1. 英语语法里面什么是非谓语动词
简单点来说就是:一个句子里面已经有一个谓语(通常是动词)然后又出现一个动词(包括be动词)那么这个动词就是非谓语。
2. 英语语法非谓语
完整的一个句子必须有谓语动词。但是分句就不一定了。
I like him.
HelloKitty is cute.
If time permitting, I will go shopping.
动词后面可以跟专副词和名词,只是意属义不同。
3. 英语语法,非谓语和谓语
划分句子成分可以帮助解决你的问题
【He主语】【 pretended一般过去时的谓语动词】【 to be doing his homework 不定式短语作宾语】【when( his father从句主语)( came in 谓语) 时间状语从句】.
可见,pretended是主句的谓语,to be doing his homework 不定式短语,是非谓语动词短语。
祝你开心如意!
4. 英语语法的非谓语动词
您好!很高兴为您解答!
由于您没有具体指出非谓语动词的哪种用法,以下是非谓语动词用法小结:
1.不带to的不定式
1)在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有:
feel 觉得 observe 注意到,看到 overhear听到
watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉,感知
notice注意 see看见 look at看 hear听
2)另一类是某些使役动词,如make, let,have等。
(注):
①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时.其后的不定式一般需带to,如:
He was seen to come.
The boy was made to go to bed early.
②在动词find与help之后,不定式可带to亦可不带to,如:
He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season.他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏,感到惊讶。
3)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)结构中。例如:
Last night I did nothing but watch TV.昨天晚上,我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。
但是,如果谓语动词不是“do nothing,anything,everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.医生除了让他戒烟,其它什么都没有说。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.除了保持沉默以外,他们没有别有别的办法。
2.with 的复合结构(作状语或作定语)
with+ n.+ to do/ to be done (动词不定式的动作还未进行)
with+ n.+ doing/ being done (动词不定式的动作正在进行)
with+ n.+ done (动词不定式的动作已经完成或指n. 所处的状态)
1). With so many problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard year.
2). He was lying in bed, with his eyes fixed on the ceiling
3.不定式和分词作状语的区别
(1)现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。
3). With the temple being repaired, we can’t visited it.
2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。
(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别
1)分词作状语一般表示伴随,而不定式常常表示目的。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)
2)分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因。
Reading attentively,he forgot the time for lunch.由于在专心读书,他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)
5. 高中英语非谓语动词讲解-(整理)
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一、非谓语
非谓语形式为以下7种,对应7种意思。
1.做:doing
2.被做:done
3.要做/去做:to do
4.要被做:to be done
5.之前做:having done
6.之前被做:having been done(只能作状语)
7.正在被做:being done
(前三种考的频率较高)
二、不定式
不定式是指在句中无人称和数的限制,并在句中起着名词、形容词或副词作用 的语法成分。动词不定式有两种形式,一种带不定式符号to,一种不带不定式符号to。
1.动词不定式可以放在谓语前句子作主语。但是通常将作主语的动词不定式或不定式短语放在谓语后面,而在主语位置用“it”作形式主语(有时在不定式的前面还会用for sb.表示不定式的逻辑主语)。
如:To help animals is helping people. 帮助动物就是帮助人。
It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well. (对于我们而言)学好汉语是非常的困难。
It took me half an hour to work out this problem. 解出这道题花了我一个小时的时间。
2.动词不定式可以作谓语动词(及物动词)的宾语。
如:I would like to have a rest at the moment. 我现在想休息一下。
They began to search the room for the thief. 他们开始在屋子里搜寻小偷。
[补充说明]
常用不定式作宾语的动词:
want 想要 wish 希望 hope 希望 offer 主动提出
decide 决定 help 帮助 long 盼望 arrange 安排
learn 学会 ask 要求 refuse 拒绝 promise 答应
pretend 假装 expect 期望 dare 敢 afford 承担得起
plan 计划 manage 成功 agree 同意 prepare 准备
determine 决定 desire 渴望 demand 强烈要求
3.动词不定式可以在句子中用作定语,放在名词或代词后面。
如:a key to lock the door 锁门的钥匙 a box to hold these things 装这些东西的箱子
但如果不定式动词是不及物动词,那么后面需要加介词。
They could not find a place to live in. 他们找不到住的地方。
Please give me a chair to sit on. 请给我一张椅子坐坐。
4. 动词不定式可以在句子中用作状语,有下列几种情况:
[A] 放在不及物动词come, go, stop, finish, wait 等词的后面。
如:He came to see her yesterday. 他昨天来看望她。(表示来的目的)
I stopped to have a rest. 我停下来休息一会儿。(表示停下来的目的)
[B]放在完整的谓语之后(即“谓语+宾语”、“谓语+宾语+补语”、“动词+表语”之后)。
如:We cleaned the room to let him play in it. 我们打扫了房间以便让他在里面玩。
I opened the window to see more clearly. 我打开窗子以便看得更清楚点儿。
[C]有时表示目的的不定式短语可以放在句首。
如:To arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usual.
