A. 急需初中英语语法的各种时态的基本结构。像被动。。好像是was/were加done
一、 一般现在时
1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
2.时间状语： Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week(day, year, month…), on Sundays,
3.基本结构：动词 原形 （如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要改为第三人称单数形式）
4.否定形式：主语+am/is/are +not+其他; 此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't, 如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。
6.例句：. It seldom snows here.
He is always ready to help others.
Action speaks louder than words..
[编辑本段]二、 一般过去时
1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
3.基本结构：be动词；行为动词 的过去式
4.否定形式：主语+was/were +not+其他;在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。
6.例句：She often came to help us in those days.
I didn't know you were so busy.
[编辑本段]三、 现在进行时
1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
2.时间状语：Now, at this time, days, etc. look. listen
3.基本结构：主语+be +doing +其他
4.否定形式：主语+be +not +doing+其他
5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。
6.例句： How are you feeling today?
He is doing well in his lessons.
[编辑本段]四、 过去进行时
1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
3.基本结构 主语+was/were +doing +其他
4.否定形式：主语+was/were + not +doing+其他
5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写）
6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit.
When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.
[编辑本段]五、 现在完成时
1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
2.时间状语：yet,already,just,never,ever,so far,by now,since+时间点，for+时间段，recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.
3.基本结构：主语+have/has +p.p（过去分词）+其他
4.否定形式：主语+have/has + not +p.p（过去分词）+其他
5.一般疑问句：have或has。
6.例句：I've written an article.
The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.
[编辑本段]六、 过去完成时
1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
2.时间状语：Before, by the end of last year (term, month…), etc.
3.基本结构：主语+had + p.p（过去分词）+其他
4.否定形式：主语+had + not +p.p（过去分词）+其他
5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。
6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.
By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books
基本结构：主语+had+p.p（过去分词）+其他
①肯定句：主语+ had+p.p（过去分词）+其他
②否定句：主语+ had+ not+p.p（过去分词）+其他
③一般疑问句：Had+主语+p.p（过去分词）+其他
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
[编辑本段]七、 一般将来时
1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
2.时间状语：Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
3.基本结构：主语+am/is/are +going to + do+其他；主语+will/shall + do+其他
4.否定形式：主语+am/is/are not going to do ；主语+will/shall not do+其他
5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。
6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies.
It is going to rain.
[编辑本段]八、 过去将来时
1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。
2.时间状语：The next day (morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
3.基本结构：主语+was/were +going to + do+其他；主语+would/should + do+其他
4.否定形式：主语+was/were/not + going to + do; 主语+would/should + not + do.
5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。
6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day.
I asked who was going there .
[编辑本段]九、将来完成时
1.概念：在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态
2.时间状语：by the time of; by the end of+时间短语（将来）;by the time+从句（将来）
3.基本结构：主语+be going to/will/shall + have+p.p（过去分词）+其他
4例句:By the time you get back, great changes will have taken place in this area.
[编辑本段]十、现在完成进行时
1.概念：表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚刚开始，也可能仍在继续，并可能延续到将来。
2.基本结构：主语+have/has +been +doing+其他
3.时间状语：since+时间点，for+时间段等。
4.例子：I have been sitting here for an hour.
The children have been watching TV since six o'clock.
[编辑本段]十一、 一般过去时与现在完成时的转换
在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用别的表达方式：①瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中；②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；③瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思，主句一般用it is来代替It has been;④瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看：
A. He joined the League two years ago.
B. He has been in the League for two years.
C. It is two years since he joined the League.
D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.
[编辑本段]十二、 一般现在时与现在进行时的转换
在一般现在时中，at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，如at work（在工作）, at school（上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看：
Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.
Peter is working, but Mike is playing.
[编辑本段]十三、 现在进行时与一般将来时的转换
在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看：
The train is leaving
B. 有初中英语语法大全吗，具体点的，中考复习用。
我也在努力背。。不说了 afford to do sth. 担负得起做某事
agree to do sth. 赞同做某事
arrange to do sth.布置做某事
ask to do sth. 要求做某事
beg to do sth. 恳求做某事
care to do sth. 想要做某事
choose to do sth. 决议做某事
decide to do sth. 决议做某事
demand to do sth. 要求做某事
determine to do sth. 决计做某事
expect to do sth. 等待做某事
fear to do sth. 惧怕做某事
help to do sth. 协助做某事
hope to do sth. 希望做某事
learn to do sth. 学习做某事
manage to do sth. 设法做某事
offer to do sth. 自动提出做某事
plan to do sth. 方案做某事
prepare to do sth. 预备做某事
pretend to do sth. 伪装做某事
promise to do sth. 容许做某事
refuse to do sth. 回绝做某事
want to do sth. 想要做某事
wish to do sth. 希望做某事
注：有些不及物动词后习气上也接不定式，不接动名词：
aim to do sth. 计划做某事
fail to do sth. 未能做某事
long to do sth. 盼望做某事
happen to do sth. 碰巧做某事
hesitate to do sth. 犹疑做某事
struggle to do sth. 努力做某事
二、接不定式作宾补的36个常用动词
advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事
allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
ask sb. to do sth.请（叫）某人做某事
bear sb. to do sth.忍耐某人做某事
beg sb. to do sth. 恳求某人做某事
cause sb. to do sth. 招致某人做某事
command sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事
drive sb. to do sth .驱使某人做某事
elect sb. to do sth. 选举某人做某事
encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓舞某人做某事
expect sb. to do sth. 希冀某人做某事
forbid sb. to do sth. 制止某人做某事
force sb. to do sth. 强迫某人做某事
get sb. to do sth. 使（要）某人做某事
hate sb. to do sth. 厌恶某人做某事
help sb. to do sth. 协助某人做某事
intend sb. to do sth. 计划要某人做某事
invite sb. to do sth. 约请某人做某事
leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事
like sb. to do sth. 喜欢某人做某事
mean sb. to do sth. 计划要某人做某事
need sb. to do sth. 需求某人做某事
oblige sb. to do sth. 迫使某人做某事
order sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事
permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
persuade sb. to do sth. 压服某人做某事
prefer sb. to do sth. 宁愿某人做某事
request sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事
remind sb. to do sth. 提示某人做某事
teach sb. to do sth .教某人做某事
tell sb. to do sth. 通知某人做某事
train sb. to do sth. 训练某人做某事
trouble sb. to do sth. 费事某人做某事
want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事
warn sb. to do sth. 正告某人做某事
wish sb. to do sth. 希望某人做某事
注：不要受汉语意思的影响而误用以下动词句型：
汉语说：“惧怕某人做某事”，但英语不说fear sb. to do sth.。
汉语说：“原谅某人做某事”，但英语不说excuse [forgive] sb. to do sth.。
汉语说：“回绝某人做某事”，但英语不说refuse sb. to do sth.。
汉语说：“惩罚某人做某事”，但英语不说punish sb. to do sth.。
汉语说：“建议某人做某事”，但英语不说suggest [propose] sb. to do sth.。
汉语说：“赞成某人做某事”，但英语不说approve sb. to do sth.。
汉语说：“告诉某人做某事”，但英语不说inform sb. to do sth.。
汉语说：“欢送某人做某事”，但英语不说welcome sb. to do sth.。
汉语说：“坚持某人做某事”，但英语不说insist [persist] sb. to do sth.。
汉语说：“希望某人做某事”，但英语不说hope sb. to do sth.。
汉语说：“布置某人做某事”，但英语不说arrange sb. to do sth.。
汉语说：“要求某人做某事”，但英语不说demand sb. to do sth.。
汉语说：“感激某人做某事”，但英语不说thank sb. to do sth.。
汉语说：“恭喜某人做某事”，但英语不说congratulate sb. to do sth.。
汉语说：“阻止某人做某事”，但英语不说prevent sb. to do sth.。
要表示以上意思，可换用其他表达：
汉语的“原谅某人做某事”，英语可说成excuse [forgive] sb. for doing sth.。
汉语的“希望某人做某事”，英语可说成wish sb. to do sth.。
汉语的“建议某人做某事”，英语可说成advise sb. to do sth.。
汉语的“布置某人做某事”，英语可说成arrange for sb. to do sth.。
汉语的“要求某人做某事”，英语可说成demand of sb. to do sth.。
汉语的“感激某人做某事”，英语可说成thank sb. for doing sth.。
汉语的“恭喜某人做某事”，英语可说成congratulate sb. on doing sth.。
汉语的“阻止某人做某事”，英语可说成prevent sb. from doing sth.。
三、接动名词（不接不定式）作宾语的34个常用动词
admit doing sth. 供认做某事
advise doing sth. 建议做某事
allow doing sth. 允许做某事
appreciate doing sth. 感谢做某事
avoid doing sth. 防止做某事
consider doing sth. 思索做某事
delay doing sth. 推延做某事
deny doing sth. 否认做某事
discuss doing sth. 讨论做某事
dislike doing sth. 不喜欢做某事
enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事
escape doing sth. 逃脱做某事
excuse doing sth. 原谅做某事
fancy doing sth. 想象做某事
finish doing sth. 完成做某事
forbid doing sth. 制止做某事
forgive doing sth. 原谅做某事
give up doing sth. 保持做某事
imagine doing sth. 想象做某事
keep doing sth. 坚持做某事
mention doing sth. 提及做某事
mind doing sth. 介意做某事
miss doing sth. 错过做某事
pardon doing sth. 原谅做某事
permit doing sth. 允许做某事
practice doing sth. 练习做某事
prevent doing sth. 阻止做某事
prohibit doing sth. 制止做某事
put off doing sth. 推延做某事
report doing sth. 报告做某事
risk doing sth. 冒险做某事
stop doing sth. 中止做某事
suggest doing sth. 建议做某事
understand doing sth. 了解做某事
四、接如今分词作宾补的20个常用动词
bring sb. doing sth.惹起某人做某事
catch sb. doing sth. 碰上（撞上）某人做某事
discover sb. doing sth. 发现某人做某事
feel sb. doing sth. 觉得某人做某事
find sb. doing sth. 碰上（撞上）某人做某事
get sb. doing sth. 使某人做某事
have sb. doing sth. 使某人做某事
hear sb. doing sth. 听见某人做某事
keep sb. doing sth. 使某人不停地做某事
listen to sb. doing sth. 听某人做某事
look at sb. doing sth. 看着某人做某事
notice sb. doing sth. 留意到某人做某事
observe sb. doing sth. 察看某人做某事
prevent sb. doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
see sb. doing sth. 看见某人做某事
send sb. doing sth.使某人（忽然）做某事
set sb. doing sth. 使（惹起）某人做某事
start sb. doing sth. 使某人开端做某事
stop sb. doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
watch sb. doing sth. 察看某人做某事
五、接动词原形作宾补的11个常用动词
feel sb. do sth. 觉得某人做某事
have sb. do sth. 使某人做某事
hear sb. do sth. 听见某人做某事
let sb. do sth.让某人做某事
listen to sb. do sth. 听着某人做某事
look at sb. do sth. 看着某人做某事
make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事
notice sb. do sth. 留意某人做某事
observe sb. do sth. 察看某人做某事
see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某事
watch sb. do sth. 察看某人做某事
六、接不定式或动名词作宾语意思相反的12个动词
like to do sth / like doing sth. 喜欢做某事
love to do sth / love doing sth. 喜欢做某事
hate to do sth / hate doing sth. 憎恶做某事
prefer to do sth / prefer doing sth. 宁可做某事
begin to do sth / begin doing sth. 开端做某事
start to do sth / start doing sth. 开端做某事
continue to do sth / continue doing sth. 持续做某事
can’t bear to do sth / can’t bear doing sth. 不能忍耐做某事
bother to do sth / bother doing sth. 费事做某事
intend to do sth / intend doing sth.想要做某事
attempt to do sth / attempt doing sth. 试图做某事
cease to do sth / cease doing sth. 中止做某事
七、接不定式或动名词作宾语意思不同的7个动词
(1) remember to do sth. 记住要做某事
remember doing sth. 记住曾做过某事
(2) forget to do sth. 遗忘要做某事
forget doing sth. 遗忘曾做过某事
(3) regret to do sth. 懊悔（遗憾）要做某事
regret doing sth. 懊悔（遗憾）曾做过某事
(4) try to do sth. 设法要做某事
try doing sth. 做某事试试看有何效果
(5) mean to do sth. 计划做某事
mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
(6) can’t help to do sth. 不能协助做某事
can’t help doing sth. 禁不住做某事
(7) go on to do sth. 做完某预先接着做另一事
go on doing sth. 持续做不断在做的事
注：stop to do sth. 与stop doing sth.也不同，前者指停上去去做某事，后者指中止正在做的
C. 初中英语语法（句子结构）
初中英抄语一般就学简单句，到了初袭三才会有个宾语从句。
简单句型有五类：(状语和定语位置是不固定的，要看修饰的词的位置在哪里）
1.主语+谓语（谓语动词为不及物动词）
如：Your phone rang just now.
2.主语+谓语+宾语
如：I like you.
3.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补
如：I saw some boys playing football on the ground.
4.主语+谓语+双宾（直接宾语和间接宾语）
如：I gave him a book.(人是间接宾语）
5.主语+系动词+表语
如：This meat tastes good.
