语法抄方面建议用奥风英语的袭
中学语法三剑客，包括
中考语法完全突破
视频教程，记忆大纲，和精编中考语法专项练习，三件一套，视频供学习理解，大纲供背诵记忆，练习供运用巩固，学记练一体，全面系统，配套完善，直节针对中考，可以说是目前公认最好的语法资料了。网络
中考语法完全突破
即可找到视频，不妨搜来看看。词汇方面可以看看
中考词汇篇章式记忆，配MP3的。
2. 初三英语全部的单词和语法！！急！！！
奥风英语的 中考语法三剑客+中考词汇篇章式记忆 全都有了
3. 初中语法全解，英语常用单词
1、动词的分类：
类 别 意 义 例 句
实义动词 含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句子中能独立作谓语。 She has some bananas. 她吃些香蕉。
They eat a lot of potatoes. 他们常吃土豆。
I’m reading an English book now.
我现在正看一本英文书。
连系动词 本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语。 His father is a teacher.他父亲是教师。
Twins usually look the same.
双胞胎通常看起来一样。
The teacher became very angry. 老师变得很生气。
助动词 本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其它语法形式,助动词自身有人称、单复数和时态的变化。 He doesn’t speak English. 他不说英语。
We are playing basketball. 我们在打篮球。
Do you have a brother? 你有兄弟吗？
情态动词 本身有一定的意义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和单复数的变化,有些情态动词有过去式。 You can keep the books for two weeks.
这些书你可以借两个星期。
May I smoke here? 我可以在这儿抽烟吗？
We must go now. 我们现在得走了。
★重要注解：
(1) 关于实义动词：
① 英语的实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词两大类：
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词；本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词。
② 有些动词通常只作不及物动词。如：go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall等。
有些动词通常用作及物动词。如：say, raise, lay, find, buy等。
③ 大多数动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。如：study, sing等。
④ 有些动词作及物动词与作不及物动词时的意义有所不同。如：know, wash等。
⑤ 有些动词常和介词 、副词或其它词类一起构成固定词组,形成短语动词。如：listen,reply,wait,look.
(2) 关于连系动词：
① 连系动词用来连接主语和表语,连系动词后面常为形容词。
② 常见的连系动词有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、 go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。
③ 有些连系动词来源于实义动词,意思也跟着变化：look(看→看起来)、feel(感觉、摸→感到)、 smell(闻、嗅→闻起来)、taste(尝→尝起来)、turn(翻转、转动→变得)、grow(生长→变得)、get(得到、到达→变得)、go(去→变得),所不同的是,作为实义动词时,后面不能跟形容词。
[注释]
become、get、go、be、grow、turn的用法区别：become表示“变成”,比较正式,通常不用将来时表示动作已经完成。get也表示动作已经完成,但是更加口语化,通常表示温度、时间、岁数等变化。go表示“变得”,常见于某些短语中,后面常有形容词bad、blind、hungry等。be表示“是、成为、当”,多用于将来时、祈使句或不定式中。grow表示“变得”,常指逐渐的变化,表示身高、岁数的增长。turn表示“变得”,指变为与原先不同的情况,通常指颜色等变化。如：I was caught in the rain and I became ill.(我淋雨感冒了)/ He has got rich.(他变富了)/ He will be a scientist in the future.(将来他将成为科学家)/ My little brother has grown much taller in the past year.(在过去的一年里我的弟弟长得高多了)/ The sandwich has gone bad.(那块三明治已经变坏)/ Her face turned red after her mother criticized(批评) her.(妈妈批评了他以后他的脸变红了)
(3) 关于助动词：
①常见的助动词有：用于进行时和被动语态的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being ) ;用于完成时的have(has,had,having) ;用于将来时的shall (should) ; will (would)和用于一般时的do(does,did) .
②助动词必须同主语的人称和数一致,也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如：shall, will, should, would.
(4) 关于情态动词：
①常见的情态动词有：can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will (would), dare (dared) , need等,另外,have to、had better也当作情态动词使用。情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。
②can表示体力、脑力方面的能力或客观的可能性。口语中, 在询问或说明一件事可不可以做时,常用“can”代替“may”。情态动词“can”的过去式是“could”,否定式是“cannot”通常缩写成“can’t”,“could”的否定式是“could not”,通常缩写成“couldn’t”。如：Can I help you?(要帮忙吗？)/ He can swim.(他会游泳)/ That can’t be Mr Li.(那不可能是李先生)
③ may表示允许、请求或可能性,用may提问时,肯定回答一般用Certainly或Yes,you may.;否定回答一般用can’t或mustn’t. 如：May I ask you a question?—Certainly.(可以问你一个问题吗？当然可以)/ You may go now.(现在你可以走了)/ It may be in your pocket.(它可能在你的衣袋里)
④ must表示“必须”、“一定”的意思。表示“必须”时否定形式是mustn’t；表示“一定”时,否定形式是“can’t” 如：We must be very careful when we cross the road.(我们过马路时一定要非常小心)/ It must be Jack.(那准是杰克)/ I haven’t seen Kate today. She can’t be here.(我今天没有看到过凯特,她不可能在这里)
[注意]用must(必须)进行提问时,肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn’t；用must(一定)进行提问时,肯定回答仍用must,但是否定回答用can’t.如：Must we clean the room before we leave? –Yes,you must.或No,you needn’t.(我们走之前必须要打扫房间吗？是的,必须打扫。/ 不,不需要。) / Must she be in the romm? –Yes,she must.或No,she can’t.(她一定在房间里吗？是的,一定。/ 不,不可能在。)
⑤ “have to”表示“不得不”、“必须”。We’ll have to leave now for it is very late at night.
