1. 高中英语语法知识
非谓语动词
在英语中，动词不定式、动名词和分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）可以出现在句子中除谓语以外的任何一个位置上，充当句子的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等成分，这些动词形式称为非谓语动词。
非谓语动词主要的句法功能一览表：
非谓语动词 功能
主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语
不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √
动名词 √ √ √ √
分词 √ √ √ √
Ⅰ). 作主语----doing/ to do：
⒈ 没有多大区别。动词原形不能在句中作主语
To see is to believe 百闻不如一见。=Seeing is believing.
⒉ doing抽象笼统的一般行为
to do具体的特别是将来的动作
Smoking is bad for health. 吸烟对人身体有害。 （笼统地谈吸烟问题）
To finish the job in two days is impossible. 要在两天之内完成这项工作是不可能的。（具体地谈这项工作）
⒊ it用形式主语于句首常用不定式置于句尾
* It is /was + adj./ n. /-ed +to do
* It is no use/good/a waste of time + doing sth.
It is impossible to finish the job in two days.
It is no good/ use having a car if you can’t drive.如果你不会开车，有车也没用。
It is a waste of time watching TV. 看电视是浪费时间。
⒋ There is no…句型中，常用doing作主语。
There is no saying what will happen. 无法估计将会发生什么事。
There is no use making an excuse for this.为这事编造借口没用。
Ⅱ). 作宾语-------doing/ to do：
⒈ 有些及物动词后面只能接doing作宾语，不能接不定式，常见的有：
void 避免/ miss错过/ postpone 推迟/ suggest 建议/ finish 完成/ practise练习/ enjoy 喜欢/ imagine 想象/ can’t help禁不住/ admit 承认/ deny 否认/ envy 嫉妒/escape 逃脱/ risk 冒险/ forgive 原谅/ stand 忍受/ keep保持/ mind 介意/ appreciate 感激,赞赏/ consider 认为/ delay 耽误/ detest 讨厌/ miss 想念/ resist 抵抗/ understand 理解/ feel like想要
I’m sorry I missed seeing you while in Shanghai.很遗憾，我在上海时没看到你。
He suggested discussing the problem at the class meeting. 他建议在班会上讨论这个问题。
Would you mind closing the window? 你介意把窗户关上吗？
Will you admit having broken the window?你承不承认打破了窗户了？
He avoided giving us a definite answer.他避免给我们一个肯定的回答。
I was afraid to let the boy risk climbing the tree.我不敢让这个男孩冒险爬那棵树。
I couldn’t help crying when I heard the news.听到这个消息我不禁哭起来。
⒉有些动词后面只能跟to do作宾语，不能接动名词，如：wish, hope, expect, offer, manage, decide, refuse, agree, pretend, promise, seem, fail
I don’t wish to be disturbed in my work.我不愿在工作中被打搅。
We managed to get there in time.我们设法及时到了那里。
He pretended to be reading a book.他假装在读书。
They promised to get up early.他们答应早起床。
He refused to do that job.他拒绝做那工作。
⒊ 有些动词后面既可以接动名词，也可以接不定式作宾语，其意义基本一样，如： begin, start, continue, like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, can’t stand, 但like, love 和would 或should 连用时，接不定式作宾语。
