㈠ 初中英语中的定语的用法
你好，一种形式是这样
形容词+名词，这里形容词就是定语
二非谓语动词作定语的情况，如Can
those
seated
at
the
back
of
the
classroom
hear
me?
这里seated就是定语，三不定式作定语
不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作
还有
限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；定语从句中可引导定语从句的关系代词有that
,
which
,
who
(宾格whom
，所有格whose
),
as。
2.
非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句则只是对先行词作些附加说明，主从句关系不十分密切，如果去掉从句，主句的意思依然很清楚，从句和主句往往用逗号分开。
1）一般先行词是物或无先行词时，要用which
引导，不用that。在非限制性定语从句中不能用that来代指人，而应当用who
/
whom指人。指人和指物的关系代词在定语从句作宾语时也不能省略。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词which，既可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整个句子的含义。
2)关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句，并在句子中作定语、表语或宾语，这个定语从句可以是说明整个句子，它可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，有时还可以插入主句中，as
通常翻译成“…正如…
那样”。
㈡ 初中英语定语从句语法
（1）因为where先行词在定语从句中是当成“地点状语”来理解的，所以，等效替换的时候其句子专成份的功能应该属一样，而介宾短语要么作“状语”要么作“补语”，也就说，介宾短语可以充当“状语”的功能。
（2）where在用你说的那几个介宾短语替代时候，主要看2点：一点就是看对象（或意思），其差别就是介词in/on/at/to的差别，表示的地点、位置不同（如in this room等）；另一点就是看一些常用的介词搭配（本质上还是看意思，如 be interested/involved/absorbed 等过去分词习惯跟in，表示在什么里面）。
同样地，这个等效替代方法也适用于when、why、how等表示时间、原因、方式/状态的“状语”。
㈢ 初中英语定语是什么，什么词可以当作定语，定语可以修
定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。 主要有形容词，此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。 汉语中常用‘……的’表示。
定语和中心语之间是修饰和被修饰、限制和被限制的关系。
在汉语中，中心语与定语二者之间有的需要用结构助词“的”，有的不需要，有的可要可不要。 “的”是定语的标志。在英语语法中，定语有许多的运用，需要遵循很多相关规律。
在英语中，定语的位置一般遵循如下规律：前位限定词总在前面。 主观词+客观词。说话人对事物主观性评价的定语在前，客观性评价的定语在后。序数词+基数词。碰到数词定语时，一般地，序数词在前，基数词在后。少音节词+多音节词。当几个形容词同时修饰一个名词时，还可以根据行文习惯，通过音节的多少来确定定语的顺序。制作)方式+材料+用途。当有几个名词做定语时，常以这种方式排列。不定代词的定语要后置。副词做定语要后置。某些表示地点、方位、时间的副词作定语时，通常要后置。由数字构成的复合形容词做定语。名词用做定语时，通常以单数形式出现。
定语的位置一般有两种：用在所修饰词之前的叫前置定语，用在所修饰词之后的叫后置定语。
单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。
在英语里，一般定语前置时的次序为：限定词，形容词、分词、动名词和名词性定语。但当几个形容词同时出现在名词短语之前，我们要注意其次序。
其形容词遵循的词序为：限 观 形 龄 色 国 材（简称“县官行令杀国才”）
指：限定词（一般指数量）；外观（美丽等）；形状（大小，高矮，肥瘦）；年龄；颜色；国籍；材料；用途。
如：
1限定词 2 外观 3形状 4年龄 5颜色 6国籍 7材料 8用途
a famous American university
an interesting little red French oil painting
a new plastic bucket
a purple velvet curtain
an elegant German clock
希望我能帮助你解疑释惑。
㈣ 初中英语语法总结
语法项目 构 成 用 法 象 征 词 规则变化 不规则变化 例 句
一般现在时 动词用原形
三人称单数-s / es 表示经常性的
动作或状态 Every often always on 天 in月、季、节、年。 一般-s –es 辅音＋y---ies have----has
He goes to school every day.
