A. 高二英语主要有哪些语法点
英语语法,本质复上不分什么小制学语法,中学语法,大学语法,更没有所谓的高二语法。这样分都是瞎搞,误人子弟。
我们讲中文会分小学语法,中学语法,大学语法吗?现在有的小学生的语言能力都像大人一样。小学生一样看红楼梦,看水浒。那国外的小学生不是也同样如此吗?
推荐华东理工的《英语思维——英语语法的原理》,该书是国内第一本系统讲解英语语法原理和思维内涵的书,书中第一次真正揭示了“时”和“态”的本质,第一次给出了英语完整的时态框架体系、被动语气的框架体系、虚拟语气的框架体系、从句的框架体系,句法分析等,是第一本从语言原理层面完整系统的呈现英语语法全貌和完整框架体系的书。
也可以网络同名视频课程,短平快,十节课真正理解英语语法,适合那些英语语法混乱毫无章法同学,也适合那些英语还不错,但是没学透无体系遭遇瓶颈无法突破的同学,看完后,对英语的理解有脱胎换骨之感。
B. 求高二上学期,语法内容。
高二上学期英语语法总结
Grammar focus语法重点
1.The simple passive form of the infinitives.
不定式被动态的一般形式的内涵及用法。
2.Four functions of the infinitives used as subject,attribute,object and adverbial.用作主语、定语、宾语和状语的不定式的四种功能的用法。
本单元的语法项目是不定式的被动式,具体讲解如下:
①当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受者时,不定式一般用被动形式。不定式被动形式在句中可作主语、表语、状语、补语等。如:
To be obeyed was natural to her.她生性让别人听命于她。(作主语)
The problem remained to be solved.这个问题还有待解决。(作表语)
It needs not to be said that they are very happy together.
不必说他们在一起非常幸福。(作宾语)
There were plans to be made at once.要立即制定计划。(作定语)
He has returned only to be sent away again.
他回来以后又被打发走了。(作状语)
The captain ordered the flag to be hoisted.
船长命令升旗。(作宾语补足语)
The book is intended to be read and not to be torn.
这书是供人阅读的而不是供人撕毁的。(作主语补足语)
②在某些句子中,不定式虽表被动,但仍用主动形式。如:
What is to pay?要付多少钱?
The reason is not far to seek.道理很浅显。
He gave me some books to read.他给了我一些书读。
We found the report easy to understand.我们发现这些报告很容易懂。
不定式作主语、定语、宾语和状语的功能和用法讲解如下:
由于不定式有名词、形容词和副词的特点,所以它在句中可做主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语、补语等。但由于时间关系,今天我只把不定式作主语、定语、宾语和状语的用法讲解一下。
1)作主语。如:
To see is to believe.眼见为实。
To serve the people is our ty.为人民服务是我们的职责。
在日常英语中,常用it作为语法上的主语,即形式主语,而将真正的主语放在后面。
It is our ty to serve the people.为人民服务是我们的职责。
2)作宾语。如:
I couldn't afford to buy a new car.我买不起汽车。
Have you decided to marry him?你决定嫁给他吗?
有些动词常常跟不定式作宾语,它们是:want,wish,hate,prefer,hope,continue,manage,try,ask,offer,start,forget,remember,begin,decide,agree,choose,learn,pretend,promise,mean,expect,desire等。
另外,在一些复合宾语中,常用it代表不定式作为形式宾语,而将真正的宾语不定式放在后面。如:
I thought it right to do this test.我认为做这项实验是对的。
3)作定语。通常都置于被修饰名词或代词之后。如:
This is the best way to solve this problem.
这是解决这个问题的最好办法。
I have a lot of work to do.我有许多工作要做。
如果不定式和它所修饰的词有逻辑上的动宾关系,且这个不定式是不及物动词,则它后面需有必要的介词。如:
He is a good comrade to work with.他是一个很好共事的同志。
There is nothing to think about.没什么值得考虑的。
4)作状语,表示目的、结果、原因等。如:
He went home to see his parents.他回家看望父母。(表目的)
I turned the radio down so as not to disturb you.
我把收音机音量调小,以免打扰你。(表目的)
The problem is too hard to understand.
这问题太难了,理解不了。(表结果)
What have I done to make you unhappy?
我做了什么事使你不高兴?(表结果)
I'm glad to hear the news.听了这消息,我很高兴。(表原因)
I was surprised to see him there.