例 句 解 析
1. It began to rain. It began raining.
2. It was beginning to snow.
3. I love lying (to lie)on my back.
4. I like listening to music, but today I don’t like to.
5. I don’ t prefer to swim in the river now.
1. 意思无差别，但谓语动词用进行时，后面只跟不定式。
2. 表示一种倾向多接动名词作宾语，如果表示某一特定的或具体的行动，多接不定式。
⒋有些动词后面既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语，但意义不同。如：
⑴mean to do sth. 打算干某事mean doing 意味着…
I didn’t mean to hurt you.我没打算伤害你。
Missing the bus means waiting for an hour.误了车就意味着等一个小时。
⑵stop to do sth.停下来去做某事stop doing sth. 停止做某事
I was lost and had to stop to ask the way.我迷路了只好停下来问路。
They stopped talking.他们停止了谈话。
⑶go on to do sth. （做完一件事之后）接着做（另一件事）go on doing sth.继续做某事
After learning history, we went on to learn geography.学完历史之后，我们接着学地理。
You shouldn’t go on living this way.你不应当继续过这样的生活了。
⑷try to do sth. 试图做某事try doing sth.试试做某事（往往表示某种方法或方式）
Let’s try knocking at the back door.咱们敲敲后边的门试试。
We tried to solve the problem.我们努力想解决这个问题。
⑸forget, regret, remember后接to do表示尚未发生的动作，接doing表示已经发生动作。
I forgot to write him a letter.我忘了给他写信。（ 以前没写信）
I forgot writing him a letter.我忘了以前曾写信给他。 （曾写过信）
I remember seeing you before. 我记得以前见过你。（ 曾见过）
Please remember to write to me.请记住要给我写信。 （目前还没写）
I regretted speaking to them about it.我后悔跟他们讲过那件事。 （以前讲过）
I regret to tell you that you didn’t pass the exam.我遗憾地告诉你，你考试没及格。 （以前没告诉过你）
⑹be used to do sth. 被用来做…be used to doing sth. 习惯于做…
We are used to going to bed early.我们习惯于早睡。
Wood can be used to make paper.木材可以用来造纸。
⑺can’t help（to）do sth. 不能帮助做某事can’t help doing sth. 不禁…
We can’t help to solve the problem.我们不能帮助解决这个问题。
On hearing the news, we couldn’t help laughing. 一听到这个消息，我们忍不住大笑起来。
⑻allow, permit, advise, forbid, consider + doing /+ sb to do
We don’t allow smoking here.我们这里不允许吸烟。
We don’t allow them to smoke.我们不允许他们吸烟。
He advised having a rest.他建议休息。
He advised me to have a rest.他建议我休息。
I considered going to Canada.我考虑去加拿大。
I consider him to be honest.我认为他诚实。
⑼need, require, want + to be done/ doing “需要（被作某种处置）”
The bridge needs/ requires/ wants repairing.
=The bridge needs/ requires/ wants to be repaired. 这个桥梁需要修一修了。
⒌介词（除but以外）后面的动词宾语一律用doing形式。
They are interested in singing.
他们爱好唱歌。（ 动名词singing作介词in的宾语）
* but 与no, not any, all 等词连用时为介词，但其后面的动词用to do，
如果but前面有实义动词do 的任何形式，则but 后面用动词原形do
He did nothing but cry.
他什么也没做，只是哭。（but 前面有实义动词did, 所以but后面要接动词原形）
I had no choice but to cry.
我别无办法，只好哭。（but前面没有实义动词do,所以but后面要跟不定式形式）
⒍ “wh- + to do，这一结构可转换成该疑问词引导的从句。
It hasn’t been decided where to go. 还没决定到哪里去。（主语）
I found out where to buy fruit cheaper.我找到了廉价买水果的地方。（宾语）
The question is what to write about.问题是应写什么。（表语）
Ⅲ. 作表语---doing/ to do/ done：
⒈ doing比较抽象笼统的一般行为
to do具体某次动作，特别是将来动作
有时两者都可以用，在意思上没多大区别。
My job is typing letters and papers.
我的工作就是打信件和文件。（打信件和文件是我日常的工作）
The next step is to discuss the suggestion raised by him.
下一步将是讨论他提出的问题。
⒉ 主表一致
当主语是doing形式时，表语一般也用doing，如主语是to do，表语一般也用to do
Saving is having. =To save is to have. 节约即是收入。
（不能说Saving is to have.或To save is having.）
Teaching is learning.=To teach is to learn. 教书是学习。
(不能说Teaching is to learn.或To teach is learning.)
⒊ doing作表语多表示主语所具有的特征，有时可译为“令人…的”；
done作表语多表示主语所处的状态，有时可译为“感到…的”。
interesting 令人有兴趣的，有趣的 interested 感兴趣的
tiring 令人疲劳的 tired 感到疲倦的
moving 令人感动的 moved 受到感动的
exciting 令人激动的 excited 感到激动的
puzzling 令人迷惑的 puzzled 感到迷惑的
disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 感到失望的
She felt a bit disappointed. 她感到有点失望。
The result is disappointing. 结果令人失望。
The news is exciting. 消息令人兴奋。
I was excited at the news. 听到这个消息我很兴奋。
**⒋ 过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：(be + p.p)
被动语态表示一个动作，过去分词作表语表示主语的特点或所处的状态。如：
The window is broken.
窗户打破了。（分词作表语，表示现在窗户处于破碎的状态）
The window was broken by the boy.
窗户是被那个小男孩打破的。（被动语态，表窗户是被谁打破的，表动作）
The book is well written.
这本书写得不错。（分词作表语，表状态）
The book was written by her.
这本书是她写的。（被动语态，表动作）
The tree is fallen.