D. 初中英语语法
定义
动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它可以支配宾语，也能被副词修饰。动名词有时态和语态的变化。
解释：动词的ing形式如果是名词，这个词称动名词。
一、动名词的作用
动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。
1、作主语
Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。
Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山是真有趣。
Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 在这种工作条件下工作不是愉快而是痛苦。
动名词作主语，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。如：
It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 洒掉的牛奶哭也没用。
It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。
It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上这种拥挤的车真难。
It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。
There is no joking about such matters. 对这种事情不是开玩笑。
动名词作主语的几种类型
动名词可以在句子中充当名词所能充当的多种句子成分。在这里仅就动名词在句子中作主语的情况进行讨论。
动名词作主语有如下几种常见情况：
1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如：
Swimming is a good sport in summer.
2. 用 it 作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。
动名词做主语时，不太常用 it 作先行主语，多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如：
It is no use telling him not to worry.
常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有：better，wonderful，enjoyable，interesting，foolish，difficult，useless，senseless，worthwhile，等。
注意：important，essential，necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。
3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如：
There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。
4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如：
No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ).
No parking.
5. 动名词的复合结构作主语
当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格，构成动名词的复合结构(——这时，名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如：
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
6.例词
shopping fishing cycling这些都是很常见的动名词
二、动名词作主语与动词不定式作主语的比较
动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相近。但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作，不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。比较：
Smoking is not good for health.
It is not good for you to smoke so much.
注意：
1)在口语中，用动名词作主语位于句首的较不定式多见。
2)在“It is no use...”，“It is no good...”，“It is fun...”，“It is a waste of time...”等句型中，通常用动名词作真实主语：
It is no use/good/a waste of time talking about that.
*It is no use/good/a waste of time to talk about that.
3)在疑问句中，通常用动名词的复合结构，而不用不定式的复合结构作主语：
Does your saying that mean anything to him?
*Does for you to say that mean anything to him?
4)在“There be”句型中，只能用动名词，而不能用不定式作主语：
There is no telling what will happen.
It is impossible to tell what will happen.
5)当句子中的主语和表语都是非限定动词时，要遵循前后一致的原则，主语和表语在形式上要求统一：
Seeing is believing.
*To see is to believe.
2、作宾语
（1）作动词的宾语
某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off, delay, practise, resist, suggest, depend on, think about, set about, succeed in, worry about, burst out, insist on, can’t stand, be used to, get used to, devote…to…, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to等。如：
They went on walking and never stopped talking. 他们继续走，说个不停。
I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海滩上走真是乐事。
（2）作介词的宾语
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活？
（3）作形容词的宾语
The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。
We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。
3、作表语
动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。
Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。(Cleaning the windows is your task.)
What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。 (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)
4、作定语
动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如：
a walking stick ＝a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing
a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading
a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring
sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping
二、动名词的逻辑主语
带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动名词的复合结构。其中物主代词（名词所有格）是逻辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。如：
Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 他来帮忙鼓舞了我。 (=That she came to help encouraged all of us.)
Jane’s being careless caused so much trouble. 简这么粗心惹来了不少麻烦。 (=That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.)
What’s troubling them is their not having enough food. 烦扰他们的是食物不足。 (=What’s troubling them is that they have not enough food.)
在口语中，如果动名词复合结构作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格，名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替，但在句首作主语时不能这样来代替。如：
Would you mind my/me using your computer? 用下你的电脑介意吗？
The father insisted on his son’s/his son going to college. 爸爸坚决要求儿子上大学。
Mary’s (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset. 玛丽病了，使她妈妈很着急。
His (不可用Him)smoking made his family angry. 他抽烟使他一家人非常生气。
在下列情况下动名词的逻辑主语必须用名词的普通格或人称代词宾语：
a.无命名词
The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 这个婴儿被猛烈的关门声吵醒。
b. 有生命名词但表示泛指意义
Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你听说过妇女练拳击吗？
c. 两个以上的有生命名词并列
Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 你记得你父母和我都告诉过你这事吗？
三、动名词的时态和语态
动名词的时态和语态如下：
时态
主动语态
被动语态
一般式
writing
being written
完成式
having written
having been written
其否定形式是在doing前加上not
1、动名词一般式表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作，或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作。如：
I hate talking with such people. 我讨厌与这样的人说话。
Being careless is not a good habit. 粗心不是一个好习惯。
2、动名词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。如：
I don’t remember having met him before. 我记不得以前见过他。
Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help. 谢谢你费力帮忙。
3、动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者，动名词用被动语态。
（1）它的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，或在其前发生。如：
I don’t like being laughed at in public. 在公共场合下，我不喜欢被别人嘲笑。
（2）它的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如：
I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 我很高兴你能获得这样的奖牌。
（3）在某些动词，我们常用动名词的一般式表示完成式，尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，这似乎是一种强大的习惯。如：
Excuse me for being late. 我来晚了请你原谅。
I don’t remember ever meeting somewhere. 我记不得原来在什么地方见过。
Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢给我们这么大的帮助。
（4）在多数情况下都避免使用动名词被动语态完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子显得累赘，尤其是在口语中。如：
I forget once being taken (having been taken ) to the city zoo. 我曾被带到过这个动物园，可我忘了。
（5）动名词被动语态一般式与现在分词被动语态一般式同形，但无进行意义，being不可省略。如：
She is afraid of being taken to the public. 她怕被领到大众面前。
四、常见题型：
1） 动名词做主语时，谓语动词为单数
2） 在动名词和不定式中，作为介词的宾语是动名词
3） 动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词，通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语
例：
I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon.
A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you’re calling（Key：C；换成your calling也对）
4） 有些词后只能接动名词
admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can’t help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...
5） 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法
it’s no good; it’s no/little/hardly any/ use; it’s not/hardly/scarcely use; it’s worthwhile; spend money/time; there’s no; there’s no point in; there’s nothing worse than; what’s the use/point...
6） 有些词后面加不定式和动名词均可
remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式，但意义截然不容。
例：
remember to do/doing：
①I remembered to post the letters.（指未来/过去未来将要做的动作）
②I remembered posting/having posted the letters.（我记得做过这个动作）
forget与remember的用法类似。
regret的用法：
①I regret to inform you that…（我很遗憾地通知你……）
②I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.（为了“二十年前的离开”而遗憾。）
try to（努力）与try +–ing（试验）：
①You really must try to overcome your shyness.
②Try practicing five hours a day.
五、动名词与现在分词的同与不同
动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同，都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中，这两种形式同视为"-ing形式"。 这两种形式的另一个相同之处是：它们都是由动词变化而成的，它们都保留了动词的某些特征，它们都能带自己的宾语、状语，而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。例如：
Speaking in the public , he will surely be very cheerful .
（现在分词短语，作状语）他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。
She hates speaking in the public.
（动名词短语，作宾语）她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。
区别：
1､动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是:
①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如:
My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换)
②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如:
The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story.
