Ⅰ 初中英语语法讲解
反义疑问句(The Disjunctive Question)
即附加疑问句。它表示提问人的看法,没有把握,需要对方证实。
它表示提问人的看法,没有把握,需要对方证实。反义疑问句由两部分组成:前一部分是一个陈述句,后一部分是一个简短的疑问句,两部分的人称时态应保持一致。
1.陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分否定式
2.陈述部分否定式+疑问部分肯定式
They work hare, don’t they?
She was ill yesterday, wasn’t she?
You didn’t go, did you?
He can’t ride a bike, can he?
请注意以下句型的反义疑问句的用法:
1.当陈述部分的主语是I , everyone, everything, nobody 时,后面的疑问句应表示为:
I am a student, aren’t I
Everyone is in the classroom, aren’t they?
Everything begins to grow in spring, doesn’t it?
Nobody will go, will they?
2. 当陈述部分有never,seldom, hardly,few,little,barely, scarcely, nothing 等否定词时,后面的疑问句则表示为:
There are few apples in the basket, are there?
He can hardly swim, can he?
They seldom come late, do they?
3. 当陈述部分是I think 加从句时,疑问句应和从句的人称时态保持一致。
I think chickens can swim, can’t they?
I think Lucy is a good girl, isn’t she?
I didn't think he was happy, was he?
4. 陈述部分有had better 时,疑问句应用hadn’t开头:
you’d better get up early, hadn’t you?
5.当陈述部分是祈使句时,疑问句要根据语气来表达
Let’s go out for a walk, shall we?
Let us go our for a walk, will you?
Turn on the radio, will you?
6.反义疑问句的回答用yes, no, 但是,当陈述部分是否定形式时,回答要按事实。如:
They don’t work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作,是吗?
Yes, they do. 不,他们工作努力。/No, they don’t. 对, 他们工作不努力。
Ⅱ 英语作文中常用复合句句型,求附中文及语法
并列复合句
1、基本概念:
并列复合句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。两个简单句常由并列连接词连在一起;但有时不用连接词,只在两个简单句之间用一逗号或分号。
2、常见的并列句:
(1) 用来连接两个并列概念的连接词有and , not only…but also…, neither…nor…等,and所连接的前后分句往往表示先后关系、递进关系。前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,若第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。
(2) 表示在两者之间选择一个, 常用的连接词有or,otherwise,or else,either…or…等,前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,若第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。
(3) 表明两个概念彼此有矛盾、相反或者转折, 常用的连接词有but,yet,still ,however等,前后分句时态一致。
(4) 说明原因, 用连接词for ,前后分句时态一致。
(5) 表示结果,用连接词so, 前后分句时态一致。
主从复合句
1、概念:
主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。如:While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.(爷爷奶奶们很爱孩子,同时对他们也严格要求。) / It seemed as if the meeting would never end.(看起来会议没完没了。) / Hurry up, or (else) you'll be late.(快点, 要不然就来不及了。) / However I cook eggs, the child still refuses to eat them.(不管我用什么方法煮鸡蛋,小孩还是不肯吃。)
2、分类:
从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等。(参见以下各条)
3、各从句在句子中的位置以及用法:
(1) 表语从句:在句子中作连系动词的表语的从句,它位于主句中的系动词之后
例如:That is why he did not come to school yesterday. / It is because you are so clever.
(2) 宾语从句:在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。
①基本形式:(主句+)连词+从句主语+从句谓语+...
