❶ 初中英语语法如何用英语表达
常用语法术语表
句法 syntax
词法 morphology
结构 structure
层次 rank
词类 part of speech
实词 notional word
虚词 structrural word
名词 noun
专有名词 proper noun
普通名词 common noun
可数名词 countable noun
不可数名词 uncountable noun
抽象名词 abstract noun
具体名词 concret moun
物质名词 material noun
集体名词 collective noun
个体名词 indivial noun
介词 preposition
连词 conjunction
动词 verb
主动词 main verb
及物动词 transitive verb
不及物动词 intransitive verb
系动词 link verb
助动词 auxiliary verb
情态动词 modal verb
规则动词 regular verb
不规则动词 irregular verb
短语动词 phrasal verb
限定动词 finite verb
非限定动词 infinite verb
使役动词 causative verb
感官动词 verb of senses
动态动词 event verb
静态动词 state verb感叹词 exclamation
副词 adverb
方式副词 adverb of manner
程度副词 adverb of degree
时间副词 adverb of time
地点副词 adverb of place
修饰性副词 adjunct
连接性副词 conjunct
疑问副词 interogative adverb
关系副词 relative adverb
代词 pronoun
人称代词 personal pronoun
物主代词 possesive pronoun
反身代词 reflexive pronoun
相互代词 reciprocal pronoun
指示代词 demonstrative pronoun
疑问代词 interrogative pronoun
关系代词 relative pronoun
不定代词 indefinite pronoun
物主代词 possecive pronoun
名词性物主代词 nominal possesive prnoun
形容词性物主代词 adjectival possesive pronoun
冠词 article
定冠词 definite article
不定冠词 indefinite article
数词 numeral
基数词 cardinal numeral
序数词 ordinal numeral
分数词 fractional numeral
形式 form
单数形式 singular form
复数形式 plural form
限定动词 finite verb form
非限定动词 non-finite verb form
原形 base form
从句 clause
从属句 subordinate clause
并列句 coordinate clause
名词从句 nominal clause
定语从句 attributive clause
状语从句 adverbial clause
宾语从句 object clause
主语从句 subject clause
同位语从句 appositive clause
时间状语从句 adverbial clause of time
地点状语从句 adverbial clause of place
方式状语从句 adverbial clause of manner
让步状语从句 adverbial clause of concession
原因状语从句 adverbial clause of cause
结果状语从句 adverbial clause of result
目的状语从句 adverbial clause of purpose
条件状语从句 adverbial clause of condition
真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of real condition
非真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of unreal condition
含蓄条件句 adverbial clause of implied condition
错综条件句 adverbial clause of mixed condition
句子 sentence
简单句 simple sentence
并列句 compound sentence
复合句 complex sentence
并列复合句 compound complex sentence
陈述句 declarative sentence
疑问句 interrogative sentence
一般疑问句 general question
特殊疑问句 special question
选择疑问句 alternative question
附加疑问句 tag question
反义疑问句 disjunctive question
修辞疑问句 rhetorical question
感叹疑问句 exclamatory question
存在句 existential sentence
肯定句 positive sentwence
否定句 negative sentence
祈使句 imperative sentence
省略句 elliptical sentence
感叹句 exclamatory sentence
基本句型 basic sentence patern
句子成分 members of sentences
主语 subject
谓语 predicate
宾语 object
双宾语 al object
直接宾语 direct object
间接宾语 indirect object
复合宾语 complex object
同源宾语 cognate object
补语 complement
主补 subject complement
宾补 object complement
表语 predicative
定语 attribute
同位语 appositive
状语 adverbial
句法关系 syntatic relationship
并列 coordinate
从属 subordination
修饰 modification
前置修饰 pre-modification
后置修饰 post-modification
限制 restriction
双重限制 double-restriction
非限制 non-restriction
数 number
单数形式 singular form
复数形式 plural form
规则形式 regular form
不规则形式 irregular form
格 case
普通格 common case
所有格 possessive case