我真想不到会在那里见到他。(表原因)
Grammar focus语法重点
The past participle used as attribute and predicative
用作定语和表语的过去分词
本单元的语法项目是过去分词作定语、表语。它们的用法讲解如下:
1)过去分词作定语。如果是及物动词的过去分词作定语,过去分词与被修饰词有逻辑上的被动关系,且表完成的状态;如果是不及物动词的过去分词作定语,过去分词与被修饰词在逻辑上没有主被动关系之说,所以不及物动词的过去分词只表完成的状态。但有些表示思想感情的过去分词如astonished,disappointed,excited,frightened,interested,pleased,surprised,tired,worried等既不表主动,又不表完成。此外,作定语的过去分词如果是单词,一般放在被修饰词的前面;作定语的过去分词如果是动词短语,一般放在被修饰词的后面。如:
We need more qualified teachers.我们需要更多的合格老师。
He stepped carelessly on some broken glass.
他不小心踩到了碎玻璃上了。
The letter written by my brother is on the desk.
我兄弟写的信在桌子上。
The TV set made in China are good quality.
中国制造的电视机质量很好。
You can drink boiled water,not boiling water.
你可以喝白开水,但不可以喝沸腾的水。
From his disappointed look,I knew he didn't pass the examination.
从他的失望表情看,我知道他没通过考试。
2)作表语,过去分词作表语,多表示主语的状态。如:
This machine part is broken.这个机器零件坏了。
He looked very excited.他看起来很激动。
有些过去分词实际上已被看成形容词了,常见的有:delighted,disappointed,discouraged,drunk,amused,astonished,hurt,interested,crowded,tired,satisfied,pleased,surprised,worried,excited,married,puzzled,upset等。
Grammar focus语法重点
The Past Participle used as Object Complement
用作宾补的过去分词
本单元的语法项目是过去分词作宾补,你能把它的用法讲解一下吗?
师:过去分词作宾补,与前面的宾语有逻辑上的被动关系且表动作的完成。
1)作表感觉或心理状态的动词的宾补,它们是:see,hear,watch,feel,find,think等
We hear the music played by the band.我们听了乐队演奏这首乐曲。
I found her greatly changed.我发现她变化很大。
Everybody thought the battle lost.人人都认为这场战役输掉了。
2)作使役动词的宾补,它们是:make,keep,leave,have,get,help等
When you speak,you have to make yourself understood.
说话时要让人听懂。
Please keep us informed of the latest development.
请随时向我们通报事态的最新发展。
I must get my bike repaired.我必须请人修自行车。
3)作表希望或要求的动词的宾补,它们是:want,like,wish,prefer,need,declare,report,order,acknowledge等。这种用法与不定式的被动形式作宾补基本相同。
I don't want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal.
我不要你们任何人牵涉到丑闻中去。
The viewers wish the serial film(to be)continued.
观众们希望这部系列片继续下去。
She needs the work(to be)done before tomorrow.
他要此项工程明天以前完成。
Grammar focus语法重点
The Past Participle used as Adverbial
用作状语的过去分词
本单元课文中出现了许多过去分词作状语的句子,您能把这一语法现象讲解一下吗?
师:无论过去分词作状语还是现在分词作状语,分词的逻辑主语都要和主句的主语一致。过去分词与主句的主语应是被动关系。过去分词作状语,表示时间、原因、让步或伴随等,这种过去分词通常相当于状语从句。下面我将举例说明。
1)表时间
(When the metal is)Heated,the metal expands.加热后,这种金属会膨胀。(The couple took good care of the baby while(the couple was)occupied by their work.这对夫妇一边工作,一边很好地照顾这个婴儿。
像第二句那样当强调实践概念时,过去分词之前可用连词when,while。
2)表原因
(As he was)Greatly surprised,he couldn't say a word.
他大吃一惊,一时说不出话来。
(Because she was)Scolded by the teacher,the girl felt unfair.