have to的疑问形式是：助动词+…+have to,否定形式是：助动词+not+have to或者用needn’t.如：Do you have to stay until 8 o’clock?(你得呆到8点钟吗？)/ You don’t have to do so.(=You needn’t do so.)(你不用这么做)
⑥ shall在问句中,可表示征求对方意见,与第一人称连用；在陈述句的第二、三人称的主语后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允许”等。如：Shall we go to the zoo this weekend?(我们这个周末去动物园好吗？)/ He shall bring his own book next time.(他下次必须带自己的书来)
⑦ should可表示“劝告”、“建议”、“惊奇”等意思。We should speak to old people politely.(我们应该礼貌地对老人讲话)
⑧ will表示“意愿”、“决心”等意思,一般与第二人称连用。如：Will you please close the door for me?(请你替我把门关上好吗？)/ I will teach you a lesson.(我要教训你一顿)
⑨would表示过去的“意愿”、“决心”等。He would sit near the fire every time he returned home.(每次他回到家中总要坐在火炉边)
would也可以表示现在的情况,表达说话人向对方提出的要求,语气比“will”婉转、客气。在日常会话中,“我想要…”通常用“I would like to”或“I should(I’d) like to”来表示。如：Would you like to have a rest at the moment?(你现在想要休息一下吗？)
would还可以表示过去经常发生的事情。如：Every year parents would tell their children about the boy who would save his people.(每一年父母们总是向孩子们讲述这个将会拯救他的人民的男孩的事)
⑩ need表示“需要”,用于疑问句或否定句。“need”作实义动词时,在肯定、否定、疑问句中都可以用。如：He needn’t do it in such a hurry.(他不需要如此匆忙地做这件事)/ He needs some help.(他需要一些帮助)/ He doesn’t need to bring his football socks then.(那么他就无须带上足球袜了)
⑾ dare是“敢”的意思,用法几乎与“need”完全相同,即在疑问句和否定句中,可以作情态动词,后面用不带“to”的动词不定式。在肯定句中和实义动词一样,后面的动词不定式要带“to”。How dare you say I am a fool?(你竟敢说我是个傻瓜？)/ He didn’t dare to touch the red button.(他不敢触碰那个红色的按钮)
⑿ ‘d better (do)(“最好是”)一般也当作情态动词使用,否定式是：’d better not (do). 如：You’d better sit here and say nothing.(你最好坐在这儿不讲话)/ You’d better not speak because he is sleeping.(你最好不要讲话因为他正在睡觉)
2、动词词形变化一览表：
(1)规则动词变化表：
规 则变 化 原形动词结尾情况 现在时单三人称 现 在 分 词 过去式和过去分词
一般情况 +s +ing +ed
s,x,ch,sh,o结尾 +es +ing +ed
辅音字母+y结尾 y→i,+es +ing y→i,+ed
重读闭音节一元一辅结尾 +s 双写辅音字母,+ing 双写辅音字母,+ed
不发音的e结尾 +s 去掉e,+ing +d
ie结尾 +s ie→y,+ing +d
不规则变化 have→has；be→is (无) (见不规则动词变化表)
注意：①在加ing或ed时动词如果以“r”结尾,尾音节又重读的动词,“r”应双写。
②s/es的读音规则：在清辅音后读[s]；在浊辅音后和元音后读[z]；在[ s ]、[ F]、[z]、[tF]、[dV]后读[iz].
③ed的读音规则：在清辅音后读[t]；在浊辅音后和元音后读[d]；在[t]、[d]后读[id].
(2)不规则动词变化表：( 原形 → 过去式 → 过去分词)
be(am,is) was been lose lost lost
be(are) were been make made made
beat beat beaten may might
become became become mean meant meant
begin began begun meet met met
blow blew blown mistake mistook mistaken
break broke broken must must
bring brought brought pay paid paid
build built built put put put
buy bought bought read read Read
can could ride rode ridden
catch caught caught ring rang rung
choose chose chosen rise rose risen
come came come run ran run
cost cost cost say said said
cut cut cut see saw seen
dig g g sell sold sold
do did done send sent sent
draw drew drawn set set set
drink drank drunk shall should
drive drove driven shine shone shone
eat ate eaten show showed shown
fall fell fallen shut shut shut
feel felt felt sing sang sung
find found found sink sank/sunk sunk/sunken
fly flew flown sit set set
forget forgot forgot/forgotten sleep slept slept
freeze froze frozen smell smelt smelt
get got got speak spoke spoken
give gave given spend spent spent
go went gone spill spilt spilt
grow grew grown spoil spoilt spoilt
hang hung/hanged hung/hanged stand stood stood
have(has) had had sweep swept swept
hear heard heard swim swam swum
hide hid hidden take took taken
hit hit hit teach taught taught
hold held held tell told told
hurt hurt hurt think thought thought
keep kept kept throw threw thrown
know knew known understand understood understood
lay laid laid wake woke/waked woken/waked
learn learnt/learned learnt/learned wear wore worn
leave left left will would
lend lent lent win won won
let let let write wrote witten
lie lay lain
3、be(“是/存在”)动词的各种时态变化：
一 般 现 在 时 一 般 将 来 时 现 在 完 成 时
I am….
You are.…
He/She/It is….
We/You/They are…. (I等各人称) will be….
I am
He/She/It is going to be…
We/You/They are I have been….
You have been….
She/he/It has been….
We/You/They have been….
一 般 过 去 时 过 去 将 来 时 过 去 完 成 时
I was….
You were.…
He/She/It was….
We/You/They were…. (I等各人称) would be….
I was
He/She/It was going to be…
We/You/They were I had been….
You had been….
She/he/It had been….
We/You/They had been….
