+doing… 三、日常交际用语 1-Where is your pen pal from? -He’s from China. 2-Where does she live? --She lives in Tokyo. 3-Does she speak English? -Yes,she does/No,she dosen’t. 4-Is that your new pen pal? -Yes,he is /No,he isn’t. 5-What language does she speak? -She speaks English. Unit 2 Where’s the post office 一、词组 post office 邮局 pay phone 投币式公用电话 next to 在...隔壁 across from 在...对面 in front of 在...前面 between…and… 在...和...之间 on a street 在街上 in the neighborhood 在附近 on the right/left 在右边/在左边 on one’s right/left 在某人的右边/左边 turn right/left 向右/左转 take a walk 散步 have fun 玩得开心 the way to …去...的路 take a taxi 打的/乘出租车 go down(along)…沿着...走 go through...穿过... have a good trip 旅途愉快
『贰』 谁知道七年级上册英语的语法和句型
新目标英语七年级上册语法知识与句型总结 Review of Units 1~7 一. 考点归纳 1. Hello, Gina. Good morning. 嗨,吉娜。早上好。英文中常用的问候语及其回答:-Hello. -Hello. ―Hi. ―Hi. ―Good morning. ―Good morning. ―Good afternoon. ―Good afternoon. ―Good evening. ―Good evening. ―Good night. ―Good night.晚安。(晚上分别时) ―How do you do? 你好。(初次见面时互相问好) ―How do you do? 你好。 ―How are you? 你好吗?(已相识者问对方好?)―Fine, thank you.好,谢谢。 2. Sorry, I’m late. 对不起,我迟到了。 sorry “对不起” 用于引出某一过错。 Excuse me. “对不起” 用于引起对方的注意。例如: 1)I’m sorry I can’t speak English.对不起,我不会说英语。 2)Excuse me, is this your backpack?打扰一下,这是你的背包吗? 3. Nice to meet you! 很高兴认识你!--Nice to meet you,too! 4. What’s this in English? 这个用英语怎么说? 1) 同义句:What’s the English for this? 2) 用什么语言,介词用in: “in + 某种语言”. 例如: in English 用英语 in Chinese 用汉语 in Japanese 用日语 5. Let’s learn English. 让我们学英语。(一) let’s = let us 让我们Let’s learn English.让我们学习英语吧。= Why not learn English?为什么不学习英语呢?= What/How about learning English? 学习英语怎么样?(二) let sb. do sth. 让某人做某事 例如:Let me play the guitar. 注意:1)let sb. do sth. 中的sb.若是代词要用宾格形式。 Let she sing an English song. (×) Let her sing an English song. (√) 2)let sb. do sth.. 中的sb.即使是第三人称单数后面的动词仍用原形,例如: Let him plays soccer. (×) Let him play soccer. (√) 3)learn from 向……学习, 例如:Let us learn from Lei Feng.让我们向雷锋学习。 4 ) learn to do sth..学会干某事 例如: He learns to speak a little French.他学会说一点法语。 6. What color is this sweater? 这个毛衣是什么颜色? 1) 对颜色提问的两种方法:What color …? = What’s the color of …? 例如: What color is your sweater? = What’s the color of your sweater?你的毛衣是什么颜色? What color are these pants? 这些裤子是什么颜色? 2) color是可数名词,例如:I don’t like these colors.我不喜欢这些颜色。 7. What’s your name? 你叫什么名字? 1) 对姓名的几种提问及回答: What’s your name? = May I have/know your name?My name is … = I’m … 2) 姓氏:family name / last name 名字: first name 全名:full name 8. Is this your dictionary? 这是你的字典吗?答:Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t. 例如: Is that your brother’s backpack? --Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t. 9. Call John at 495-3539. 给约翰打电话495-3539。 Please call Gina, her phone number is 2684753.=Please call Gina at 2684753. 10. Thanks for the photo of your family. 感谢你的全家福照片。 1) Thanks. = Thank you. (√) 感谢你。 2) Thanks for + sth./doing sth. 为……而感谢你。例如: Thanks for your help.=Thanks for helping me. 感谢你的帮助。 3) the photo of your family=your family photo你的全家福照片 11. Here is my family photo. 这是我的全家福照片。 1)倒装句式:副词+谓语+主语(名词)Here is your letter.这是你的信。介词短语+谓语+主语(名词) On the dresser is my photo. 介词+主语(代词)+谓语 Here you are. 给你。 2) Here is/ are... .常用于把某物递给说话的对象 This is ... .也表示“这是……。”但通常用于介绍; 12. Please take these things to your brother. 请把这些东西带给你弟弟。 take, bring, carry 和get的区别: 1)take “带走”,从近处带到远处,例如: Please take these books to your home after school.放学后把这些书带回你的家。 bring “带来”,从远处带来,例如:Please bring me some books.请给我带些书来。 2) get “去拿来”,相当于go and bring,例如: Can I get my pen?我可以去把我的钢笔拿来吗? 3) carry ”搬动”, 无方向,Can you help me carry this case?能帮我搬这个箱子吗? 13. I need my hat, my ID card, my notebook and my pencils. 我需要我的帽子,身份证,笔记本和铅笔。 need v. 需要 1) need + sth./sb. “需要…” 例如:She really needs these books. 她真的需要这些书。 2) need to do sth. “需要做……” 例如:I need to listen to some relaxing music.我需要听一些令人放松的音乐。 14. There are some books in the bookcase. 书柜里有些书。 There be 句型 1)构成及意义There be + n. + 某处. 在某处有什么。例如:There is an alarm clock on the dresser.梳妆台上有一个闹钟。 There are some keys in the drawer.抽屉里有一些钥匙。 2) 否定式 例如:There isn’t a baseball on the floor.地上没有一个棒球。 There aren’t any books in the bookcase. 书柜里没有一些书。 3) 疑问句及回答例如:Is there an alarm clock on the dresser?.梳妆台上有一个闹钟吗?Yes ,there is.是的,有。No, there isn’t.不,没有。 4)There be句型的就近原则:若有两个或两个以上的主语是,谓语常与靠近它的那个主语一致。例如:There is a book, two pens and some cups on the table. There are two pens, some cups and a book on the table. 5)变疑问句或否定句时,应将原句中的some改为any。
『叁』 总结七年级下册英语每单元的知识点,重点句型,语法
Unit5.Topic 1
wake up. /wake sb up 醒来,叫醒某人
want to do sth 想做某事
get up early/late 早/ 迟起
by+交通工具 on foot
on weekdays /weekends 在周日/ 周末
at around /about six o’clock 大约在6点
have a (short) break 稍息一会儿
in the spare time 在业余时间
play basketball/soccer/ 打篮球/足球
play sports 做运动
play the piano弹钢琴
go dancing去跳舞
sing songs 唱歌
play computer games 玩电脑游戏
watch TV 看电视
for a (little) while一会儿
read books 看书
clean the house 打扫房间
in the library 在图书管
do one’s homework 做家庭作业
listen to music 听音乐
write letters写信
go roller skating 去滑旱冰
How often 多常
once a week/ twice a week/ three times a day
一星期一次/两次,一天三次
Unit5 Topic 2
at the moment /minute =now此刻
talk with/to sb 与某人谈话
wait a minute/moment 等一会儿
on the shelf在书架上
return =give sth back 归还
on time 准时
on the playground 在操场上
anything else /nothing else/what else
什么别的,没有别的,别的什么
between…and… 在…和…两者之间
Here is/are… 这是…
love/like doing sth. 喜欢做某事。
Unit 5 Topic 3
have classes/lessons/have a class/ lesson
上课
be over=end=finish 结束
wait for sb/sth 等某人
have to =must 必须
think of /about 考虑
do /try one’s best 尽力
care about 担心
learn from sb 向某人学习
with great interest 有浓厚兴趣的
Thank sb for (doing) sth
因为某事而感谢某人
Best wishes 祝福你
Unit 6 Topic 1
on the second floor 在第二层
Why not do sth =why don’t you do sth?