那姑娘因受老师责备,而愤愤不平。
3)表让步
Even if(I were)invited,I wouldn't go.即使受邀请,我也不愿去。
Though(they were)defeated again and again,they went on fighting.尽管一再遭受挫败,他们仍然继续战斗。
4)表伴随
He stared at me(he was)astonished.他两眼瞪着我,惊恐万状。
Einstein walked along the street,(he was)lost in thought.爱因斯坦漫步街头,沉浸在思索中。
Grammar focus语法重点
Noun Clauses introced by relating pronoun“that”
由关系代词“that”引导的名词性从句
本单元的语法项目是关联词“that”引导的名词性从句,你能把它的内涵及用法讲解一下吗?
that引导名词性从句时,本身没有什么意思,它只起一个连接作用。①that引导主语从句时,一般不可省略,且可把that所引导的主语从句放在后面,前面用it代替that从句;当然,当主句用了被动语态或是一般疑问句时多用it作形式主语;如主句是感叹句时,必须用it作形式主语,把that从句放在后面。②引导及物动词的宾语从句时,在不引起歧义的情况下,that可以省略;that很少引导介词的宾语从句(中学阶段常见的能引导that从句的介词有:except、but、in等),如介词引导that从句作宾语,常常在其后加it,在加that从句作宾语。③that从句作表语从句,一般不可省略。④that从句作同位语从句,一般不可省略。请看下列例句:
That we shall be late is certain.=It is certain that we shall be late.
我们要晚了,这是确定无疑的。
It is said that he's got married.听说他结婚了。
How strange it is that the children are so quiet!
真奇怪孩子们如此安静。
He told me(that)he would come to Gu'an the next day.
他告诉我第二天他来固安。
He did come here in that he had another thing to do.
他没来是因为他有其他事要做。
You can depend on it that he is a millionaire.
你就放心吧,他是百万富翁。
The fact is that he doesn't understand English at all.
事实上他根本不懂英语。
I know the fact that the doesn't understand English at all.
我知道他根本不懂英语(那个事实)。
如何区别 where 引导的定语从句与状语从句
1.where 引导定语从句时,where 是关系副词,在从句中作地点状语,其前面有表示地点的先行词,where 引导的从句修饰先行词。例如:
The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here.
我买这本书的那个书店离这里不远。
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
这就是我两年前住的那所房子。
We will start at the point where we left off.
我们将从上次停下来的地方开始。
2.where 引导状语从句时,where 是从属连词,where 引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词,where 前面没有表示地点的先行词。例如:
Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Han Jiang River meet.
武汉位于长江和汉江的汇合处。
Mark a mark where you have any doubts or questions.在有疑问的地方做一个记号。
I found my books where I had left them.我在我原来放书的地方找到了我的书。
有时,where 引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义,可放在主句的前面,而 where 引导的定语从句则不能。例如:
Where there is a will,there is a way.(谚语)有志者事竟成。
Where there is water,there is life.有水的地方就有生命。
3.在有些情况下,where 引导的定语从句可转换为 where 引导的地点状语从句。例如:
A tall building was put up at the place where there used to be a desert.( = A tall building was put up where there used to be a desert.)在以前曾是沙漠的地方盖起了一幢高楼。
Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rains often.( = Bamboo grows best where it is warm and where it rains often.温暖而多雨的地方最适合于竹子生长。
Grammar focus语法重点
Noun Clauses Introced by Question Words
由疑问词引导的名词性从句
[讲解]由疑问词引导的名词性从句多作主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句,偶尔也作同位语从句。在作上述从句时,其句型结构应该采用以下两种:
1.疑问词 + 主语 + 谓语动词 + 其他
2.本身是主语的疑问词 + 谓语动词 + 其他
不管采用哪种句型,其词序总是正装的,即主语必须置于谓语动词前面。
[例句]
1)What you need is more practice.(主语从句)
2)What is hard is to do good all one's life and never do anything bad.(主语从句)
3)I can't imagine when we will be able to travel in space.(动词宾语从句)
4)This reminded me of what he had once told us.(介词宾语从句)
5)The problem is whether robots will be smarter than humans.(表语从句)
6)Scientists have not found answers to the question why there is no life on Mars.(同位语从句)
Grammar focus语法重点
虚拟语气
语气是一种动词形式,表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中共有三种语气:陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气。本单元所讲的是虚拟语气。
虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实,而只是一种愿望、假设、怀疑、建议、猜测、可能或纯粹的空想等。
本单元要学习关于虚拟语气的以下三个用法:
1.虚拟语气在一般现在时的条件句和主句中的谓语动词的形式如下:
从 句 主 句
过去式(be用were) would + 动词原形
[例句]
1)If I knew German,I would read Das Capital in the original.
要是我懂德文,我就读《资本论》的原文。
2)If he were here now,everything would be all right.