② 关于宾语从句连词的选择:
若从句来源于一个陈述句,那么,连词用that,在口语中that可以省略;
若从句来源于一个一般疑问句,连词则用if 或whether;
若从句来源于一个特殊疑问句,则连词就是疑问词(如what,who,where,when等)
例如:They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings.(他们相信计算机终将代替人类。) (从句本来就是陈述句)/ I wonder whether I should say something for him to the headmaster. (我不知道是不是该为他在校长跟前说点什么。) (从句来源于一般问句Shall I say something for him to the headmaster?) / He asked me where he could get such medicine. (他问我在哪儿能搞到那样的药。) (从句来源于特殊问句Where can he get such medicine? )
③ 宾语从句的时态问题:如果主句是现在时,从句则用现在某一时态,甚至可以用过去时;
如主句是过去时,从句则相应地使用过去某一时态,遇到客观真理时仍然用现在时。如:I think I will do better in English this term. (我想本学期我的英语会学得好点。) / The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round. (老师问那个男孩地球是不是圆的。)
④ 下列结构后面的从句一般也作为宾语从句看待:
be sorry / afraid / sure / glad +that从句,如:I’m sorry I’m late. (对不起,我迟到了。) / I’m afraid he isn’t in at the moment. (恐怕他此刻不在家。)
(3) 状语从句:在复合句中作状语,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。状语从句可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比较、让步、条件等几种。状语从句由从属连接词引导。
时间状语从句通常由when ,as ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,since, till (until), while, whenever 等引导。时间状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。如: When you finish the work, you may go out to play with Sam. (你完成工作就可以出去和Jim一起玩了。) / I won’t leave until Mum comes back. (妈妈回来了我才会走。)
地点状语从句通常由 where, wherever等引导。如:Go back where you came from! (哪里来还滚到哪里去!) / I will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklace wherever he may be. (我永远也不会忘记去抓住那个偷我项链的贼,无论他会在哪里。)
原因状语从句通常由because, since, as等引导,一般放在句首或句尾。如:He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him. (他出国了,因为他父亲给他找了一所好大学。)
目的状语从句通常由so that..., so...hat..., in order that... 等引导,往往放在句尾,从句中通常含有can / could / may / might等情态动词。如:He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train. (他起身更早为的是赶上第一班车。)
结果状语从句通常由 so that..., so...that... 等引导,放在句尾。结果状语从句一般表示已经发生的事情,故多为过去时态。如:He lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one. (他丢了那么多辆自行车,他决定再也不买新车了。)
比较状语从句通常由as, than, as (so)...as等引导,一般省略从句的谓语部分,只剩下名词或代词(用主格或宾格均可)。如:Jane is much taller than I/me. (Jane比我高多了。) / I don’t have as many books as you (do). (我书没有你多)
让步状语从句通常由though (although), as, even if( even though), however, whatever等引导。如:Even if you pay the debt(债务) for me, I will not thank you because it has nothing to do with me. (即使你替我还了债我也不会感谢你,因为它与我毫无关系。) / He wears a T-shirt though it is very cold. (他穿了一件T恤衫,尽管天很冷。)
条件状语从句通常由if, unless, as long as等引导,条件状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。You will certainly fail in the coming final exams unless you work much harder. (即将来到的期末考试你肯定考不及格,除非你更用功。) / If it doesn’ t rain tomorrow, we shall go hiking. (如果明天不下雨我们就要去徒步旅行。)
[注意] 1、because与so;(al)though与but;if与so不可以同在一个句子中成对出现。2、时间、条件、原因,让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号与主句隔开。
(4) 定语从句:在复合句中作定语用修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
① 定语从句的位置:放在名词或代词的后面。如:The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. (手上抓了一把雨伞的人是我的叔叔。)
② 语法术语的改变:被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词;引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词,其中that、which、who称为关系代词,where、when、how称为关系副词。
③ 关系代词或关系副词的作用:
关系代词who、whom 和whose指人,分别在从句中作主语、宾语和定语。which指物that多指物, 有时也指人,它们在从句中可以作主语或宾语。定语从句中关系代词作从句宾语时可以省略。This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. (这个就是我们近日一直在找的小偷。) / Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. (请找一间足够大能住下我们全体的房间。)
关系副词when或where引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语。如:This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (这是一个星期前他们吵架的房间。) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。)
④ 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句在句中不能省略,否则主句意思就不完整。非限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,这种从句是一种附加说明,如果从句子中省去,也不致于影响主句的意思。如:She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of. (她一个晚上都在谈论她最近的书,我们一个人都没有听说过那本书。)
[注解]