为什么不做某事?
go upstairs 上楼
have a look (at) 看一看
Come in, please 请进
so many nice books 这么多好看的书
plant flowers / trees 种花/树
have a bath 洗澡
read books/newspapers 看书/报纸
in/on the wall 在墙上
play with 玩…, 和…玩
put sth away 把…放好
look after 照顾
in/on the tree 在树上
in front of 在…前面(范围外)
in the front of 在…前面(范围内)
get a letter from sb 收到某人的来信
Unit 6 Topic 2
be like 像…
in an apartment building 在一个单元房里
in the countryside 在农村
in the suburbs 在郊区
in the area 在这个地区
How about/What about (doing) sth …….怎么样?
would like to do sth = want to do sth 想要做某事
go back to 回去 go back home 回家
For Rent 出租(广告) Wanted 求租(广告)
per month/week/year 每个月/星期/年
call sb at +号码 打某人……电话
think over=think about=think of 考虑
a single room 一间单人房间
a double-room house 一间双人房
a 3-bedroom house一间3卧室的房间
rent sth from sb. 向某人租….. 求租…
rent sth to sb. 租给某人…... 出租…..
around here 这周围
on the street corner 在街角处
There is something wrong with…….
……有什么毛病?
get sb to do sth.=ask sb to do sth.= let sb do sth. 让某人做某事.
right now 马上,立刻.
a lot of 许多.
be close to / be near与…接近
be far from 离…很远
keep money 存钱
take trains 乘火车
mail letters 寄信
see the doctor 看病
hear sb doing sth . 听到某人正做某事.
try to do sth. 试着做某事.
such a station 这样的一个车站
move from…to… 从…移到/搬到…
at the end of… 在…末梢
on the right 在右边
The traffic is heavy. 交通拥挤
enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事
Unit 6 Topic 3
go /walk across =cross 穿过
on the corner of… 在…的拐弯处
(be) across from… 穿过…, 在…对面
on one’s /the way to
在(某人)去某地的路上
get to… 到达…get home /there/here
(be) far away from… 远离…
need to do sth. 需要做某事
need do sth. 需要做某事
change to the No.1 bus.转1路车。
a ticket for speeding(开车时)超速的罚单
thousands of 成千的,好几千的
get hurt=be hurt受伤
in a road accident 在一次交通事故中
make the road safe 使交通安全
obey the traffic rules 遵守交通规则
keep on the right 保持向右行
be clear 安全的/清洁的
It is good to do sth 做某事很好
blind people 盲人
Unit7Topic 1
next / last Saturday 下星期六/ 上星期六
be fun/interesting 有趣
plan to do sth. 计划做某事
want to do sth. 想要做某事
have a birthday party开一次生日晚会
Would you like sth.你想要……
Would you like to do sth. 你想要做某事
You bet./ Of course./ Sure./ Certainly.
当然啦
be born 出生
use sth for doing sth 用于作…
look up 查阅,查找
must be 一定是
Unit7Topic2
perform ballet 跳芭蕾舞
dance the disco跳迪斯科
take photos ( of…) 照相
sing songs for sb.为某人唱歌
take sth./sb. to sw 把某物带到某处
take sth.with sb. 随身带上某物
work out 算出 work on 演算
fly a kite / fly kites 放风筝
one year ago 一年前 two years ago两年前
play table tennis 打乒乓球
be good at (doing)sth 擅长做某事
have a good time 玩得很开心
Something is / was wrong with…
什么有毛病
with the help of ….在……的帮助下
make model planes.制作模型飞机
Unit7Topic3
It’s one’s turn. 轮到某人了
What’s the matter?/What’s wrong?What’s up? 怎么啦?
fall down 跌倒
happen to sb.发生在某人身上
go to a movie =see a film = go to the cinema
去看电影
lie to sb. 对某人说谎
tell a lie (to sb) 说谎 tell- told
talk about 谈论 in fact 事实上
sit around… 围坐在…
make the cards 做卡片
make a silent wish 默默许愿
write a letter to sb. / write to sb.
写信给某人
Unit 8 Topic 1
climb mountains = go climbing爬山
go hiking 踏青
make a snowman(snowmen) 做雪人
in spring / summer / fall / winter
在春/夏/秋/冬
like sth best 最喜欢
like sth better 更喜欢
nice and =very, quite 很,挺
all day 整天
be coming 就要来了
go on sth. 进行某事
go on a trip 进行旅行
go out 出去
take an umbrella 带伞
wear sunglasses 带太阳镜
wear warm clothes 穿暖和的衣服
remember to do sth. 记住要去做某事
remember doing sth. 记住做过某事
(be) the same as 与……一样
travel to sw. 旅游到某地
wear an overcoat 穿一件大衣
come back to life 复苏, 复活
get warm 变暖和
a hopeful season. 一个充满生机的季节。
A harvest season. 一个丰收的季节.
come after 来自……之后
be busy doing sth.忙于做….
