英语常见语法介绍英文版

Ⅰ 英语语法有哪些

首先我们来了解英语学习的本质。我们学习英语，为的是日后工作学习专无障碍沟通交流属。英语不比数学和语文，它不是一门学问，不需要深入研究，只要多多练习，多说多用就能学会了。

现在，所有的传统线下英语培训机构以英语语法和单词为主，基本没有练习和开口的机会，即使学一年两年下来，也不会有任何效果。网上英语培训机构大多都是以说为目的的英语教学，全程外教一对一上课，只要你不开口，课程就无法继续，网上英语培训，阿西吧外教就不错，他们是纯外教一对一在线授课，课程可定制，平均一节课10-20元，还有英语免费试听课程：【试课地址】

Ⅱ 常见英语语法介绍

时态讲解
一、一般现在时主要用于：
1 、表示经常性或习惯性动作。 e.g. It seldom snows here.
2 、表示现在的特征或状态。 e.g. He is always ready to help others.
3 、普遍真理。 e.g. Action speaks louder than words.
4 、剧情图片介绍，背景说明，动作解说。 e.g. (Tom enters the room and sits at the table)
Doctor ： What's your trouble, young man?
Tom ： I've caught a cold, doctor.
5 、时间、条件、让步、方式状语从句表将要发生的动作时。
e.g. Tomorrow we shall go for an outing unless it rains.
与这种时态连用的时间状语常有： always, often, never, seldom, usually, once, a week, now 等。
二、一般过去时主要用于：
1 、表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况（包括习惯性的动作或状态）
e.g. When did you read the novel? She often came to help us in those days.
2 、谈到过去的情况时 e.g. I didn't know you were so busy.
3 、谈到已死人的情况时 e.g. Lei Feng was a great communist fighter.
与这个时态连用的时间状语常有：
yesterday, last night, the other day, two months ago, in 1985, then, just now, when, after, as soon as 引导的时间状语从句，表示主句动作开始的时间。
三、现在完成时主要用于：
1 、表示到现在为止这一时期中发生的动作或情况，即多次动作的总和。
e.g. We have learnt four English songs this month. How many times have you read the novel?
For many days we haven't seen each other.
2 、表示对现在有影响的某一已发生的动作。
e.g. The delegation has left 代表团已经走了（说明现在不在这里） Look, what you have done. 看你干的事。
与这一时态连用的时间状语有： already, yet, just, ever, never, by now, so far, recently, by the end of this month, since, for 短语，连词 since 引导的时间状语从句。
一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：
一般过去时：重在说明动作在过去发生时的具体情况（时间、地点、方式、对象、细节等）。
现在完成时：只提起已发生的动作（事实）及其影响，不说明动作发生时的具体情况。
cf. Have you had your lunch? What did you have for lunch?
I have ever been to the Great Wall, and I went there last summer with my father.
注：现在完成时表达的动作常具有反复性，故下面一句是错的：
Have you seen the six thirty's news program? 应改为： Did you see the six thirty's news program?
四、现在完成进行时主要用于：表示过去开始的某一动作一直持续到现在，以至延伸到将来，它强调动作延续时间之长久。e.g. I've been writing an article. 我一直在写一篇文章。（还在写）
cf. I've written an article. 我写了一篇文章。（已写完）
It has been raining these days. 这些天一直在下雨。
五、过去完成时
1 、过去完成时是一个相对时态，表示过去的过去，只有在两个过去发生的动作相比较时才可显示出来。
e.g. As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.
注：主从句表达的动作紧接时，即两动作发生的时间没有明显时间上的悬殊或空档时，主从句都可用一般过去时。 e.g. Where did your brother study before he joined the army?
2 、过去完成时可表示截止过去某一时间动作的总或动作的结束。
e.g. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books By eight o'clock, he had finished his homework.
与这个时态连用的时间状语常有： by 1985, by eight o'clock, by then, by the end of last month, by the time when, when, as soon as, before 等连词引导的时间状语从句，表示主句动作结束的时间。
（六）现在进行时主要用于：
1 、表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作。 e.g. Listen, someone is crying. What are you doing these days?
2 、代替一般现在时，表示经常性动作或状态，而含有某种感情色彩。
e.g. How are you feeling today? 你今天感觉怎样？（显得亲切）
He is doing well in his lessons. 他的功课很好。（赞扬）
You are always boasting. 你老爱吹牛。（厌烦）
3 、动词 go, come, leave, arrive 等表将要发生的动作时。 e.g. They are leaving for Shanghai.
与这种时态连用的时间状语常有： now, these days, recently, this week 等。
七、过去进行时主要用于： 表示过去某个时刻或阶段正在进行的动作。
e.g. At that time she was working in a PLA unit. 那时她在解放军某部工作。
What were you doing this time yesterday?
与这个时态连用的时间状语常用： at nine o'clock, this time last night, these days, at that time 等。
用 when 引导的时间状语从句表示主句的动作正在进行的时间。
e.g. When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.
注：
1 、 while 引导时间状语从句叙述过去的动作时，从句常用过去进行时。
e.g. I read a magazine while I was waiting for the bus.
2 、 when 用作并列连词，意为“这时”，连接两分句时，第一句多用过去进行时。
e.g. I was reading a newspaper when he came in.
一般过去时与过去进行时的区别：
一般过去时：强调过去某一时间开始或完成的动作。
过去进行时：强调过去某一时间正在进行的动作。
试区别下面两句：
We were building a reservoir last winter. 去年冬天我们在修建一座水库。（可能尚未建成）
We built a reservoir last winter. 去年冬天我们修建了一座水库。（已经建成）
八、一般将来时主要用于： 表示将要发生的动作或情况
e.g. Tom will have a bike of his own.
与这个时态连用的时间状语常用： tonight, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, in three hours, two days later 等。
一般将来时态与其它结构表将来情况的区别：
一般将来时态 ：主要从时间的角度表将要发生的动作或情况。
be going to 结构 ：①表（主观上）打算或准备做某事时。 ②表有发生某事的预兆时。
e.g. They are going to have a competition with us in studies. It is going to rain.
据以上区别，故下面一句是错的：
I am going to be eighteen years old next year. 应改为： I shall be eighteen years old next year.
be about to do sth 结构 ：意为“刚要做某事”、“马上要做某事”强调时间之紧迫性。
e.g. We are about to discuss this problem. 我们将马上讨论这个问题。
be to do sth 结构： 表示按计划、安排、规定将实施某事或表示注定会发生某事。
e.g. When is the train to leave. All these things are to be answered for.
及物动词与不及物动词
英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可把动词分成及物动词与和及物动词。
1.及物动词： 字典里词后标有vt. 的就是及物动词。及物动词后必须跟有动作的对象（即宾语），可直接跟宾语。see 看见 (vt.) +宾语 I can see a boy.
2.不及物动词：字典里词后标有vi. 的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语）。若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语。
具体每个动词后究竟加什么介词就得背动词短语了，如listen to,look at…..
3. 宾语（动作的对象）：是名词或代词，或相当于名词的词或短语（如动名词）。其它词不看作动作的对象呢。