主格 nominative case
宾格 objective case
性 gender
阳性 masculine
阴性 feminine
通性 common
中性 neuter
人称 person
第一人称 first person
第二人称 second person
第三人称 third person
时态 tense
过去将来时 past future tense
过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense
过去将来完成时 past future perfect tense
一般现在时 present simple tense
一般过去时 past simple tense
一般将来时 future simple tense
现在完成时 past perfect tense
过去完成时 present perfect tense
将来完成时 future perfect tense
现在进行时 present continuous tense
过去进行时 past continuous tense
将来进行时 future continuous tense
过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense
现在完成进行时 present perfect continuous tense
过去完成进行时 past perfect continuous tense
语态 voice
主动语态 active voice
被动语态 passive voice
语气 mood
陈述语气 indicative mood
祈使语气 imperative mood
虚拟语气 subjunctive mood
否定 negation
否定范围 scope of negation
全部否定 full negation
局部否定 partial negation
转移否定 shift of negation
语序 order
自然语序 natural order
倒装语序 inversion
全部倒装 full inversion
部分倒装 partial inversion
直接引语 direct speech
间接引语 indirect speech
自由直接引语 free direct speech
自由间接引语 free indirect speech
一致 agreement
主谓一致 subject-predicate agreement
语法一致 grammatical agreement
概念一致 notional agreement
就近原则 principle of proximity
强调 emphasis
重复 repetition
语音 pronunciation
语调 tone
升调 rising tone
降调 falling tone
降升调 falling-rising tone
文体 style
正式文体 formal
非正式文体 informal
口语 spoken/oral English
套语 formulistic expression
英国英语 British English
美国英语 American English
用法 usage
感情色彩 emotional coloring
褒义 commendatory
贬义 derogatory
幽默 humorous 讽刺 sarcastic
挖苦 ironic
❷ 英语语法中v. vt. vi. 这种符号分别表示什么词性
V.代表动词,vt.代表及物动词,vi.代表不及物动词.及物动词是后面可以直接加宾语的动词,专例如:wash
clothes洗衣服属;read
books读书;eat
an
apple吃一个苹果。这里面的wash、read、eat都是及物动词。
不及物动词就是后面不可以直接加宾语的动词,后面要加宾语的话,须先在动词之后加一个合适的介词,再加宾语。例如:look
at
the
blackboard看黑板;listen
to
me听我说;worry
about
Tom担心汤姆。这里的look
、listen、worry都是不及物动词。
❸ 英语语法中将来时都有哪几种表达方法,他们之间是怎么区分的谢谢
答:只要肯学,就能学好。如何学好,就是通过看书、理解、记忆、实践(做题),再看书,再理解、再巩固,再掌握,也就是学好了。喔 顺便一提 目前我在学的ABC天卞英语的外教才和我提过,就是要掌握好英语应该是不费力地!坚持要拥有一个适合的研习情境跟闇练口语对象 老师水平是关键 欧美人士比东南亚好很多 口语标准才是最好,坚决每日练习口语 一对一家教式教学才能够有更.好.的学习效果;课后还要重复温习录音文档,好巩固知识点。然后要是真的没有人可以指导的话 可以到可可或大耳朵取得课外教材练习,多用耳听、眼观、嘴动、脑想,迅速的语境就培养起来,学习成长是绝对快速显着的。其实学什么都一样,不光是英语语法。英语中有1种时态。很好记,X=1. 就是种时间X种状态=1种时态。这种时间是:现在、过去、将来和过去将来。这种状态是:一般、进行、完成和完成进行。以do为例,给你列个表:时间X状态 一般 进行 完成 完成进行现在 does do amisare doing hashave done hashave been doing过去 did waswere doing had done had been doing将来 shallwill do shallwill be doing shallwill have done shallwill have been doing 过去将来:would do would be doing would have done would have been doing
❹ 英语语法中表示的p.p.是什么
past participle过去分词:也就是非谓语动词的ed形式,不是过去式。
❺ 英语中表示“的”的语法
你已经说了三种,其中的of属于介词短语作定语,其实,除了介词of可以表示"的"外,其它介词短语也大都可以表示。如:The students in our class are all here. (我们班上的学生都在这儿。)The book on the desk is mine. (桌上的那本书是我的。)
另外,还有非谓语动词及其短语,也可以作定语表示"的"。如:She has no work to do. ( 不定式to do 作定语)她没有可以做的事情。
This mountain is a sleeping volcano.(现在分词sleeping 作定语)这是一座休眠的火山。She has many friends living in China.(现在分词短语living
in China 作定语)她有很多居住在中国的朋友。
He is a grown man.(过去分词grown 作定语)他是一个成年的男人。
Most of the people invited to the party were old friends.( 过去分词短语invited to the party作定语)应邀参加晚会的大部分人都是老朋友。
❻ 英语中什么是语法(具体点)!!!