last from…to…持续从……到
last for 持续
Unit 8 Topic2
travel around 周游
take pictures/photos of… 拍……的照片
hope to do sth. / hope (that)+句子
希望做某事
next month 下个月
places of interest 名胜
each of us 我们中的每一个人
tell sb sth.about告诉某人关于……某事
take off 拖掉,起飞
point to 指点
touch a child on the head 摸小孩的头
do some touring 观光
do some shopping/cleaning
买东西/做卫生
need to do sth.需做某事
give sth. to sb. /give sb.sth. 给某人某物
pass sth.to sb. /pass sb. sth. 递某物给某人
be friendly to sb 对某人友好
be different from 与……不同
Unit 8 Topic3
make mpings 做饺子
each other 相互,互相
have families get together.举行家庭聚会
on this day 在这一天 good luck 好运
stay up 熬夜 send sth. to sb. 送某人某物
play tricks on sb.= trick on sb 开某人玩笑
pick up摘,捡起 knock at/ on 敲
on the night of 在……夜晚
go touring / shopping 去旅行/ 购物
enjoy a seven-day holiday享受7天的假期
hold dragon boat races举行龙舟赛
the capital of ……的首都,…….的省会
go up 升起
Best wishes to sb.! 致某人最好的祝愿
on the eve of 在……前夕
at midnight 在午夜
put up 挂
with
最令某人高兴的是 To one’s joy
取得很大的进步
在户外in the open air
与某人聊天 chat with
互相 each other =with one another
与某人相聚 have a get-together with
很快,马上 (at)any minute now
及时 in time
『肆』 七年级英语语法大全
一、a number of ,the number of
a number of 意思是“许多”,相当于a lot of ; the number of意思是“……的数目,……的数量”,当它作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
A number of students like playing computer games.
许多学生喜欢玩电脑游戏。
The number of the students is about 1500 in our school.
我们学校学生的人数大约是1500。
二、基数词变序数词助记歌
基变序,有规律,末尾加上th;一、二、三特殊记,八加h ,九去e ,ve要用f替;以e结尾变ie,后跟th莫忘记。要想表示几十几,只变个位就可以。
特殊变化:one—first ,two—second ,three—third ,five—fifth ,
nine—ninth ,twelve—twelfth ,forty—fortieth ,
eight-nine—eighty-ninth
三、概数(略数)表达法
数词+hundred/thousand/million/billion+名词复数
hundreds/thousands/millions/billions of+名词复数
例1
1. __people go swimming in summer in Dalian.
A、Thousands B、Thousand of C、Thousands of D、Thousand
2. __the students will take part in this English speech contest.
A. Two hundred of B. Two hundreds of C. Hundreds of D. Hundred of
四、of sb.与for sb.的区别
(1)of sb.“对于(某人)”,用于It is +adj. +of sb. to do sth.句型中,形容词为clever, kind, nice等描述人物性格特征的词,of后的人物与形容词有主表关系。
(2)for sb.“对于(某人)”,用于It is +adj. +for sb. to do sth.句型中, 形容词为easy, important等不描述人物性格特征的词,for后的人物与形容词没有主表关系。
五、不能同时出现在一个句子中的连词
1、because(因为),so(所以)不能同时出现在一个句子里,只能用其一。
Because he was tired, he couldn’t walk there.
=He was tired ,so he couldn’t walk there.
因为他累了,所以他不能走到那儿了。
2、(al)thouthg(虽然),but (但是)不能同时出现在一个句子里,只能用其一。但thouthg和yet可以同时出现在一个句子里(yet用作副词)
Thought he was tired, he still worked hard.
=He was tired, but he still worked hard.
虽然他很累,但他仍然努力工作。
六、副词的比较级
1、形容词与副词的区别 (有be用形,有形用be;有动用副,有副用动)
⑴在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后
⑵副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后
2、副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同 (不规则变化:well-better, far-farther)
七、形容词的比较级
1、形容词比较级在句子中的运用:两个事物或人的比较用比较级,比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more, a little 来修饰表示程度。than后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格)。
2、形容词加er的规则:
⑴一般在词尾加er ;
⑵以字母e 结尾,加r ;
⑶以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加er ;
⑷以“辅音字母+y”结尾,先把y变i,再加er 。
3、不规则形容词比较级:
good-better, beautiful-more beautiful
八、There be 句型与have, has的区别
1、There be 句型表示:在某地有某物(或人)
2、在there be 句型中,主语是单数,be 动词用is ; 主语是复数,be 动词用are ; 如有几件物品,be 动词根据最靠近be 动词的那个名词决定。
3、there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑问句把be 动词调到句首。
4、there be句型与have(has) 的区别:there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。
5、some 和any 在there be 句型中的运用:some 用于肯定句, any 用于否定句或疑问句。
6、and 和or 在there be句型中的运用:and 用于肯定句, or 用于否定句或疑问句。
7、针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:
How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语?
How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语?
8、针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:
What’s + 介词短语?
九、一般过去时
1、一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常和表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作感谢。
2、Be动词在一般过去时中的变化:
⑴am 和is在一般过去时中变为was。(was not=wasn’t)
⑵are在一般过去时中变为were。(were not=weren’t)
⑶带有was或were的句子,其否定、疑问的变化和is, am, are一样,即否定句在was或were后加not,一般疑问句把was或were调到句首。
3、句中没有be动词的一般过去时的句子
否定句:didn’t +动词原形,如:Jim didn’t go home yesterday.
一般疑问句:在句首加did,句子中的动词过去式变回原形。
如:Did Jim go home yesterday?
特殊疑问句:⑴疑问词+did+主语+动词原形?
如: What did Jim do yesterday?
⑵疑问词当主语时:疑问词+动词过去式?
如:Who went to home yesterday?
十、动词过去式变化规则
1、一般在动词末尾加-ed,如:pull-pulled, cook-cooked
2、结尾是e加d,如:taste-tasted
3、末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ed,如:stop-stopped
4、以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i, 再加-ed,如:study-studie
小升初英语的特点是知识点零碎,因此同学们一定要加强日常的学习积累,只有这样才能确保取得较高的英语成绩。
『伍』 义务教育课程标准实验教科书七年级上英语语法、句型和短语归纳
Period One(七年级上Units 1-12)
一、大纲要求
词汇
单词
what, name, your, this, pen, that, how, thank, parent, brother, these, those, where, take, under, on, in, have, play, basketball, many, interesting, let, like, tomato, shoes, help, months of the year, guitar, shower, usually, favorite, days of the week
短语
do homework, go to bed, thanks for, get to
句型
重点句型
What’s…name? Where’s…? Do you like…? Can you…? Do you have…?
When do you…?
交际用语
Hello! Hi! Nice to meet you!
