⑴ 初中英语冠词的用法
英语语法基础知识词类-冠词
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一、冠词概述
冠词是虚词,它不能单独使用。只能附在一个名词上说明这个名词。冠词分为不定冠a(an)词和定冠词the。不定冠词一般表示泛指;定冠词一般表示特指。
⑵ 初中英语语法冠词a an the与零冠词的用法
二、冠词的分类
冠词分为定冠词(the)及不定冠词(a,an)两类.1.定冠词(the)定冠词the表示"这","那","这些","那些"之意,用于可数的单复数名词或不可数名词前.例如:the apple这(那)个苹果the books这些(那些)书the red one红色的那个the bigger one那个更大的2.不定冠词(a,an)不定冠词仅用在单数可数名词前,表示"一"的概念,但不强调数目,只表示该名词不是"特定者".a(an)表示"一"的意义时,不如one的数字概念强.例如:a pen 一支钢笔 an egg 一个鸡蛋a student 一个学生 an apple 一个苹果
三、定冠词the的用法
(1)指代上文已提到过的人或事物.例如:He has a new pen. The pen was bought in America. 他有一枝新钢笔.这枝钢笔是在美国买的.There is a book called "Gone with the Wind"on my shelf. The book was written by a foreign writer. 我的书架上有一本名为《飘》的书.这本书是一位外国作家写的.I saw a film last night. The film is very interesting.昨天晚上我看了一部电影.这部电影非常有趣.(2)特指谈话双方都熟悉的某(些)人或某(些)事物.例如:The bag on the desk isn't mine.桌子上的那个书包不是我的.The angry man on the screen is David.荧屏上的那个怒气冲冲的男人是大卫.Is the city of Nanjing beautiful 南京这座城市漂亮吗 (3)用在世界上独一无二的事物前.例如:The moon is the satellite of the earth. 月球是地球的卫星.The world is changing all the time.世界无时无刻不在变化着.The sun is far away from the earth.太阳离地球很远.(4)用在序数词,形容词的最高级前及由only修饰的名词前.例如:The first lesson is as difficult as the last one.第一课和最后一课一样难.This moon cake is the nicest of all.这块月饼是所有月饼中最好吃的.She is the only person who was late today.她是今天惟一的迟到者.(5)用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前.例如:the Summer Palace 颐和园the Communist Party of China 中国共产党the USA 美国the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国the Great Wall 长城the Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会(6)用在江河,湖泊,海洋,山脉,群岛等的名词前.例如:the Yellow River 黄河 the Black Sea 黑海the West Lake 西湖the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山the Tianshan Mountains 天山山脉the Indian Ocean印度洋(7)用在姓氏复数前,表示"某某一家人"或"某某夫妇".例如:the Greens 格林一家人(格林夫妇)the Wangs 王家(姓王的夫妇)the Kings 金一家人(金夫妇)the Lis李家(姓李的夫妇)注意"the+姓氏复数"作主语,谓语动词用复数.例如:The Greens are watching TV at the moment.格林一家现在正在看电视.The Whites do their cooking at home only at the weekend. 怀特夫妇仅在周末才在家做饭.(8)the后加某些形容词,表示一类人或事物.例如:the old 老人 the young 年轻人 the rich 富人the poor 穷人 the clever 聪明人 the blind 盲人(9)用在乐器前面.例如:play the piano 弹钢琴 play the violin 拉小提琴(10)用在"the+形容词比较级,the+形容词比较级"结构中,表示"越……越……".例如:The more, the better. 越多越好.The more exercise you take, the healthier you will be. 你锻炼得越多,身体就越健康.The more we get together,the happier we are.我们相处得越多,就越觉得快乐.(11)当名词被短语或从句修饰时,该名词前用冠词.例如:The man under the tree is my grandfather.在树下的那个人是我的爷爷.The one on the left is a new kind of machine.左边的那台是一种新型机器.The girl in white is Mary.那个穿白色衣服的女孩是玛丽.(12)用在表示方位的名词前.例如:in the east 在东方 in the west 在西部in the northeast of China 在中国的东北部in the south 在南方(13)用在单数可数名词前,表示一类人或物.例如:The tree is a kind of plant. 树是一种植物.The camel is a useful animal.骆驼是一种有用的动物.The computer is an interesting tool.电脑是一种有趣的工具.(14)the常用于一些固定搭配中.例如:in the morning 在早上(上午)in the early morning 一大早in the evening 在晚上in the beginning 在开头(端)in the afternoon 在下午by the way 顺便问一下in the end 最后,终于the next day 第二天at the end of 在……末尾the day after tomorrow 后天at the age of 在……岁的时候in the front of 在……(内部)的前面the day before yesterday 前天on the right(left)在右(左)边
四、不定冠词a(an)的用法