为了按时到达,我们比平时早起了一个小时。(表示早起的目的)
[注意]
A.stop to do 与 stop doing的不同。
如:They stopped to have a look.
他们停下来看看。(不定式作“停下来”的目的状语)
They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teacher.
他们停止向窗外望,开始听老师讲课。(动名词作宾语,表示“停止”的内容)
B.不定式作目的状语也常用在in order (not) to do或so as (not) to do结构中,但so as (not) to do结构不用在句首。
In order to fetch wood,villagers had to walk many kilometers.
为了砍柴,村民们得走好几千米的路程。
She swung the pork in her hand so as to attract the lion’s attention.
她把猪肉在手中摇晃着,以吸引狮子的注意力。
5.动词不定式可以在句子中用作表语,限用于连系动词之后。
如:My job is to keep the goal. 我的工作就是守住球门。
6.动词不定式可以在句子中用作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。
如:Mum asked me to help her with the cooking. 妈妈叫我帮助她做饭。
[注意] help 之后做宾补的不定式符号 to 可以省略;
要求跟不定式作宾补的动词:
劝教命请叫advise, teach, order, command, ask, tell
允许又警告allow, permit, warn
使役表意向cause, let, have, make, lead, set, leave, get, wish, want, expect
知觉动词妙feel, hear, watch, see, observe, notice(感官动词省略to)
感官动词之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时, 含义不同,需特别注意(参见现在分词部分)。
试比较:
I heard her crying when I walked past. 我路过时听到她正在哭。(指当时瞬间的情况)
I sat near her and heard her sing the new song. 我坐在她附近听她唱新歌。(指整个过程)
不定式的时态
用 法
意 义
示 例
一般式
to do
表示与谓语动词的动作同时
(我几乎同时)发生的动作或状况。
He seems to be tired
=It seems that he is tired.
他似乎累了。
表示发生在谓语动词的动作之
后的动作.这种用法的动询常用
有promise, wish, hope, expect, plan, want, mean, intend 等。
We expect him to come.
=We expect that he will come.
我们希望他回来。
She promises to write to me once a week =She says (that) she will write to me once a week.
她答应每周给我写封信。
进行式
to be doing
表示不定式的动作与谓语
动词的动作同时进行。
Don't pretend to be work hard. Just do what you should.不要假装努力工作.做你该做的事。
I discovered him to be eating in the room.我发现他在房间里吃东西。
用 法
意义
示 例
完成式
表示不定式的动作
或状态发生在谓语
动词的动作之前。
He seems to have been ill.
=It seems that he was
/ has been ill.
他似乎刚病过。
He seemed to have been ill.
=It seemed that he
had been ill.
他似乎过去病过。
to have done
表过去没有实现的愿望、期待或计划。谓语动词常为下列动词: wished, hoped, intended, meant, expected,
planned, promised, wanted,
thought, desired, were,
was, would like, should like等。
I wished to have bought a
car,but I had no money.
我希望买部车,但我
(当时)没有钱。
完成进行式
to have been doing
不定式的动作或状态在
谓语动词的动作或
状态前一直在进行,
并可能存在下去。
He is said to have been teaching there for more than thirty years.