二、重点解析
单词:
1. have
have是英语中一个非常重要的动词,它在不同的词组中,具有不同的含义,现将其用法简要归纳如下:
(1) 作“有”讲时,强调“所属关系”,表示“拥有”的意思。其主语常为人或物。eg:
My father has a new computer. 我爸爸有一台新电脑。
I have many story books. 我有许多故事书。
(2) “have + 表示一日三餐的名词”,意为“吃、用餐”。 eg:
I have breakfast at seven every morning. 我每天早上七点钟吃早饭。
(3) “have + 表示食品、饮料等名词”,意为“吃、喝”。eg:
I have some bread for breakfast every day. 我每天早餐吃些面包。
Please have a cup of tea. 请喝杯茶。
(4) “have + 表示动作的名词”,没有固定的意思,常与表示动作的动词同义。eg:
have a rest 休息一下 have a swim 游泳 have a look(at…)(朝……)看一眼
have a drink (of …) 喝一点(……)
(5) “have + 表示某种活动的名词”, 意为“进行、举行”。eg:
have a class 上课 have a birthday party 举行生日聚会
2. start
start 动词,意思是“开始,出发”,可用于start to do sth. 和start doing sth.结构中。eg:
School starts at eight o'clock. 8点钟开始上课。
I start to watch TV. 我开始看电视。
They start singing. 他们开始唱歌。
3. usually
usually, sometimes, always, often 等词在英语中被称为“频度副词”,是用来表示动作或状态的
频率。使用时位置如下:
(1)放在be动词之后。eg:
He is often late for school. 他上学经常迟到。
(2)放在行为动词之前。eg:
She always does her work well. 她总是把工作做得很好。
(3)放在情态动词或助动词之后。eg:
What time do you usually get up?
(4)sometimes 的位置较灵活,可放在句首,也可放在句中,有时还可放在句尾。eg:
Sometimes he goes to school on foot. 有时他步行去上学。
I sometimes go to see my uncle on Saturday. 我有时在星期六去看我的叔叔。
词语辨析:
1. each &every
each 代词,意为“每个”,可作主语、宾语、同位语和定语,强调个体。而every 是形容词,意思为“每,每个”,只能作定语,强调全体或全部。eg:
Each of the girls has a banana. 每个女孩都有一个香蕉。(此句不能用every替换each)
Give the boys two apples each. 给每个男孩两个苹果。(此句不能用every替换each)
Each boy has a sweater. 每个男孩都有一件毛衣。
Every boy has a T-shirt. 每个男孩都有一件T恤衫。
2. look ( look at)& see
两者汉语中的意思相近,都有“看”的意思。但英语中两词的用法截然不同。look表示“看”的过程,并不表明“看到”。而且look是不及物动词,如果表示“看某物(人)”,look后要加介词at;而see指“看到”,表示“结果”。eg:
Look at the blackboard! 看黑板!(look只表示“看”,并不一定“看到”)
What can you see on the blackboard? 你在黑板上能看到什么?
(see表示“看到”,即 “看的结果”)
3. too, also& either
三者都表示“也”,但在使用的时候too 和also一般用于肯定的陈述句和疑问句中,其中too放在句末,前面多用逗号隔开;also放在be动词、助动词或情态动词之后,实义动词之前。either 一般放在否定句的句末。 eg:
I like comedies, too.=I also like comedies. 我也喜欢喜剧。
Ann doesn't like thrillers and I don't like them either. 安不喜欢恐怖片,我也不喜欢。
句型:
1. —What’s your name? 你叫什么名字?
—My name is Jenny. 我叫詹妮。
(1) 询问别人姓名,更委婉礼貌的说法有:My I know your name? Can I have your name?
Will you please tell me your name?
回答姓名可直接说:I’m Jenny.
(2) 动词be变化表
原形
现在式过去式
过去分词
现在分词
be
am/is→was
are→were
been
being
2. What’s this in English? 这个用英语怎么说?
其他几种不同的表达方式:What’s this called in English? What’s the English for this?
Can you say it in English?
[注]in 在该句中为介词,表示“用……方式”。
3. It’s under the bed. 它在床下面。
under prep. 在……之上
(1)under 表示在某物垂直的正下方,两者之间不接触。 eg:
The cat is under the table. 猫在床子底下。
(2)on 表示在某物的上面,但两者可互相接触。 eg:
The book is on the desk. 书在桌子上。
(3)in 表示“在……内部,在……里面”。eg:
They are in the office. 他们在办公室里。
(4)near 表示在某物的附近,意为“接近,靠近” eg:
My house is near a bookstore. 我家在一个书店附近。
(5)behind 表示在某物体的后面。 eg:
Li Ming is behind me. 李明在我后面。
4. Do you like hamburgers? 你喜欢汉堡包吗?
(1) like v. 喜欢
① like sb./sth. eg:
I like the book. 我喜欢这本书。
② like to do sth. 表示目前一时爱好做某事。 eg:
I like to play volleyball. 我想去玩排球。
③ like doing sth. 表示习惯上喜欢做某事。 eg:
I like dancing. 我喜欢跳舞。
(2) like 作介词,表示“像”,与look 或be 连用。 eg:
He looks like his father. 他长得像他爸爸。
She is like an English girl. 她像个英国女孩。
Do it like this. 照这样做。
5. OK, I’ll take it. 好吧,那我把他带走了。
take v. 拿,取
(1) It takes sb. some time to do sth. 干某事花费某人多少时间 eg:
It took him an hour to get there. 他花了一个小时才到那儿。
(2) take out 带出(人),邀请,取出(物) eg:
I’m taking the children out to the movies tonight. 今晚我带孩子们去看电影。
(3) take + a + 名词= have + a + 名词 eg: take a bath / rest / shower /walk
(4) 固定短语: take part in 参加 take place 发生 take care of 照顾
[注] ① take 当 “拿走,带到”讲时,指把东西带到别的地方,即把东西从近处带到远处。eg: Take the books to the classroom. 把这些书拿到教室里去。
② bring也是“拿”的意思,指把东西从别的地方带到说话人所在地或者他指定的地点
即把东西从远处带到近处,意为“拿来”“带来”“取来”。eg:
Please bring some books to my home. 请把这些书带到我家来。
6. Can you dance? 你会跳舞吗?
Can 为情态动词,意思是“能,会,可以”。
(1) 情态动词没有人称和数的变化,即无论主语是第一人称、第二人称还是第三人称,无论是单数还是复数,情态动词都没有变化。
(2) 情态动词后面要跟动词原形。eg:
He can speak French. 他会说法语。
(3) 带情态动词的句子变为疑问句时,将情态动词提前;变否定句时,在情态动词后加not.
eg: We can see an eraser in the pencil box.
→ Can you see an eraser in the pencil box?
→ We can’t see an eraser in the pencil box.