要是他现在在这儿,一切就都没问题了。
3)How nice it would be if I could stay a bit longer!
2.虚拟语气在wish后的宾语从句中的应用。
如果该宾语从句表示一般现在时,其动词一律用其过去式形式,be用were;如果该从句表示一般过去时,其动词形式要用:had + 过去分词;如果该从句表示现在进行时,其动词形式要用were/was + 现在分词;如果该从句表示一般将来时,其动词形式要用:would/could + 动词原形。
[例句]
1)I wish I were/was as strong as you.
2)I wish I remembered his phone number.
3)I wish I had not forgotten his address the other day.
4)How I wish it weren't/wasn't raining now!
5)I wish he would try again.
3.虚拟语气在含有as if引导的从句中的动词形式与wish后的宾语从句中的动词形式相同。
1)He acts as if he were/was an expert.
2)It seems as if it were/was spring.
3)They are talking as if they had been friends for years.
Grammar focus语法重点
Subjunctive Mood in the Past Tense and the Future Tense
一般过去时与一般将来时中的虚拟语气
[ ]表示过去情况的虚拟条件句的主句与从句中谓语动词的主要形式如下:
从 句 主 句
had + 过去分词 would have + 过去分词
[例句]
1.If we had left a little earlier,we would have caught the train.
2.If I hadn't taken your advice,I would have made a bad mistake.
3.You wouldn't have caught cold if you had put on more clothes.
[ ]表示将来情况的虚拟条件句的主句与从句中的谓语动词的主要形式如下:
从 句 主 句
were to/should + 动词原形 would + 动词原形
[例句]
1.If I were to study at Harvard University next year,I would major in biology.
2.If he were to/should travel on Mars in the future,he would drive a space wagon all over it.
注:在虚拟条件中,有时可以把表示假设的从属连词if省掉不用,在此语境中,就把从句中的助动词had,should或were移至其主语前,如:
1.Had we made enough preparations,we might have succeeded in doing the experiment.
2.Were they to act like that again,we would/should criticize them severely.
3.Should we fail again next time,we wouldn't lose courage.
Grammar focus语法重点
Inversion 倒装
主语与谓语有两种顺序:一是主语在前,这和汉语是一致的,称为自然语序或正装语序。反之,如果谓语的全部或一部分置于主语之前,就是倒装语序。
产出倒装语序主要有两个原因:语法结构的要求;第二种则是修辞上措辞和安排的需要。下面就是按两种要求讲授本单元有关倒装语序的知识。
1.主谓倒装
A)凡表方位、方向或时间的副词或介词词组处于句首时往往引起主谓倒装。如:
1)There exist different opinions on this question.
关于这个问题存在着不同的意见。
2)Here comes the old lady.那位老太太来了。
3)Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.
我们期待的时刻到来了。
4)Up went the arrow into the air.
飕的一声箭射上了天空。
5)Now comes your turn.现在轮到你了。
6)Through the air hurtled a jet-plane.
呼地一声在天空中飞过一架喷气式飞机。
B)否定词置于句首,引起部分倒装(助动词或情态动词移至主语前),如:
1)Never before has our country been so prosperous.
我们的国家从来没有这样繁荣昌盛。
2)Hardly did I think it possible.我几乎认为这是不可能的。
3)On no account should we follow blindly.我们决不应盲从。
C)“only + 状语”置于句首引起部分倒装,如:
1)Only after a bitter struggle was the aim achieved.
只有在艰苦斗争之后这一目标才得以实现。
2)Only in this way can we hope to improve the situation there.
只有用这种方式我们才有可能改善那里的局势。
D)省略了if的虚拟条件句中要用部分倒装,如:
1)Should anyone phone me,tell him to call me again in two hours' time.
万一有人给我打电话,叫他两小时以后再给我打。
2)Had I been informed earlier,I might not have bought the air ticket.
要是早点通知我,我就可能不买那机票了。
2.表语倒装
当表语置于句首,其系动词也就随之移至主语前形成完全倒装,如:
1)Near the southern end of the village was a large apple orchard.
靠近村子南头是一个很大的苹果园。
2)Among its exhibits are computers and mobile phones made in China.
在展品中有中国制造的电脑和手机。
3)Their grandparents are very warm-hearted,as are their parents.