4.举例：“看”
(1)see 看见 (vt.) +宾语 I can see a boy.
(2)look 看 (vi.) x宾语(即不能直接加宾语). Look! She is singing.
Look carefully! (注意：carefully 是副词，不是名词，故不作宾语哟)
(3)look at 看…….+宾语 Look at me carefully! (me是代词，作宾语了)
连系动词
连系动词本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。
表语通常由名词、形容词,或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当,说明主语是什么或怎么样。
一、 连系动词的类型有：
1. "存在"类:表示存在或具有某种特征或状态.这类连系动词强调"存在"。常见的有:be(是),look(看起来),feel(摸上去),seem(似乎是),appear(似乎、显得),prove(证明是),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来)等。例如:
The story sounds true.
Those oranges taste good.
2. "持续"类:表示某种情况或状态的持续。这类连系动词强调"持续"。常见的有:remain(依然),keep(保持),stay(保持),continue(继续、仍旧),stand(处于某状况或情形)等。例如:
Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It will stay fresh for several days.
It's already ten in the morning. The store remains closed. What's the matter?
3. "变化"类:表示由一种情况或状态变化成另一种情况或状态。这类连系动词强调"变化"后的情况或状态.常见的有:become(变成), turn(变成), grow(变得), go(变得)等。例如:
Put the fish in the fridge, or it will go bad in hot weather.
二、注意事项
1. 有些连系动词通常不用于被动语态和进行时态中。如:feel, taste等词。例如:
-Do you like the material?
-Yes, it feels very soft.
2. 一般情况下,连系动词主要跟形容词或分词作表语。例如:
Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may get run over by a car.
3. 能跟名词作表语的连系动词常见的有:be, become, appear, seem, prove, remain和turn等.注意:turn后跟(表示主语身份的)名词作表语时,不加冠词。例如:
Twenty years later, he turned teacher.
The population growth in China remains a problem.
4. 连系动词也可跟不定式(to do / to be),常见的有:appear, seem, remain, prove, look等。例如:
Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains to be seen whether they will enjoy it.
On the long journey, Peter proved to be a most interesting guide. We all had a wonderful time.
终止性动词与延续性动词
终止性动词指不会持续一段时间的动作,即动作在瞬间或短时间内完成。 例如:get arrive 这类动词不与一段时间连用
终止性动词:表示不能延续的动作,即动作发生后立即结束。如:begin,arrive, borrow, ...终止性动词的肯定式是不能持续的,所以不能和表示一段时间的状语连用,而终止性的否定式就可以和表一段时间的状语.
一、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念
英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。
延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。
终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。
二、延续性动词的用法特征
1.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示"段时间"的状语连用。表示"段时间"的短语有：for two years, ring the past three years, since last year, how long等。如：I have learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。
2.延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的"点时间"状语连用。如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.(误) rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示"点时间"，前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助come, begin, get等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如：
-When did you get to know Jack?
-Two years ago.
-Then you've known each other for more than two years.
-That's right.
三、终止性动词的用法特征
1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如：
The train has arrived.火车到了。
Have you joined the computer group?你加入电脑小组了吗？
2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。因此，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。如：
(1)他死了三年了。
误：He has died for three years.
正：He has been dead for three years.
正：He died three years ago.
正：It is three years since he died.
正：Three years has passed since he died.
(2)他来这儿五天了。
误：He has come here for five days.
正：He has been here for five days.
正：He came here five days ago.
正：It is five days since he came here.
正：Five days has passed since he came here.
(1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词，不能与表示"段时间"的状语连用。那么，应如何正确表达呢？可以采用下面的四种方法：
(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词，如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例：leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。
(2)将句中表示"段时间"的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语，如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。
(3)用句型"It is+段时间+since..."表达原意，如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。
(4)用句型"时间+has passed+since..."表达原意，如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。
3.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中，成为可以延续的状态，因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：
He hasn't left here since 1986.
I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.
4.终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用，构成"not+终止性动词+until/till ..."的句型，意为"直到……才……"。如：
You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了，你才能离开这里。
I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画，我才上床睡觉。
5.终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是"点时间"(从句谓语动词用终止性动词)，也可以是"段时间"(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程，从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如：
When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach为终止性动词)
Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语)
6.终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式)。如：
误：How long have you come here?
正：How long have you been here?
正：When did you come here?