树倒了。（分词作表语，表状态）
Ⅳ. 作定语----to do/ doing/ done：
⒈ to do 做后置定语，与中心词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，表示将要发生的动作或状态
I have something important to tell you. (something important 是tell you的逻辑宾语)
我有重要的事情要告诉你。
I want to get something to read ring the winter vacation. （something 是read的逻辑宾语）
我想找点书在寒假读。
** 若to do是不及物动词介词不可省略
We are looking for a paper to write on.
我们正在找写字用的纸。
I’m not sure which restaurant to eat at.
我对在哪家餐馆吃饭没有把握。
It would be a comfortable room to live in.
这房间住起来会很舒适。
** 常用to do作定语的情况
1)名词前有序数词、最高级所修饰This is the first building to be designed by him.
这是由他设计的第一栋楼房。
They are the first to come, and the last to leave.
他们是最先来而最后离开。
He is the oldest athlete ever to win an Olympic gold medal.
他赢得奥运金牌的年龄最大的运动员。
2) 只能接to do 做宾语的动词转化的名词
⒉ 动名词作定语表示该名词的用途，
现在分词作定语表示该名词正在进行的动作或存在的状态。
a reading room (=a room for reading ) 阅览室（动名词）
a swimming pool (=a pool for swimming)游泳池（动名词）
a swimming girl (=a girl who is swimming)在游泳的女孩（现在分词）
a sleeping car (=a car for sleeping)一节卧车 （动名词）
a sleeping girl (=a girl who is sleeping)在睡觉的女孩（现在分词）
⒊ doing作定语，多表示动作正在进行/与谓语动词同时进行/经常性的动作或状态；
done作定语，则多表示分词动作“先于谓语动词表示的动作”，表“被动”
⑴Did you see the boy dancing with the girl?
= the boy who was dancing with the girl (表正在进行)
⑵There were 50 children returning from school.
= 50 children who were returning from school（表正在进行）
⑶The factory making the cars is a small one.
= The factory which makes the cars (表示经常性)
⑷I live in a house facing the north.
=a house that faces the north (表状态)
⑸It is the problem left over by history.
= which have been left over by history. (先于谓语动词的动作、表被动)
⑹He is a leader respected by the people.
= who is respected by the people. (表被动)
⒋ being +done作定语时，表示一个正在进行的、被动的动作
The freeway being built will lead to Xingang Seaport.= which is being built (表正在被修建的)
⒌having + done不能作定语，此时可以用一个定于从句代替
完成作业的那些人现在可以回家了。
误：Those having finished their homework can go home now.
正：Those who have finished their homework can go home now.
Ⅴ. 作状语---- to do/ doing/ done：
⒈ doing作状语往往和逻辑主语之间存在主动关系，表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、伴随情况
Walking down the street, I met an old friend of mine.(时间状语，walk 和meet 同时发生)
Hearing the cry for help, they all rushed out.(原因状语，hear 和rush out 几乎同时发生)
We sat by the window, talking about what had happened.(伴随状语，talk 和sit同时发生)
Having brushed my teeth, I came downstairs for breakfast.(时间状语，brush teeth 在come downstairs 之前发生)`
Thinking it over, you will not take the job.= If you think it over (条件状语)
Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.(原因状语，be there在offer之前发生)
⒉ done作状语表示被动或完成的动作，表示原因、时间、条件、伴随等。
⑴Encouraged by the teacher, we worked still harder than ever.
( = As we were encouraged by the teacher)
受到老师的鼓励，我们比以前更努力地学习。（原因状语）
⑵Considered from this point of view, the question will be of great importance.
( = If it is considered from the point of view)
若从这个角度考虑，那个问题很重要。（条件状语）
⑶Seen from the hill, the town looks nice.
(= When the town is seen from the hill) (时间状语)
⑷He turned away disappointed.
( = and he was disappointed) (伴随状语)
⒊ to do/ in order to do /so as to do(不于句首)用不定式作目的状语
I studied hard to pass the exam.为了通过这次考试我努力读书。
为了强调目的，有时可把不定式放在句首，或在不定式前加。如：
In order to /To be there on time, we got up early.为了按时到那儿，我们起的很早。
He sold them so as to /in order to/ to have money to buy some food.他把它们卖掉是为了有钱买食物。
⒋ (only/ never) to do 表示出人意料的结果。
I came in only to find nobody here.
我走进来，却发现这儿一个人都没有。（表意外结果,加only用来强调意外）
He hurried to the station to find the train had gone.
他匆忙赶往车站，结果发现火车开走了。（表意外结果）
The song is sung all over the country, making it the most popular song.