据说他在那儿教书有30多年了。
三、动名词
1.动名词由动词原形加词尾“ing”构成。
动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语,可以被状语修饰;它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)等。动名词加相关词语(宾语或状语等)构成动名词短语。
2.动名词可以作主语。一般可用 it 作形式主语而将动名词短语后移。
如:Learning English all by yourself is not so easy.=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself.
(自学好英语不那么容易)
3.动名词可以作宾语。
[A]want / need 之后用动名词时,含有被动意思。
如:Your car needs repairing badly. 你的车急需修理。被修)
My hair needs cutting. 我要理发。(头发被理)
[B]remember / forget / stop / finish 之后用动名词时,与用不定式含义不同。
如:I forgot to write a letter to him. 我忘了给他写封信。(根本没写)
I forgot writing a letter to him. 我忘了给他写过信。(写了却忘了)
They stopped to look back. 他们停下来向后看。(停下的目的是向后看)
They stopped looking back. 他们停止向后看。(不向后看了)
[C]enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go 等词一般用动名词作宾语。
如:Do you mind my closing the door? 把门关上你介意吗?
She hates travelling by air. 她讨厌坐飞机旅行。
They went swimming every afternoon. 他们每天下午去游泳。
I enjoy walking around the town. 我喜欢在镇上转悠。
[D]like / love / start / begin / learn 后面用动名词时,与用不定式意思相近或相同。
如:We began to study English when we were at primary school. 我们在小学时就开始学英语了。
We began studying English when we were at primary school. 我们在小学时就开始学英语了。
4.动名词可以作表语,此时特别注意不要与现在进行时混淆。
如:My job is putting these parts together. 我的事情是把这些部件拼起来。
I am putting these parts together. 我正在把这些部件拼起来。
5.动名词与现在分词构成相同,但是含义不同,动名词主要表示事情,而现在分词则主要表示进行着的动作。
如:Eating too much is not good for your health. (动名词短语,作主语)
Seeing is believing. (动名词短语,分别作主语和表语)
He ran after a moving bus and got onto it. (现在分词,作定语)
His father saw him sitting on some eggs. (现在分词,作宾补)
四、分词: 包含现在分词和过去分词。(高中学习重点)
主要区别:现在分词一般有主动的意思或表示动作正在进行的意思;过去分词有被动或动作已经完成的意思。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语。
1.作定语:分词作定语时,一般要放在修饰的名词之前,分词短语作定语时,则要放在所修饰的名词之后。
如:I have got a running nose.
我流鼻涕了。
The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly,“Stop the thief!”
跟着小偷追的妇女大喊:捉小偷!
Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.
昨天我遇见了一个名叫布莱克先生的人。
He only gave me a broken glass,so I was very angry with him.
他只给了我一个坏玻璃杯,所以我很生他的气。
2.现在分词可以作下列动词的宾语补足语。(参考不定式作宾语补足语)
keep(保持) / see(看到) / hear(听到) / watch(注意到) / feel(感觉到)
如:In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.
黑暗之中我感到有个冷的东西在我的脚上移动。
3.现在分词可以作状语,表示伴随情况。
如:She came into the classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.
他走进教室,手上抓着一沓纸。
I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.
这些日子我正忙着准备即将来到的口语考试。
4. 过去分词可以作表语,放在连系动词后面,但要注意不要与被动语态混淆,“主系表”主要表示状态,而被动语态则表示动作。
常用过去分词作表语的结构有:be worried (焦虑) / be pleased (高兴) / be tired (疲劳) / get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / become frustrated (沮丧) / become interested in (对…兴趣)等等
5. 过去分词可以作宾语补足语。
如:I had my hair cut this morning.