Ⅲ 英语各种语法全解

1. 动词的时态和语态
1．1 动词的时态和语态一览表
时态语态 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时
主动被动 doare done didwere done will dowill be done
现在进行时 过去进行时 将来进行时
主动被动 are doingare being done were doingwere being done will be doing
现在完成时 过去完成时 将来完成时
主动 被动 have donehave been done had donehad been done will have donewill have been done
现在完成进行时
主动 被动 have been doing

1.2 动词主要时态的意义及运用
1) 现在完成时，过去完成时和将来完成时
英语提示语：up to now, so far, for three years, since 1995, over past ten years, by the end of this week, by the year of 1995
汉语提示语：已经，早已，了
e.g. We haven’t met each other since last year.
By the end of this week, we’ll have finished the task.
2) 现在完成进行时
从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。
汉语提示语：一直
e.g. The water has been running the whole night.
3) 过去完成时
a) said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。
e.g. He missed the train. He said he had missed the train.
b) hardly…when, no sooner… than
e.g. No sooner had he got up than he received the call.
c) 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的条件状语从句中
e.g. If I had tried harder, I would have won.
I wish I had done better in the exam.

历年考题中的动词时态和语态
1. Much of the carbon in the earth ___ (come) from things that once lived.
2. In the past two decades, research ___ (expand) our knowledge about sleep and dream.
3. Some proverbs ___ (be) in the language for 1,000 years, for example, A friend in need is a friend indeed.
4. ___ (stand) at the gate was a young man in green coat.
5. In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush’s approved rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling ___ (begin) in the 19302.
6. Seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day ___ (make) us tolerate crime more than we should.
7. So far, Irving ___ (live) in New York City for ten years.
8. The patient ___ (send) to another hospital before we got there.
9. The second half of the nineteenth century ___ (witness) the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi.
10. All the worries they might have felt for him ___ (drive) off by the sight of his cheerful face.

Key:
1. comes 一般现在时，主语为不可数名词，谓语用单数
2. has expanded 现在完成时
3. has been 现在完成时
4. Standing 过去进行时的倒装形式
5. began 一般过去时
6. makes 一般现在时，动名词做主语，谓语用单数
7. has been living 现在完成进行时
8. had been sent 过去完成时的被动形式
9. witnessed 一般过去时
10. were driven 一般过去时的被动
2. 非谓语动词
2.1 动词主要时态和语态一览表
非谓语动词 形式 意义
现在分词
一 般 式 Doing 主动, 正在进行
被 动 式 being done 被动, 正在进行
完成主动式 having done 主动, 已经完成
完成被动式 having been done 被动, 已经完成
过去分词 Done 被动, 已经完成
动词不定式
一 般 式 To do 主动,将要进行
被 动 式 To be done 被动, 将要进行
完成主动式 To have done 主动, 已经完成
进行主动式 To be doing 主动, 正在进行