语法是语言学的一个分支,研究按确定用法来运用的词类、词的屈折变化或表示相互关系的其他手段以及词在句中的功能和关系
语言的结构规律。包括词法和句法。词法指词的构成及变化规律;句法指短语和句子的组织规律。
语法是语言表达的规则。各种语言都有不同的语法,包括人类语言和计算机语言等。语法学是语言学的一部分。
现代语法学包括语音学、音系学(见音韵学)、形态学(词法)、句法学、语义学。
数据通信中的意思
语法:数据及控制信息的格式、编码及信号电平等。
rules of a language governing the sounds, words, sentences, and other elements, as well as their combination and interpretation. The word grammar also denotes the study of these abstract features or a book presenting these rules. In a restricted sense, the term refers only to the study of sentence and word structure (syntax and morphology), excluding vocabulary and pronunciation.
A common contemporary definition of grammar is the underlying structure of a language that any native speaker of that language knows intuitively. The systematic description of the features of a language is also a grammar. These features are the phonology (sound), morphology (system of word formation), syntax (patterns of word arrangement), and semantics (meaning). Depending on the grammarian's approach, a grammar can be prescriptive (i.e., provide rules for correct usage), descriptive (i.e., describe how a language is actually used), or generative (i.e., provide instructions for the proction of an infinite number of sentences in a language). The traditional focus of inquiry has been on morphology and syntax, and for some contemporary linguists (and many traditional grammarians) this is the only proper domain of the subject.
In Europe the Greeks were the first to write grammars. To them, grammar was a tool that could be used in the study of Greek literature; hence their focus on the literary language. The Alexandrians of the 1st century BC further developed Greek grammar in order to preserve the purity of the language. Dionysus Thrax of Alexandria later wrote an influential treatise called The Art of Grammar, in which he analyzed literary texts in terms of letters, syllables, and eight parts of speech.
The Romans adopted the grammatical system of the Greeks and applied it to Latin. Except for Varro, of the 1st century BC, who believed that grammarians should discover structures, not dictate them, most Latin grammarians did not attempt to alter the Greek system and also sought to protect their language from decay. Whereas the model for the Greeks and Alexandrians was the language of Homer, the works of Cicero and Virgil set the Latin standard. The works of Donatus (4th century AD) and Priscian (6th century AD), the most important Latin grammarians, were widely used to teach Latin grammar ring the European Middle Ages. In medieval Europe, ecation was concted in Latin, and Latin grammar became the foundation of the liberal arts curriculum. Many grammars were composed for students ring this time. Aelfric, the abbot of Eynsham (11th century), who wrote the first Latin grammar in Anglo-Saxon, proposed that this work serve as an introction to English grammar as well. Thus began the tradition of analyzing English grammar according to a Latin model.
The modistae, grammarians of the mid-13th to mid-14th century who viewed language as a reflection of reality, looked to philosophy for explanations of grammatical rules. The modistae sought one “universal” grammar that would serve as a means of understanding the nature of being. In 17th-century France a group of grammarians from Port-Royal were also interested in the idea of universal grammar. They claimed that common elements of thought could be discerned in grammatical categories of all languages. Unlike their Greek and Latin counterparts, the Port-Royal grammarians did not study literary language but claimed instead that usage should be dictated by the actual speech of living languages. Noting their emphasis on linguistic universals, the contemporary linguist Noam Chomsky called the Port-Royal group the first transformational grammarians.