(1)表示某一类人或事物中的个体,要在名词前加a(an).例如:Your mother is a nurse. 你妈妈是一名护士.Please pass me a chair. 请递给我一把椅子.A child needs love in his early life.一个孩子在年幼时需要关爱.(2)用来指某人或某物.但不具体说明是谁或是什么时,名词前要加a(an).例如:A visitor called me up just now.一位游客刚才给我打了个电话.He borrowed a dictionary yesterday.他昨天借了一本词典.(3)用来表示"一"的概念,但不如one的数字概念强.例如:The cage is about a metre high, a metre wide.这个笼子有约一米高,一米宽.An old man is waiting for you.一位老人正在等你.Here is a present for you. 这有给你的一件礼物.(4)表示单位,数量,长度等.例如:I write to my pen-friend once a month.我每月给我的笔友写一封信.Take this medicine three times a day.这药一天吃三次.My uncle gave me a thousand pounds last time.上次我叔叔给了我1000英镑.(5)用在专有名词前,表示说话者不知道的人或事物.例如:A Mr Black rang you up just now.一个名叫布莱克的先生刚才给你打过电话.A Li is looking for you. 一位姓李的人在找你.A Miss Chen borrowed money from me.一位姓陈的女士借过我的钱.(6)月份,星期及morning, afternoon, evening, night等名词前有修饰语时,一律用a(an).例如:on a cold morning在一个寒冷的早上in a sunny Sunday 在一个晴朗的星期天in a hot month 在一个很热的月份on a terrible night 在一个可怕的夜晚(7)与表示职业,身份等的名词连用,一般不翻译.例如:The boy wants to be an engineer when he grows up.这个男孩长大后想当工程师.Are you a doctor or a nurse 你是医生还是护士 Is your grandfather interested in a foreign language 你爷爷对外语感兴趣吗 (8)用在such a(an)…,quite a(an)…, many a(an)…, rather a(an)…与"so+形容词+a(an)+单数名词"的结构中.例如:It is such a tall tree. 这棵树这么高.Many a man comes to work on the farm.许多人来这家农场劳动.She is rather a painter. 她真是个画家.(9)用于what引导的感叹句中.例如:What a cold day it was yesterday!昨天真是一个大冷天!What an interesting picture it is!这是一幅多么有趣的画!What a difficult problem! 多难的题啊!(10)用于某些固定搭配中.例如:a few 一些,少数几个 a bit 一点儿a lot(of) 许多,大量 a little 一点儿a piece of 一片/块 have a cold 患感冒have a meal 吃顿饭 have a rest 休息一下have a swim 游泳 have a walk 散步have a good time 过得愉快;玩得高兴
五、零冠词
在英语中,许多情况下名词前不用冠词,通常称为零冠词.(1)在专有名词前不用冠词.例如:China 中国 John 约翰 Australia 澳大利亚No.1 Middle School 第一中学National Day国庆节(2)名词前有指示代词,物主代词,不定代词或名词所有格修饰时,不用冠词.例如:The radio is on her desk. 收音机在她的书桌上.Are there any birds in that tree 那棵树上有鸟吗 Some young pioneers are working on the farm.一些少先队员正在农场劳动.(3)复数名词表示一类人或事物时,名词前不用冠词.例如:My uncle and aunt are both doctors.我的叔叔和婶婶都是医生.My mother likes cakes.我妈妈喜欢吃蛋糕.Horses are useful animals.马是有用的动物.(4)在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前不加冠词.例如:Uncle Wang 王叔叔 Mr Green 格林先生Miss Li 李小姐 Chairman Hu 胡主席Dr Smith史密斯博士 Professor Chen 陈教授(5)在季节,月份,星期前不用冠词.例如:It's very hot in summer. 夏季天气很热.This kind of flowers comes out in February.这种花在二月份开放.We usually have class meetings on Wednesday.我们通常在周三开班会.(6)在一日三餐,学科,球类,棋牌类名词前不用冠词.例如:We have Chinese, maths, English, and other subjects at school.我们在学校学习语文,数学,英语和其他课程.I have lunch at a quarter to twelve every day.我每天11:45吃午饭.Children love to play football. 孩子们爱踢足球.(7)在表示交通方式的介词短语中,不用冠词.例如:Do you usually come to Guangzhou by plane or by train 你通常乘飞机还是乘火车来广州 We are going to the zoo on foot tomorrow.我们打算明天步行去动物园.How do you like going there by bike 你觉得骑自行车去那儿怎样 (8)当抽象名词或物质名词表示一般概念时不用冠词.例如:The girl enjoys music very much.这个女孩非常热爱音乐.Please put sugar into it. 请往里面加些糖.Milk is necessary for children.牛奶是儿童所必需的(食品).(9)两个相同或相对的名词并用时,不用冠词.例如:father and son 父与子 hand in hand 手拉手day and night 日夜 face to face 面对面sun and moon 日月 side by side 肩并肩(10)在某些固定搭配中不用冠词.例如:go to work 去上班 go to school 去上学on time 按时;准时 at home 在家go to college上大学go to church去做礼拜in bed 在睡觉;卧病在床in front of 在……前面at table 进餐 in future 今后on earth 究竟 in hospital 住院
六、习惯用语中使用冠词和不使用冠词的差异与辨析