2.2. 非谓语动词作状语
•动词不定式：1）目的状语；2）结果状语
e.g. I came here to meet you. （目的）
He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train. （结果）
•分词：1) 伴随状语；2）原因状语；3）条件状语 4）让步状语；5）时间状语
e.g. Walking along the street, he met his old friend. （时间）
Being very tired, my father didn’t go out with us. （原因）
Made by hand, the silk shirt is very expensive. （原因）
Seen from the space, the earth looks like a blue ball. (条件)
2.3 非谓语动词，状语从句和独立结构
1) Having done their homework, the children began to play. (分词作状语)
2) After having done their homework, the children began to play. （连词+分词）
3) After they had done their homework, the children began to play. （状语从句）
4) With homework done, the children began to play. （独立结构）

2.4 非谓语动词作定语
1) If there is no choice, there is no decision ___ (make). (to be made)
2) Do you know the man ____ ( stand) in front of the house? (standing)
3) The question ____ (discuss) at the moment is very important. (being discussed)
4) The bridge ____ (build) in the 1950s is still in good condition. (built)

2.5 动名词和动词不定式
• 作主语和表语
动名词作主语/表语表示一般、抽象的情况；动词不定时作主语表示具体某次的情况。
e.g Rising early is good for health.
To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me.
It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow.
My biggest wish is to go abroad.
Seeing is believing.
• 作宾语
接动名词作宾语的动词：
admit, acknowledge, avoid, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, forgive, finish, include, involve, mind, put off, postpone, suggest, feel like, look forward to, be used to, be accustomed to, etc.
接动词不定式作宾语的动词：
want, tend, intend, pretend, hope, plan, expect, be supposed to, seem, be likely to, used to, be willing to, desire, force, prefer, start, begin

接动名词和动词不定式有不同含义的动词：
1) forget, remember, regret
2) stop, continue
3) need/ want
4) allow doing/ allow sb to do
(1) How can I forget meeting you for the first time?
Sorry, I forgot to lock the door.
(2) I can’t stop laughing. Can you stop to give me a hand?
(3) The grass needs cutting. The grass needs to be cut.
(4) We don’t allow smoking here. You are not allowed to smoke here.

历年考题中的非谓语动词
1. A man cannot be really happy if what he enjoys ___ (do) is ignored by society as of no value or importance.
2. Anyone ___(want) to understand the instry of the future will have to know about robotics.
3. It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes ___ (control) his direction.
4. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals ___ (use) in experiments may decrease.
5. It seems reasonable to assume that, other things ___ (be) equal, they would prefer single to shared rooms.
6. This poem, if ___ (translate) word for word into Chinese, will make no sense.
7. They may have their passports _____ (remove), making leaving or “escaping” actually impossible.
8. Her body, with hands and feet ____ (bind), was discovered by a traveler early in the morning.
9. I couldn’t help but ___ (feel) this is a very strange life.
10. Let us consider the earth as a planet ____ (revolve) round the sun.

Key:
1. doing 动名词做enjoy的宾语
2. wanting 现在分词作定语
3. to control 动词不定式作目的状语
4. used 过去分词作定语
5. being 现在分词用在独立结构中
6. translated 连词加过去分词作状语
7. removed 过去分词作宾补
8. bound 过去分词用在独立结构中
9. feel couldn’t help but 后接动词原形
10. revolving 现在分词作定语
3. 虚拟语气
第一大类：非真实条件下的虚拟语气
时间 从句 主句
与现在事实相反 did/ were should/could/would + do
与过去事实相反 had done should/could/would + have done
与将来事实相反 were to doshould do should/could/would + do
e.g. If I were you, I would be happy to do it.
If we had got the news, we could have prepared earlier.
If the job were to succeed, you should work harder.

第二大类：从句中用过去时或过去完成时的虚拟语气
1) would rather + 从句
2) wish + 从句
3) if only + 从句
4) as if/ as though + 从句
5) It’s time + 从句
e.g. I would rather you didn’t tell me the story now.
I would rather you had told me the story yesterday.

第三大类：从句中用should加动词原形的虚拟语气，其中should可省略。
1) suggest, propose, advise, move(动议), ask, order, require, request, desire, insist, prefer 等动词后接的宾语从句；
2) suggestion, proposal, advice, motion, order, requirement, request, desire, preference等名词后的同位语从句；
3) important, necessary, essential, imperative, desirable, advisable, preferable 等形容词用在it is … that…句型中；
4) lest, in case, for fear that 等引导的从句中。
e.g. It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.
It is my suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off.
It is necessary that the meeting (should) be put off.
He came to the office earlier lest he (should) miss the important meeting.