1、关系代词只能用that的情况:当先行词是指事物的不定代词(all, anything等),或先行词部分含有最高级,或含有序数词时,不能用其他的关系代词,只能用that. 如:All that Lily told me seems untrue. (Lily告诉我的话似乎不真实。) / Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside? (能不能给我点里面没有糖的东西?) / This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city. (这是第一辆运行于我市的双层公交车。)
2、关系代词在从句中作主语时一般用who(指人)、that(指物),而不用that指人或用which指物。 如:Do you know the woman who is weeping in the corner? (你认识那个在角落里哭泣的女人吗?) / Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do with me. (跟我无关的话,请一个字也不要说。)
3、关系代词作从句的宾语时,常用which或whom,较少使用that或who,而且,关系代词常常省略。如:Tom’s father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to. (Tom的父亲是我们老师第一个谈话的人。)
4、当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时,必须用which或whom,而当介词移到句尾时,则又可以使用that或who. 如:This is the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is the room Miss Li once lived in.) (这是李小姐曾经居住过的房间。)
(5) 主语从句:在句子中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句。位于谓语动词之前。通常由that,whether以及疑问连词引导。一般情况下,常用it替代主语从句,而将主语从句移到句尾。如:When we should start is still a question. (我们该在什么时候开始还是个问题呢。)
Ⅲ 初中英语语法总结
http://wenku..com/view/a74ac2c69ec3d5bbfd0a744a.html
网络文库 有财富值就可以下载 好好看吧~~
个人认为这篇总结的不专错 而且篇幅少一些,属
http://wenku..com/view/93189cc30c22590102029d1d.html
Ⅳ 初中英语复合句
在初中范围复合句中主要有状语从句和宾语从句(名词性从句)两种,我们首先来看宾语从句。内
①在及物容动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语,如:
I knew the man, 而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语,如:
I knew that he was a good man
Ⅳ 初中英语复合句
在初中范围复合句中主要有状语从句和宾语从句(名词性从句)两种,我们首先来看宾语从专句。
①在及物动词的属后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语,如:
I knew the man, 而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语,如:
I knew that he was a good man
Ⅵ 英语语法讲解复合句
复合句指的是含有两个或更多的主谓结构的句子,其中有一个(或更多)主谓结构充当句子的某一(些)成分,如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语等。主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句都属于复合句。
一、状语从句:
状语从句 Adverbial Clause,从句用作状语称为状语从句。根据用途,状语从句可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、方式、让步、结果、目的等状语从句。
I. 时间状语从句
时间状语从句表示时间,常用的关联词有when, until, as, after, before, once, since, as long as, whenever等等。
例: 1) When you cross a main road, you must be careful.
2) He went out to play football after he had finished his homework.
3) Wait until you are called.
4) I can't recognize you. You are so changed since last we met.
5) He didn't go to school until he was eleven.
You can use my house as long as you are careful.
He is so terrible once he is drunk.
I listen to the radio while I walk every evening.
II. 地点状语从句
地点状语从句表示地点,常用的关联词有where, wherever, anywhere等。
例如:1) Put it where you found it.
2) Sit down wherever you like.
3) Anywhere she goes, he goes too.
III. 原因状语从句
原因状语从句表示原因或理由,常用的关联词有because, as, since, in case等。
1) I eat ice-cream so much because I like sweet food.
2) As I didn't know the way, I asked a policeman.
3) Since you won't help me, I'll ask someone else.
I'll take my raincoat in case it rains. (in case it rains = because it may rain)我将带上雨衣,以防下雨。
IV. 条件状语从句
条件状语从句表示真实的或现实的条件,引导从句所用的关联词有if, unless, suppose, in case(that), in the event (that), as (so) long as等等。
1) If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.
You'll be late, unless you hurry.
3) Suppose we are late, what will he say? (suppose从句必须放在主句之前) 我们如果迟到了,他会说什么?
4) In the event that our team wins, there will be a party.
5) In case it rains, do not expect me. 如果下雨,就不要等我了。
6) He will do anything as(so) long as it is interesting. 只要好玩,他什么都愿意做。
V. 方式状语从句
方式状语从句表示动作的方式,回答How的问题,常用关联词as, as if, as though, the way(that), in the way(that)等引导,一般置于主语之后。
Do as I say. I did just as you told me. 照我说的去做。我就是照你说的去做的。
He acts as if/as though he is the owner. 他行为举止好象是这儿的主人似的。
They did it in a way that I had never seen before. 他们以我从没见过的方式行事。
I was never allowed to sing the way I wanted to. 我从未被允许用自己想用的方式唱歌。
VI. 让步状语从句
让步状语从句表示“虽然、尽管、即使”等概念,使句子具有对比的因素。常用的关联词有although, though, even if, even though, not that(=although…not)等,置于主语之前或后。
1) Although you feel very ill right now, this is still a common disease.