2､动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于:
动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质､状态或动作等｡试比较:
①a swimming boy和a swimming suit
前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming ,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming , 动名词swimming表示suit 的用途｡
②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car
前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping ,现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态;而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping ,动名词 sleeping 表示car 的用途｡
被动语态
一、 被动语态的用法：
1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词
Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
I am asked to study hard.
Knives are used for cutting things.
2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词
A new shop was built last year.
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词
This book has been translated into many languages.
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
A new hospital will be built in our city.
Many more trees will be planted next year.
5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
Young trees must be watered often.
Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
The door may be locked inside.
Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→
My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
They are planting trees over there. →
Trees are being planted over there by them.
7. 不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词
There are two books to be read. →
There are twenty more trees to be planted.
二、 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态?
把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：
1. 先找出谓语动词；
2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语；
3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语；
4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。
例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week.
2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.
3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far.
4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.
5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now.
6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave.
三、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：
1. 不及物动词无被动语态。
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。
例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定,或是间接宾语加被动语态再加只接宾语。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. 或是I was given a book by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him. 或是i was shown a ticket by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father. 或是Lwas bought a new bike by my father.
5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We can’t laugh him. →He can’t be laugh by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.</CA>
E. 初中英语语法意义，结构，关键词
这个很多的啊，建议去网络文库去看看，那里面应该有的，总结性的，要是没有的话，建议去爱问知识人，豆丁等等其他的学习里网站找找。。
F. 初中英语语法简单结构图
八种时态，语态，简单的构词法，五种简单句，宾语从句，状语从句，定语从句，句子分类，名词，介词，冠词，数词。
G. 初中英语语法
一般过去时 Ved
一般将来时 Be going to + V / Will + V
过去将来时 Be的过去时 going to +V/ Would +V
现在进行时 Be +doing
过去进行时 was/were doing/ was /were not doing
将来进行时 Will +be+doing/ will not be doing
现在完成时 have +done/ have not done
过去完成时 Had+done/ had not done
现在完成进行时 have/has been doing/ have has not been doing
过去完成进行时 had been doing/ had not been doing
一、一般时态
1、一般现在时
(1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态，常和副词usually，often，always sometimes， regularly，near，occasionally，every year, every week等连用。例如：
1)The moon moves round the earth..
2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.
(2)在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment以及if，unless等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：
1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.
2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.
(3)某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，这类动词有：be，go，come，start，depart，arrive，begin，leave等。例如：
1)The plane leaves at three sharp.
2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow.
(4)在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as等引导的从句中，也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：
1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
2)You’ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.
2.一般过去时
(1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如：
We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.
(2)表示过去习惯性动作。例如：
1)He always went to class last.
2)I used to do my homework in the library.
(注意与be used to doing短语的区别)
3.一般将来时
1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如：
I shall graate next year.
2)几种替代形式：
1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如：
I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money.
2)be to +v表示计划安排要做的事，具有“必要”的强制性意义。例如：
I am to play tennis this afternoon.
3)be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。例如：
He was about to start.
4)be e to +v表示预先确定了的事，必定发生的事。例如：
The train is e to depart in ten minutes.
5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing强调即将发生的某种事态。例如：
The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.
二、进行时态
1.现在进行时
(1)表示现在正在进行的动作，常与now，right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present等连用。例如：
Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.
(2)表示现阶段经常发生的动作，常与always，continually，forever，constantly等连用。例如：
My father is forever criticizing me.
(3)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等。例如：
They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.
(4)有些动词不能用进行时，这是一类表示“感觉，感情，存在，从属”等的动词。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，(表示感觉的词)；hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive(表示感情的动词)；be，exist，remain，stay，obtain(表示存在状态的动词)；have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form(表示占有与从属的动词)；understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember(表示思考理解的动词)。但是如果它们词义改变，便也可用进行时态。例如：
1)Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him?
(look在此为联系动词，意为“显得，看上去”)
2)Tom is looking for his books.
(look在此为实义动词，意为“寻找”)
2.过去进行时
过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用。例如：
1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.
2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.
3.将来进行时
将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。例如：
1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.
2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?
4.完成进行时
(现在、过去、将来)完成进行时是(现在、过去、将来)完成时的强调形式，将放在完成时态部分讲述。
三、完成时态
完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。它可分为：
1.现在完成时
(1)现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作(常与yet，already，just连用)，或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况(常与for，since连用)。例如：
1)I have just finished my homework.
2)Mary has been ill for three days.
(2)常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, ring, over等引导出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如：
1)I haven’t been there for five years.
2)So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.
3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.
(3)完成时态可用在下列结构中：
This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如：
(1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
(2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
2.过去完成时
(1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如：
1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
(2)动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如：
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.
另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是：
1)was / were + to have done sth,例如：
We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.
2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如：
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
(3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：
1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如：
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如：
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
3)by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如：
The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
3.将来完成时
将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示将来时间的短语和句子；before (the end of ) +表示将来时间的词语或句子；when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如：
1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.
3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.
4.完成进行时
完成进行时是完成时的强调形式，有现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时。
(1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：
I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.
(2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.
(3)将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如：
By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.
四：时态一致
时态一致是英语四、六级考试的一个重要内容。通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态。一般原则是：
1、当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时，从句的谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态
He says that he lives in Wuhan.
We hope that there will be many people at your party today.
“Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.”
“There’s a lot of excitement on the street.”
“There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?”
2、当主句谓语使用过去时的时候，从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态
He said he was writing a novel.
The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.
He said his father had been an engineer.
3、当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时，从句的谓语应使用一般现在时。例如：
The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.
注：在此种情况下，即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态，从句谓语也应用一般现在时。
4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况
利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时，还应注意，若主语动词是表示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等的动词，从句谓语只能用虚拟语气，不能遵循时态一致原则。例如：
We insisted that we do it ourselves.
动词的语态
语态也是动词的一种形式，英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
1)We use electricity to run machines. (主动语态)
2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被动语态)
1.不能用于被动语态的动词和短语
(1)在英语中，不及物动词不能用于被动语态，但有些不及物动词(包括短语)容易引起误用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。
(2)某些表示状态或特征的及物动词，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态。
2.被动语态的时态形式
常用的被动语态有表1所列的几种时态形式。
表1
时?SPAN lang=EN-US> 一般时进行时完成时
现在 am asked am being asked
is asked is being asked
are asked are being asked
过去
was be asked was being asked
were be asked were being asked
将来 shall be asked shall have been asked
will be asked will have been asked
过去 should be asked should have been asked
将来 would be asked would have been asked
3.短语动词的被动语态
短语动词转换为被动语态时，通常被看作是一个动词，后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如：
1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.
2)All the rubbish should be got rid of.
4.“get + -ed分词”的被动语态
“get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果，而非动作本身，常用来表示突发性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如：
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.