注意：句型变化时,
否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以缩写为n’t (am后面not不可以缩写)；
疑问句将am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。
4. 初中英语必背单词语法短语总结(人教)
鬼画符第三
5. 初三的英语单词重点的
Unit 1
flashcard<>快闪存储器卡
Vocabulary<>字汇
aloud<>大声地
pronunciation<>发音
specific<>特性
memorize<>记住
grammar<>语法
differently<>不同的
frustrate<>挫败
frustrating<>挫败
quickly<>很快的
add<>增加
excited<>兴奋
not at all<>一点也不
end up<>结束
pronounce<>宣布
spoken<>口语的
slowly<>缓慢的
mistake<>错误
make mistakes<>制造错误
comma<>逗号
challenge<>挑战
solution<>解决
later on<>稍后
realize<>了解
matter<>物质
it doesn't matter<>没关系
afraid<>害怕
be afraid to<>害怕
laugh at<>笑
complete<>完全的
sentence<>句子
secret<>秘密
learner<>学习者
take notes<>做笔记
term<>学期
impress<>印象
trouble<>麻烦
fast<>快速的
look up<>查阅
soft<>柔软
make up<>组成
essay<>散文
deal<>处理
deal with<>处理
unless<>除非
unfair<>不公平的
solve<>解决
regard<>关心
ty<>责任
easily<>容易地
influence<>影响力
be angry with<>气恼
go by<>经过
friendship<>友谊
lose<>失去
disagreement<>不合
development<>发展
alt<>成人
try one's best<>试一个最好
unimportant<>不重要的
face<>脸
soldier<>士兵
break off<>中断
psychologist<>心理学者
Pierre<>皮埃尔
Antonio<>安东尼奥
Lillian<>莉莲
Stephen<>史蒂芬
Unit 2
used to<>过去一直
be interested in<>对……有兴趣
airplane<>飞机
terrify<>使恐怖
be terrified of<>被惊吓
go to sleep<>去睡觉
on<>在
insect<>昆虫
candy<>糖果
chew<>咀嚼
gum<>树胶
chat<>闲谈
daily<>每日的
comic<>连环图画
death<>死亡
afford<>负担
cause<>因素
himself<>他自己
patient<>病人
in the end<>后
decision<>决定
make a decision<>作决定
head teacher<>校长
necessary<>必需品
to one's surprise<>使...感到震惊
exactly<>完全地
even though<>即使
no longer<>不再
take pride in<>参加
attention<>注意
pay attention to<>注意
give up<>放弃
waste<>浪费
not...any more<>不再
Murray<>人名
Unit 3
piercee<>刺穿
license<>执照
silly<>愚蠢的
earring<>耳环
instead of<>代替
stay up<>熬夜
concentrate<>集中
concentrate on<>专注于
study<>研究
design<>设计
present<>礼物；现在
at present<>目前
opportunity<>机会
volunteer<>志愿者
local<>当地
experience<>经验
member<>成员
mess<>乱七八糟
old people's home<> 老人院
reply<>答复
newsletter<>时报
obey<>服从
in the way<>在路上
achieve<>实现
race<>比赛
realistic<>实际的
taught<>教
importance<>重要性
care<>照料
care about<>关心
succeed<>成功
point<>点
Kathy<>人名
Unit 4
million<>百万
medical<>医疗的
research<>研究
tie<>领带
worry<>烦恼
what if<>如果...将会怎么样
pimple<>丘疹
exam<>考试
energetic<>精力充沛的
confident<>自信的
permission<>许可
herself<>她自己
bother<>打搅
not...in the slightest<>一点也不
annoy<>使...苦恼
fairly<>公平地
piety<>虔诚
plenty of<>许多
get along wiht<>和某人相处
circle<>圆周
listener<>收听者
knowledgeable<>聪明的
represent<>表现
let...down...<> 使人失望
come up with<>提出
rest<>休息
aid<>帮助
first-aid<>急救
nearby<>附近的
shelf<>架子
come out<>出来
cover<>表面
press<>压力
deep<>深处
downstairs<>楼下
correct<>正确的
burn<>烧伤
knee<>膝盖
pain<>痛苦
hurt<>伤害
safety<>安全
offer<>提议
refuse<>垃圾；拒绝；废物
helpful<>有帮助的
treat<>招待
burn<>烧伤
Spotty<>人名
6. 人教版初中三年英语所有单词及重点语法。
语法要精，就用奥风！，推荐奥风英语的 中学语法三剑客分中考版和高考版。中考版版包权括中考语法完全突破 视频教程，记忆大纲，和精编中考语法专项练习，三件一套，大纲供背诵记忆，练习供运用巩固，学记练一体，全面系统，配套完善，直节针对中考。可以说是目前公认最好的语法教程了。网络 中考语法完全突破 即可找到视频，可以找来看看。
7. 初三上册英语的语法和重点单词和短语
英语书后面那些黑体字单词，还有带*的单词都很重要，需要牢记，还有就是每个模版块的语法权也重要，比如：现在完成时的被动语态：have/has+been+过去分词；还有将来时的被动语态：will
be+过去分词等
8. 初三英文语法（要最详细的~）
初三语法讲义
一．动词（一）名词
名词分类：可数名词，不可数名词可数名词变复数
1． 在名词词尾加-s
girl, girls; table, tables; roof, roofs; school, schools
2.以o, s, sh, ch, x结尾的名词，加-es
tomato, tomatoes; class, classes; watch, watches; bush, bushes
3.以o结尾加-s
piano, pianos; photo, photos
4.以辅音字母加y结尾的，去掉y，加-ies
baby, babies; family, families; university, universities
5.以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s
toy, toys; monkey, monkeys; guy, guys
6.以f或者fe结尾的，去掉f, fe加-ves
wife, wives; life, lives; wolf, wolves; calf, calves
7. 改变形式的复数
man, men; child, children; foot, feet; mouse, mice; tooth, teeth
8.单数复数形式一样
fish, fish; sheep, sheep; deer, deer; swine, swine
9.特殊词汇的复数
looker-on, lookers-on; passer-by, passers-by
不可数名词没有数的概念
名词所有格
1．一般情况’s
2．表示时间、距离、城市、国家
today’s paper at arms’ length a mile’s journey
Beijing’s weather China’s economy
3．of表示所有格 4．双重所有格
a friend of mine a child of hers
（二）代词
人称代词 人称 单数 复数 主格 宾格
第一人称
I me we us
第二人称
you you you you
第三人称
he him
they them
she her
it it
物主代词
单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称
形容词性物主代词
My Your His Her Its Our Your Their
名词性物主代词
Mine Yours His Hers Its Ours Yours Theirs
反身代词人称第一人称第二人称第三人称单数
myselfyourselfhimself herself itself
复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves
相互代词each other/one another
不定代词another/other/others
（三）数词
基数词
One two three four five six…..Hundreds of 正确数词+hundred 正确
Hundred of 错误数词+hundreds 错误数词+hundreds of 错误
序数词First second third fourth….