2) Though he has lived for years in London, he writes in French.
3) We intend to go U.S., even if air fares are expensive.
4) Even though fruits are good, you can't live with fruits only.
5) I'm OK now, not that I slept (although I did not sleep) very well last night.
VII. 结果状语从句
结果状语从句表示结果, 常由连词so…that, such(a/an)…that, so that, such that等引导,置于主语之后。
She was so frightened about the dog that she cried.
The news worried him so much that he didn't sleep at all for the whole night.
He is such a wonderful joker that you can't help laughing.
They are such wonderful players that no one can beat them.
We arrived early, so that we got good seats.
The weather was such that I couldn't go out.
VIII. 目的状语从句
目的状语从句表示目的,回答what for或 for what purpose的问题,常用关联词so that, in order that等引导,一般置于主语之后。目的状语从句中的谓语动词常由“情态动词+动词原形”构成。
Ships carry lifeboats so that people can escape if the ship sinks.
They wrote the notice in several languages so that foreigners could understand it.
We carved their names on the stone in order that people should always remember them.
They risk their lives so that/in order that they may support their kids.
二、定语从句
定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有:when, where, why等
1. 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换),例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3) which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如: A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语)
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)
2. 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
1)when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用.例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2)that代替关系副词that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略.例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.
他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方
3. 判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。
方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
4. 限制性和非限制性定语从句
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,例如:
This is the house which we bought last month.
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如: Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。
3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。
说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
5. 介词+关系词
1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2)that前不能有介词。
3) 某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
6. as, which 非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:
(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。
(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which。
7. 先行词和关系词二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替)
8. what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever
1)what = the thing which;whatever = anything
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who
3) that 和 what
当that引导定语从句时 ,通常用作关系代词,而引导名词性从句时,是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句, 用作连接代词,作从句的具体成分,且不能省略。
9. 关系代词that 的用法
1)不用that的情况
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
b) 介词后不能用。
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。
b) 在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。
c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。
d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。
e) 先行词既有人,又有物时,只用that。
三、名词性从句:
在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语与同位语的句子分别叫做主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句, 这些统称为名词性从句。
(一)主语从句
在复合句中用作主语的从句叫主语从句。
A 为了强调主语从句的内容,可将从句置于句首
B 大部分主语从句都可以用it作形式主语
为了保持句子平衡,主语从句常用it作形式主语,将主语从句后置。用it作形式主语的主语从句结构有如下几种:
1、It is + 名词 + that从句
2、It is + 形容词 + that从句
3、It + 动词 + that从句
4、It is + 过去分词 + that从句
用形式主语it引导的主语从句相当多,有些已形成固定的语法和译法。常见的有:
It is said that... 据说……
It is reported that... 据报导……
It is well known that... 众所周知……
It is announced that... 据宣布……
It is believed that... 人们相信……
It is thought that... 人们认为……
It is understood that... 自不待言……
It must be pointed out that... 必须指出……
It must be admitted that... 必须承认……
(二)宾语从句
宾语从句 The Object Clause,在复合句中作主句的宾语,它属于名词性从句。它可以作主句谓语动词的宾语,也可以作介词的宾语。宾语从句以从句的句式来决定连接词。
宾语从句有四步曲
连接词: (也叫引导词)
语序: 从句的词序用陈述语序(主+ 谓)
时态: 主句的时态如果是过去时,从句的时态应以过去时为基础作相应的变化。
人称: 要根据句中的意义作相应的变化
连接词(引导词)
从属连词 that ,if ,whether
连接代词 who, whom, whose, which, what
连接副词 when ,where ,how ,why
1.如果陈述句作从句,连接词用that,在口语和非正式语体中常可省略that 。
2.特殊疑问句作从句,就用原来的特殊疑问词
3.一般疑问句作从句,连词用if或whether 在选择疑问句只用whether,记住这一结构:whether … or not 。
(三)表语从句
表语从句放在连系动词之后,充当复合句中的表语。
A 可接表语从句的连系动词
可接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, seem, sound, appear等。
B as, as if / though引导的表语从句
C because, why引导的表语从句
what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时,后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导,不宜用because。
D 使用虚拟语气的表语从句
在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句,谓语动词需用"should+动词原形"表示,should可省略。常见的词有:advice, suggestion, order, proposal, plan, idea等。
(四)同位语从句
同位语从句用于对前面的名词作进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容。同位语从句一般由that引导,但也可以由whether以及连接代词和连接副词引导。
A 同位语从句一般跟在名词的后面
同位语从句一般跟在名词fact, hope, idea, news, doubt, suggestion, information, opinion, decision, discovery, truth, promise, statement, problem, rule等后面。
B 使用虚拟语气的同位语从句
在一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后的同位语从句中,谓语动词用"should + 动词原形",should可省略。
Ⅶ 寻初中英语常见句子(语法要正确!)及语法!