I often have lunch at home.
一般过去时 动词用过去时
Be—was/ were 表过去某个、段时间内动作及状态 ago/just now /In1998 last/yesterday 等 一般/去e 双写/辅＋y结尾－ied go-went come-came
do-did leave-left等 He wrote a letter yesterday.
I studied hard last year.
一般将来时 be going to＋V原
will / shall + V原 在将来某个时间或
某段时要做的事 tomorrow / after
next / tonight in 2010
Go come leave stay
fly等用进行表将来 Are you going to read ?
He is coming tomorrow .
现在进行时 be＋doing 表此时此刻正进行的动作或状态 listen look now
all the time Don’t… 一般去e 双写
+ing tie die lie –
变ie为y加ing Tom is writing now .
They are lying on the bed .
现在完成时
现在完成进行 have / has +PP
have/has been+doing 发生在过去影响在现在的动作或状态等 含糊的频率副词 already just never ever 分词规则的同过去式是一样的 不规则的动词的过去分词需逐个记忆 I have been teaching for 8 years.
He has slept for two days.
.过去进行时 was / were +doing
多用于复合句中 表在过去某时间正在进行的动作 at this time yesterday
last Sunday evening 一般去e 双写
+ing tie die lie –
变ie为y加ing He was reading at that time
last Friday
过去完成时 had+动过去分词
多用于复合句中 该动作发生在过去的过去 by the time＋过去时
when after before 规则的分词构成与过去时一样的 需要逐个记忆
详见不规则动词表 We had learnt 2000 words
by the end of last year.
过去将来时 would + V 原形
多用宾语从句中 过去看来将要发生的动作或状态 He said that he… the next day . He said that he would come here the next day .
比较级形式
形容副词名词 后--er 前加more
名词比较用more 表示两个人、物
之间进行比较时 than /much/ a little
far / in the two 等 一般/去e 双写/辅＋y结尾－ier good/well —better
much/many—more She is the tall in the two.
He runs faster than Tom .
最高级形式
形容副词名词 后-est 前加most
名词比较用most 大于等于三个人、物之间进行比较 in the ＋比较范围
of the 具体的数字 一般/去e 双写/辅＋y结尾－iest bad/ill/badly-worst
far-farther-farthest She is the most beautiful
in her class.(最高级加the)
动词不定式
to do没有人称和数的变化 作主语
To read is helpful for anybody now . 作宾语
He wants to buy a dictionary. 作宾补
I hear him sing yesterday
Tom told me to open it. 作表语
His job is to take care of children . 作状语
He’ll go to see a doctor tomorrow . 作定语
He has much homework
to do every day .
主从复合句 状语从句
句子作状语 （时间地点原因条件让步比较）
He was writing a letter when I came in。 宾语从句
句子作宾语（语序、时态、引导词、客观事实）
He asked me if I had been to Beijing before. 定语从句
句子作定语（修饰名词或代词的句子、注意先行词）
I saw the man who was stealing my bike yesterday
主动结构
与
被动结构
主动语态：主语（人、物）+ 谓语 + 宾语
动作执行者 + 及物动词 + 动作承受者
被动语态：主语（人、物）+be PP + by宾语
动作承受者 + be PP + by动作执行者
在被动语态中没有可以省to 的不定式 We speak English .