7. Can you help kids with swimming? 你能帮助小孩游泳吗?
(1)help 可作动词,指“帮助,援助”,常指积极地给予实际的精神的或物质的帮助,帮助的人值得信赖。eg:
He helped me to find the train station. 他帮我找到了火车站。
常用的句式有:
① help sb. with sth. 在某一方面帮助某人。eg:
The teacher helps him with his English. 老师帮助他学习英语。
② help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事。eg:
I often help my mother (to) do housework. 我常常帮妈妈做家务。
(2) 动词help 还可作 “吃(会餐用语)讲。eg:
Please help yourself to the fruit. 请随意吃水果吧。
(3) can’t help doing sth. 表示“禁不住做某事”;can’t help sb. to do sth. 表示“不能帮助某人做某事”。 eg:
I can’t help myself crying. 我情不自禁地哭起来。
I can’t help him to say sorry. 我不能代替他道歉。
(4) help 可用作名词,指“帮助,救济”。 eg:
I need some help. 我需要一些帮助。
8. I can play the guitar. 我会玩吉他。
(1) play 的宾语为乐器时,意为“演奏“,乐器名词前要加定冠词the. eg:
play the violin (the piano) 拉小提琴(弹钢琴)
(2) play 后面可接表示球类的名词,意为 “打球”或 “踢球”,球类名词前不加任何冠词或其他
限定词,该名词也不用复数形式。eg:
play basketball 打篮球,不能说 play the / a football 或play footballs.
(3) play with 的宾语常为玩的东西。eg:
play with toys (snow; fire …) 玩玩具(雪,火等)
(4) play 还可作名词,意为“剧”。 eg: TV play 电视剧。
9. — Can you draw? 你会画画吗?
— Yes, a little. 是的,会一点。
(1) a little“一点,稍微”,为程度副词,作状语,修饰动词、形容词或副词。eg:
I like her a little. 我有点喜欢她。(修饰动词)
The T-shirt is a little big. 这件T恤衫有点大。(修饰形容词)
(2) a little后加名词,意思是“一些,少许”,表示肯定概念,作定语,修饰不可数名词。 eg:
I can speak a little English. 我会说一点英语。
(3) little后加名词,意思是“几乎没有,很少的”,表示否定概念。eg:
I can speak little Japanese. 我几乎不会说日语。
10. — What time do you usually get up, Rick? 雷克,你经常几点起床?
— I usually get up at five o'clock. 我经常五点起床。
若询问“某人什么时间做某事”,可用“What time do /does+主语+动词原形+……”句型。其中what time是用来对具体时间提问的,可以用when替换。若问时间,一般说“What's the time?”,也可以说“What time is it?”,回答说“It's...”,不能说“The time is...”。eg:
— What time does he usually go to bed? 他通常什么时间睡觉?
— He usually goes to bed at about eleven. 他通常大约11点睡觉。
— What's the time? 几点了?
— It's 11 o'clock. 11点。
[注]what time 与when 都可以表示“什么时候”。前者所表示的时间比较精确,指“几点钟”、“几时几分”;后者表示的时间范围较广,有时也可以指“几点钟”、“几时几分”,用来代替 what time。
语法:
1. 可数名词&不可数名词
不可数名词通常指不能以数目来计算的东西。它一般没有复数形式。前面不能用many, several, a few 等词修饰,但可用some, much, a lot of, a little, any 等词修饰。eg:
There is a little water in the bottle. 瓶子里有点儿水。
可数名词是指能以数目来计算,可以分成个的人或东西。因此它有复数形式,
其构成规则如下:
情况
构成方法
读音
例词
一般情况
加-s
清辅音后读[s],浊辅音和元音后读[z]
dog-dogs, teacher-teachers
以s, x, ch, sh结尾
加-es
-es读[iz]
bus-buses, box-boxes,
brush-brushes, watch-watches
以ce, se, ze, ge结尾的词
加-s
读[iz]
orange-oranges house-houses
以辅音字母+y结尾的词
变y为i加-es
-es读[z]
city-cities, baby-babies,
factory-factories
以元音字母+y结尾的词
加-s
读[z]
boy-boys, toy-toys,
key-keys monkey-monkeys
以f或fe结尾的词
变f或fe为v,再加-es
-ves读[vz]
leaf-leaves, knife-knives,
shelf-shelves, thief-thieves
以辅音字母+o结尾的词
加-es
-es读[z]
tomato-tomatoes,
potato-potatoes
加-s
-s读[z]
photo-photos, zoo-zoos
radio-radios kilo-kilos
[注]① 以th 结尾的名词变为复数时,mouth-mouths month-months
② 单复数同形的名词 sheep-sheep 绵羊 deer-deer 鹿 Chinese-Chinese 中国人
fish-fish 鱼
(2) 不可数名词不能直接用a (an)或数词来修饰。若要表示它的个体意义时,必须与一个表示量的短语连用。eg:
a piece of news 一条新闻 a cake of soap 一块肥皂
a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水
(3) 如果用代词代替不可数名词,不能用one 来代替。
试比较:
He would like pears. Please give one to him. 他想要吃梨。请给他一个。
(句中的pears 是可数名词复数形式,可用one 代替其单数。)
He would like bread. Please give some to him. 他想吃面包,请递给他一块。
(句中的some 不能用one 来代替。)
2. 冠词的用法
冠词位于名词之前,用来说明所指的人或物。冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词。
(1) 不定冠词a, an
a 和an 是不定冠词的两种形式。a 用在以辅音(指发音不指字母)开头的词前,而 “an” 用在以元音(指发音不指字母)开头的词前。eg: a banana, an apple
① a 和an 表示数量“一”。
② 泛指人或事物的类别。 eg.
A horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。
③ 第一次提到某人或某物。 eg.
There is a new desk in my room. 我房间里有一张新书桌。
④ 用于某些固定短语中。 eg. a few, a little, a lot of.
(2) 定冠词the.
the 是定冠词,它常用于:
① 特指某一个(些)人或事物。 eg.
The book on the desk is Lily’s. 书桌上的那本书是莉莉的。
②谈话双方都知道的人或事物。 eg.
—Where is the kite? 风筝在哪儿?
—It’s on the wall. 在墙上。
③第二次提到的人或物。 eg.
There is a table in the room. On the table there is a map. 房间里有张桌子。桌子上有张地图。
④序数词,最高级的形容词前面。 eg.
Jack is the tallest boy in our class. 杰克是我们班上最高的男孩。
⑤用于某些专有名词之前。 eg.
The United States. 美国
⑥世界上独一无二的事物的名词前面。 eg.