另外，“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事，是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如：
get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(离婚)
get engaged(订婚) get confused(迷惑不解)
get lost(迷路) get washed(洗脸)
get married(结婚)
5.能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态
(1)能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时，一次只能由一个宾语作主语，另一个宾语被保留下来。例如：
1)We showed the visitors our new procts.(主动语态)
2)The visitors were shown our new procts.(被动语态)
3)Our new procts were shown to the visitors.(被动语态)
(2)能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时，原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。例如：
1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主动语态)
2)He was appointed League secretary.(被动语态)
6.被动语态与系表结构的区别
(1)The novel was well written.(系表结构)
(2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被动语态)
7.少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思
例1：The book is selling remarkably well.
例2：The song sounds very beautiful.
能这样用的动词还有read(读起来)，clean(擦起来)，wash(洗起来)，write(写起来)。
例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).
能像need这样用的动词还有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。
例4：The meat is cooking.
例5：The book written by the professor is printing
H. 初中英语语法
文件很大，要的话，请留下邮箱。可以给你发
状语从句
地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。
Where I live there are plenty of trees.
我住的地方树很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.
不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。
1） as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如：
Always do to the others as you would be done by.
你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
As water is to fish, so air is to man.
我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
2） as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.
他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something.
他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.
波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。
原因状语从句
比较：because, since, as和for
1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。
I didn't go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。
He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
He must be ill, for he is absent today.
目的状语从句
表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导，例如：
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.
He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。
比较：so和 such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副
词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many / few flowers such nice flowers
so much / little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）
so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school
条件状语从句
连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。
unless = if not.
Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.
典型例题
You will be late ___ you leave immediately.
A. unlessB. untilC. ifD. or
答案A。 句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late.B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late.
让步状语从句
though, although
注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.
虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。
He is very old, but he still works very hard.
虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语）
典型例题
1） ___she is young, she knows quite a lot.
A. WhenB. HoweverC. AlthoughD. Unless
答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。
2)as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。
Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
注意： a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。
b.句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
= Though he tries hard, he never seems…
虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。
3)ever if, even though.即使
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.
4) whether…or-不管……都
Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
5)"no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"
No matter what happened, he would not mind.
Whatever happened, he would not mind.
替换：no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.
（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.
你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)
（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。
比较while, when, as
1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。
Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.
2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。
When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
3）从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as，不用when 或while。
As the day went on, the weather got worse.
日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。
比较until和till
此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时"，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。 正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。