他们的祖父母是非常热心的人,他们的父母也一样。
Grammar focus语法重点
Ellipsis省略
在有些英语句子中,某些成分被省略掉了,这样的句子称为省略句(Elliptical Sentences)。一般说来在上下文已经交待清楚的情况下,可以省略那些已经提到的或不言而喻的部分。
省略是避免重复、突出重要内容和使上下文紧密连接的一种语言手段。
省略可出现于简单句、并列复合句和主从复合句中。
一、常被省略的部分
1.省略主语
Beg your pardon?请再说一遍。(省略I)
2.省略谓语或谓语的一部分
He is a doctor and his wife a teacher.
他是医生,他妻子是老师。(省略is)
I will do the best I can.我将尽力而为。(省略do)
3.省略表语
表语的省略指的是:在主系表句子中,回答其问句时省略表语。这种省略已成固定格式,如果不省略反而不成句子习惯。There be句型的回答以及其反意问句的后半部分也要用省略式。
—Are you hungry?你饿吗?
—Yes,I am.(hungry).我饿。
4.省略宾语
This is the book(that)you're looking for.
5.主语和谓语(系动词)一起省略
—What would you like to eat?—你要吃什么?
—(I would like)Rice and meat.—米饭和肉。
6.在if,when,though,as if等引导的从句中,如果其谓语动词是be,可将主语一起省略。Don't speak while(you are)eating.吃饭时别说话。
7.一般疑问句的省略回答中动词只用系动词、情态动词、助动词
Can you swim?Yes,I can/No,I can't.
8.只保留一个主要句子成分,其余全部省略。
What did you get?A book.(保留宾语)
Wait!(保留谓语)
9.the reason why,the time when等限定性定语从句中可省略关系副词。
This is the place(where)we came last month.
这就是我们上个月来过的地方。
That was the reason(why)he had not arrived on time.
这就是他没按时到达的原因。
C. 人教版高二下学期英语语法
http://www..com/s?wd=%C8%CB%BD%CC%B0%E6%B8%DF%B6%FE%D3%A2%D3%EF%D3%EF%B7%A8&rsp=0&oq=%C8%CB%BD%CC%B0%E6%B8%DF%B6%FE%CF%C2%D1%A7%C6%DA%D3%A2%D3%EF%D3%EF%B7%A8&f=1
自己找找吧,不知道你要什么专类型属的
D. 高二英语语法有哪些
刚给你查我高中书 可惜没有了 高二的语法很多 高三少了 高中基本把语法学的差不多了 大学没有多少重点语法 全在高中
E. 高二英语语法
一.语法倒装
1.当句首为here,there,now ,then,such,等副词,谓语动词为be, go, come等时要倒装。
Here is the book you want. 你要的书在这儿。
There goes the bell. 铃响了。
Now comes your turn. 现在轮到你了。
★当主语为人称代词,则不用倒装。
There he comes! 他来了!
Here they are. 他们在这儿。
Here it is. 给你。
Behind the desk she stood. 他站在桌子后面。
2.The more……,the more结构的倒装。
The more you study, the more you know. (宾语前置)
3.感叹句中的倒装
How happy the children are! (表语前置)
4.表示次数,顺序的副词位于句首要倒装。
Twive within her lifetime has she been to England. 她一生已两次到过英国。
Next came a man in his forties. 下一个来的是一个40几岁的人。
5.与前面的句子相同,表示“也”,后面句子开头常用“so, neither, nor,either,no more”等引导的倒装句,并用do, have, be, can代替实义动词。
They can leave now, so can we. 他们现在可以离开了,我们也能。
You have helped her, and so has she you. 你帮助过她,她也帮助过你。
★但是如果表示对前面句子的肯定则不用倒装。
He is a good student, so he did. 他是个好学生,他的确是.
*6.than或as引导的分句,表示两个句子的主语相比较时,要用倒装,用法与前一个相似.
John will give you more than will Jack. Jonh给你要比Jack多.
He travelled a great deal as did most of his friends. 他到过很多地方旅行,他的多数朋友也是这样.
7.从句中关系副词的倒装
He could tell where his home was.
*8.well等表示方式,程度的副词位于句首要倒装。
Well did I know her. 我很了解她。
*9.有情态动词的谓语中,行为动词的倒装表示强调。
Write a poem I can’t, let me write an essay instead.
二.修辞倒装
1. Only在句首引导的状语从句表示强调要倒装。如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装
Only in this way can we learn English well.
Only when one falls ill does one know the value of the health.