英语日常用语一
▲Potluck Party :一种聚餐方式,主人准备场地和餐具,叁加的人必须带一道菜准备饮料,最好事先问问主人的意思。
▲Pull over!把车子开到旁边。
▲Drop me a line!写封信给我。
▲Give me a ring. = Call me!来个电话吧!
▲For here or to go?堂食或外卖。
▲cool; That's cool! 等于国内年轻人常用的囗语“酷!”,表示不赖嘛!用于人或事均可。
▲What's up? = What's happening? = What's new? 见面时随囗问候的话“最近在忙什么?有什么新鲜事吗?一般的回答是“Nothing much!” 或“Nothing new!”
▲Cut it out! = Knock it out!= Stop it! 少来这一套!同学之间开玩笑的话。
▲Don't give me a hard time! 别跟我过不去好不好!
▲Get yourself together! 振作点行不行!
▲Do you have "the" time? 现在几点钟?可别误以为人家要约你出去。
▲Hang in there. = Don't give up. = Keep trying. 再撑一下。
▲Give me a break ! 你饶了我吧!(开玩笑的话)
▲Hang on. 请稍候。
▲Blow it. = Screw up. 搞砸了。
▲What a big hassle. 真是个麻烦事。
▲What a crummy day. 多倒霉的一天。
▲Go for it. 加油
▲You bet. = Of course. 当然;看我的!
▲Wishful thinking. 一厢情愿的想法。
▲Don't be so fussy! 别那么挑剔好不好。
▲It's a long story. 唉!说来话长。
▲How have you been? = How are you doing? 你过得如何?近来可好?
▲Take things for granted. 自以为理所当然。
▲Don't put on airs. 别摆架子。
▲Wishful thinking.一厢情愿的想法。
▲Don't be so fussy! 别那么挑剔好不好!
▲Give me a lift! = Give me a ride! 送我一程吧!
▲Have a crush on someone. 迷恋某人。
▲What's the catch? 有什么内幕?
▲Party animal. 开Party狂的人(喜欢叁加舞会的人)。
▲Pain in the neck. =Pain in the ass.讨厌的东西、人或事。
▲Skeleton in the closet.家丑
▲Don't get on my nerve! 别把我惹毛了!
▲Afat chance. =A poor chance. 机会很小。
▲Don't put on airs! 别摆架子!
▲I am racking my brains. 我正在绞尽脑汁。
▲She's a real drag. 她真有点碍手碍脚。
▲Spacingout.=daydreaming. 做白日梦。
▲I am so fed up. 我受够了!
▲It doesn't go with your dress. 跟你的衣服不配。
▲What's the point? = What are you trying to say? 你的重点是什么?