The sun is bigger than the earth. 太阳比地球大。
⑦用在一些习惯用语中。 eg. in the afternoon. 在下午 on the left 在左边
3. 名词所有格
名词所有格表示名词与其后面的名词之间的所有或隶属关系,其功能如同物主代词,意为“某
人的……”或“某物的……”。
英语中的名词所有格有两种形式: “名词+’s”所有格和of 所有格。
(1)“名词+’s”所有格
① 单数名词后直接加’s;若单数名词以s结尾,只需要加’。eg:
Jim’s coat 吉姆的外套 Jones’ mother 琼斯的妈妈
② 以s结尾的复数名词,只加' 。 eg:
Teachers’ Day 教师节 the twins’ books 双胞胎的书
③ 不以s 结尾的不规则的名词复数,加’s。 eg:
Children’s Day 儿童节 men’s shoes 男式鞋
④ 表示两者共同拥有时,只在最后一个名词后加’s;表示两者各自拥有时,要在每个名词后加’s。
注意比较:
Lucy and Lily’s mother 露茜和莉莉的妈妈
Lucy’s and Kate’s rooms 露茜和凯特各自的房间
(2) of 所有格:动物和无生命名词的所有格一般使用介词of 短语来表示。eg:
the name of her cat 她的猫的名字 a picture of our school 一张我们学校的图片
有时有生命的东西也用of 所有格,可与“名词+’s”所有格互换。 eg:
the name of the boy =the boy’s name 这个男孩的名字
额外收获:
① 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词也可以使用“名词+’s”所有格。eg:
a few years’ time 几年时间 today’s newspaper 今天的报纸
② 有些名词的所有格表示住所、诊所、商店时,常去掉后面被修饰的词。 eg:
to my uncle’s 到我叔叔家
三、巩固练习
1. Han Lei, Jim and I in No.22 Middle School.
A. all are B. am all C. are all D. all (2003. 东北师大附中)
2. Some are flying kites near the river.
A. child B. boy C. children D. childs (2003. 天津)
3. If you don’t mind, pass me apple, please.
A. a B. an C. the D. / (2003. 青岛)
4. The students are listening their teacher very carefully.
A. to B. on C. for D. at (2003. 天津)
5. Ted, the radio is too loud. Please .
A. turn it over B. turn it on C. turn it back D. turn it down (2003. 南京)
6. — does a car cost in China?
—It can cost as little as 50,000 yuan and as much as 300,000 yuan
A. How many B. How price C. How money D. How much (2003. 黄冈)
7. An apple a day is good your health.
A. at B. for C. in D. with (2003. 烟台)
8. —Did you enjoy your stay in Hangzhou?
—Yes, I had wonderful time.
A. a B. an C. the D. / (2003. 杭州)
9. —Who taught English last term? Was _____Mr Smith?
—No, Miss White did.
A. you, it B. you, he C. your, it D. your, that (2003. 山东)
10. Jim’s dog looks a fox. He _____it very much.
A. like, likes B. like, like B. likes, like D. likes, likes (2003. 宁夏)
11. China lies the east of Asia and ____ the north of Australia.
A. to, to B. in, to C. to, in D. in, on (2003. 天津)
12. I’ll tell you news about the sports meeting.
A. many B. some C. a few (2003. 四川)
13. The old woman kept one black dog and two white .
A. one B. ones C. those D. one’s
14. There’ll be evening party in the garden next Friday.
A. a B. the C. / D. an
15. John’s uncle has many friends. Mr Shute is a friend of .
A. John’s uncle B. John uncle’s C. John’s uncle’s D. John uncle
16. Lucy has to do today.
A. many homeworks B. a homework C. much homework D. a piece homework
17. In time, those mountains will be covered with trees, too.
A. few years B. a few years’ C. a few year D. a few year’s
18. The color of my trousers different from_____ of yours.
A. is, one B. is, that C. are, it D. are, this
19. There are a lot of down there but hardly any_____.
A. sheeps, people B. sheep, people C. sheeps, persons D. sheep, peoples
20. 用can / may / must / need 填空。
① He ride a bike now.
② the news be true?
③ I watch TV after supper?
④ May I take the dictionary away? No,, you /Yes, you .
⑤ You come earlier tomorrow.
⑥ Must I clean all the rooms? No, you .
⑦ Need I go? Yes, you . / No, you .
⑧ You have a rest.
『陆』 初中一年级全册英语重点语法和句式
初中英语语法归纳知识点
1.主语:
差不多所有的词语都可以做主语,主语一般在版句子的开端。权
(特别)形式主语:
例句分析:To teach him is my job=It's my job to teach him.
这样主语就是to teach him,it为形式主语,代替to teach him.
2.谓语:
规则:1.助动词和动词一起构成谓语;
2.情态动词和动词一起构成谓语;
3.连系动词和表语一起构成谓语。
注意:(这里的动词都是实义动词,表语是跟在连系动词后面的词。)
常见的连系动词有:be动词,sound,taste,become,turn,grow,keep......
3.状语:
表示 目的,地点,方式,程度,时间等的词叫做这个句子中的状语。
例句:(In order) to teach him ,I must work hard.
这里不定式做句子的目的状语。
He did it very carefully.
carefully 作句子的程度状语。
4.句型注意事项:
1.如果句子中谓语是及物动词,后面就是宾语
2.如果句子中的谓语是不及物动词,后面的就是句子的状语
『柒』 初一(下)英语语法,短语,句型总结
七年级下册英语语法点总结(1)
分类:英语学习
Unit 1 Where’s your pen pal from?
一.短语:
1 .be from = come from 来自于----
2. live in 居住在---
3. on weekends 在周末
4 .write to sb = write a letter to sb 给某人写信;写信给某人
5 .in the world 在世界上 in China 在中国
6.pen pal 笔友 14 years old 14岁 favorite subject 最喜欢的科目
7.the United States 美国 the United Kingdom 英国 New York 纽约
8.speak English 讲英语 like and dislike 爱憎
9.go to the movies 去看电影 play sports 做运动
二.重点句式:
1 Where’s your pen pal from? = Where does your pen pal from/
2 Where does he live?
3 What language(s) does he speak?
4 I want a pen pal in China.
5 I can speak English and a little French.
6 Please write and tell me about yourself.
7 Can you write to me soon?
8 I like going to the movies with my friends and playing sports.
三.本单元的国家,人民、语言对应。
1 Canada---- Canadian---- English / French
2 France------ French------French
3 Japan------Japanese----Japanese
4 Australia----Australian----- English
5 the United States------ American---- English
6 the United Kingdom---British----- Enghish
Unit 2 Where’s the post office?