2.never等具有否定意义的词和词组居于句首要倒装。(紧跟否定词后的句子倒装,其他句子为正常语序。)
常见的否定词有:never、rarely、seldom、little、hardly、not、nowhere等
常见的否定词组有:not until、not often、hardly…when、no sooner…than、neither…nor、not only… but also
Little did I know that she had already left. 我一点也不知道她离开了。
Not often do they meet. 他们不常见面。
Not only is he rich but also he is very kind.
★*Not 放在句首修饰句子的主语,构成主语的一部分,则不需要倒装。
Not a word was said.
Not a word did I say at the meeting. (not 修饰谓语动词)
→I didn’t say a word at the meeting.
3. as / though引导的让步从句(就是as/though表“虽然、尽管”的意思)必须将表语或状语(形容词, 副词, 分词,动词,名词)提前
形容词Young as/thought she is, she has seen much of the world. 她虽然年轻,但却见过许多世面。
副词Hard though he tried, he still failed. 他虽然努力了,但仍然失败了
动词Object hard as you may/do/will, I ' ll go. 纵使你反对,我也要去.
◆句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
分词:Situated as it was near the market, the house was very quiet. 房子虽然坐落在市场附近,但它很安静。
名词:Quiet student as he may be, he talks a lot after class.
◆句首名词不能带任何冠词,但可带定语.
*”that”引导原因状语从句从句中的表语一定要用倒装。
Pretty that she is, she attracks many men. 因为她漂亮,因此她吸引了很多男人。
4.为加强语气,“so…that”的结构中的so, such放在句首是要倒装
He walked so fast that none of us could catch up with him.
→So fast did he walked that none of us could catch up with him.
5.为使句子平衡,用倒装。
(1)主语较长,倒装表语
On the floor were piles of books, magazines and newspaper. 地板上是一堆堆的书,杂志和报纸。
Happy are those who are contented. 知足者常乐。
(2)倒装宾语以求强调
What he did, I can’t imagine.
Every word he spoke to her, she felt as a insult. 他对她说的每一个字,她都认为是侮辱。
6.为了生动地描写动作,“in, out, away, up, down,off”等副词可以放在句首倒装.用法与第一个相似.
Away flew the bird! → The bird flew away. 鸟(一下子)飞走了
Off went Jack! → Jack went off. Jack去了.
★主语是代词,则用正常语序。
7.*某些习惯用法中的倒装.
How goes it with you? 你好么?
What mattered it? 这有什么关系?
What care I? 关我什么事?
F. 高二英语重点语法有哪些
高二英语语法重点之一:定语从句
1. 定语从句的基本概念
定语从句在复合句中起定语作用,修饰主句中的名词或代词。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句一般在先行词之后。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词在先行词与定语从句之间起纽带作用。关系词代表着先行词并在定语从句中充当一个句子成分。如:
He is the man who lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个人。
分析:the man就是先行词;修饰the man的who lives next door就是定语从句;who是关系词,它代表先行词the man,在定语从句中作主语。
2. 关系词代词和关系副词的用法
依照关系词在从句中的用法差异,可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有who, whom, which, that, whose等,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语等,关系副词有when, where, why等,在定语从句中作状语。具体用法如下:
(1)关系代词的用法:先行词是人,在从句中作主语用who,作宾语用whom或who,作定语用whose;先行词是物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which,作定语用of which或whose均可。在限制性定语从句中which, who, whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时,关系代词常被省略。如:
A man who sells books in a shop is called a bookseller。开店售书的人叫做书商。
He is the man whom you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那个人。
You are the only one whose advice he might listen to. 你是唯一可能使他听从劝告的人。
he was not on the train which arrived just now. 她不在刚才到达的那列火车上。
(2)关系副词的用法:关系副词有when, where, why等,在定语从句中作状语,分别表示时间、在点和原因。When通常放在time, day, season, age, occasion等时间的名词后;where通常放在place, city, town, village, house, case, point, situation等地点名词后;why通常只放在reason后。如:
Have you set the day when you will move? 你搬迁的日子定了吗?