▲By all means.=Definitely. 一定是。
▲ steam 蒸 poach 水煮 boil 煮 toast 烤(面包)grill 烤、煎 roast(ck) 烘烤、红烧、(烤鸭) braise 油炸过用温火炖 pure 煮成浓汤 broil 烧、烤 season 加调味料 panbroil 用浅锅烧烤 seasoning 调味料 fry 炸、炒 dressing 沙拉酱 bake 烤 gravy 肉 saute' 用温火慢炒 appetizer 饭前菜、小菜 stew 炖、焖、红烧 entree 主菜 simmer 慢炖、煨 snack 点心、小点 stir fry 快炒、大火炒 marinate 腌、用卤泡,卤 smoke 熏
▲Let's get a bite. = Let's go eat. 去吃点东西吧!
▲I'll buy you a lunch (a drink; a dinner). = It's on me. =My treat. 我请客
▲Let's go tch. 各付各的
▲My stomach is upset. 我的胃不舒服
▲diarrhea [dai r'i ] 拉肚子
▲吃牛排时,waitor 会问 "How would you like it ?" 就是问“要几分熟?”的意思,可以选择 rare,medium 或 well-done。
▲I am under the weather. =I am not feeling well. 我不太舒服!
▲May I take a rain check? 可不可改到下次?(例如有人请你吃饭,你未能赴约,只好请他改到下一次。)
▲I am not myself today. 我今天什么都不对劲!
▲Let's get it straight. 咱们把事情弄清楚!
▲What's the rush! 急什么!
▲Such a fruitcake! 神经病!
▲I'll swing by later. =I'll stop by later. 待会儿,我会来转一下。
▲I got the tip straight from the horse's mouth. 这个消息是千真万确的(tip指消息)!
英语日常用语二
▲easy as pie = very easy = piece of cake 很容易。
▲flunk out 被当掉。
▲take french leave 不告而别。
▲I don't get the picture. =I don't understand. 我不明白。
▲You should give him a piece of your mind. 你应该向他表达你的不满。
▲hit the road = take off = get on one's way 离开。
▲Now he is in the driver's seat =He is in control now.
▲Keep a low profile (or low key). 采取低姿态。
▲Kinky =bizarre =wacky =weird 古怪的。
▲klutz (=clutz) =idiot 白痴、笨蛋。
▲know one's way around 识途老马。
▲lion's share 大部份。
▲tailgate 尾随(尤其跟车跟得太近)。
▲take a back seat. 让步。
▲take a hike =leave me alone =get lost 滚开。
▲hit the hay =go to bed 睡觉。
▲Can you give me a lift? =Can you give me a ride? 载我一程好吗?
▲green hand 生手、没有经验的人。
▲moonshine = mountain dew 指私酿的烈酒(威士忌)或走私的酒。胡说八道也可用moonshine。His story is plain moonshine.
▲chill out =calm down =relax(来自黑人英语)
▲rip off =steal;I was ripped off.我被偷了;rip off 也常被用为“剥夺”My right was ripped off. 权利被剥夺(来自黑人英语)。
▲我们称美国大兵为G.I. (Government Issue) or GI Joe, 德国兵或德国佬为
Fritzor Kraut,称英国佬为John Bull,日本人为Jap.或Nip,犹太人为Jew都是
很不礼貌的称呼。
▲mess around (with)瞎混;Get to work. Don't mess around.赶快工作,别瞎搅和。
▲snob 势利眼。
▲sneak in,sneak out 偷偷溜进去,溜出来。sneakers 运动鞋。
▲She is such a brown-noser. 她是个马屁精。
▲This is in way over my head. 对我而言这实在太难了。
▲I am an exam jitter and I always get a cramp in my stomach. 我是个考试紧张大师,一考试胃就抽筋。
▲Keep your study (work) on track. 请按进度读书(工作)。
▲Did you come up with any ideas? 有没有想到什么新的意见?
▲Don't get uptight !Take it easy. 别紧张,慢慢来!
▲Cheese ! It tastes like cardboard. Cheese吃起来味如嚼腊!
▲Get one's feet wet. 与中文里的“涉足”或“下海”,寓意相同,表示初尝某事。I am going to try dancing for the very first time. Just to get my feet wet.