今天早上我让人给我理了发。
(注意:have sth. done 表示动作由别人来做,而 have done sth.则为
现在完成时的结构,两个结构不可以混淆。)
6. 英语语法 非谓语
非谓语动词由动词不定式,分词(现在、过去)和动名词构成,它们的逻辑主语是与它们在句子中所作成分有关:1,作状语时,其逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。如:Finishing his homework, he went out to play with his friends. ( Finishing... 作状语,其逻辑主语是句子的主语he);Attracted by the interesting story, the students are all listening attentively. ( Attracted ... 作状语,其逻辑主语是句子的主语the students) 。 2, 作定语时,其逻辑主语是被修饰的词。如: The house to be built next year is our library. (to be built... 作定语,修饰the house, the house 是它逻辑主语。) 3, 作宾语补足语,宾语是其逻辑主语。如:The teacher made us do a lot of homework. ( do... 作宾语us的补足语,逻辑主语是宾语us)
7. 英语语法,非谓语动词
这两个词通常只理解为单纯的形容词,若一定要深究可以想一想“INTERESTED”和“EXCITED”,这两个词如果一定要这样理解可以理解为“过去分词”,同理“INTERETING”和“EXCITING”就是“现在分词”了。不过还是推荐你将他们单纯的理解成修饰人的形容词。
8. 英语中非谓语该如何使用
在英语中,不作句子谓语,而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式(the Infinitive);动名词(the Gerund);现在分词(the Present Participle);过去分词(the Past Participle)。
1.非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有:
(1)如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用,例如:
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
(2)都可以被状语修饰:
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
(3)都有主动与被动, “体”式(一般式;进行式;完成式)的变化。例如:
He was punished by his parents.(谓语动词被动语态)
He avoided being punished by his parents.(动名词的被动式)
We have written the composition.(谓语动词的完成时)
Having written the composition, we handed it in.(现在分词的完成式)
(4)都可以有逻辑主语
They started the work at once.(谓语动词的逻辑主语)
The boss ordered them to start the work.(动词不定式的逻辑主语)
We are League members.(谓语动词的主语)
We being League member, the work was well done.
(现在分词的逻辑主语)
2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有:
(1)非谓语动词可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词),在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
(2)非谓语动词可以有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
(3)非谓语动词可以有副词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中作状语。
(二)非谓语动词的句法功能:
二、非谓语动词用法:
(一)动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
1.不定式的形式:(以动词write为例)
否定式:not + (to) do
(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后,
例如:
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
(2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2.不定式的句法功能:
(1)作主语:
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,例如上面两句可用如下形式:
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
(2)作表语:
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
(3)作宾语:
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如:
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如:
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
(4)作宾语补足语:
在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.
有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如:
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
(5)作定语:
动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:
①动宾关系:
I have a meeting to attend.
注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词:
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②说明所修饰名词的内容:
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:
He is the first to get here.
(6)作状语:
①表目的:
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:
wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.
right:To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表结果:
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示强调:
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因:
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度:
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
(7)作独立成分:
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
(8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
(9)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
(二)动名词:
动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。
1.动名词的形式:
否定式:not + 动名词
(1)一般式:
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
(2)被动式:
He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
(3)完成式:
We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
(4)完成被动式:
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
(5)否定式:not + 动名词
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
(6)复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
2.动名词的句法功能:
(1)作主语:
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。
当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。
(2)作表语:
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。
(3)作宾语:
They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我们必须阻止空气被污染。
注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如:
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承认),deny(否认), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒险), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
(4)作定语:
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗?
(5)作同位语:
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.
他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
(三)现在分词:
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
1、现在分词的形式:
否定式:not + 现在分词
(1)现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成
式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。例如:
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业,他开始打篮球。
(2)现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动
词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
2.现在分词的句法功能:
(1)作定语:现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语
放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.
(2)现在分词作表语:
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
(3)作宾语补足语:
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如:
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
(4)现在分词作状语:
①作时间状语:
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。
②作原因状语:
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人。
③作方式状语,表示伴随:
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗。
④作条件状语:
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
⑤作结果状语:
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的状语:
He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
⑦作让步状语:
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格:
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard.
我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词(代词宾格)+分词形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
⑨作独立成分:
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
从外表看,他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来,女孩子更细心。
(四)过去分词:
过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住。
过去分词的句法功能:
1.过去分词作定语:
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2.过去分词作表语:
The window is broken. 窗户破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be + 过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别:
The window is broken.(系表)
The window was broken by the boy.(被动)
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成。如:
boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶)
newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳)
the changed world(变了的世界)
这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3.过去分词作宾语补足语:
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语:
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。
4.过去分词作状语:
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间)
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。(表示条件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步)
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