(1)in front of 在……的前面(外部)in the front of在……的前面(内部)(5)in future (从今以后的)将来in the future (较为遥远的)将来(8)in bed 在睡觉;卧病在床in the bed 在床上(9)go to church 去做礼拜go to the church 去教堂注意在一些短语中,有无冠词并无区别.例如:at least(at the least)至少at most(at the most)至多turn to right(turn to the right)向右拐in face of(in the face of)面对on one hand (on the one hand)…on the other hand一方面……另一方面
⑶ 请教各位有经验的初中英语教师 初中英语语法应该怎么讲,尤其冠词 谢谢了!
11. 动词的时态
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
3) 表示格言或警句。例如:
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。
返回动词的时态目录
11.2 一般过去时的用法
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went ring their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。
3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。例如:It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ,例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:
Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗?
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2)情态动词 could, would。例如:
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?
返回动词的时态目录
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如:
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。
be used to + doing: 对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如:
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。
典型例题
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。
返回动词的时态目录
11.4 一般将来时
1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如:
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?
2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。
a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be proced next month。这出戏下月开播。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。
3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如:
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如:
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
返回动词的时态目录
11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如:
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
返回动词的时态目录
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如:
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排)
返回动词的时态目录
11.7 一般现在时表将来
1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。
2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3)在时间或条件句中。例如:
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。
4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如:
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。
返回动词的时态目录
11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如:
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?
返回动词的时态目录
11.9 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have (has) +过去分词。
返回动词的时态目录
11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如:
I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了)
I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)
Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了)
Who hasn't handed in his paper? (强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)
He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
返回动词的时态目录
11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1)It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如:
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
典型例题
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。
注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
(错)I have received his letter for a month.