Structural description of the sentence “The man will hit the ball,” assigned by the …
By 1700 grammars of 61 vernacular languages had been printed. These were written primarily for purposes of reforming, purifying, or standardizing language and were put to pedagogical use. Rules of grammar usually accounted for formal, written, literary language only and did not apply to all the varieties of actual, spoken language. This prescriptive approach long dominated the schools, where the study of grammar came to be associated with “parsing” and sentence diagramming. Opposition to teaching solely in terms of prescriptive and proscriptive (i.e., what must not be done) rules grew ring the middle decades of the 20th century.
The simplification of grammar for classroom use contrasted sharply with the complex studies that scholars of linguistics were concting about languages. During the 19th and early 20th centuries the historical point of view flourished. Scholars who realized that every living language was in a constant state of flux studied all types of written records of modern European languages to determine the courses of their evolution. They did not limit their inquiry to literary languages but included dialects and contemporary spoken languages as well. Historical grammarians did not follow earlier prescriptive approaches but were interested, instead, in discovering where the language under study came from.
As a result of the work of historical grammarians, scholars came to see that the study of language can be either diachronic (its development through time) or synchronic (its state at a particular time). The Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure and other descriptive linguists began studying the spoken language. They collected a large sample of sentences proced by native speakers of a language and classified their material starting with phonology and working their way to syntax.
Generative, or transformational, grammarians of the second half of the 20th century, such as Noam Chomsky, studied the knowledge that native speakers possess which enables them to proce and understand an infinite number of sentences. Whereas descriptivists like Saussure examined samples of indivial speech to arrive at a description of a language, transformationalists first studied the underlying structure of a language. They attempted to describe the “rules” that define a native speaker's “competence” (unconscious knowledge of the language) and account for all instances of the speaker's “performance” (strategies the indivial uses in actual sentence proction). See generative grammar; transformational grammar.