历年考题中的虚拟语气
1. If it hadn’t been for your help, we ___ (be) in real trouble. He would have given you more help, if he ___ (not be) so busy.
3. It is high time that we ___ (take) firm measures to protect our environment.
4. It was imperative that students ___ (finish) their papers before July 1st.
5. They demanded that the right to vote ___ (give) to every alt person.There was a mistake on my paycheck. I _____(receive) $10 more.I would rather he ____ ( buy) the house next year. The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we ___ (meet) them before.
9. Should she come tomorrow, I ___ take her to the museum.
[A] can [B] will [C] would [D] must
10. If we ___ everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.
[A] hadn’t got [B] didn’t get [C] wouldn’t have got [D] wouldn’t get

Key:
1. would have been 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句
2. had not been 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的从句
3. took It is high time +过去式的虚拟形式
4. should finish/finish It was imperative that+动词原形的虚拟形式
5. be given demand所接宾语从句用动词原形的虚拟形式
6. should have received 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句，表示“本应该收到”而实际上没有。
7. bought would rather后接宾语从句，从句用过去式表示虚拟语气。
8. had met as if 所引导的从句用过去完成式表示虚拟语气。
9. C 与将来事实相反的虚拟语气的主句。
10. A 从句与现在事实相反，但本身已经是现在完成时（从by now可以看出），所以变为过去完成时。
结束语：
掌握语法题的要诀在于1）牢记上述表格；2）分清楚题目属于哪种具体情况；3）熟练套用正确形式；4）最后再检查一下是否应作必要的改动：如是否被动，三人称动词后加s，动词的不规则变化等。在理解上述表格的适用条件后，再通过大量作题来巩固，及时纠正出现的错误，我们一定能攻克语法难题，在语法部分得到一个理想的分数！
____…., …..
leave me _worrying__ (worry)
Leave the book _damaged__ (damage)
Enable me to solve the problem .
Enable the problem to be solved

I would rather not go with you.
I would rather I didn’t go with you.
It’s time it _was done_ (do) immediately.
It’s time to do it immediately.
He acted as if the book had been written (write) by him.

Command, demand
The order which/that is given by my boss is hard to carry out.
The order that the task should be finished (finish) today is hard to carry out.

1. Studies have shown ___ teenagers often suffer from depression.
A. that B. which C. in which D. in that
2. ____ driving around all day looking for somewhere to park, why don’t you take a bus to town?
A. In spite of B. Rather than
C. In place of D. other than
He hasn’t read one book _other than__ novels.
He has read no book other than novels.

3. In his composition there were no other errors ___ a few misspelled words.
A. except B. besides C. than D. beside
4. In deciding ___ a course of action, the candidates tried to estimate its likely impact on the voters.
A. how to pursue B. whether to pursue
C. how pursuing D. whether pursuing
5. The kids are ___ be hungry when they get home—they always are.
A. obliged to B. bound to C. desired to D. motivated to
6. It is said the conference is ____ (hold) in this hall next month. Is to be held
7. Little did they realize that they had made_ (make) an important discovery in science.
8. A life lived (live) without fantasy and daydreaming is a really poor life indeed.
9. They proposed that the chance (that is available to them) be explained____ (explain) in detail.
10. (They are afraid that) everything well prepared (prepare), they may still lose the game.
11. While compelled (compel) to make the decision in a hurry, he made the right choice.
12. He is said/known/reported to have made (make) a lot of money before he was thirty years old.

He is said to take the job next week.
He is said to have taken the job last week.

I find him to have made a lot of money…
He is found to have made…
He said he had made
13. He would like to buy a used_ (use) car instead of a new one.
14. Having been deprived of all his money, he had to find a job to support himself.
15. How can you explain the phenomenon that occurs (occur) again and again in our daily life?

Ⅳ 英语语法的介绍

英语语法是针对英语语言的语法进行的研究。语法是组词造句的规则，是版把合适的词放进合适位权置的艺术文化底蕴，语法可以分成为两大部分：分别为词法和句法。词法包括各类词的形态及其变化，句法主要讲句子的种类和类型，句子成分以及遣词造句的规律。语法的精髓在于掌握语言的使用。

Ⅳ 英语中的一些常用语法

语从句(Subject Clause)

定义:如果一个句子在复合句中充当一个主语,那么这个句子就是主语从句.