= and made it the most popular song
全国到处在传唱这首歌曲，使它成了一首最受人欢迎的歌曲。（没有意外结果的意思）
⒌ 独立主格
1) “名词（主格代词）+doing”相当于一个状语从句，表示条件、原因、结果、伴随等。
⑴The bus being very crowded, he had to stand.
=As the bus was very crowded…
公共汽车很挤，他只好站着。（表原因）(分词的逻辑主语是the bus，句子的主语是he)
⑵All the guests having left, we began cleaning up the room.
= After all the guests had left…
所有的客人走了之后，我们开始打扫房间。（表时间）（分词的逻辑主语是all the guests,句子的主语是we）
⑶ “Mama！” she cried suddenly, tears rolling down her cheeks.
= …，and tears rolled down her cheeks.
“妈妈”，她突然哭了，眼泪顺着脸颊流下来。(表伴随)（分词的逻辑主语是tears,句子的主语是she）
2) 分词的独立结构作状语
assuming
admitting
according to /owing to/judging by/from
considering/seeing/given/allowing for
concerning/regarding
generally speaking
saving/expecting
supposing/providing/provided
talking to/about
Ⅵ. 作补足语----to do/ doing/ done：
⒈ to do作补足语表主动的动作，
doing作补足语表正在进行的动作，
done/to be done作补足语表被动的动作。
Would you like us to go with you?你愿意我们和你一起去吗？ （我们去）
She could fell her heart beating violently.她可以感到自己的心跳得很厉害。（心正在跳动）
Please get your baby examined.请让你的孩子检查一下。（孩子被检查）
⒉
感官动词 do→做了某事 (被动还原 to have/ let 除外)
S．+ + 宾语 + doing→正在做某事 (being done 被动)
使役动词 done→被动 完成
I saw him crossing the road.
我看到他正在过马路。（指在马路中间或过马路的途中）
I saw him cross the road.
我看见他过了马路。（指看见他过了马路这个过程）
I saw him beaten black and blue.
我看到他被打得青一块紫一块。（指看见他被打）
**巧记感官动词和使役动词----“一感二听三让五看”
feel,/ hear, listen to, / let, make, have, /look at, see, , watch, notice, observe
*①以上动词接to do作宾补时不带to。被动语态时要还原to
help 后面的to do 做宾补 to 可带可不带 *They were made to pay back the money.他们被迫还钱。
He was noticed to leave the office.有人注意到他离开了办公室。
*②* have +宾语+doing
常和will/would not连用，表示“不允许某人总是或反复地做某事”
I won’t have him speaking to me like that.我不允许他那样对我讲话。
⒊ 要求接带to 的不定式作其宾补的动词有：
force, tell, invite, expect, wish, advise, warn, cause, order, encourage, persuade, beg, permit, allow等
He advised me to give up smoking.他建议我戒烟。
We encouraged him to try again.我们鼓励他再试试。
At the meeting they invited me to speak.在会议上他们邀请我发言。
4. with 复合结构
with + 宾语 + to do (将来， 主动表被动)
with + 宾语 + doing (现在或过去主动， 现在被动：being done)
with + 宾语 + done (过去，被动)
2. 高中英语语法包括哪些，哪些语法考试必考
一、高中英语语法：
基数词
表示数目多少或顺序先后的词叫数词。
1.基数词的构成：
1-10 one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten;
11-19 eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen,
seventeen, ei
1, 000,000,000 a/one billion = a/one thousand m
Two of the girls are from Tokyo.
这些姑娘中有两位来自东京。
2)作宾语：
Four people applied for this job, but we only need one.
四个人申请这工作，但我们仅需一人。
3)作表语：
The population of China is over 1.3 billion.
中国有十三亿多人口。
I’m twenty while my brother is sixteen.
我二十岁，我弟弟十六岁。
4)作定语：
We have 300 workers in our company.
我们公司有三百名员工。
Forty students were involved in the interview. 四十名学生参加了这次采访。
5)作同位语：
You two clean these seats.
你们两个打扫这些位子。
Have you got tickets for us three?
有我们三个人的票吗?