主语 谓语 宾语
English is spoken by us
宾改主 谓语动词 be PP 主by 宾 主动变被动，先找主、谓、宾，宾改主、主by宾，代词变格要细心，谓语动词be pp,时态随主、数随被
PP 是及物动词的过去分词加ed 或不规则详见表
被动句的时态（be）随主动句的时态（do）人称和数应随被动句的主语(am、is、are、was、were等 )
㈤ 初中英语定语是什么，什么词可以当作定
定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。
主要有形容词，此外还有名词、内代词容、数词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。汉语中常用‘……的’表示。
定语和中心语之间是修饰和被修饰、限制和被限制的关系。在汉语中，中心语与定语二者之间有的需要用结构助词“的”，有的不需要，有的可要可不要。“的”是定语的标志。在英语语法中，定语有运用，需要遵循很多相关规律。
㈥ 初中英语的八种语法
也就是8种时态：一般现在--一般过去时，现在进行时---过去进行时
一般将来时--过去将来时，现在完成时----过去完成时语法项目 构 成 用 法 象 征 词 规则变化 不规则变化 例 句
一般现在时 动词用原形
三人称单数-s / es 表示经常性的
动作或状态 Every often always on 天 in月、季、节、年。 一般-s –es 辅音＋y---ies have----has
He goes to school every day.
I often have lunch at home.
一般过去时 动词用过去时
Be—was/ were 表过去某个、段时间内动作及状态 ago/just now /In1998 last/yesterday 等 一般/去e 双写/辅＋y结尾－ied go-went come-came
do-did leave-left等 He wrote a letter yesterday.
I studied hard last year.
一般将来时 be going to＋V原
will / shall + V原 在将来某个时间或
某段时要做的事 tomorrow / after
next / tonight in 2010
Go come leave stay
fly等用进行表将来 Are you going to read ?
He is coming tomorrow .
现在进行时 be＋doing 表此时此刻正进行的动作或状态 listen look now
all the time Don’t… 一般去e 双写
+ing tie die lie –
变ie为y加ing Tom is writing now .
They are lying on the bed .
现在完成时
现在完成进行 have / has +PP
have/has been+doing 发生在过去影响在现在的动作或状态等 含糊的频率副词 already just never ever 分词规则的同过去式是一样的 不规则的动词的过去分词需逐个记忆 I have been teaching for 8 years.
He has slept for two days.
.过去进行时 was / were +doing
多用于复合句中 表在过去某时间正在进行的动作 at this time yesterday
last Sunday evening 一般去e 双写
+ing tie die lie –
变ie为y加ing He was reading at that time
last Friday
过去完成时 had+动过去分词
多用于复合句中 该动作发生在过去的过去 by the time＋过去时
when after before 规则的分词构成与过去时一样的 需要逐个记忆
详见不规则动词表 We had learnt 2000 words
by the end of last year.
过去将来时 would + V 原形
多用宾语从句中 过去看来将要发生的动作或状态 He said that he… the next day . He said that he would come here the next day .
比较级形式
形容副词名词 后--er 前加more
名词比较用more 表示两个人、物
之间进行比较时 than /much/ a little
far / in the two 等 一般/去e 双写/辅＋y结尾－ier good/well —better
much/many—more She is the tall in the two.
He runs faster than Tom .
最高级形式
形容副词名词 后-est 前加most
名词比较用most 大于等于三个人、物之间进行比较 in the ＋比较范围
of the 具体的数字 一般/去e 双写/辅＋y结尾－iest bad/ill/badly-worst
far-farther-farthest She is the most beautiful
in her class.(最高级加the)
动词不定式
to do没有人称和数的变化 作主语
To read is helpful for anybody now . 作宾语
He wants to buy a dictionary. 作宾补
I hear him sing yesterday
Tom told me to open it. 作表语
His job is to take care of children . 作状语
He’ll go to see a doctor tomorrow . 作定语
He has much homework
to do every day .
主从复合句 状语从句
句子作状语 （时间地点原因条件让步比较）
He was writing a letter when I came in。 宾语从句
句子作宾语（语序、时态、引导词、客观事实）
He asked me if I had been to Beijing before. 定语从句
句子作定语（修饰名词或代词的句子、注意先行词）
I saw the man who was stealing my bike yesterday
主动结构
与
被动结构
主动语态：主语（人、物）+ 谓语 + 宾语
动作执行者 + 及物动词 + 动作承受者
被动语态：主语（人、物）+be PP + by宾语
动作承受者 + be PP + by动作执行者
在被动语态中没有可以省to 的不定式 We speak English .