肯定句：
I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。
Wait till I call you.等着我叫你。
（在肯定句中可用before代替 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.）
否定句：
She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock.
她直到6点才到。
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.
公共汽车停稳后再下车。
I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how.直到你教我后，我才会做。
1)Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。
Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.
直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。
2)Until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。
---Until when are you staying?你呆到什么时候？
--- Until next Monday.呆到下周一。
注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。
(1）Not until …在句首，主句用倒装。
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.
直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。
(2)It is not until… that…
表示"一…就…"的结构
hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than和as soon as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思，例：
I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain
定语从句
定语从句
定语从句（Attributi ve Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有：when, where, why等。
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3）which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语）
关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
2）that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。
I. 初中英语语法大全
学英语一开始要学发音。英语是拼音文字，由字母组单字。英语字母共有二十六个，其中字母a、e、i、o、u是元音字母，其余二十一个是辅音字母，其中y字母有时当元音字母用。每个字母可以有一个或一个以上的读音，因此，英语语音共有五十个音位，音位的书写形式是音位字母，即音标符号，一个音位字母即音标，表示一个音位，所以，必须先学习五十个KK音标，然后根据发音规则拼读单字。下面是一些常用的发音规则。
一、辅音字母在单字中的发音一般是一对一的，如p-b、t-d、k（qu）、f-v、s-z、r、h、j、m、n、l、w就发它的本音，一般字母和音标写法一致，或者字母名称当中，包含了这个字母的音素。
二、有些辅音字母有多个发音。如：字母c后面接a，o，u的时候，c的发音与字母k发音相同，叫做“hard c sound”，当字母c后面接e，i，或y的时候，通常c的发音与字母s发音相同，叫做“soft c sound” 。有时在e或i前面，c会发/ʃ/音。字母g后面接a，o，u的时候，所发的音叫做“hard g sound” ，当字母g后面接e，i，或y的时候，有时g的发音与字母j的发音相同，叫做“软g音”。x在单词中间或结尾时发/ks/音，在单词中间时有时发/gz/音，在单词起始位置时发/z/音。y在单词起始位置时发音为辅音/j/，单词或音节中间或结尾时被当做元音，在重读开音节里发长元音/aɪ/，在重读闭音节里和词末发短元音/ɪ/。
三、辅音字母组合的发音也是有规律可循的。常见的辅音字母组合有：tr-dr，发音时舌身与r相似，舌尖贴上齿龈后部，气流冲破阻碍发出短促的t-d后立刻发r。ck只发一个k的音，ng的发音是舌头抵住上颚后方所发出的鼻音，n在k之前也这样发音。
四、复合字母构成的单音。digraph是两个（或三个）辅音字母在一起只发一个音，通常指以下四种组合：ch（tch），sh，wh和th。ch发/tʃ/音，sh发/ʃ/音，一般来说wh发/hw/音（清辅音），但在o前面发/h/音，th的发音则需要一些记忆力了，在虚词和一部分代词中发浊音（舌尖在上下牙齿中间，声带需要振动，声音从牙齿和舌头之间的缝隙里出来），其它以th开始的单词基本上都发清音（舌尖在上下牙齿中间，声音从牙齿和舌头之间的缝隙里出来，但是声带不振动）。
五、在有些辅音字母组合中，其中一个字母是不发音的，如kn中的k、ps中的p、mb和bt里的b、mn里的m、wr中的w。在罗曼语族词汇里，辅音字母h一般也不发音；而在法语词源的外来语里，辅音字母在词末也不发音，如depot、ballet、faux pas等。
六、英语里元音的发音比较复杂，每个元音都可以发多个音，掌握了元音的发音规律才能对整个单词的发音有比较准确的掌握。元音字母有五个：a，e，i，o，u，另外y在一个单词的中间或结尾时也被当做元音。每个单词里都包含有至少一个元音，元音是单词的“最强音”。元音所发的音取决于该元音在单词中的位置或它是如何与其它元音组合的。一般来说，如果五个元音字母中的任意一个后面紧接着一个或几个辅音字母，这个元音字母就处于重读闭音节中，发成短音：a发/æ/、e发/ɛ/、i和y都发/ɪ/音、o发/α/、u发/ʌ/音。
七、如果一个单词以字母e结尾，前面的元音发长音，叫做重读相对开音节（magic e）。如果一个元音是在一个单词或重读音节的结尾，该元音也发长音，叫做重读开音节，所谓长音就是元音字母的名字，如：a的长音为/e/，e的长音为/i/，i和y的长音都是/aɪ/，o的长音为/o/，u的长音为/ju/。重读相对开音节结尾的字母e只起到让前面的元音发长音的作用，自己是不发音的。
八、当一个单词或音节里有两个元音时，通常第一个元音发长音，第二个元音不发音，叫做vowel digraph。但是al、au、aw、ou、o有时发/ɔ/这个音，也是长元音。但是，在一些特殊情况下，元音后面紧接着辅音字母的时候，该元音是发长音的。如o在st、ld前，i在gh、gn、ld、nd前都要发长音，但元音字母o接st时有时也发成长元音/ɔ/，如cost，lost等。
九、双元音是两个元音音素组合在一起的，所以听上去有两个音，尽管这两个音并不是两个元音所单独发出的，如oi（oy）和ou（ow）分别发/ɔɪ/和/aʊ/音。
十、元音字母与r结合起来后，发卷舌音，如ar发/αr/、or发/ɔr/、er、ir、ur都发/ɝ/。
十一、五个元音字母在非重读音节中发弱元音/ə/。
学会了发音后，再开始学词汇和语法。英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼西部语支，英语的词汇有开放性，一部分是日耳曼语族词汇，一部分是罗曼语族词汇，还有一部分是从法语、德语、西班牙语、意大利语、拉丁语、希腊语、阿拉伯语以及其它语言引进的词汇。英语属于屈折语，但是它的屈折变化形式相对比较少，除了名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词有词形变化外，数词、冠词、介系词、连接词、感叹词都是不变的，只有简单句、并列句、复合句三种句子结构，词序比较固定。只要你用心学，一定能学好英语这门语言的，希望我能帮助到你。
J. 求中学生捷进英语(初中英语语法结构）答案！！！！
Aact upon each other 相互作用
adapt oneself to 使自己适应……
a few (表示肯定)有些，几个
a great quantity of (接可数或不可数)大量
a good deal of (接不可数名词)许多，大量
a large amount of (接不可数名词)大量
a little (表示肯定)一些，一点点
a lotof (接可数、不可数名词) 大量的，许多
a number of (接可数名词)若干，许多
above all 首先，首要，尤其是
after all 毕竟，终究
ahead of 在…前面，先于
all but 几乎，差一点；除了…都
all of a sudden 忽然
all over 到处，遍及；全部结束。
all right 令人满意的；(健康)良好的； 好，行，可以
in all 总共，共计
all the same 仍然，照样地；
all the time 一直，始终
and so on 等等
apart from 除…之外(别无)；除…之外(尚有)
a plenty of 许多，大量
as…as… 像，如同，与…一样
as far as 远到；就…而言，至于
as follows 如下
as for 至于，关于
ask for leave 请假
as long as 只要，如果；既然，由于
as soon as 一…就，刚…便
as though 好像，仿佛
as to 至于，关于
as usual 照例，像平常一样-
as well 也，又
as well as 除…之外(也)，既…又
ask for 请求，要求
at a loss 困惑不解，茫然不知所措
at all (用于否定句)丝毫(不)，一点(不)
at all costs 不惜任何代价，无论如何
at all events 不管怎样，无论如何
at any rate - 无论如何，至少
at ease 舒适(地)，安逸(地)
at first 最初，起先
at hand 近在手头，在附近
at last 终于
at least 至少
at most 至多，不超过
at no time 从不，决不
at once 马上，立刻；同时，一起
at present 目前，现在
at the cost of 以…为代价
at the moment 此刻，目前
at the same time 同时；然而，不过
at the sight of 一看见…就
B
back and forth (前后)来回地，反复地
back up 支持；倒退
be described as 被描写成
be in favor of 支持
be made up of 由…组成，由…构成