The book is on the table where you left it. 书在桌子上,你放在那里的。
We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up. 我们不知道他为什么没有来。
3. 限制性和非限制性定语从句的比较
限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰、限制或确定的作用,若去掉,先行词的意思就不明确,它是不可缺少的一部分,它与先行词的关系密不可分,不可用逗号将其分开。而非限制性定语从句只是对先行词起补充说明作用,它可有可无,与先行词关系松散,通常用逗号将其分开。因此,有无逗号是区分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的重要标志。在限制性定语从句中that可以代替who, whom和which等;但在非限制性定语从句中不能用that。如:
He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true. 他说他以前未见过她,这不是事实。
Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party. 后来他遇到玛丽,玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。
We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们将把野餐推迟到下星期,那时天气可能会好一点。
Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus. 巴巴拉在奥伯里工作,每天得坐公共汽车去上班。
注意:关系副词when, where可引导非限制性定语从句,但关系副词why只能引导限制性定语从句,不能引导非限制性定语从句。如:
4. 习惯上要用that引导的定语从句
指事物时,在下列情况下,人们通常用that,而不用which。
(1)当先行词为不定代词时:当先行词是指物的all, little, few, much, any, anything, everything, nothing, none, the one时,或先行词被all, little, few, much, any, every, no等修饰时,通常用that。如:
All [Everything] that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必须做。
There was little that the enemy could do but surrender. 敌人无法,只有投降了。
(2)当涉及序数词或最高级时:当先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时,或者先行词被序数词(包括last, next)、最高级形容词及the only, the very等修饰时,通常用that。如:
This is the best dictionary that I’ve ever used. 这是我用过的最好的词典。
The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。
(3)当涉及the very, the only, the same时:当先行词有the very, the only, the same 等修饰时,通常用that。如:
This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。
Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原话。
(3)当先行词包括人和物时:此时通常用that。如:
They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。
5. 通常要用that引导的定语从句
在下列情况下,通常不用that引导定语从句:
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时:此时不能用that,而要根据情况选用who, whom或which等。如:
Yesterday I met Mary, who seemed very excited. 我昨天碰到了玛丽,她显得很兴奋。
(2)直接在介词后用作宾语时:此时不用that,而要用whom或which。如:
This is the person to whom your father spoke just now. 这是刚才你父亲和他说话的那个人。
(3)当定语从句被分隔时:当先行词与关系代词之间有较复杂的短语或从句隔开时,不宜用that,而用who, whom或which。如:
I was the only person in my office who was invited. 我是我们办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。
6. 关系代词who与whom的区别
两者均只用于人,从理论上说,who 为主格,whom为宾格,但实际上,除非在正式文体中,宾格关系代词 whom 往往省略不用,或用who或that代之。如:
The man (that, who, whom) you met just now is called Jim. 你刚遇见的那个人叫吉姆。
不过,值得注意的是,直接跟在介词后面作宾语时,只能用 whom,而且不能省略。如:
She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before. 她带了3个朋友来,我以前都没见过。
另外,引导非限制性定语从句且作宾语时,who 和 whom均可用,但以用 whom 为佳,此时也不能省略。如:
This is Jack, who [whom] you haven’t met before. 这是杰克,你以前没见过。
7. 关系代词as和which的区别
(1)互换的情况:两者有时可互换。如:
I live a long way from work, as [which] you know. 我住得离工作单位很远,这你是知道的。
(2)只有as的情况:以下两种情况,习惯只用as,不用which。
①在such, as, the same后引导定语从句时只能用ash。如:
I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲那样的故事。
It’s the same story as I heard yesterday. 这故事跟我昨天听到的一样。
This is the photo which shows my house. 这张照片拍的是我的住宅。
② 当从句位于主句前面时,只用 as。如:
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 月球每月绕地球转一周,这是每个人都清楚的。
(3)值得注意的情况:以下三种情况值得注意。
①as 引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致,但which无此限制。比较:
He went abroad, as [which] was expected. 他出国了,这是大家预料到的。
He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出国了,这让大家感到很意外。(不用as)
②as 引导非限制性定语从句时,先行词通常不能是主句中某个具体的词,而应是整个句子、整个短语或某个短语推断出来的概念,而which 则无此限制。如:
The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)
③当as 引导非限制性定语从句作主语时,其谓语通常应是连系动词,而不宜是其他动词,而 which则无此限制:
She has married again, as [which] seemed natural. 她又结婚了,这似乎很自常。
She has married again, which delighted us. 她又结婚了,这使我们很高兴。(不用as)
8. 先行词是时间或地点的定语从句
先行词是表示时间或地点的名词时,代表先行词的关系词若在定语从句中作状语,用关系副词when或where引导,when和which相当于“介词+which”;若在定语从句中作主语或宾语,就用关系代词which或that来引导。
确定用关系代词还是用关系副词的简便方法是:看定语从句中是否缺少主语或宾语,若缺,用关系代词;若不缺,用关系副词。如:
That’s the reason why he dislikes me. 这就是他不喜欢我的原因。
Sunday is the day when very few people go to work. 星期日是没什么人上班的日子。
Do you know a shop where I can find sandals? 你知道哪家商店我能找到凉鞋吗?