第一部分：常规主语从句，即句子在复合句中充当一个主语

第二部分：为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在主语位置，真正主语搁置于句末

状语从句 （Adverbial Clause）
状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。

同位语部分是个句子,就是同位语从句,这种用法比较"固定",把关键的几个词背下来.
下面这个材料供参考.
===========================
一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如：
I heard the news that our team had won．我听到了我们队获胜的消息。
I had no idea that you were here．我不知道你在这里。
二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如：
I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon． 我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。
三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that，whether，连接副词 how,when,where等。（注：if,which 不能引导同位语从句。）如：
l have no idea When he will be back．我不知道他什么时候回来。
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.
他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。
四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。 如：
Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them．
几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视 察他们。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city．
他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。
五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别。
1、同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。如：
The news that l have passed the exam is true．我通过了考试这一消息是真的。
（同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。）
The news that he told me just now is true．他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。
（定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。）
2、引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成份，而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。如：
The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.
计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。（that在从句中不充当任何成份。）
The idea that he gave surprises many people．他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。
（that在从句中作gave的宾语。）
一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形
式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。

Ⅵ 英文语法详解

there was an exceptionally interesting person （with whom）I dated 是定语从句，修饰 person，省略连接词with whom。有一个我交往过的非常有趣专的人。 I thought I had found someone special to share my life with 是宾语从句，to后面表目的，我想我属找到了一个特别的人来分享我的生活。 What is most important to sb 对某人来说最重要的是...... 。

Ⅶ 介绍一些简单的英语语法知识．

一、英语语句基本结构分析：
主谓宾结构：

主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！

谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.

宾语：宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’，如：me，him，them等

例：The boy needs a pen.主语the boy，谓语needs(need的第三人称单数形式)，宾语a pen.

主系表结构：

主语：同‘主谓宾’结构。

联系动词（Link verb)：be动词（am,is,are,was,were,have been)；其他联系动词如：become成为，turn变成,go变。其特点是联系动词与其后的表语没有动宾关系，表语多为形容词或副词，既，不可能是宾语。

表语：说明主语的状态、性质、等。可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词。当联系动词不是be，而其后是名词和代词时，多表达‘转变为’之意，注意与动宾关系的区别。

感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻

例：Tom is a boy.(Tom是个男孩）/主语为Tom,系词为be动词的第三人称单数is，表语为a boy

There be 结构：

There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。

此结构后跟名词，表示‘（存在）有某事物’

试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）/前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词‘那里’。

二、定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。

定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。

形容词作定语：

The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.）/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。

Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。

There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。

数词作定语相当于形容词：

Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。

The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生。

There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。

代词或名词所有格作定语：

His boy needs Tom's pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。

His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。

There are two boys of Toms there./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。

介词短语作定语：

The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。

The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。

There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。

名词作定语：

The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。

It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔。

There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。

副词作定语：

The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。

The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。

不定式作定语：

The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。

The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。

There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。

分词（短语）作定语：

The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。

The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。

There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。

定语从句：

The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。

The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。

There are five boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个。
协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。
助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如：
He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。
（doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义)

2） 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：
a. 表示时态，例如：
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态，例如：
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句，例如：
Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？
Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗？
d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如：
I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气，例如：
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3） 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would

Ⅷ 英语常用语法

1. 名词

名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：
1）个体名词（Indivial Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。
2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。
3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。
4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：

_______________________________________
| |专有名词 | |
| 名 | | 个体名词 | |
| | | | 可数名词 |
| | | 集体名词 | |
| |普通名词 | | |
| 词 | | 物质名词 | |
| | | | 不可数名词|
| | | 抽象名词 | |

一、名词性从句

名词性从句主要分为四大类：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

<一>主语从句

1.that引导的主语从句

that引导的主语从句既可以放在句首也可以放在句末，在实际应用中我们常常采用it形式主语的形式。

例句：That he passed the English test is true. 千真万确，他通过了英语考试。

→It is true that he passed the English test.

2.形式主语的四个主要句型

（1）It + be + 名词 + that从句

例：It is a pity that…可惜的是

可应用于此句型的名词还有fact / shame / honor / question等。

（2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句

例：It is certain that… 很肯定

可应用于此句型的形容词还有clear / better / natural / important 等。

（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句

例：It is said that…据说

可应用于此句型的过去分词还有believed / known / reported等。

（4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句

例：It seems that…好像是

可应用于此句型的不及物动词还有happen / appear 等。

3.wh-引导的主语从句

例句：Where we will go hasn’t been decided. 我们要去哪儿还没定下来。

<二>宾语从句

1.that引导的宾语从句

that常用来引导宾语从句，通常that可以省略。

例句：He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.

他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。

注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，that从句常用“（should） + 动词原形”的结构（参考“虚拟语气”部分）。

2.wh-引导的宾语从句

例句：I want to know what he has told you.

我想知道他告诉了你什么。

3.形容词后面所跟的宾语从句

某些动态形容词（afraid、confident、aware、certain、sure、doubtful等）在句中做表语时，后面可跟宾语从句。

例句：I am confident that I can get the job.

我有信心我可以得到这份工作。

<三>表语从句

1.that引导的表语从句

基本结构：主语 + 系动词 + that从句

例句：The fact is that we have lost the game.