序数词
表示顺序或等级。
1. 序数词的构成：
1-10： first 1st; second 2nd; third 3rd; fourth 4th; fifth 5th; sixth 6th; seventh 7th;eighth 8th; ninth 9th; tenth 10th；
11-19： eleventh 11th; twelfth 12th; thirteenth 13th; fourteenth 14th ;fifteenth 15th; sixteenth 16th; seventeenth 17th; eighteenth 18th;nineteenth 19th；
20-90： twentieth 20th; thirtieth 30th; fortieth 40th; fiftieth 50th; sixtieth 60th;seventieth 70th; eightieth 80th; ninetieth 90th；
≥100：
100 hundredth；
1,000 thousandth；
1,000,000 millionth；
1,000,000,000 billionth
2、序数词的用法
1）作主语：
The second is what I really need.
第二个是我真正需要的。
The first bottle has been full but the second is empty.
第一个瓶已满，但第二个还空着。
2）作宾语：
I got a third in biology.
我生物得到了第三名。
Do you prefer the first or the second?
第一个和第二个你更喜欢哪一个呢？
3）作表语：
I will be the first to support you and the last to oppose you
.我将是第一个支持你的人，也是最不会反对你的人。
Columbus was the first who discovered America.
哥伦布是第一个发现美洲的人。
4）作定语：
I’ll try a second time and see if I can do it.
我还要试一次，看看我能否做得了。
Take the first turn to the right and then the second turn to the left and you’ll get there.
在第一个转弯处向右转，然后在第二个转弯处向左转就到了。
5）作状语：
He came second in the race.
他在赛跑中得了第二名。
It was a snowy day when we first met.
我们初次见面时是一个下雪的日子。
3、 序数词前冠词的使用
1） 明确指明了先后顺序或一系列事物按一定的规律排列时，序数词前用定冠词。
This is the second time that I have been in London.
这是我第二次来伦敦。
Alva is the fifth child of the Whites.
阿尔瓦市怀特家的第五个孩子。
2） 表示“又一、再一”，不强调顺序时，序数词前用不定冠词。
You have bought four toys today. Why do you want to buy a fifth one?
今天你已经买了四个玩具了，为什么还想再买一个呢？
I failed again, but I will try a third time.
我又失败了，可是我要再试一次。
3） 序数词前有形容词性物主代词、名词所有格或其他修饰语时不用任何冠词。
My first five years of childhood was spent with my grandparents.
我五岁前是和祖父母一块度过的。
Mrs. Black’s second child is a genius.
布莱克夫人的第二个孩子是个天才。
4） 序数词与名词构成复合形容词时，冠词由被修饰词而定。此时序数词是复合形容词的一部分而不是独立的，前面的冠词完全由这个形容词所修饰的名词而定。
This MPV car is a second-hand one.
这辆商务车是二手的。
Habit is second nature.
习惯是第二天性。
5） 序数词还可作副词，此时不用任何冠词。
First I am short of money; second I haven’t enough time.
首先我缺钱，其次我没有足够的时间。
6） 序数词用在表示“每隔……”的every 后，其前不用冠词。
every second day 每隔一天
every fifth day 每隔四天
every second line 每隔一行
7） 某些固定搭配中序数词前不用冠词。
first of all 首先
at first 起初
at first sight 乍一看，第一
数词的用法
1. 分数：表示分数时，分子须用基数词，分母须用序数词。
（分子是1以上的任何数时，作分母的序数词要用复数形式。）
1） 真分数通常用英语单词表达。
one-fourth 四分之一
two-fifths 五分之二
a quarter 四分之一
2） 分子和分母的数目较大时，两者都用基数词，之间用over/by/out of/in 连接。
Seven over/out of/in twenty of the students have passed the flight test.
二十个学生中有七个通过了飞行测试。
3） 带分数：“整数+ and + 分数部分”。
Two and a quarter inches of rain fell over the weekend.
周末期间的降雨量达二又四分之一英寸。
2. 小数：小数总是用阿拉伯数字表达。小数点后不论有多少位都不能用逗号分开，但小数点之前的数依然按照三位一个逗号的原则书写。
0.786432 120,372.428
注意：小数点前的数按普通基数词的读法读，小数点后的数每一位都要单独读。
15.503 读作fifteen point five zero three
0.05 读作zero point zero five
3. 百分数：百分数中的数目用阿拉伯数字，后接percent或百分号（%），在专业统计或表格中常用%代替percent，在句首时则用英语单词书写。
I have invested 40 percent of my income.
我把40%的收入用作投资了。
Farmers’ income has increased by 30%.
农民的收入已经增加了30%。
4、 倍数：表示倍数时，一倍用once，两倍 用twice/double，三倍以上用“基数词+ times”。
1）“倍数 + as many/much … as …”
My deskmate claims to have twice as many stamps as I.
我同桌声称他的邮票是我的两倍。
This computer costs three times as much as that one.