▲美国总统到底是比尔·柯林顿还是威廉·柯林顿?吉米·卡特和詹姆斯·卡特是否同一人?根据语言学家William Safire的分析,美国多数政客都喜欢使用昵名代替他们原来的名字,如Bill就是 William的昵称,Jimmy等于James等,好造成一种平易近人的形象。
▲选课、课程
Add/Drop Course
Audit
Bulletin
College Catalog
Core Curriculum
Credit/Unit
Elective
Handout
Independent Study
Lecture
Prerequisite
Practical Training
Registration
Syllabus
Withdraw
▲考试、作业
Assignment
Blue Book
Cram
Dissertation
Final
Mid-term
Multiple-choice Exam
Open-book Exam
Oral Exam
Placement Test
Preliminary Test
Quiz
Research Paper
Take-home Exam
Presentation
▲学位、成绩
A.A./A.S
B.A./B.S.
Doctorate
Dropout
Grade Point Average
Incomplete
Major
Master's Degree
Minor
Pass/Fail Grading System
Probation
▲学校行政
Academic Advisor
Academic Year
Alumna/Alumus
Bursar/Treasurer
College
Community College
Dean
Department
Faculty
Foreign Student Advisor
Professor Emeritus
Quarter
Registrar
Registry
Semester
Session
Stipend
Trimester
Vocational School
Ⅷ 初中英语语法详细讲解
现在的语法书简直多数是拼凑的,枯燥难懂,估计多数学生看后都头疼,老师也不想多看只是没办法才抽取精华来讲解。作为教师和作者,限于出版社的要求自己也没办法改变这个模式,只有传统的模式来做。
自己也苦苦思考,到底我们老师应该给学生做些什么帮助他们呢?所以自己根据自己平时教学总结的经验和经常辅导基础差的学生之后总结了简单易懂的初中语法教程,形成了自己特色的语法书。但愿未来的出版能够给学生们做出自己的贡献。
一定要买些简单易懂的语法书,才是一种享受,否则只会看后头疼痛苦没有多大进步。或者参加培训班,那都是精华。有些书特别是词汇辨析的,看后简直是迷糊无所获,者都在于作者网上搜集看别人的修改成的,没有自己的思维特色和见解来做的书,因为出版社要求作者一定的时间作出稿件,根本时间不多,或者作者为了完成任务接着做下一个稿件挣更多的稿费。经济时代也许有很多的无奈,所以说垃圾书是普遍存在的。中国这么多人一个县卖一本也销售好多了啊。所以都讲究出版速度。况且很多出版商都是买的书号销售图书,根本不从精细处真正为读者考虑。我研究过数十本语法书,感觉印象深的还是《新编简明英语语法》和《中学英语语法讲座与测试》最好了,不过《新编简明英语语法》我从亲戚那里弄来一本有8年了,还是盗版的一直很好的保存借鉴着,这本语法书还是相对很不错的。 总之语法其实很简单,不要沉迷于语法书,那样太累并且看后会更加反感困惑,对英语迷糊。不过任何事情都是对人的。
Ⅸ 初中英语语法大全
学英语一开始要学发音。英语是拼音文字,由字母组单字。英语字母共有二十六个,其中字母a、e、i、o、u是元音字母,其余二十一个是辅音字母,其中y字母有时当元音字母用。每个字母可以有一个或一个以上的读音,因此,英语语音共有五十个音位,音位的书写形式是音位字母,即音标符号,一个音位字母即音标,表示一个音位,所以,必须先学习五十个KK音标,然后根据发音规则拼读单字。下面是一些常用的发音规则。
一、辅音字母在单字中的发音一般是一对一的,如p-b、t-d、k(qu)、f-v、s-z、r、h、j、m、n、l、w就发它的本音,一般字母和音标写法一致,或者字母名称当中,包含了这个字母的音素。