分数1/3 one third2/3 two thirds
（四）冠词不定冠词
例句用于可数名词单数形式前
usan is a scientist.Pass me an orange, please.
不特指某人或某物
A boy is looking for you.
We work five days a week.
表示“一”的数量，但没有one强烈
We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow.
I have a mouth, a nose, two eyes and two ears.
用于固定词组中
A few, a little, a lot of, a moment ago
定冠词
例句特指某人或者某物
Show me the photo of the boy.
双方都知道的事物或人
Where are the new books, Jim?
They are on the small table.
上文提过的人或物
Ji Wei lives on a farm. The farm is not big.
独一无二
The sun is bigger than the moon.
序数词和形容词最高级前
The first month of the year is January.
普通名词构成的专有名词前
The Great Wall
习惯用语
In the morning
On the left
零冠词
用法
例句
专有名词和不可数名词前
China
名词已经有定语this, that, my, your, some, any等
That letter is in her bag.
复数名词表示一类人或物
My father and mother are teachers.
星期、月份、季节、节日前
It is Sunday today.
称呼前
What colour are Mrs. Green’s shoes?
三餐和球类运动前
He went to school before breakfast this morning.
（五）介词
多数考察为固定搭配，需要死记硬背
（六）形容词与副词
规则变化
构成方法
原级
比较级
最高级
单音节和少数双音 节词
一般在词尾加-er/est
Cold
Strong
Fast
slow
Colder
Stronger
Faster
slower
Coldest
Strongest
Fastest
slowest
以字母e结尾的形容词，在词尾加-r/-st
Nice
large
Nicer
larger
Nicest
largest
重读闭音节词只有一个辅音字母时双写辅音字母，加-er/-est
Big
Thin
hot
Bigger
Thinner
hotter
Biggest
Thinnest
hottest
以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词改y为i加-er/est
Easy
happy
Easier
happier
Easiest
happiest
部分双音节词
在词前面加more/most
Delicious
Interesting
Easily
Carefully
More Delicious
More Interesting
More Easily
More Carefully
Most Delicious
Most Interesting
Most Easily
Most Carefully
不规则变化
原级
比较级
最高级
Good/well
Bad/badly/ill
Many/much
Little
far
Better
Worse
more
Less
Father
further
Best
Worst
Most
Least
Farthest
furthest
形容词和副词比较级和最高级的用法
级
用法
例句
比较级
表示两者的比较
Mr. King is taller than Mr. Read.
最高级
表示三者或者三者以上的比较
Whose drawing is the best of all?
She is the youngest in the class.
同级比较
I think science is as important as maths.
It is not as(so) warm today as yesterday.
二．动词
（一） 时态
1．一般现在时
三单变形
情况
变化规则
例词
一般情况
加-s
come, comes; learn, learns
以o,s,x,ch,sh结尾的词
加-es
pass, passes; do, does
以辅音加y结尾的词
变y为i加-es
fly, flies; cry, cries
2.现在进行时
现在分词构成方法
情况及变化
例词
一般情况，在动词原形后加-ing
go, going; see, seeing
以不发音的e结尾的动词去掉e加-ing
take, taking; live, living
以重读闭音节结尾的词，如果词尾只有一个辅音字母，先把词尾的辅音字母双写，再加-ing
plan, planning; cut, cutting; forget, forgetting
以ie结尾的词变ie为y加-ing
die, dying; lie, lying; tie, tying
以ye和oe结尾的词，直接加-ing
eye, eyeing; dye, dyeing
3.一般将来时
shall
will
be going to
4一般过去时
规则动词过去构成
构成规则
原形
过去式
一般动词在尾加-ed
look
play
start
looked
played
stared
结尾是e的动词加-d
live
hope
use
lived
hoped
used
末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，双写辅音字母，加-ed
stop
plan
trip
stopped
planned
tripped
结尾是辅音字母+y的动词，变y为i加-ed
study
carry
worry
studied
carried
worried
词尾 –ed的读音
读音
例词
浊辅音和元音后
/d/
called borrowed
moved enjoyed
welcomed answered
清辅音后
/t/
finished helped
passed cooked
在t, d后面
/id/
wanted shouted
needed counted
5．过去进行时
was/were+现在分词
6．现在完成时
have/has+过去分词
用法一：表示从过去发生一直到现在，特点：用延续动词，加段时间状语
用法二：表示过去发生的事情而不用一般过去时，特点：不用延续动词，不加段时间状语
构成
7．过去完成时
时间轴：
--------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------à
A B C
过去的过去 过去 现在
（过去完成时态）
用法一：表示从过去发生一直到过去一时间，特点：用延续动词，加段时间状语
用法二：表示过去的过去发生的事情
8．过去将来时
不是考试的重点
（二） 被动语态
使用情况：不知道谁是主语
不强调主语
用来表示客观的表达
构成：助动词be+过去分词
有些动词主动语态中省略了不定式在变为被动语态时要讲TO补充出来（非谓语动词重点讲解）
（三） 情态动词
can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would)
dare/need
dare
肯定
否定
情态动词
dare do
dare not do
实意动词
dare/dares to do
do/does not dare to do
need
肯定
否定
情态动词
need do
need not do
实意动词
need / need s to do
do/does not need to do
may/can
may表示许可
can 表示自身能力
can/be able to区别
a) Can只有现在和过去两个时态，be able to可以是任何时态
b) Can 不强调结果一定成功，be able to暗示结果一定成功
must表示必须，否定用needn’t
mustn’t表示禁止
（四） 非谓语动词
1． 不定式to do
否定不定式为not to do
可以省略不定式to的词
let/make/have/see/hear/watch/notice/feel/look at/listen to
注意：在以上词出现在被动句中时要将to补充出来
2． 现在分词与过去分词
flying bird可以表达成the bird is flying.