(对)I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
返回动词的时态目录
11.12 比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如:
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)
注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2)(错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
返回动词的时态目录
11.13 since的四种用法
1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。例如:
I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在这儿。
2) since +一段时间+ ago。例如:
I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿,已经有五个月了。
3) since +从句。例如:
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,变化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后,变化可大了。
4) It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如:
It is two years since I became a postgraate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。
返回动词的时态目录
11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1) 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如:
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2) 用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到……,才……"。例如:
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。
返回动词的时态目录
11.15 过去完成时
1) 概念:表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2) 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如:
She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如:
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"。例如:
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。
3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如:
He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了。
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
注意: had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如:
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门,他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如:
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。
返回动词的时态目录
11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。例如:
When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。
2 ) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如:
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如:
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
返回动词的时态目录
11.17 将来完成时
1) 构成will have done
2) 概念
a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了。
返回动词的时态目录
11.18 现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法:
a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如:
We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)
c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如:
The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如:
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。
典型例题
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。
返回动词的时态目录
11.19 不用进行时的动词
1)表示事实状态的动词,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。
2)表示心理状态的动词,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。
He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。
3)瞬间动词,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如:
I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。
4)系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如:
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。
返回动词的时态目录
11.20 过去进行时
1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。
3) 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。
It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。
典型例题
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。
2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read;was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while,意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell(fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fall sick。
回了这些就差不多了
⑷ 初中英语冠词怎么讲课
以我曾做为一个学生的角度来说,可以先多例举一些带冠词的词组来让学生感受适应,然后再根据语法以日常生活中最常用到和见到的事物为引导来讲解冠词的使用。
⑸ 初中语法冠词如何导入
现在流行的一句话就是“语法要精,就用奥风!”你可以参考一下奥风英语内的 中学语法三剑客。容中学语法三剑客分中考版和高考版。中考版包括 中考语法完全突破 视频教程,记忆大纲,和精编中考语法专项练习,三件一套,大纲供背诵记忆,练习供运用巩固,学记练一体,全面系统,配套完善,直节针对中考,可以说是目前公认最好的语法资料了。网络 中考语法完全突破 或进入奥风英语网站即可找到视频,好不好搜来一看便知。
⑹ 求高手指点应如何教初中英语冠词 “a, an, the” ,求相关的教案或教学设计!万分感谢!
二、不定冠词的主要用法
1. 泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。如:
2. 笼统指某类中的某一个,但又不具体说明是哪一个
3. 表示数量“一”(但不与 two, three 等相对比)。
4. 表示价钱、时间、速度等的“每一”(=per)。
5. 用于序数词前表示“又一”、“再一”。如:
6. 在某些物质名词前表示“一杯 / 罐 / 瓶”。如:
7. 用于具体化了的抽象名词前。如:
8. 在专有名词前表示“某一个”、“类似的一个”。如:
9. 用于 of 短语中表示“同一”(=the same)。如:
三、定冠词的主要用法
1. 表示特指。如:
Where are the other students? 其他同学在哪里?
Pass me the magazine on the desk. 请把桌上的杂志递给我。
2. 表示独一无二的人或事物。如:
The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。
3. 表方向或方位。如:
The sun rises in the east. 红太阳从东方升起。
4. 用于单数名词前表示类别。如:
I hate the telephone. 我讨厌电话。
The lion is a wild animal. 狮子是一种野生动物。
注:有时用于形容词前表示一类人 the rich the old
5. 用于序数词或最高级前。the first 注:表示名次的序数词前的定冠词以及副词最高级前的定冠词通常可以省略。如:
She works (the) hardest. 她工作最努力。
6. 用于乐器名词。如: play the piano
7. 用于姓氏的复数前。如: The Greens The Smiths
8. 用来代替前面已提到的人的身体部位或衣着等的一部分
9. 用于逢整十数词的复数前。如:
He got married in fifties. 他五十多岁才结婚。
10. 用于江、河、海、洋、山等前。如:
The Yellow River is China's second longest river. 黄河是中国第二大河。
11. 用于由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如:
The secretary has booked the manager in at the Hilton Hotel.秘书已经在希尔顿大酒店为经理预定了房间。
四、零冠词的用法
1. 用于非特指的季节、月份、星期及三餐等名称前。如:
Monday comes before Tuesday. 星期二在星期一之后。
2. 用于球类棋类和游戏以及含 day 的节日前。如:
Used you to play football? 你过去常踢足球吗?