事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。

2.wh-疑问词引导的表语从句

例句：That is why I tell you the news..

那就是我为什么告诉你这个消息的原因。

3.从属连词as if、because、just as等引导的表语从句

例句：It is because I have ever heard of the story.

那是因为我曾经听说过这个故事。

<四>同位语从句

同位语从句通常由that引导

可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。

例句：The news that we won the game is exciting.

我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。

二、定语从句

<一>引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词

关系词
修饰先行词
例句

关系代词
that
人 / 物
Do you know the man that / who is talking to my brother？
你认识和我哥哥聊天的那个人吗？

which
物
The book that / which I borrowed from John is very interesting.
我从John那借来的书很有趣儿。

who
人
I don’t know the man that / who is waiting for you at the gate.
我不认识在大门口等你的人。

whom
人
The man that / whom you met in the supermarket is Tom’s father.
你在超市遇见的那个人是Tom的父亲。

whose
人 / 物
Do you know the man whose wife is injured in a car accident？
你认识那个在车祸中妻子受伤的人吗？

关系副词
when
时间
I will never forget the day when I met you.
我永远忘不了我遇见你的那一天。

where
地点
That is the school where I have studied for 6 years.
那就是我学习了六年的学校。

how
方式
I have forgot the way how to get to the railway station.
我已经忘了去火车站的路。

why
原因
That is the reason why he didn’t come.
那就是他没来的原因。

<二>that和which引导定语从句的区别

1.不用that的情况

（1）在引导非限定性定语从句时

例句：He can speak English fluently，which impressed me most.

他的英语讲得很流利，给我留下了深刻印象。

（2） 介词后不能用

例句：This is the house in which I have lived for 2 years.

这就是我居住了两年的房子。

2.只能用that引导定语从句的情况

（1）在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, something, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。

例句：There is nothing that we can use.

这里没什么我们可用的东西。

（2）先行词有no, the only, the very, some修饰时，只用that。

例句：This is the very man that I want to meet.

这正是我要见的人。

（3）先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，只用that。.

例句：That is the most important thing that I want to know.

那是我想知道的最重要的事。

三、状语从句

状语从句的分类及各种连词

分类
连词
例句

时间状语从句
after, before, as soon as, since, when, till, while等
I was reading when he entered the room.
当他进来的时候我正在读书。

地点状语从句
Where, wherever等
I have put the book where it was.
我已经把书放在原位了。

原因状语从句
because, as, since, for等
I don’t want to go because I am tired of any party.
我不想去因为我已经厌倦了任何宴会。

条件状语从句
if, unless, as long as, so long as等
If you have known the news, please tell me now.
如果你已经知道了这个消息，请现在告诉我。

让步状语从句
though，although，however等
I will not trust you although you have told me the truth.
尽管你已经告诉了我真相，我也不会信任你的。

结果状语从句
so that，so…that…, such…that…等
He ran so fast that nobody could catch up with him.
他跑得如此之快，以至于没人能跟上他。

目的状语从句
so that, in order that等
I must leave now so that I can catch the last bus.
我必须立刻离开以便我能赶上末班车。

方式状语从句
as, just as, as if, as though等
We should do as the teacher told us.
我们应该按照老告诉我们的去做。

比较状语从句
as…as…, not so…as, than等
This house is bigger than that one.
这所房子比那所房子大。
名词性从句考点：（1）连词的选择；（2）主句与从句时态的呼应；（3）同位语从句与定语从句的区别；（4）wh- 与wh-ever 的区别；（4）that在名词性从句中的省略问题；（5）名词性从句的语序问题

状语从句考点：（1）主句与从句的时态呼应问题；（2）连接词的选择（注意区别几组连接词：while / as / when引导时间状语从句；because / since / as / for引导原因状语从句；if / unless引导条件状语从句；so…that / such…that引导结果状语从句等）；（3）状语从句与非谓语动词之间的替换；（4）状语从句的倒装结构（hardly / scarcely…when；no sooner…than等）

定语从句考点：（1）关系词的选择；（2）that和which的区别；（3）关系词的省略问题；（4）介词在定语从句中位置（介词 + 关系代词）；（5）as引导的定语从句；（6）定语从句的先行词和关系词当中的插入语

2、代词
代词考点：（1）人称代词（形容词性物主代词、名词性物主代词、人称代词）；（2）反身代词（3）指示代词（it，that，one，ones等的用法）；（4）不定代词（不定代词所指代的内容及其单复数；不定代词的否定意义等）

3、动词（情态动词、动词和动词短语、时态语态、虚拟语气、非谓语动词）
情态动词考点：（1）情态动词的词义辨析；（2）在特定场景中情态动词的选择；（3）must / may / might在推测句中的区别；（4）should / could / would 等 + have + 动词的过去分词的用法；（5）need与dare分别做实义动词和助动词的区别