broken arm可以表达成 the arm is broken
现在分词强调过程，过去分词强调结果
falling leaf/fallen leaf
boiling water/boiled water
3.动词后加动词的不同形式
(1)、加to doing
devote to doing/ get down to doing/ object to doing/ look forward to doing/ be used to doing
(2)、加to do
afford/agree/ask/attempt/choose/decide/hope/expect/intend/learn/manage/offer/plan/pretend/promise/refuse/wish
(3)、加doing
admit/appreciate/avoid/can’t help/stand/enjoy/escape/put off/risk/give up
(4)、加to do/doing都可以的但是意思有区别的
forget/remember/stop
(5)、加do/doing都可以但是意思有区别的
see/notice/hear
三．简单句
（一） 反意疑问句
反意疑问句
反意疑问句用来表示提问者有一定的主见，但是没有把握，希望对方来证实。
The weather here is very cold, isn’t it? Yes, it is.
You’re from Australia, aren’t you? yes, I am.
对反意疑问句回答，不管问题的提法如何，事实是肯定的就用肯定回答，否定的就要用否定的回答。
He isn’t going to the meeting, is he?
Yes, he is. 不，他要去的
No, he isn’t. 对，他不去
反意疑问句通常由一个陈述句和一个疑问句组成。当陈述句为肯定时，疑问句为否定；当陈述句为否定时，疑问句为肯定。但是以下几个要注意：
1. 陈述部分主语 I, 疑问部分要用aren’t I
I am as tall as your sister, aren’t I ?
2. 陈述部分谓语是wish, 疑问部分要用may+主语
I wish to have a word with you, may I ?
3. 陈述部分用no, nothing, nobody ,never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定。
The Swede made no answer, did he?
4.有ought to的，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn’t/oughtn’t+主语
He ought to know what to do, oughtn’t he?
5. 陈述部分有have to疑问部分用don’t+主语
we have to get there at eight tomorrow, don’t we?
6．陈述部分谓语是used to，疑问部分用didn’t+主语或者didn’t+主语
He used to take pictures there, didn’t he?
7．陈述部分有had better疑问句用hadn’t you?
You’d better read it by yourself, hadn’t you?
8.陈述部分有would rather疑问句用wouldn’t +主语
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn’t he?
9．陈述部分有．陈述部分有you’d like to疑问部分用wouldn’t+主语
You’d like to go with me, wouldn’t you?
10．感叹句中，疑问部分用谓语+主语
What colours, aren’t they?
what a smell, isn’t it?
11陈述部分由neither…nor, either…or疑问部分根据实际逻辑意义而定
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
12． 陈述部分主语是指示代词或者不定代词everything, that, nothing, this疑问部分主语it
Everything is ready, isn’t it?
13.陈述部分为主语从句，疑问部分要根据情况而定
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn’t he?
He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
I don’t think he is bright, is he?
14陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等疑问部分常用复数they
Everyone knows the answer, don’t they?
15.省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you
don’t do that again, will you?
16.陈述部分是there be结构，疑问部分用there省略主语代词
There is something wrong with your watch, isn’t here?
17．否定前缀不能视为否定词
it is impossible, isn’t it?
18．Must表示推测时，根据其推测情况来确定
He must be there now, isn’t he?
（二）感叹句
How cold it is today!
What a good idea!
（三）祈使句
肯定类型
Be careful!
Come in, please.
Let me have a look.
否定类型
Don’t be lazy.
Don’t throw the ball like that.
Let him not go there./ Don’t let her go there
四．复合句
（一） 定语从句
We all like Old Fish that is handsome.
先行词 关系词
关系代词： which, who, whom, whose, that
关系副词：when, why, where
1．先行词指人，用who/whom
（1）who可以做主语、宾语、或者表语，但who之前不能有介词
（2）whom只能做宾语或者表语，但在all of/many of加先行词时后只能加whom
注意：who.whom做宾语可以省略
2．先行词为物，用which
（1）which可以代单词
（2）which可以代短语
（3）which可以代句子
3．that与which区别
（1）只能用that情况
先行词有人有物
先行词为 all, little, few, much, none, the first, etc
先行词为不定代词
先行词前修饰词为 any, only, every, no, some, much, few, little, the first, the best, the only, the on, the very, the right, the last
（2）只能用which情况
非限定性定语从句
关系词前有介词
4．whose表示所属关系
（1）whose后加名词
（2）可以代人可以代物
（3）先行词加whose加名词=先行词加名词 of which结构
介词+关系代词=关系副词
关系代词后加不完整句
关系副词/介词+关系代词后加完整句
主系表： 主系表都有， 完整句
主系表缺一个，不完整句
主谓宾：谓语动词为及物动词：主谓宾都有，完整句
主谓宾缺一个，不完整句
谓语动词为不及物动词： 主+动词+介词+宾语，完整句
主+动词，完整句
主+动词+介词，不完整句
（二） 状语从句
时间状语从句：when, before, after, while, since, as, till, as soon as, the moment….