这台计算机的价格是那台的三倍。
2）“倍数 + the size of …”
用法与size相同的名词常见的有weight（重量），height（高度），depth（深度），width（宽度），age（年龄），length（长度）等。
Our playground is five times the size of theirs.
我们的操场是他们的五倍大。
This street is twice/double the width of that one.
这条大街是那条大街的两倍宽。
3）“倍数 + what从句”
The value of the house is double what it was.
这所房子的价值是原来的两倍。
People’s average income is almost five times what they earned ten years ago.
人们的平均收入是十年前的五倍。
4）“倍数 + 比较级 + than”
The room is twice larger than ours.
这间房子比我们的房子大两倍。
This ball seats three times more people than that one.
这个大厅能坐的人数是那个大厅的四倍。
5）“比较级 + than … + by + 倍数/程度”
The line is longer than that one by twice.
这根线是那根线的两倍长。
The population of China is larger than that of the US by over 6 times.
中国人口是美国人口的六倍多。
5、四则运算：
1）加法：在口语中，小数目的加法常用and代表“+”，is 或 are 代表“=”。
在正式的场合或较大数目的加法用plus代表“+”，equals或is 代表“=”。
7+4=11 Seven and four is/are eleven.
13+12=25 Thirteen plus twelve equals/is twenty-five.
2) 减法：在口语中，小数目的减法用“Take away + 减数 + from + 被减数 + and you get + 余数”
“减数 + from + 被减数 + leaves/is + 余数”
在正式的场合或较大数目的减法用minus 代表“—”，equals 代表“=”。
12-5=7 Five from twelve leaves/is seven. /Take away five from twelve and you get seven.
21-7=14 Twenty-one minus seven equals fourteen.
3) 乘法：在口语中，小数目的乘法的乘数用复数形式，用are 代表“=”。
大数目的乘法用times代表“×”，is/makes 代表“=”。
在正式的场合下用multiplied by 代表“×”，equals 代表“=”。
4×5=20 Four fives are twenty
326×238=77588
Three hundred and twenty-six times two hundred and thirty-eight is/makes seventy-seven thousand five hundred and eighty-eight.
Three hundred and twenty-six multiplied by two hundred and thirty-eight equals seventy-seven thousand five hundred and eighty-eight.
4) 除法：小数目的除法：用divided by 代表“÷”，equals 代表“=”。
“被除数 + divided by + 除数 + equals + 商”；“除数 + into + 被除数 + goes + 商”
32÷4=8 Thirty-two divided by four equals eight.
Four into thirty-two goes eight.
大数目的除法：用divided by 代表“÷”，equals 代表“=”。
216÷8=27
Two hundred and sixteen divided by eight equals twenty-seven.
6、比率：一般来说表示比率都用阿拉伯数字（包括句首的情况），但在非专业性的文字中，也可用英语单词的形式。
The ratio of 7 to 4 is written 7:4 or 7/4.
七比四写作7:4或7/4。
You have a fifty to fifty chance of success.
你成功的机会只有一半。
7、编号：用基数词时 名词 + 基数词 World War Ⅰ/Page 8/Room 109…
用序数词时 the + 序数词 + 名词 ?the First World War
8、年代与几十几岁：通常是逢十的基数词用作复数形式。表示年代的数词前用定冠词 in the 90s；表示岁数的数词前用形容词用物主代词 in one’s twenties
9、约数：
1）表示“大约”可以用about/some/around/nearly/something like/more or less，用or so 表示“左右、大约”置于数词之后。
The man in rags is about/some sixty years old.
The man in rags is sixty years old or so.
那个衣衫褴褛的男子大约有六十岁/六十岁左右。
Peter is something like thirty.
皮特大约有三十岁。
2）“多于、超过”用more/than/over/above；“少于、不超过”用less than。
She was more than/less than forty when she got married.
她结婚时有四十多岁/不到四十岁。
3）其他
半天（小时）half a day=a half day; half an hour=a half hour
一个半 a day and a half=one and a half days
两天半 two days and a half=two and a half days
一两天……one or two days=a day or two
两三天/周/个苹果 a couple of days/weeks/apples…
三番五次 again and again; repeatedly; time and (time) again; over and over again; time after time
三年五载 from three to five years; in a few years
三三两两 in twos and threes; in knots
二、高中英语语法考试必考的内容：
1、as 句型
(1) as引导方式状语从句句型：“按照……;正如……”
例：As(it is)in your country, we grow wheat in the north and rice in the south.