主语 谓语 宾语
English is spoken by us
宾改主 谓语动词 be PP 主by 宾 主动变被动，先找主、谓、宾，宾改主、主by宾，代词变格要细心，谓语动词be pp,时态随主、数随被
PP 是及物动词的过去分词加ed 或不规则详见表
被动句的时态（be）随主动句的时态（do）人称和数应随被动句的主语(am、is、are、was、were等 )
可以吗？
㈦ 关于初中英语的语法
动词不定式:“不定式符号to+动词原形”
一、用作主语
( ) 1. Is ______ easy to finish the design before National Day?
A. this B. that C. it D. he
( ) 2. It ______ forty-five minutes ______ there by bus.
A. cost; to get B. takes; getting C. takes; to get D. takes; to get to
动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种：
(1)把不定式置于句首。如：
To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。
① It＋be＋名词＋to do
It's our ty to take good care of the old.
② It takes sb+some time+to do
How long did it take you to finish the work?
③ It＋be＋形容词＋for sb＋to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour.
④ It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to do
It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays.
注意：
不定式复合结构的介词用for还是of，主要决定于前面形容词的性质。一般说来，of前面的形容词是careful, clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, wise等，既说明人的特性，又说明不定式动作的特性。for前面的形容词是dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, heavy, important, interesting, necessary等，一般说明不定式动作的特性，不说明人的特性。前面如果是名词用for。
二、用作表语
( )The first thing is the teacher.
A.greet B.greeting C.to greet D.to greeting
( ) This house is in .
A.living B.to live C.live D.to living
动词不定式作表语，常说明主语的内容、性质、特征。如：
The best way to improve your English is to join an English club.
三、用作宾语
1.可以接带to的动词不定式作宾语的动词主要有：
要求选择同意(ask, choose, agree)，
期望决定学习(expect, hope, decide, learn)，
宁可计划知道(prefer, plan, know)，
希望想要愿意(wish, want, would like / love)。如：
1)We decided to talk to some students about why they go there.
2)He prefers to eat white bread and rice.
3)Id love to visit Mexico.
2. 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，如：...feel / find / make / ... it+adj. / n.+to do...。如：
( )I find it difficult everything.
A.to remember B.remember C.remembering
We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well.
He feels it his ty to help the poor.
四、用作定语
( )1.I’m hungry. Get me something ____.
A eat B to eat C eating D for eating
( ) 2. –Have you got everything ready for the trip?
--Yes. There’s nothing ______.
A. to worry about B. need to worry about C. to worry at all D. worrying about
( ) 3. He is a nice person ______.
A. to work with B. working with C. worked with D. to be worked
1.句子的主语或宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语，不定式与其所修饰的名词、代词等存在逻辑的动宾关系时，用动词不定式的主动式。如：
1)I cant think of any good advice to give her. 动宾关系
2)Basketball has also become a more popular sport for people to watch.
2.动词不定式所修饰的名词是place, time, way等时，不定式与这些名词呈现出动状关系或同位关系。如：
1)He needs time to do homework.
2)Is that a good place to hang out？
3)You want to know the best way to get around the city.
五、用作补语
( ) Their teacher often ______ them a funny story ______ his class lovely and interesting.
A. tells; to make B. talks; to make C. says; makes D. speaks; makes
动词不定式作补语时，在主动语态句里补宾语，在被动语态句里补主语，句子的宾语或主语是不定式动作的逻辑执行者。如果不定式是to be done，句子的宾语或主语就是逻辑承受者。
1.在主、被动语态句里用带to的动词不定式作补语的动词主要有：
要求允许提议(ask, allow, permit, advise)，
期望邀请鼓励(expect, suppose, invite, encourage)，
教导告诉想要(teach, tell, want)，
等待希望愿意(wait for, wish, would like / love)。如：
1)Id invite her to have dinner at my house.
2)Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes.