地点状语从句: where, wherever
条件状语从句：if, unless, so long as, as long as, in case, if only, provided that….
原因状语从句：because, since, as, now that
结果状语从句：so, so that, so…that, such…that
让步状语从句：though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever
目的状语从句: that, so that, so, in order that, in case, for fear that, lest
比较状语从句：than, as…as, so…as
五．主谓一致
就近原则
or, nor, either or, neither nor, not only…but also
就前原则
as much as, rather than, more than, no less than, as well as, in addition to, with, along with, together with, except
集体名词的主谓一致
people, cattle, youth, police+复数谓语
machinery, equipment, furniture+单数谓语
audience, committee, crew, family, government, army, enemy, group, staff, team, couple, band+可单可复
时间、地点等数量概念的主谓一致
谓语用单数
Ten miles is a long way to go.
a of b结构中的主谓一致
按照A来确定谓语
a pair of trousers is enough.
Two pair of trousers are enough.
以S结尾的主谓一直问题：地理名词、群岛山脉等风景、学科名词
国家加单数谓语： the United States
地理名词，群岛山脉等风景加复数谓语： the West Indies, Himalayas, Straits of England
学科名词加单数谓语： politics, economics
六．习惯用语
七．固定搭配
八．介词搭配
（一） 介词＋名词
against one’s will
at a loss
at one time
at home
at the same time
at work
at night
beside the point
by chance
by the way
by the end of
by all means
for the time being
for the sake of
from beginning to end
from time to time
in the end
in surprise
in trouble
in the street
in English
in a word
in the meantime
in vain
in need
in half
in no time
in a low voice
in the least
in public
in life
in a minute
in the eyes of
in time
in sight of
in place of
in detail
in a hurry
in any case
in case
in charge of
in bed
in addition to
in the course of
in particular
in time of
in return
in spite of
in reply to
in memory of
in honour of
in fear of
influence on
off hand
on guard against
on the ground
on the radio
on the way
on the right
on purpose
on strike
on account of
on sale
on the air
on time
out of work
out of order
on behalf of
on watch
on the whole
on show
on day
out of sight
out of repair
out of place
out of practice
out of date
out of breath
over the radio
to this day
thousands of
on the one hand, on the other hand
（二）形容词＋介词
absent from
aware of
apart from
according to
anxious for
angry at
afraid of
busy with
careful of
cruel to
e to
different from
equal to
be familiar to sb
be familiar with sth
be famous for
far from
fond of
full of
fussy about
grateful for
good at
hard on
interested in
instead of
kind to
keen on
late for
opposite to
once for all
polite to
proude of
ready for
responsible for
short of
sorry for
strict with
thankful to
wrong with
（三）动词＋介词
act on
answer for
agree to
agree with
agree on
arrive at
aim at
ask after
ask for
borrow from
believe in
belong to
break into
beat down on
begin at
base on
consist of
congratulate on
come to an end
compare with
compare to
care for
change for
change from to
clear up
catch up with
come across
come into
call up
call for
catch hold of
call on
depend on
do away with
disagree with
die of
die from
die for
devote to
engaged in
end with
fit in with
fail in
find out
give up
get over
get on
get on
get in touch with
get ready for
get in
go in for
grow up
give in
give lessons to
get up
go on
go all out
go through
go over
go down
go on with
go without
hand in
have nothing to do with
have something to do with
have a look at
head for
help with
have a word with
have words with
hope for
introce to
be inspired by
insist on
interfere with
join in
keep on
knock at
keep up with
long for
look up to
look up
learn by heart
leave for
look for
lie in
live on
laugh at
look down upon
look forward to
look through
meet with
make up one’s mind
make friends with
make room for
owe to
operate on
pay attention to
play with
put up
put off
point out
put up with
prevent from
persist in
put into practice
run out of
reply to
recover from
rely on
rob of
run over
result from
result in
set an example to
set about
set out
succeed in
speak of
supply with
share in
share with
settle in
see through
send for
stand by
stand for
stop from
spend on
show around
talk about
tide over
turn against
turn into
turn to
think of
think about
take care of
take off
turn out
turn round
turn up
take part in
to begin with
wait for
watch out for
write to
wake up
watch over
（四）过去分词＋介词
be absorbed in
be burdened with
be connected with
be covered with
be crowded with
be dressed in
be engaged to
be equipped with
be experienced in
be filed with
be furnished with
be interested in
be joined to
be known as
be known for
be made into
be made up of
be married to
be pleased with
be prepared for
be regarded as
be satisfied with
be ashamed of
be tired of
be terrified at
（五）动词＋名词＋介词
apply ones’ mind to
catch sight of
do harm to
do wrong to
feel pity for
fix one’s eyes on
form the habit of
get a good hold of
give advice on
have none of
have trust in
have difficulty in
have trouble in
have effect on
have mercy on
have the honour of
keep a record of
make fun of
make best use of
make an apology
make one’s way to
make preparations for
make a mistake about
pass a judgment on
set fire to
put one’s heart and soul into
shake hands with
take aim at
take the side of
throw light on
take pride in
take delight in
take a message for
（六）动词＋副词＋介词
add up to
break away from
be up to
cut down on
come up to
do well in
drop in on
face up to
fit in with
fall back on
get though with
get down to
get along with
go out of
go on with
go back on
go out of
go in for
grow out of
go ahead with
keep away from
keep up with
live up to
make up for
make up with
make out of
think highly of
watch out for
work hard at
（七）动词＋介词＋名词
arrive at a conclusion
burst into pieces
burst into tears