正如(像) 你们国家一样，我们北方种植小麦，南方种植水稻。
(2) as+形容词/副词原级+(a /an)+名词+as ;
否定式：not as/so --- as
例：He is as good a player as his sister.
他和他姐姐一样是位优秀的运动员。
(3) such + n. + as to do 如此……以致于……
例：She is such a fool as to believe what he said.
她是一个如此的一个笨蛋以致相信了他所说的话。
(4) so + adj./adv. + as to do sth 如此……以致于……
例：He was so strong as to carry the heavy box.
他是如此的强壮以致于能提起那重箱子。
(5) such...as... 象……之类的…… (接名词或定语从句)
例：He wished to be such a man as Lei Feng was.
他希望成为一个像雷锋这样的人。
(6) the same +名词+as 和……一样的…… (接名词或定语从句)
例：He is not the same man as he used to be.
他不是从前的那样子了。
(7) as 引导非限制性定语从句
例：As is known to us, knowledge is power.
众所周知，知识就是力量。
(8)引导时间状语从句，与while意义相近
例：We get wiser as we get older.
随着我们长大，我们也变得越来越聪明。
(9) 引导原因状语从句，与 because的用法相近
例：As it was getting very late, we soon turned back.
因为越来越迟了，所以我们不久就回来了。
(10) 引导让步状语从句
例：Child as he is, he knows much about science.
尽管他是一个小孩，但他对科学了解得很多。
2、prefer 句型
(1) prefer to do sth
例：I prefer to stay at home.
我宁愿呆在家里。
(2) prefer doing sth
例：I prefer playing in defence.
我喜欢打防守。
(3) prefer sb to do sth
例：Would you prefer me to stay?
你愿意我留下来吗?
(4) prefer to do sth rather than do sth ……
宁愿…...而不愿...
例句：I prefer to stay at home rather than go out.
我宁愿呆在家里而不愿出去.
(5) prefer doing sth to doing sth
例：I prefer watching football to playing it.
我喜欢看篮球，不喜欢打篮球。
(6) prefer sth to sth
例：I prefer tea to coffee.
我要茶不要咖啡。
3、when 句型
(1) be doing sth...when...
例：He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in.
他正笑着的时候门突然开了，他妻子走了进来。
(2) be about to do sth ... when ...
例：We were about to start when it began to rain.
我们刚要出发，天就开始下雨了。
(3) had just done ... when ...
例：I had just gone to bed after a very hard day when the phone rang.
在劳累了一天之后我刚刚就寝，电话铃就响了。
4、seem 句型
(1) It +seems + that从句
例：It seemed that everyone was satisfied.
看来好像每个人都很满意。
(2) It seems to sb that ...
例：It seems to me that she is right.
我看她是对的，
(3) There seems to be ...
例：There seems to be a heavy rain.
看上去要有一场大雨。
(4) It seems as if ...
例：It seemed that she couldn't come to class.
看样子她不能来上课了。
5、表示“相差……;增加了……;增加到……”句型
(1) She is taller than I by three inches.
她比我高三英寸
(2) There is one year between us.
我们之间相差一岁。
(3) She is three years old than I.
她比我大三岁。
(4) They have increased the price by 50%.
他们把价格上涨了50%
(5) His salary has rised to 10,000 yuan per month.
他的工资已经涨到了每月10,000元。
6、what 引导的名词性从句
(1) what 引导主语从句
例：What surprised me is that everybody seemed to be very indifferent to her.
让我吃惊的是每个人似乎对她都很冷淡。
[ indifferent adj.不关心的;冷漠的]
(2) what 引导宾语从句
例：We can learn what we do not know.
我们能学会我们不懂的东西。
(3) what 引导表语从句
例：That is what I want.
那正是我所要的。
(4) what 引导同位语从句
例：I have no idea what they are talking about.
我不知道他们正在谈论什么。
7、too句型
(1) too ... to do ...
例：Politics is too important to be left to the politicians.(=Politics is so important that it can't be left to the politicians.)
政治太重要了，不能由政治家来决定。
(2) only too ... to do ...
例：I shall be only too pleased to get home.
我要回到家里就非常高兴。
(3) too + adj + for sth
例：These shoes are much too small for me.
我穿这双鞋太小了。
(4) too + adj + a + n.
例：This is too difficult a text for me.
这篇课文对我来说太难了。
(5) can't … too +形容词 无论……也不为过
例：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.
我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
8、where 句型
(1) where 引导的定语从句
例：This is the house where he lived last year.