3)Email English is supposed to be used on mobile phones.
2.动词不定式作补语，在主动语态句里不带to，被动语态句里带to时多数动词是感官动词和使役动词，包括
四“看”：look at, observe, see, watch，
三“让”：have, let, make，
二“听”：hear, listen to，
一“感觉”：feel，一“注意”：notice。
1)This picture makes me feel tense！
2)Of course we want to see Liu Yu achieve his dreams
3.be said, be sure, happen, seem等后面可以接带to的动词不定式作主语的补语。如：
1)He doesn’t seem to have many friends.
2)Be sure not to miss them if they come to a city near you.
( ) 1. We saw him ______ the building and go upstairs.
A. to enter B. enter C. entering D. entered
( ) 2. “Don’t always make Michacl ______ this or that. He is already a big boy, dear.” Mr Bush said to his wife.
A. do B. to do C. does D. did
( )3. The young lady watched her daughter ______ a yo-yo yesterday afternoon.
A. to play with B. playing with C. to play D. plays
( )4. Though he had often made his little sister ____, today he was made ___ by his little sister ____.
A cry; to cry B crying; crying C cry; cry D to cry; cry
六、用作状语
( ) 1. The ice is thick enough ______.
A. to walk on B. for walking C. to walk D. to walk on it
( ) 2. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ______.
A. sit B. sit on C. be sat D. be sat on
⒈作目的状语
★ I stayed there to see what would happen.
2) Bob took down my telephone number in order not to forget it.
3)I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see whatwould happen.
4).I hurried to Professor Wang's house only to find he was out.
我匆忙的感到王教授的家可是却发现他外出了。
2.原因状语，多见于“sb.+be+adj.+to do...”结构句中。如：
1) We are glad to hear the news.
2)I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well
3.结果状语，多见于“too...to”，“enough to...”"so...that..."结构句中。如：
七、带疑问词的不定式短语
( ) 1. There is no difference between in the two words. I really don’t know ______.
A. what to choose B. which to choose C. to choose which D. to choose what
( ) 2. Excuse me. Would you please tell me ______ buy a digital camera?
A. what to B. where to C. what I can D. where can I
动词不定式前面可以带疑问代词what, which, who或疑问副词how, when, where, why等。这种结构起名词的作用，在句子里用作宾语、主语、表语等，或者单独使用。要注意的是，why后面的不定式不带to。如：
1.用作句子的成分。
1)I don’t know what to try next. (作宾语)
2)Where to go is not decided yet.(作主语)
2.单独使用时相当于一个特殊疑问句
1)What to do next?(=What will we / you do next?)
2)Why go there?(=Why do we / you go there?)
( ) 1. The teacher told the students ______ in class.
A. not talk B. don’t talk C. didn’t talk D. not to talk
( ) 2. “Mr Zhang, you’d better ______ too much meat. You are already over weight,” said the doctor.
A. not to eat B. to eat C. not eat D. eat
八、动词不定式的否定式
不定式的否定式是not / never to do...，不带to的不定式的否定式是not / never do...如：
1.Sometimes they have disagreements, and decide not to talk to each other. 2.His parents tell him never to drive after drinking.
堂上练一练：
( )1. My mother often asks me ______ early.
A. get up B. got up C. getting up D. to get up
( ) 2. We are told ______ everywhere. It’s our ty to keep our school clean and tidy.
A. not to make much noise B. to throw waste paper
C. to draw D. not to spit
( ) 3. The boy was too busy ______ his father last term.
A. to hear from B. to write to C. hearing from D. write to
( ) 4. Look! How heavy the rain is! You’d better ______.
A. don’t go now B. stay here when it stops
C. not leave until it stops D. not to leave at once
( ) 5. –Bob, would you like to come to our dinner party? -- ______.
A. Yes, I would B. Yes, I’d love to C. No, I wouldn’t D. No, I don’t go
( ) 6. Tracy can’t play the match now. please ______ instead.