burst into laughter
come to the rescue
come into use
come into power
come into effect
come into light
come to a conclusion
get in a word
set to work take on a new look
9. 初三英语语法总结~~~~
句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语
1、主语：
(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的，主语是句子陈述的对象，说明是谁或什么，表示句子说的是“什么人”，或”什么事“，如“我写字”中的“我”，做出写字这个动作。“写”则是谓语，“字”是宾语，是接受谓语“写”这个动作的对象，因此是宾语。如：The painter painted a very nice picture. (画家画了一幅漂亮的画。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe. (耳听为虚眼见为实). / Helping animals is to help people. (帮助动物就是帮助人类。)
(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如：It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat ring the long journey. (在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多对你的身体不利。)（比较好看，避免头重脚轻）
(3)口语中常见主语或“主--系”省略：(It is) nothing. ((那)没有什么。)/ (It) doesn’t matter. ((那)没有关系。) / (I) thank you. ((我)谢谢你。)
(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词：The man looks worried, doesn’t he? (这个人看上去很着急不是吗？) / Tigers are dangerous animals, aren’t they? (老虎是危险的动物不是吗？)
(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。) (省略了主语) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去给我弄一杯水来。)
(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾；倒装句及there be句型主语在动词之后。如：Computers are made in this factory. (计算机生产于这家工厂。) / Where are they? (他们在哪儿？) / Does the boy like staying home? (这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗？)
(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都没有通过考试。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)
(8)主语可以由从句充当,详见“主语从句”。
2、谓语：是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明，指出“做什么”，“是什么”或“怎么样”，在主语后接宾语，又称受词，是一个动作的接受者。
(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。如：
He travelled in space for the first time .(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语？) / The pizza has gone bad. (那块烤馅饼已经变坏。) /
(2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成：［情态动词］+［时态助动词］（现在完成时）+［语态助动词］（如被动语态）+［主要动词］(不一定全部出现)。(见动词的时态和语态构成表)记住：谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如：
I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。) / He can’t have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能读完了那本长达800页的小说。) / Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (该采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)
(3)谓语动词切忌用“行为动词1 + 原形动词”、“be + 原形动词”。
记住使用下列正确形式：
①情态动词+原形动词。如：You’d better go over the lesson.（你最好复习这一课。）
②shall/ will/ would+原形动词。如：They should have been there once.（他们应该去过那儿。）
③be+现在分词或者过去分词。如：What are you doing this evening?（今晚你打算做什么？）---表示一般将来时/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.（自从20世纪70年代大批树木被砍伐。）
④have+过去分词。如：Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.（意思同上）
⑤一般时问句和否定句中：do/does/did+原形动词。如：He does not enjoy himself very much.（他日子过的不好。）/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?（你们当中有谁见过恐龙蛋吗？）
⑥行为动词1+行为动词2 (不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词等形式)。如：He made up his mind to be a vet.（他拿定主意要做个兽医。）/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life.（自尊自爱是享受生活的根本。）/ They wake up the other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!”（他们叫醒家庭的其他成员,呼喊着：圣诞快乐！）/ The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.（古代的埃及国王让人给他们自己修建坚固的坟墓。）
(4)不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语,必须在此之前加连系动词。
(5)谓语动词单复数形式：单数形式的动词有：is,was,has,does以及“动词+s”；复数形式的动词有：are,were,have以及动词原形。其他动词不分单、复数。
谓语部分第一个动词的形式 单数形式 复数形式
一般现在时be(是)动词；
现在某些时态和语态的助动词be am (单一); are (单二); is (单三); are
一般过去时be(是)动词；
过去某些时态和语态的助动词be was (单一); were (单二); was;(单三) were
一般现在时have(有)动词；
现在完成时态的助动词have have (单一); have (单二); has (单三); have
一般现在时行为动词和助动词do do (单一、单二); does (单三) do
实意动词和连系动词的一般现在时动词（否定和疑问句除外） 原形动词(单一、单二); 动词+s /es (单三) 原形动词
其他各时态语态的谓语动词 单复数形式相同
记住：主语、谓语单复数必须保持一致。（参见“4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：”） Air and water is necessary to us all.(空气和水对于我们大家是必不可少的。)
(6)一般问句和反意问句的回答不使用行为动词,应该使用“是”动词、情态动词、助动词(be,will,have,do以及变形)。如：The Olympic Games is held every other year, isn’t it? ----Yes, it is.(奥运会每两年举办一次,是吗？----是的。)
3、宾语：又称受词，是指一个动作（动词）的接受者。宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语两大类，其中直接宾语（经常指被做的人）指动作的直接对象，间接宾语说明动作的非直接，但受动作影响的对象。一般而言，及物动词后面最少要有一个宾语，而该宾语通常为直接宾语，有些及物动词要求两个宾语，则这两个宾语通常一个为直接宾语，另一个为间接宾语。
(1) 由名词、代词(人称代词要用宾格)、不定式、动名词、(宾语)从句充当,表示动作的承受者是“谁”或者是“何物”。如： The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那个天使同样来到约瑟夫面前并且告诉他同样的事情。)(代词和名词充当两个宾语) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告诉我说公司付不起他那么多的钱。) (不定式作宾语) / They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons. (他们如此喜爱看足球以至于常常忘记了他们的功课。) (动名词作宾语) / I think to be a children’s doctor is very rewarding.(我认为当个儿童医生是很值得的。) (从句作宾语)
(2) 只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,如果涉及到事物,则必须在不及物动词后面加合适的介词。Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物动词,故加to。) / Can you hear anything exciting?(你能听到什么令人兴奋的消息吗？)
(3) 宾语一般放在及物动词或介词的后面,但是在疑问句中,如果宾语是疑问词,则宾语要放在句首。介词的宾语如果是疑问词,则可以放在介词后或句首。如：What did he see? (他看见了什么？) / What does he write a letter with? (他用什么写的信？) / With what does he write a letter? (他用什么写的信？)
(4)“动词+副词+宾语”结构中,如果宾语是代词,则代词必须放在“动”“副”之间。如：Please put the shoes away. (请把鞋子收起来。) / Please put away the shoes. (请把鞋子收起来。) / Please put them away. (请把它们收起来。)
(5) 动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构：
①动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。如：He often gives me some help. (他常常帮我。)
②动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注意,一般情况介词用to,但动词是make, buy, borrow时,介词用for.如： Please make me a kite. (请给我做个风筝。)或Please make a kite for me.