这就是他去年住过的房子。
(2) where 引导的状语从句
例：Where there is a will，there is a way.
有志者事竟成。
He left his key where he could find.
他将钥匙放在易找到的地方。
I will go where I want to go.
我要去我想去的地方。
(3) where 引导的表语从句
例：This is where you are wrong.
这正是你错的地方。
9、wish 句型
(1) wish that sb did sth 希望某人现在做某事
例：I wish I were as strong as you.
我希望和你一样强壮。
(2) wish that sb had done sth 希望某人过去做某事
例： I wish you had told me earlier
要是你早点告诉我就好了。
(3) wish that sb would/could do sth 希望某人将来做某事
例：I wish you would succeed this time.
我希望你这次会成功。
11、 before 句型
(1) would rather do sth than do sth 宁愿做……而不愿做……
例：She would rather die than turn against his motherland.
她宁可死也不去背叛祖国。
(2) would rather have done sth 宁愿过去做过某事
例：I would rather have taken his advice.
我宁愿过去接受他的意见。
(3) would rather sb had done sth 宁愿某人过去做过某事
例：I would rather I had passed the examination last week.
我真希望通过上星期的考试。
(4) would rather sb did sth 宁愿某人现在或将来做某事
例： Who would you rather went with you?
你宁愿谁和你一起去?
(1) before sb can/ could … 某人还没来得及……
例：Before I could get in a word ，he had measured me.
我还没来得及插话，他就给我量好了尺寸。
(2) It will be +时间+ before + 还有多长时间……
例：It will be 4 years before he graates.
他还有四年时间变毕业了。
(3) had done some time before (才……)
例：We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.
我们航行了四天四夜才见到陆地。
(4) had not done ... before ... 不到……就……
例：We hadn’t run a mile before he felt tired.
我们还没走到一英里路就觉得累了。
(5) It was not +一段时间+ before 不多久就……
例：It wasn’t two years before he left the country.
还没到两年他们离开了那国家。
13、用于表示过去未实现的希望和计划的句型
(1) It is /was +被强调部分+that(who)...
例：It was I who wrote to my uncle yesterday.
是我昨天给我叔叔写信的。
(2) Is/was it + 被强调部分 + that (who) ...
例：Was it your brother that you met in the street?
在街上你遇见的是你兄弟吗?
(3) Where/who/what/how等特殊疑问词 + is/was it that ...
例：How is it that you will go to visit her tomorrow?
明天你究竟怎样去看望她?
(4) do/does/did +谓语动词 (强调谓语)
例：They do know the place well.
他们的确很熟悉那个地方。
(1)would like to/ would love to have done sth.
例：I would like to have written to you.
我本想给你写信的。
(2) was / were going to do sth.(用过去将来时态表示原打算做什么)
例：Lucy was going to watch a basketball match.
Lucy 原打算看一场篮球比赛。
3. 高中英语语法知识。不会的不要来回答，谢谢
given是过去分词。
本句中having been given是动名词完成形式的被动形式，在句中作宾语。
该动名词形式 表示已经发生过的被动。
4. 高中英语语法知识点重点有哪些啊
高中英语语法知识重点：定语从句，名词性从句，状语从句，反意疑问句，名词与主谓一致，情态动词，非谓语动词，虚拟语气，省略和倒装。
5. 求高中英语语法知识点总结
以我教语法这么久以来的经验看，别人给你总结的语法，你学了基本没用回。语法一定要想办法自答己总结。总结语法最好的方法，是做单项训练。比如想了解定语从句，就一口气做几百道定语从句的题目。每10道题为一轮，做一次总结。
我举个例子，你总结了定语从句的5条基本规则，那么做题的时候如果错了，就要问自己：这个错了的题目，是5条里的哪一条？如果不是这10条里的，那么我就补充进第6条。也就是说，做题的时候，形成自己的“pattern”，所有的题目，都要能归入你自己的“pattern”。已经在自己pattern里的面的题目，不允许错。不在自己pattern里面的题目，就要纳入pattern。
这样总结100题，一个语法点就搞定了。高考大大小小的考点，大约也就是考10个点左右，列举如下：
词法：
1，冠词的用法（主要是类指泛指）
2，代词的用法
3，定语从句
4，状语
5，特殊句式：强调句，倒装句，虚拟语气
6，名词性从句：宾语从句，主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句
7，非谓语动词（大考点：非谓语动词做定语，做状语，其他）
每一个知识点建立一个pattern图，语法就搞定了。搞定语法之后，你的阅读也会提高很快。