New Year’s Day is a holiday for everyone. 元旦是所有人的节日。
3. 用于作表语、补语、同位语的惟一职位名词前。如:
John is captain of the team. 约翰是足球队的队长。
They elected him president of the society. 他们选他为协会会长。
4. 用于表示“变成”的 turn / go 后作表语的单数名词前。如:
He was a teacher before he turned writer. 他成为作家之前是教师。
5. 用于让步倒装的单数可数名词前。如:
Child as he is, he knows a lot. 他虽然是个孩子,但已经很懂事了。
6. 用于 a kind / sort / type / form / variety of 后的名词前。如:
He is too young for that kind of job. 他太年轻不适合做那工作。
This sort of thing can’t go on! 这样的事不能再进行下去了。
7. 用于某些表示学习、生活、娱乐等的单数名词前,表示相关的活动。如:
go to school (bed, church, town, class, college, etc) 去上学(睡觉,做礼拜,进城,上课,上大学,等)
in bed (school, class, college, church, prison, hospital, etc) 在睡觉(上学,上课,上大学,做礼拜,坐牢,住院,等)
注:若不是指活动,而是指具体的实物,则要用冠词。比较:
go to the bed 到床边去(侧重指“床”这个实体)
go to bed 上床睡觉(侧重指与“床”有关的活动,即睡觉)
8. 用于某些用介词 by 构成的表方式的短语中。如:
by bus 乘公共汽车 by plane / by air乘飞机
9. 用于表示泛指或一般意义的物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词、复数名词等之前。如:
Knowledge begins with practice. 认识从实践开始。
Smith lives in London. 史密斯住在伦敦。
Teachers should be respected. 教师应该受到尊重。
10. 用于某些独立结构中。如:
The teacher came in, book in hand. 老师走了进来,手里拿着书。
五、冠词的位置
在通常情况下,冠词放在名词前,若名词前带有形容词等修饰语,它则放在相应的修饰语前。如:
It’s a good chance for you to go. 这是你去的好机会。
但以下几种情况比较特殊,同学们需引起注意:
1. 若修饰名词的形容词受 too, so, as, how, however 等副词的修饰,则通常将不定冠词置于形容词与名词之前。如:
She is as good a cook as her mother. 她跟她妈妈一样会做饭。
It is too difficult a book for beginners. 那本书供初学者看太难了。
2. 若单数可数名词前有such, what, many 等词修饰,不定冠词应置于它们之后。如:
What a good heart you have! 你的心肠真好!
I have been there many a time. 我去过那儿很多次。
I’ve never heard of such a thing. 我从来没听过这样的事。
注:“many a+单数可数名词”是一种较文的说法,在现代英语的口语或非正式文体中,通常用“many+复数名词”代之。
3. 不定冠词与副词 quite, rather 连用时,不定冠词通常置于其后,但若其后的名词前有形容词修饰,则不定冠词放在 quite, rather 之前或之后均可以。如:
She remained standing for quite a while. 她站了好一会儿。
We had rather a cold welcome. 我们受到相当冷淡的接待。
We had a rather cold welcome. 我们受到相当冷淡的接待。
4. 与 both, all, half, twice等连用时,冠词通常应置于其后:
All the children are under twelve.所有的孩子都不满12岁。
We bought the book at half the price. 我们半价买了这本书。
He eats twice the amount that you eat. 他比你多吃一倍。
就字母而言,只有a e i o u是元音,其他都是辅音