be short of 缺少，不足；未达到
bear．．in mind 记住(某事)
because of 因为，由于
before long 不久以后
be worth doing sth 值得做某事
beyond the question 毫无疑问，确定无疑
both．．．and．． 既…又…，不但…而且
break down 损坏，抛锚
break in 破门(窗)而入；打断，插嘴
break into 强行闯进
break off -中断，中止
break one's leave ；超假
break out (战争等)爆发；使逃脱，使逃走
break through 突破，突围
break up 打碎；终止，结束
bring about 带来，引起，导致
bring forward 提出(建议等)
bring in to effect 使生效，实行
brmgin to operation …实施；使运行
bring out 使…显示出来；出版
bring up 教育，培养
build up 逐步建立、增强，增进
but for 倘没有，要不是
by accident 偶然
by air 通过航空途径；用无线电
by all means 尽一切办法，务必
by and by 不久，迟早
by chance 偶然，碰巧
by far …得多，最(修饰比较级和最高级)
by means of 用，凭借
by mistake 错误地，无意中(做了某件错事)
by no means 决不，并没有
by oneself 单独地，独自地
by the way 顺便地，附带地说说
by way of 经过，经由；通过…的方法
C
call for 要求，需要；邀请 call off 取消
call on 访问，拜访；呼吁，号召
call up 打电话；召集
cannot help doing 禁不住，忍不住
capable of 有…能力(或技能)的；能…的
cannot．．too．．越…越好，再…也不过分
care forr 照顾，照料；喜欢
carry forward 发扬；进行
carry off 拿走，夺去…的生命
carry on 继续
carry out ，执行，贯彻；进行(到底)
catch sight of 看到，发现
catch up with 赶上
clleck in 办理登记手续，报到
check out 结账后离开，办妥手续离开
cheer up 高兴起来，振作起来
clear up 清理；使变清；放晴
come around 苏醒；顺便来访
come in handy for sth 某物迟早有用
come on (表劝说，鼓励等)来吧，走吧；开始
come out 出版，发表；显现，出现；结果是
come through 经历…仍活着
come to 苏醒；共计，达到
come to an end 结束
come true 实现
come up 出现，走上前来
come up with 追上，赶上；提出
compare．．to 把…比作，把…与…比较
count for little 轻视
count on 依靠，指望
cut down 砍倒；消减；缩短
cut in 打断，插嘴；(汽车)超车抢档
cut off 切掉；切断；阻隔
cut out 删掉，割去
cut short 缩短, 删节
D
deal with 做买卖；处理；论述，涉及
decide on 考虑后选定或决定
die down 变弱，逐渐消失
die out 消失，灭绝
doawaywith 废除，去掉
do．．a favour 帮助某人
draw in (火车、汽车)进站
araw up 起草，制订
dream of 梦到；梦想，向往
dress up 穿上盛装，精心打扮
drop in 顺便(非正式)访问
drop out 退学，退出
e to 由于，因为
E
each other 互相(多用作宾语)
elther．．．or 或…或，不是…就是…
end up 结束，告终
even if／though 即使，虽然
every now and then 时而，偶尔
every other 每隔一个
except for 除了…外
F
face to face 面对面(的)地；对立地
fail to do.． 没能做…
G
get across 使通过；使被理解
get along 过活；相处(with)；进展
get down 从…下来；着手进行；写下
get into 对…发生兴趣；卷入；进入
get off (从…)下来；逃脱惩罚
get on 骑上(马、自行车等)，登上(车、船、飞机等)；有进展
get on with 与…友好相处；继续干
get out 离去，退出(组织等)；(消息等) 泄漏
get over 克服(困难等)；从(疾病、失望、震惊等)中恢复过来
get rid of 处理掉；摆脱
get through 完成；打通电话；通过(考试)
get up 起床；起立
give in 屈服；让步
give off 发出或放出(蒸气等)
give out 分发；发出(气味等)
give up 放弃；投降
give way to 让位于；给…让路
go after 追逐，追求；设法得到
go ahead 开始，进行；前进，领先
go along with 赞同，附合，支持
go around (消息)流传；足够分配
go down 下去；(船等)下沉；下降
go for 去请，去取；赞成
go in for 从事于；酷爱；追求
go into 进入；调查；从事
go into action 开始行动
go into effect 实施，生效
go on 继续下去，进行
go out 熄灭，停止运转；过时
go over 检查；复习
go through 遭受，经历；检查，审查
go up 上升，(物价等)上涨；被炸毁，被烧毁
go wrong 出错；发生故障，出毛病
grow up 成熟；成年；发展
H
had better 应该，还是…好
had rather．．．than 宁愿…(而不是)
hand in 交上；递上
hand out 分发，散发
hand over 交出，移交
hang on 抓紧不放；坚持下去；(电话不挂) 等一会儿
hang up 把…挂起来；挂断(电话)
have an advantage over 胜于，优于
have in mind 记在心里；考虑到，想到
have nothing to do with 和…毫无关系
have (something)to do with和…(有点)关系
head for 朝…方向走去
help oneself 自取所需(食物等)
hold back 踌躇，退缩不前；阻止
hold sth back from sb 向某人隐瞒某事
hold on 握住不放；坚持；(打电话用语) 等一会儿
hold on to 紧紧抓住；控制，克制
hold up 举起；耽搁；延迟
hurry up (使)赶快；匆匆完成
hurt one's feelings 伤害某人感情
I
if only 只要；要是…就好
in a hurry 急于，忙于
in a sense 从某种意义上
in a way 在某种程度上，从某一点上看
in a word 简而言之，一句话
in addition to 除…之外(还)
in advance 预先，事先
in any case 无论如何，不管怎样
in brief 简单地说
in case of 假如，如果发生；防备
in charge of 负责，主管
in common 共有的，共用的
in debt 欠债
in detail 详细的
in effect 实际上，事实上
in fact 事实上，其实
in favour of 支持，赞成
in front of 在…前面
in general 一般说来，大体上
in half 成两半
in honour of 为向…表示敬意；为纪念，为庆祝
in no case 无论如何不，决不
in no time 立即，马上
in no way 决不
in one's mind eye 在…看来
in order 按顺序；整齐
in order to 为了(做某事)
in other words 换句话说，也就是说
in part 部分地
in particular 特别，尤其
in person 亲自
in proportion to 与…成比例
in public 公开地，当众
in question 正在谈论的
in relation to 有关，涉及
in return (for) 作为(对…的)回报、交换
in short 简言之，总之
in sighI 看得见，在视线之内；在望
in spite of 不管，不顾
in that 因为
in the course of 在…期间，在…过程中
in the end 最后，终于
in the face of 在…前面；不管，即使
in the future 在将来
in the way 挡道，妨碍某人
in time 及时；最后，终于
in touch 联系，接触
in turn 依次地，轮流地；转而，反过来
in vain 徒劳，白费力
in stead of ．替代，而不是
J
just now 刚才，才不久；现在，眼下
join in 参加，加入；和…在一起
K
keep an eye on 留意，照看
keep in mind 记住
keep in touch with 与…保持联系
keep it up 坚持
keep on 继续进行，反复地做
keep one's word 守信用
keep sth inone's mind 牢记某事
keep to 坚持；固守(习惯等)
keep up with 跟上，不落后
kill off 消灭，杀光
knock down 撞倒；击倒
knock out (拳击中)击倒，击昏
L
laugh at 因…而发笑；嘲笑
lay aside 把…搁置一旁；留存，储存
lay down 放下；铺设(铁路)；制定(计划等)
lay out 布置，安排，设计；摆出，展开
lead to 通向；导致，引起
1earn by heart 记住，背诵
learn from 学习，向…学习
leave behind 丢弃；留下；忘记携带
leave off (使)停止，停下来
leave out 忽略，遗漏；省略
1et alone 更别提；不打扰
let off 排放；放(炮)，开(枪)
let out 放掉(水等)，发出
lie in 在于
line up 排队，使排成一行
little (表示否定，不可数)没多少
little by little 一点一点地，逐渐地
live on 靠…生活；以…为食
live through 经历过；度过；经受住
live up to 无愧于；做到；符合
long before 在…以前很久
long for 渴望
look after 目送；照料，照顾
look at 看；看待
look back 回头看；回顾
look down on／upon 蔑视，看不起
look for 寻找，寻求；指望，期待
look forward to 盼望，期待；预期，预料
look into 观察；调查；查阅
look on 旁观；观看
look out 留神，注意