一. Asking ways: (问路)
1. Where is (the nearest) ……? (最近的)……在哪里?
2. Can you tell me the way to ……? 你能告诉我去……的路吗?
3. How can I get to ……? 我怎样到达……呢?
4. Is there …… near here / in the neighborhood? 附近有……吗?
5. Which is the way to ……? 哪条是去……的路?
二.Showing the ways: (指路)
1. Go straight down / along this street. 沿着这条街一直走。
2. Turn left at the second turning. 在第二个路口向左转。
3. You will find it on your right. 你会在你右手边发现它。
4. It is about one hundred metres from here. 离这里大约一百米远。
5. You’d better take a bus. 你最好坐公交车去。(You’d better+动词原形)
三.词组
1. across from …… 在……的对面 across from the bank 在银行的对面
2. next to…… 紧靠…… next to the supermarket 紧靠超市
3. between……and…… 在……和……之间
between the park and the zoo 在公园和动物园之间
among 表示位于三者或三者以上之间
4. in front of…… 在……前面 There is a tree in front of the classroom.
课室前面有棵树。
in the front of…… 在……(内)的前部 There is a desk in the front of the classroom.
课室内的前部有张桌子。
5. behind…… 在……后面 behind my house 在我家后面
6. turn left/ right 向左/右拐
on the left/right of…… 在某物的左/右边 on the left of our school 在我们学校的左边
on one’s left/right 在某人的左/右边 on my left 在我左边
7. go straight 一直走
8. down /along…… 沿着……(街道) down/along Center Street 沿着中央街
9. in the neighborhood=near here 在附近
10 welcome to…… 欢迎来到……
11. take /have a walk 散步
12. the beginning of…… ……的开始,前端
at the beginning of…… 在……的开始,前端
in the beginning 起初,一开始
13. have fun=have a good time=enjoy oneself 玩得开心,过得愉快
我昨天玩得很开心。 I had fun yesterday.
I had a good time yesterday.
I enjoyed myself yesterday.
14. have a good trip 旅途愉快
15. take a taxi 坐出租车
16. 到达:get to +地方 get here/ there/ home 到这/那/家
arrive in +大地方 I arrive in Beijing.
arrive at +小地方 I arrive at the bank.
reach +地方
17.go across 从物体表面横过 go across the street 横过马路
go through 从空间穿过 go through the forest 穿过树林
18.on + 街道的名称。 Eg: on Center Street
at + 具体门牌号+街道的名称 Eg: at 6 Center Street
三.重难点解析
1.enjoy doing sth 享受做某事的乐趣,喜爱做某事
I enjoy reading. 我喜爱读书。
到目前为止,我们学了两个特殊的动词finish和enjoy,都是要带 doing.
I finish cleaning the room. 我扫完了这间屋子。
2.hope to do sth 希望做某事 I hope to pass this exam. 我希望通过这次考试。
hope +从句 I hope tomorrow will be fine. 我希望明天将会晴朗。
(从句即是一个小句子,这个小句子又放在大句子中,从属于大句子,所以叫从句。如tomorrow will be fine是一个从句,它又放在I hope 的后面,形成句中有句。)
3. if 引导一个表示假设的句子。
If I have much money, I will go to the moon. 如果我有许多钱,我就会去月球。
If you are hungry, you can buy some food in the supermarket.
如果你饿了的话,你可以在超市买一些食物。
四.本单元的反义词、近义词配对
1new—old 2 quiet--- busy 3 dirty--- clean 4 big---- small
Unit 3 Why do you like koala bears?
一.重点词组
eat grass eat leaves be quiet very shy very smart very cute
play with her friends kind of South Africa other animals
at night in the day every day ring the day
二. 交际用语
1. Why do you like pandas? Because they’re very clever.
2. Why does he like koalas? Because they’re kind of interesting.
3. Where are lions from? They are from South Africa.
4. What other animals do you like?
I like dogs, too.
Why?
Because they’re friendly and clever.
5. Molly likes to play with her friends and eat grass.
6. She’s very shy.
7. He is from Australia.
8.He sleeps ring the day, but at night he gets up and eats leaves.
9.He usually sleeps and relaxes 20 hours every day.
10.Let’s see the pandas first.
11.They’re kind of interesting.
12.What other animals do you like?
13.Why do you want to see the lions?
三. 重点难点释义
1、kind of 有点,稍微
Koala bears are kind of shy. 考拉有点害羞。
kind 还有“种类”的意思
如:各种各样的 all kinds of
We have all kinds of beautiful flowers in our school.
2、China n. 中国 Africa n. 非洲
China 和Africa都是专有名词,首字母都应该大写,而且和介词in连用。
There are many kinds of tigers in China.
There are many kinds of scary animals in Africa.
3、friendly adj. 友好的,和蔼可亲的
它是名词friend的形容词形式,常常和be动词连用, be friendly。
The people in Cheng are very friendly.
4、with prep. 跟,同,和…在一起
I usually play chess with my father.
注意区别与and的用法,and通常用于连接主语或宾语,连接主语时,
如果有I, I通常放在 and 之后,如:
My father and I usually play chess together.
Play with “和…一起玩耍”“玩…”
I often play with my pet dog.
Don’t play with water!
5、day和night 是一对反义词,day 表示白天或一天,night表示夜或夜晚。
通常说in the day, ring the day, at night。
Koala bears often sleep ring the day and eat leaves at night.
6、leaf n. 叶子
复数形式为:leaves, 类似的变化还有:wife—wives, wolf—wolves,
knife—knives等。
7、hour n. 小时;点钟
hour前边通常加上冠词an 表示“一个小时”, 即:an hour。
There are 24 hours in a day and 60minutes in an hour.
8、be from 来自…
be from = come from
Pandas are from China. = Pandas come form China.
9、meat n. (食用的)肉,为不可数名词,表示“许多”时,使用much来修
饰,即:much meat
He eats much meat every day.
10、grass n. 草,为不可数名词,表示“许多”时,使用much来修饰,即:much grass。
There is much grass on the playground.
四. 语法知识
特殊疑问句通常以“what”、“who”、“which”、“when”、“where”、“how”、“how old”、“how many”等开头,对某一具体问题进行提问。
特殊疑问句的基本构成有两种情况:
1. 疑问句+一般疑问句结构。这是最常见的情况。例如:
What’s your grandfather’s telephone number? 你爷爷的电话号码是多少?
Who is that boy with big eyes? 那个大眼睛的男孩是谁?
Which season do you like best? 你最喜欢哪个季节?
When is he going to play the piano? 他什么时候弹钢琴?
Where does he live? 他住在哪儿?
How are you? 你好吗?
How old are you? 你多大了?
How many brothers and sisters do you have? 你有几个兄弟姐妹?
2. 疑问句+陈述句结构。这时疑问词作主语或修饰主语。例如:
Who is on ty today?
今天谁值日?
Which man is your teacher?
哪位男士是你的老师?