二、有些辅音字母有多个发音。如:字母c后面接a,o,u的时候,c的发音与字母k发音相同,叫做“hard c sound”,当字母c后面接e,i,或y的时候,通常c的发音与字母s发音相同,叫做“soft c sound” 。有时在e或i前面,c会发/ʃ/音。字母g后面接a,o,u的时候,所发的音叫做“hard g sound” ,当字母g后面接e,i,或y的时候,有时g的发音与字母j的发音相同,叫做“软g音”。x在单词中间或结尾时发/ks/音,在单词中间时有时发/gz/音,在单词起始位置时发/z/音。y在单词起始位置时发音为辅音/j/,单词或音节中间或结尾时被当做元音,在重读开音节里发长元音/aɪ/,在重读闭音节里和词末发短元音/ɪ/。
三、辅音字母组合的发音也是有规律可循的。常见的辅音字母组合有:tr-dr,发音时舌身与r相似,舌尖贴上齿龈后部,气流冲破阻碍发出短促的t-d后立刻发r。ck只发一个k的音,ng的发音是舌头抵住上颚后方所发出的鼻音,n在k之前也这样发音。
四、复合字母构成的单音。digraph是两个(或三个)辅音字母在一起只发一个音,通常指以下四种组合:ch(tch),sh,wh和th。ch发/tʃ/音,sh发/ʃ/音,一般来说wh发/hw/音(清辅音),但在o前面发/h/音,th的发音则需要一些记忆力了,在虚词和一部分代词中发浊音(舌尖在上下牙齿中间,声带需要振动,声音从牙齿和舌头之间的缝隙里出来),其它以th开始的单词基本上都发清音(舌尖在上下牙齿中间,声音从牙齿和舌头之间的缝隙里出来,但是声带不振动)。
五、在有些辅音字母组合中,其中一个字母是不发音的,如kn中的k、ps中的p、mb和bt里的b、mn里的m、wr中的w。在罗曼语族词汇里,辅音字母h一般也不发音;而在法语词源的外来语里,辅音字母在词末也不发音,如depot、ballet、faux pas等。
六、英语里元音的发音比较复杂,每个元音都可以发多个音,掌握了元音的发音规律才能对整个单词的发音有比较准确的掌握。元音字母有五个:a,e,i,o,u,另外y在一个单词的中间或结尾时也被当做元音。每个单词里都包含有至少一个元音,元音是单词的“最强音”。元音所发的音取决于该元音在单词中的位置或它是如何与其它元音组合的。一般来说,如果五个元音字母中的任意一个后面紧接着一个或几个辅音字母,这个元音字母就处于重读闭音节中,发成短音:a发/æ/、e发/ɛ/、i和y都发/ɪ/音、o发/α/、u发/ʌ/音。
七、如果一个单词以字母e结尾,前面的元音发长音,叫做重读相对开音节(magic e)。如果一个元音是在一个单词或重读音节的结尾,该元音也发长音,叫做重读开音节,所谓长音就是元音字母的名字,如:a的长音为/e/,e的长音为/i/,i和y的长音都是/aɪ/,o的长音为/o/,u的长音为/ju/。重读相对开音节结尾的字母e只起到让前面的元音发长音的作用,自己是不发音的。
八、当一个单词或音节里有两个元音时,通常第一个元音发长音,第二个元音不发音,叫做vowel digraph。但是al、au、aw、ou、o有时发/ɔ/这个音,也是长元音。但是,在一些特殊情况下,元音后面紧接着辅音字母的时候,该元音是发长音的。如o在st、ld前,i在gh、gn、ld、nd前都要发长音,但元音字母o接st时有时也发成长元音/ɔ/,如cost,lost等。
九、双元音是两个元音音素组合在一起的,所以听上去有两个音,尽管这两个音并不是两个元音所单独发出的,如oi(oy)和ou(ow)分别发/ɔɪ/和/aʊ/音。
十、元音字母与r结合起来后,发卷舌音,如ar发/αr/、or发/ɔr/、er、ir、ur都发/ɝ/。
十一、五个元音字母在非重读音节中发弱元音/ə/。
学会了发音后,再开始学词汇和语法。英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼西部语支,英语的词汇有开放性,一部分是日耳曼语族词汇,一部分是罗曼语族词汇,还有一部分是从法语、德语、西班牙语、意大利语、拉丁语、希腊语、阿拉伯语以及其它语言引进的词汇。英语属于屈折语,但是它的屈折变化形式相对比较少,除了名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词有词形变化外,数词、冠词、介系词、连接词、感叹词都是不变的,只有简单句、并列句、复合句三种句子结构,词序比较固定。只要你用心学,一定能学好英语这门语言的,希望我能帮助到你。