look over 仔细检查，细看；察看，巡视
look throuSh (从头至尾)浏览；详尽核查；温习
lay out 布置，安排，设计；摆出，展开
lead to 通向；导致，引起
1earn by heart 记住，背诵
learn from 学习，向…学习
leave behind 丢弃；留下；忘记携带
leave off (使)停止，停下来
leave out 忽略，遗漏；省略
1et alone 更别提；不打扰
let off 排放；放(炮)，开(枪)
let out 放掉(水等)，发出
lie in 在于
line up 排队，使排成一行
little (表示否定，不可数)没多少
little by little 一点一点地，逐渐地
live on 靠…生活；以…为食
live through 经历过；度过；经受住
live up to 无愧于；做到；符合
long before 在…以前很久
long for 渴望
look after 目送；照料，照顾
look at 看；看待
look back 回头看；回顾
look down on／upon 蔑视，看不起
look for 寻找，寻求；指望，期待
look forward to 盼望，期待；预期，预料
look into 观察；调查；查阅
look on 旁观；观看
look out 留神，注意
look over 仔细检查，细看；察看，巡视
look throuSh (从头至尾)浏览；详尽核查；温习
M
make a Fire 生火
make for 走向，向…前进；导致，促成
make funof 嘲笑；开…玩笑
make one's way 去，前进，前往
make out 写出，开列；看出，辨认出
make sense 讲得通，有意义，言之有理
make sure 查明，务必要做到
make up 组成，构成；编造，虚构；化妆
make up for 补偿，弥补
make upone's mind 下定决心，打定主意
make use of 使用，利用
mix up 拌和；混淆
more or less 或多或少，左右；有点儿
N
neither．．．nor．．． 既不…也不…
no doubt 无疑地
no less than 不少于，多达
no longer ． 不再，已不
no more 不再
no more than 不多于，至多
no sooner．．．than 一…就
not only．．．but also 不但…而且
nothing but 只有；只不过
now and then 时而，不时
now that 既然，由于
O
of course 当然，自然
off ty 下班
on a small/large scale 小(大)规模地
on account of 由于，因为
on average 、 平均；通常；普通
on board 在船(或车、飞机等)上
on business 因公出差
on ty 值班，当班
on earth 究竟，到底
on foot 步行
on guard 站岗，警戒
on occasion(s) 有时，间或
on one's own 独立地，靠自己地
on purpose 故意，有目的地
on sale 出售；廉价出售
on the contrary 正相反
on the one hand 一方面
on the other hand 另一方面
on the spot 在现场，当场
on the whole 总的来说，大体上
on time — 准时
once again 再一次
once in a while 偶尔
once upon a time 从前
once more 再一次，又一次
one another 相互
one．．．the other 一个…另一个…
open fire 开火
or else 否则，要不然
or so 大约，左右
other than 不同于；除了
out of 在…外；离开…；缺乏
out of breath 喘不过气来
out of control 失去控制
out of date 过时的，不用的
out of doors 在户外
out of order 出故障；秩序混乱
out of place 不在适当的位置；不相称的 格格不入
our of sight 看不见，在视野之外
out of the question 毫不可能
out of work 失业
over and over 一再地，再三地
P
pass away 去世
pass On 把…传给别人
pay attention to 注意
pay back 偿还(借款等)；回报
pay for 付款；偿还
pay off 还清(债款)；取得成功
pick out 选出，挑出；辨认出，分辨出
pick up 捡起；(车等)中途搭人；学会
play apart (in) (在…中)扮演角色；(在…中) 起作用
play fire ，玩火
point out 指出，指明
prior to 在前，居先，比…在先
pull in (车)进站；(船)到岸
pull into (车等)进入，驶入
pull out 拔出，抽出；(车、船等)驶出
put aside 储存，保留
put away 把…收起，放好
put down 记下；放下；镇压
put forward 提出(要求、事实等)
put into practice 实行，实施
put off 推迟，拖延
put on 穿上；上演
put out 熄灭；关(灯)；公布，出版
put to use 使用
put up 举起；建造；张贴
put up with 忍受，容忍(讨厌的人)
Q
quite a few 相当多，不少
R
rather than 宁愿…(而不)；不是…(而是)
refer to．．．as 把…称作；把…当作
regardless of 不顾，不惜
remind sb of sth 提醒某人某事
result from 是(由)…造成
result in 起，导致；结果是
nght away 立即，马上
ring off 挂断电话；停止讲话
ring up 打电话
rob sb of．．． 抢劫某人…
run into 偶然碰见；遇到(困难等)；共计
run to (of) 用完，耗尽
run over (跑)过去、撞倒；溢出
run through 跑着穿过；刺穿；贯穿
S
see．．．off 为某人送行
see．．．through． 看破、看穿
see to 负责，注意，照料
send for 派人去请；召唤；索取
send off 寄出；为…送行；解雇
set about 开始，着手
set a fire to… 给…烧把火
set apart 使分离；使显得突出
set aside 留出，拨出；不理会，置于一边
set back 推迟，延缓，阻碍；使花费
set down ． 制订…；放下…
Set free 释放
set off 出发，起程；激起，引起
set out 动身，起程；开始
set up 创立，建立，为…作好准备； 竖起，建造
settle down 定居；安下心来
show off 炫耀，卖弄
show up 来到，露面
side by side 肩并肩地，一起
slow down／up 放慢速度；减速
so．．．as to 如此…以至于
so far 迄今为止；到这种程度
so／as far as．．．(be) concerned 就…而言
so long as 只要，如果；既然，由于
some…others．．． 一些..其余的…
sooner or later 迟早，早晚，或迟或早
no sooner．．．than 一…就…
stand for 是…的缩写，代表，意味着；主张，支持
stand out 引人注目；杰出，出色
stand up 起立；(论点、证据等)站得住脚
stick to 粘贴在…上；紧跟，紧随；坚持；忠于；信守
such as 例如，诸如
sum up 总结，概括
switch off／on ．(用开关)关掉／开启
T
take．．．for 把…认为是，把…看成是
take advantage of 利用，趁…之机
take after (在外貌、性格方面)与(父、母)相像
take apart 拆卸，拆开
take away 拿走；减去
take down 取下；记下；拆卸
take for 把…认为是，把…看作是
take for granted 认为—．—理所当然；(因视作当然而) 对…不予以重视
take in 欺骗；领会，理解
take into account 把…考虑进去
take off 脱下(衣帽等)；起飞
take on 承担，呈现(面貌)
take one's time 不着急，不慌忙
take out 扣除
take over 接受，接管；借用，承袭
take part in 参加，参与
take place 发生，进行，举行
take the place of 代替，取代
take turns 依次，轮流
take up 开始从事；占去，占据
tell．．．from 辨别，分辨
the moment (that) 一…(就)
thanks to 由于，多亏
think of 想到，记得；想一想，考虑，关心
think of．．．as 把…看作是，以为…是
think over 仔细考虑
throw away 扔掉，抛弃
to a certain degree／extent某种程度
to the point 切中要害，切题
touch on 谈及，提及
try on 试穿
try one's best 尽力，努力
try out 试用，试验
turn down 拒绝；关小，调低
turn in 上床睡觉；交还，上交
turn．．．into 使变成，使成为
turn off 关(水源等)；拐弯
turn on 开，旋开(电灯等)
turn one's back on 不理睬
turn out 关掉(收音机等)；生产，制造；驱逐；结果是
turn over 仔细考虑
turn to 变成；求助于，借助于
turn up 出现，来到；开大，调大
U
under control 处于控制之下
undergo experiences 经历，体验
under the circumstances 在这种情况下，(情况)既然如此
up to (数量上)多达；(时间上)直到； 取决于
up to date 现代化的，切合目前情况的
use up 用完，耗尽
W
wait for 等候，等待
wait on 服侍(某人)
warm up (使)暖起来；(使)变热
wash up 洗餐具；洗手洗脸
watch out for 密切注意；戒备，提防
wear out 穿破，用坏；(使)疲乏，(使)耗尽
What about．．．? (征求意见时)怎么样?
What if．．．? 如果…将来会怎么样?
whether．．．or 是…还是…，不管…还是
wipe out 彻底摧毁，消灭
with regard to 关于，至于
within reach 伸手可及
with respect to 关于，至于
with the exception of 除…之外
without question 毫无疑问，毫无异议
work out 算出；想出，制定出
would rather(…than) 宁可，宁愿(…则不愿)