动词和动词短语考点：（1）动词和动词词组的词义辨析；（2）动词的固定搭配（动词 + 介词；动词 + 副词——介词和副词的选择）

时态语态考点：（1）八种基本时态；（2）主句与从句谓语动词的时态呼应；（3）动词touch / feel / write / sell 等主动表示被动的用法；（4）系动词的用法；（5）延续性动词和非延续性动词的用法

虚拟语气考点：（1）虚拟语气主句和从句时态及结构的对应；（2）动词（suggest / require / order / demand等）、名词（suggestion / requirement / order / demand等）、形容词（necessary / important / essential / basic等）的虚拟语气用法；（3）“It be ( high / about …) that + 句子”结构中的虚拟语气用法；（4）wish / hope等引导的虚拟语气；（5）as if 的虚拟语气；（6）虚拟语气的倒装

非谓语动词考点：（1）非谓语动词的时态、语态；（2）非谓语动词做状语；（3）独立主格结构；（4）with复合结构；（5）非谓语动词的逻辑主语；（6）非谓语动词的否定式；（7）现在分词和过去分词做定语的区别

4、交际用语
交际用语考点：（1）打电话；（2）询问情况；（3）征求许可与应答；（4）邀请与应答；（5）提供帮助与应答；（6）建议与应答；（7）道歉与应答；（8）问候与应答

5、介词
介词考点：（1）动词 + 介词；（2）介词和名词；（3）介词和数词；（4）except / except for / except that / besides用法；

6、冠词
冠词考点：（1）名词前的定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词的用法；（2）固定搭配中的冠词用法

7、名词
名词考点：（1）名词的单复数；（2）名词所有格；（3）词义辨析；（4）名词前的冠词；（5）名词的习惯用法；（6）名词做定语的用法

8、强调句型
强调句型考点：it引导的强调句型It be + 被强调部分 + that / who +其它

9、形容词副词
形容词副词考点：（1）词义辨析；（2）比较级；（3）多个形容词做定语的次序、位置（前置 / 后置）

10、主谓一致
主谓一致考点：（1）主语与谓语动词的语法一致；（2）就近原则（either…or / neither…nor / not only …but also等结构中的一致问题）；（3）附加原则，主语 + together / along with / in addition to / as well as / except / besides / including等 + 谓语动词结构中的主谓一致问题；（4）整体原则（主语从句、不定式、时间、距离、金钱等词组做主语，通常被视为一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；（5）有一类词（team / all / some / the rest 等）要根据它在句中实际表达的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数

Ⅸ 英语的常用语法

常用语法有 一、句型1——主语+谓语

我们知道，一个句子是为了说明一件事（或表达一种感情），最简单的表达方式，就是“谁，怎么样了”。这里的“谁”，就是句子的主语，它的内涵很丰富，可以是人、物、某种行为等。“怎么样了”，就是句子的谓语，由动词充当。主语+谓语，即构成一个最简单的句子。举一些简单的例子：

I dance.

She died.

we agree.

……

二、句型2——主语+谓语+宾语

句型2在句型1的基础上多了一个宾语，宾语是什么呢？还是从句子表达事情的角度看，可以理解为“谁，对谁怎么样了”。宾语，就是主语借助一个动作（谓语）作用的一个对象。还是举一些简单的例子：

I hate him.

I love you.

I dance with her.（注意，为什么这里多了一个with，学过动词那一节的同学肯定知道哦~）

……

三、句型3——主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语

在这个句型里，我们发现谓语后面跟了两个宾语，直接宾语，就是谓语动词直接作用的对象，而间接宾语，是指谓语需要先借助于一个间接的对象，再把动作传递到直接宾语身上。

如，I give him a book.（“给”，这个动作，最终作用的对象是“书”，但需要先通过“他”，把“给”这个动作传递到书）

注意，如果理解不了这种句型，关系并不大，只有很少一些动词需要通过接两个宾语的方式来表达完整的意思，记住这些动词就行了。

四、句型4——主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语

相对于句型2，这种句型中又多了一个宾语补足语，“补足”意思就是补充说明，所以宾语补足语的作用，就是用来补充说明宾语怎么样了。

I want you to go with me.（我要你，要你干什么呢？to go with me，即要你跟我一些走，这个部分就是宾语补足语。）

注意，在这种句型中，补足语可能不是一个具体的单词。

五、句型5——主语+系动词+表语

还记得系动词吗？我们在动词那一节也讲过哦，这里就不复习了。这个句型，就是在讲如何使用系动词。表语，就是跟在系动词后面的成分的一个统称，不用过分在意它是什么意思。感官类系动词，其后一般接形容词；be动词后一般接名词（或不定式等）。同样举一些最简单的例子：

It smells good.

She is a teacher.

……