A. have Lily do it B. have Lily to do it C. make Lily to do it D. let Lily to do it
( ) 7. You must be very tired. Why not ______ a rest?
A. to stop to have B. to stop having C. stop to have D. stop having
( ) 8. There is going to ______ an English party this evening in our school.
A. to be B. to have C. having D. being
( ) 9. You’d better ______ a policeman at this moment.
A. not to sent for B. won’t sent for C. don’t sent for D. not sent for
( )10. The teacher will show him ______.
A. to use B. use it C. how to use it D. uses
动名词
动名词（doing）是一个动词的 –ing 形式, 在句子中起名词的作用, 例如, walking, playing, running 等等. 动名词在句子中可以用作主语, 动词宾语, 介词宾语, 和表语等成分.
1. 动名词可以起名词的作用，在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语和定语。
① 做主语：Playing football is my fabourite sport.
② 做宾语：She is intersted in dancing.
③ 做表语：My fabourite sport is dancing.
④ 做定语：He is in the reading room.
1) 动名词作介词宾语: Object of a preposition
A. 1. I’m used to sleeping with the windows open. 我习惯开着窗子睡觉.
2. We are interested in learning more about your work. 我们对你的工作很感兴趣, 想多了解点有关情况.
3. The Americans succeeded in landing on the moon. 美国人成功的登上了月球.
b. by + doing sth.
1.Pat turned off the tape recorder by pushing the stop button. 派特按下停止键, 关上了录音机.
2. We show other people that we are happy by smiling. 我们通过微笑表示高兴．
3. Wang improved his English by watching films. 通过看电影，王提高了他的英语水平．
C.go + shopping / swimming / fishing / hunting / skiing / bowling / dancing /
hiking / mountain-climbing
2) 只能接动名词的词如下:
finish, deny , enjoy, consider, miss, mind, keep, discuss, imagine,
admit, escape, understand, practise, complete, suggest, spend (time doing)
1. We finished eating at 7:30 last night.我们昨晚7:30 吃完晚饭.
2. I don’t enjoy being laughed at by other people.我不喜欢被其他人嘲笑.
3. It kept raining for three days.雨持续下了三天.
4. We appreciate having had the opportunity to meet the king. 我们非常感激能得到面见国王的机会.
与动名词连用的短语Special expressions with –ing form: （需要背诵）
1. have fun doing sth. 2. have a good time doing sth.
3.have trouble (in) doing sth. 4. have difficulty (in) doing sth
5. be busy doing 6. feel like doing
7. be used to doing 8. look forward to doing
9. what about doing…/ how about doing … 10. pay attention to doing
有些动词后即可接不定式，又可接动名词，但意义不一样：
部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。
1. remember, forget, regret + to do 动作未发生
+ doing动作已发生
I remembered posting the letter today. 我记得今天把信寄走了。
Please remember to post the letter today. 请别忘了今天把信寄走。
2. mean to do 打算做某事
mean doing 意味着……
I meant to catch up with the early bus.
This means wasting a lot of money.
3. try to do 设法尽力做某事
try doing 试着做某事
You should try to overcome your shortcomings.
Try working out the physics problem in another way.
4. stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语）
stop doing 停止做某事
On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper.
You'd better stop arguing and do as you are told.
5. can't help doing 禁不住……
can’t help to do不能帮助干……
I couldn’t help(to) finish this matter．我不能帮助完成这件事了。
She can’t help smiling．她禁不住笑了。
6. go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事
go on doing 继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续
He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势。
He went on reading Lesson Ten．他继续读第十课。
After reading Lesson Nine，he went on to read Lesson Ten．
读完第九课后他继续读第十课。
7. 感官动词; + do 表示动作的完整性
+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性
4.help后接动词不定式作补语，to可带可不带。一般说来，带to表间接帮助，不带to表直接帮助。在被动语态句里，或者用不定式的否定式作补语时要带to。如：
1.They can help you to compare two different procts so that you can buy the one you really need.