(6) 在“动词+宾语+宾补”结构中,如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句,则常用it做形式宾语,而将实际的宾语移到补语后面去。如：I found the job rather difficult. (我发觉这个工作相当难做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job.
(7) 宾语可以由从句充当,详见“宾语从句”。
4、表语：
(1) 说明主语的身份、性质、状况等含义的成分,通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、代词等充当。如：He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中毕业他当上了医生。) / The rubber wheels are over there.(橡胶轮子在那边。) / He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何东西因为他得了重感冒。) / Who is it?(谁呀？)
(2) 表语只能放在连系动词(如：be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem) 之后,对表语进行提问的句子除外。
(3) 代词做表语一般用主格,口语中常用宾。如：It’s I. (It’s me.)是我。
(4) 只能作表语的形容词有：sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很为他的粗心而歉疚。) / Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(请不要发出响动,婴儿正熟睡呢。) / I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是对独坐孤舟无所事事感兴趣。) / I am not alone in thinking so.(并非只有我才这样想的。)
(5) 表语也可以由从句充当,详见“表语从句”。
5、定语：
(1) 修饰名词或代词的成分,常由形容词、名词(含所有格)、代词(物主、指示、疑问、不定)、介词短语、不定式(短语)充当,在初三阶段还学习了定语从句做定语的知识。如：Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上层的抽屉里。) / France and Switzerland are European countries. (法国和瑞士是欧洲国家。) / His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大学教师。) / This is the day that I can never forget in my life.(这是我一辈子难忘的日子。)
(2) 单词做定语时一般放在被修饰的名词前面,而且有一定的次序：
冠词/
物代 年龄/形状/
大小/温度 色彩 来源 质地/
材料 目的/
用途 被修饰的名词(中心词)
a
the
my
his
… old,young,… red,
yellow,
blue,
… Chinese,
English,
American,
… wooden,
woolen,
glass,
silk,
paper
… meeting,
tennis,
sports,
reading,
swimming,
… box,
shoes,
room,
pig
…
long,short,
round, square…
big, large,
small, little…
hot, cold,
warm, cool…
(3) 时间副词(now,then,today,yesterday,...)、地点副词(here,there,back,in,out,home,...作定语时放在被修饰的名词后面。如：I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那儿。)
(4) 介词短语修饰名词时只能放在名词的后面：The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday. (笼子里的猴子是昨天逮着的。)
(5) 形容词修饰复合不定代词时,往往后置。如：He remembered everything unusual. (他记得所有不寻常的事情。)
(6) 定语还可以用从句充当,详见 定语从句。
(7) 注意：由于定语属于修饰性的成分,因此它常归入主语、宾语、表语之中,不作为句子的主要成分。
6、状语：
(1) 说明动作“何时”、“何地”、“如何”发生,或者说明形容词或副词的程度,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等充当。如：I was not born yesterday.（我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。）/ For many of these families a college ecation was something new.（对其中的许多家庭来说,大学教育是件新事物。）/ He woke up to find his house on fire.(他醒来发现房子着火了。) / You cannot leave until your work is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能离开)
(2) 副词作状语位置较为灵活,详见《六•2》“副词在句子中的位置以及作用”；介词短语作状语,位置基本固定,详见《七•4》“介词短语在句子中的位置”；不定式作状语,一般表示目的、结果,详见《八•7》“动词的非谓语形式”；从句作状语,详见《主从复合句》的“状语从句”。
(3) 多个状语相连时,一般先单词、后短语,先地点、后时间,先小概念、后大概念。如：He went ouf of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark.(他昨夜22点3刻从房间里出来,然后消失在黑暗之中。) /
(4) 状语还可以用从句来充当,有时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等。详见“状语从句”。
(5) 注意：由于状语属于修饰性的成分,常归入谓语,因此不作为句子的主要成分。
7、宾语补足语：
(1) 补充说明宾语的动作、状态的成分为宾语补足语,常由名词、形容词、动词非谓语形式(不定式、现在分词、过去分词等)、介词短语等充当。如：Call him Jim, please. (请叫他Jim。) / I tried my best to make him happy. (我竭尽所能让他开心。) / Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow. (请他明天来。) / He let the smaller animals bring food to him. (他让小动物们给他带食物来。)
(2) 部分表示位置、方向的副词也可以作宾语补足语。如：Let him in, I tell you! (我跟你说,让他进来！)/ Please put it away. (请把它收起来。)
(3) 不定式或分词作宾语补足语的情况 （略）