The study of grammatical theory has been of interest to philosophers, anthropologists, psychologists, and literary critics over the centuries. Today, grammar exists as a field within linguistics but still retains a relationship with these other disciplines. For many people, grammar still refers to the body of rules one must know in order to speak or write “correctly.” However, from the last quarter of the 20th century a more sophisticated awareness of grammatical issues has taken root, especially in schools. In some countries, such as Australia and the United Kingdom, new English curricula have been devised in which grammar is a focus of investigation, avoiding the prescriptivism of former times and using techniques that promote a lively and thoughtful spirit of inquiry.
语法在大英网络全书的定义:统摄声音,文字,句子和其他要素,以及它们的组合和解释的语言规范。“语法”这个词也指对这些抽象特征的研究,或这些规则的指南手册。严格意义上说,“语法”这个术语是指对于句子和词语结构(句法和形态学)的研究,但不包括词汇和发音。
一个普遍接受的当代语法定义是:以一种语言为母语的任何人靠直觉就知道的语言结构。对语言特征的系统描述也是一种语法,而这些特征包括音位学(声音) ,形态学(系统构词) ,句法(词语安排模式)和语义(意思) 。根据语法学家的研究,语法可以规范(即提供一些正确用法的规则) ,描述(即,描述了语言实际上是如何使用的) ,或生成(即提供一种指导,使无限的句子在一种语言中产生) 。传统的调查重点,在于形态学和句法,对于一些当代语言学家(和许多传统的语法学家),这是唯一正确的研究领域。
在欧洲,希腊人最早写关于语法的著作。对他们来说,语法是一个工具,可以用来研究希腊文学,因此他们的重点是文学语言。公元前一世纪的Alexandrians进一步发展希腊语法,以保持纯净的语言。亚历山大的狄俄尼索斯后来写出一篇影响深远的论文,称为《语法的艺术》,他在其中分析文学文本中的字母,音节,和八段话语。
古罗马人接受了希腊人的语法体系,并运用于拉丁语。除了公元前一世纪的瓦罗Varro认为语法学家应该发现结构,而不是强行指定结构,大多数拉丁语法学家没有试图改变希腊系统,还设法保护他们的语言避免衰败。希腊人和亚历山大人的语言模型是荷马的语言,西塞罗和维吉尔的作品设定了拉丁语的语法标准。最重要的拉丁语语法学家多纳图斯(公元4世纪)和普里西安(公元6世纪)的作品在欧洲中世纪被广泛用于拉丁文语法教学。中世纪的欧洲的教育使用的是拉丁文,拉丁语语法成为人文教育的基础课程。 恩斯罕的修道院长,阿尔弗里克Aelfric( 11世纪) ,第一个写拉丁语语法的盎格鲁撒克逊人,建议以此引入英语语法。从此,开始了依据拉丁语法的英语语法分析的传统。
第13世纪中叶至14世纪中叶的语法学家认为语言是现实的反映,从哲学中寻求解释语法的规则。他们寻求一个“普遍”的语法universal grammar,以此作为了解存在being的手段。在十七世纪的法国,来自罗亚尔港的一些语法学家也对这种普遍语法感兴趣。他们声称,思想的共同要素可以在所有语言的语法类别中辨识出来。与希腊语和拉丁语的语法学家不同,罗亚尔港语法学家没有研究文学语言,他们认为语言的用法应当取决于实际的生活语言。当代语言学家乔姆斯基也注意到对语言的共性的强调,他称罗亚尔港派为第一批转型语法学家。
到1700年,61种方言语法书已经印制。这些书的目的主要是改革,净化,或规范语言,并用于教学。当时语法规则通常仅仅用于正式,书面,文学的语言,并不适用于纷繁复杂的实际口语。这一规范性的手段长期在学校占主导地位,学生们对语法的学习往往和“解析”以及句子图解联系在一起。在20世纪的中后期,对于这种仅仅关注规范性和禁止性(即,什么不能做)规则的语法教育,出现了越来越多的反对声音。
课堂语法的简化和语言学家的复杂研究形成了鲜明对比。19世纪到20世纪初,历史主义观点蓬勃发展。认识到每一种现存的语言都是在不断变化中的学者们研究了欧洲语言所有类型的书面记录,以确定其演变路径。他们没有局限于文学语言,还研究了方言和当代口头语。历史主义的语法学家没有采用先前的规范性办法,但更加关注他们研究的语言的来源。
由于历史主义语法学家的工作,学者们看到,语言的研究可以是历时性的(其贯穿历史的发展)或同步性的(在特定的时间段的状态)。瑞士语言学家索绪尔和其他描述性语言学家开始研究口头语。他们收集了大量操母语者的语句样本,对这些材料进行分类,从音位学入手,一直研究到句法。
20世纪后半叶的转换生成语法学家,如乔姆斯基,研究了操母语者能生成和理解无限句子所需要的知识。而像索绪尔那样的描述语言学家则去审查单个话语样本,以求达到描述一种语言的目的。转换生成语法学家首先研究了语言的潜在结构。他们试图描述一种能够定义操母语者语言“能力”(底层的语言知识)的“规则”,解释说话人的种种“表现”(语言生成时的实际策略)。
在过去的千百年里,语法理论引起了哲学家,人类学家,心理学家和文学批评家的兴趣。今天,语法存在于语言学领域之内,但仍保留了与其他许多学科的联系。对于很多人来说,语法仍然指的是一整套必须知道,以保证“正确”语言输出的规则,然而,从20世纪后25年以来,对语法研究的更为复杂的意识,已经在学校生根发芽。在一些国家,如澳大利亚,英国,新的英语课程中语法是重点,而且避免之前僵硬的规范,提倡生动而深刻的调查精神。
❼ 英语中的语法是什么意思
主语
主语是一个句子中所要表达,描述的人或物,是句子的主体。
I
work
here.