我们学过的What/How about+名词/代词+其他?也是特殊疑问句,它是一种省略结构。
例如:
I like English. What/How about you? 我喜欢英语。你呢?
What about playing basketball? 打篮球怎么样?
Unit 4 I want to be an actor.
一.短语:
1 want to do sth 想要作某事
2 give sb sth = give sth to sb 给某人某物 / 把某物给某人
3 help sb do sth 帮助某人作某事 Eg: I want to help my mother do some housework at home.
4 help sb with sth 帮助某人谋事 Eg: I want to help my mother with some housework at home
5 in the day 在白天
6 at night 在晚上
7 talk with/ to sb 和----谈话
8 be busy doing sth 忙于做某事 Eg: He is busy listening to the teacher.
9 in a hospital 在医院l
10 work/ study hard 努力工作
11 Evening Newspaper 晚报
二.重点句式及注意事项:
1 询问职业的特殊疑问词是what;有三种主要句式
① What + is / are + sb?
② What + does/ do + sb + do?
③ What + is/ are + 名词所有格/ 形容词性物主代词 + job?
2 People give me their money or get their money from me.
3 Sometimes I work in the day and sometimes at night.
4 I like talking to people.
5 I work late. I’m very busy when people go out to dinners.
6 Where does your sister work?
7 then we have a job for you as a waiter.
8 Do you want to work for a magazine? Then come and work for us as a reporter.
9 Do you like to work evenings and weekends?
10 We are an international school for children of 5-12.
三. 本单元中的名词复数。
1 policeman--- policemen 2 woman doctor----- women doctors 3 thief-----thieves
『捌』 初一英语语法重点和句型以及练习题!!急急急!!
初一英语语法总结
一、 词法 1、名词A)、名词的数
我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词,而不可数名词它没有复数形式,但可数名词却有单数和复数之分,复数的构成如下:
一)在后面加s。如:fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas
二)x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes
三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如:baby-babies, family-families, ty-ties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories
2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways
四)以o结尾加s(外来词)。如:radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es:如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯
五)以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如:knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves
六)单复数相同(不变的)有:fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese
七)一般只有复数,没有单数的有:people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks
八)单词形式不变,既可以是单数也可以是复数的有:police警察局,警察, class班,同学, family家,家庭成员
九)合成的复数一般只加主要名词,多数为后一个单词。如:action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如:man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers
十)有的单复数意思不同。如:fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸,卷子,论文, work工作 works作品,工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯,眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡
十一) 单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s。如:Is (I’s), Ks (K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如:IDs, VCDs, SARs
十二) 特殊形式的有:child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen
B)名词的格
当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时,我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下:
一)单数在后面加’s。如:brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s
二)复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’,如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理。如:Teachers’ Day教师节, classmates’; Children’s Day六一节, Women’s Day三八节
三)由and并列的名词所有时,如果是共同所有同一人或物时,只加最后一个’s,但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如:Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间(共住一间),Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间(各自的房间)
2、代词 项目 人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词
人称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性
第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself
复数 you you your yours yourselves
第三人称 单数 she her her hers herself
he him his his himself it it its its this that itself
复数 they them their theirs these those themselves
3、动词 A) 第三人称单数
当动词是第三人称单数时,动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s,如下:
一)一般在词后加s。如:comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains
二)在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:watches, washes, wishes, finishes
三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如:study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries
2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys
四)以o结尾加es。如:does, goes 五)特殊的有:are-is, have-has
B) 现在分词
当我们说某人正在做什么事时,动词要使用分词形式,不能用原形,构成如下:
一)一般在后加ing。如:spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing
二)以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如:dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having
三)以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母+一个辅音字母(注意除开字母组合如show –showing, draw-drawing)要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如:put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning
四)以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如:tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于
4、形容词的级
我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时,则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下:
一) 一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如:greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest
二)以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母+1个辅音字母(字母组合除外,如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如:big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest
三) 以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如:happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest
四)特殊情况:(两好多坏,一少老远)
good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill – worse worst
little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest
5、数词 (基变序,有规则;一、二、三,自己背;五、八、九、十二;其它后接th;y结尾,变为i, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth
二、句式
1.陈述句 肯定陈述句
a) This is a book. (be动词)
b) He looks very young. (连系动词)
c) I want a sweat like this. (实义动词)
d) I can bring some things to school. (情态动词)
e) There’s a computer on my desk. (There be结构)
否定陈述句
a) These aren’t their books. b) They don’t look nice. c) Kate doesn’t go to No. 4 Middle School.
d) Kate can’t find her doll. e) There isn’t a cat here. (=There’s no cat here.)
2. 祈使句
肯定祈使句 a) Please go and ask the man. b) Let’s learn English! c) Come in, please.
否定祈使句a) Don’t be late. b) Don’t hurry.
3. 疑问句
1) 一般疑问句 a) Is Jim a student? b) Can I help you? c) Does she like salad? d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading?
肯定回答: a) Yes, he is. b) Yes, you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is.
否定回答: a) No, he isn’t. b) No, you can’t. c) No, she doesn’t. d) No, they don’t. e) No, she isn’t.
2) 选择疑问句 Is the table big or small? 回答 It’s big./ It’s small.
3) 特殊疑问句
① 问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.
② 问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.
③ 问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.
④ 问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.
How do we contact you? My e-mail address is [email protected].
⑤ 问原因 Why do you want to join the club?
⑥ 问时间 What’s the time? (=What time is it?) It’s a quarter to ten a.m..
What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o’clock.
When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00.
⑦ 问地方 Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table.
⑧ 问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue. What’s your favourite color? It’s black.
⑨ 问人物 Who’s that? It’s my sister.
Who is the boy in blue? My brother.
Who isn’t at school? Peter and Emma.
Who are Lisa and Tim talking to?
⑩ 问东西 What’s this/that (in English)? It’s a pencil case.
What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.
11问姓名 What’s your aunt’s name? Her name is Helen./She’s Helen.
What’s your first name? My first name’s Ben.
What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith.
12 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box.
13 问字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f.
14 问价格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars.
15 问电话号码 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349.
16 问谓语(动作) What’s he doing? He’s watching TV.
17 问职业(身份) What do you do? I’m a teacher.
What’s your father? He’s a doctor.
三、时态
1、一般现在时
表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时,它有:
Be 动词:She’s a worker. Is she a worker? She isn’t a worker.
情态动词:I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I can’t play the piano.
行为动词:They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don’t want to eat any tomatoes.
Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn’t have a watch.
2、现在进行时
表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态,结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它.
I’m playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? I’m not playing baseball.
Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isn’t writing a letter.