9. 介词加关系代词引导的定语从句
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,若关系代词紧靠在介词后,先行词是人时,用whom,先行词是物时,用which,不用who或that,关系代词whom和which不能省略。至于用什么介词,一般可由定语从句的谓语与先行词之间需要加是什么介词来搭配才讲得通来确定。如:
I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologize. 我把他名字称呼错了,为此我表示歉意。
10. 关系代词作定语的定语从句
关系代词在从句中作定语表示所属关系,先行词是人,表示“先行词这个人的…”,用whose;先行词是事物,表示“先行词这个事物的…”,用whose…或the…of which或of which…都可以。如:
In 1980 he caught a serious illness from whose effects he still. suffers. 1980年他患了到现在对他仍有影响的重病。
The treasure some of which has been recovered, has been sent to the British Museum. 这些宝藏已送往大英博物馆,其中有一些是失而复得的。
另外,还要注意以下这类定语从句,which也是用作定语:
She may be late, in which case we ought to wait for her. 她可能迟到,因此我们应该等她。
He lost his temper, at which point I decided to go home. 他发脾气了,这时我就决定回家了。
He was appointed Lord Chancellor, in which post he spent the rest of his life. 他被任命为大法官,在这个职位上度过了他的后半生。
11. of whom / which引导的定语从句
在非限制性定语从句中,先行词作为一个整体,表示整体中的一部分,即表示“部分与整体”的关系时,用…of which / whom或者of which / whom…都可以。但与表示所属关系不同,这里不能用whose来代替of which。如:
The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 公共汽车大多数都已经挤满了人,它们被愤怒的人群包围着。
I picked up the apples, some of which were badly bruised. 我拣起那些苹果,其中有一些伤得很厉害。
I bought a dozen eggs, six of which broke when I dropped the box. 我买了一打鸡蛋,六个在我失手掉了盒子时摔碎了。
12. the way后面的定语从句
the way后面的定语从句,关系词若在从句中作状语,相当于“用这种方式 / 方法(=in this way)”时,通常不用关系词,偶尔用that,在较正式的文体里才用in which来引导。如:
Do it the way you were taught. 要照教你的那样做。
I was impressed by the way in which she did it. 她干成这件事的方式给我留下了深刻的印象。
注意:way后不能用how引导定语从句,但也可以不用way,而直接用how引导的名词性从句来表达这类意思。如:
That’s the way he did it.= That’s how he did it. 他就是这样做的。
另外,当先行词way表示方向时,不用任何关系词。如:
Was that the way she went? 她是往那个方向走的吗?
13. 分隔定语从句
定语从句一般紧靠在先行词之后,但有时它与先行词之间被一个定语、状语或谓语分隔开来,这种定语从句就叫分隔定语从句。如:
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you English. 教你们英语的新老师明天来。(先行词与定语从句被will come tomorrow分开了)
G. 人教版 高二英语 上册中 语法有哪些 十分感谢的了~~~
上册?是指必修5吗?
非谓语动词,省略句,倒装句。
H. 高一及高二上学期英语的重要知识点整理
对不起,我是教理科的。专业是化学和数学。对英语是外行。不好意思,帮不了你。请原谅。
I. 我这学期要上高二了,可是英语语法一点都不懂,怎么办
我两年前高考的,英语成绩143,我推荐你这样:高考毕竟只是对一张卷的考内察,而不会看出容太多能力上的东西,所以未来的时间首先要确定重点,就是要专门看题,一定不要浪费时间看那些讲解类的书上,重点看高考高频题,可以将近年来全国各地英语试题的语法题圈出,我两年前高考的时候高三复习专门有这种复习语法的卷子。总之一定要先做题,可以备一本分语法专项讲解的书,不会的题到书里找,然后将同一类型的题都掌握。一点点来,到高三复习的时候争取可以脱离讲解类书。总之成绩是题累积出来的。加油吧~亲~