我在这儿工作。
状语:
说明事物发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,结果方式,
条件或伴随情况,程度等情况的词叫状语。状语可以由副词,
短语以及从句来担任
定语
在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。
用作定语的主要是形容词,代词,数词,名词,副词,动词不定式,介词短语等。形容词,代词,数词,名词等作定语时,通常放在被修饰的词前面。
Heisanewstu'dent.他是个新生。
但副词,动词不定式,介词短语等作定语时,则放在被修饰的词之后。
Thebikeintheroomismine.房间里的自行车是我的。
The
little
boy
needs
a
blue
pen.(little修饰名词boy;blue修饰名词pen.)/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。
表语是说明主语身份,职业,性质,状态或特征的句子成分,它只能与
sein,
werden,
bleiben,
scheinen,
heissen
这些联系动词连用
系动词亦称联系动词(Link
Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。说明:
有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:
He
fell
ill
yesterday.
他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。)
表语是说明主语身份,职业,性质,状态或特征的句子成分,它只能与
sein,
werden,
bleiben,
scheinen,
heissen
这些联系动词连用:
补语用来说明宾语或主语所处的状态或正在进行的动作,因为英语中有些动词加宾语后意思仍然不完整,如:make(使...),ask(请)等等。如果我们说:我们使我们的祖国。这不是一句完整的话。应该说:我们使我们的祖国更美丽。这是的“美丽的(beautiful)”为形容词做补语,说明祖国的状态。英语句子为:We
will
make
our
country
more
beautiful.作补语的词或词组为:形容词,副词,名词,不定式,ing形式,数词等。
同位语:名词或代词或从句来充当,因为同位语解释名词或代词。如:
Tom,
a
student,is
good
at
English.
比较:We
made
Tom
our
monitor(我们使/让汤姆做班长)
一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰,限定或说明,这个名词(或其它形
式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致,并常常紧挨在一起。
❽ 英语语法中,修饰这个词怎么用英语说 例如:形容词通常是用来修饰名词的.这句话中的修饰怎么说
“修饰”这个词在英语中可以用一个单词modify或qulify,也可用短语add to the meaning of来表达.翻译有下面两种内:1.Adjectives modify(qulify) nouns.
(形容词修饰容名词).2.Adjectives add to the meaning of nouns.(形容词起修饰名词作用.)
❾ 英语时间的表达法中past和to分别怎么用 英语语法
简单来说past用在表达过多少时间,to表示还有多少时间到.
举个栗子:10 past 5表示10:05;10 to 5表示还有10分钟5点,也就是4:50
❿ n在英文语法中代表什么
n在英文语法中代表名词。
名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。名词在各种语言里都属于实词。在很多语言里,名词还有性、数、格的区别。
在印欧语系的语言里,名词可以分为下列几类:
专有名词:表示具体的人,事物,地点,团体或机构的专有名称(第一个字母要大写,注意,在德语里,所有的名词的第一个字母都要大写)。 例:China(中国)、Asia(亚洲)、Beijing(北京)、the People’s Republic Of China(中华人民共和国)。
专有名词如果是含有普通名词,则必须使用定冠词the。如:the Great Wall(长城)。
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义)。如:the Greens(格林一家人)。
表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称,叫做普通名词。例如:teacher老师、tea茶、reform改革。
普通名词又可以进一步分为四类:
个体名词(Indivial Nouns):表示单个的人和事物。如car(汽车)、room(房间)、 fan(风扇)、photo(照片)
集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示一群人或一些事物的名称。如 people(人们)、family(家庭)、army(军队)、government(政府)、group(集团)
物质名词(Material Nouns):表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。如 fire(火)、steel(钢)、air (空气)、water(水)、milk(牛奶)
抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。如 labor( 劳动)、health(健康)、life (生活)、friendship(友情)、patience(耐力)
名词又可分为可数名词(Countable Nouns)和不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。
不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算,不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西;它一般没有单、复数的变化,它的前面不能用不定冠词a / an(在德语、法语、西班牙语中,不可数名词前面也不能用不定冠词)。抽象名词,物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。如 milk(牛奶),bread(面包),coffee(咖啡)等。
可数名词是指能以数目来计算,可以分成个体的人或东西,因此它有单、复数的变化。如cup(杯子),cat(猫)等。
希望我能帮助你解疑释惑。