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初二英语上学期的语法综合

发布时间:2020-12-30 03:20:03

㈠ 初一和初二上学期 所有英语语法

帮楼主来找了几个源比较实用的地址。
http://www.sinoya.com/search_1.asp
http://ke..com/view/328219.htm
http://www.pep.com.cn/
望采纳。

㈡ 英语初二上学期语法

新目标八年级上册英语语法知识点精讲+练习
(一)一般将来时
一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或者存在的状态。通常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如tomorrow, theday after tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, in 100 years等。
be going to do (动词原形)结构:表示打算、准备做的事情或者肯定要发生的事情。如:It is goingto rain.
will do 结构表示将来的用法:
1. 表示预见
Do you think it will rain?
You will feel better after a good rest.
2. 表示意图
I will borrow a book from our schoollibrary tomorrow.
What will she do tomorrow?
基本构成如下:
一般疑问句构成:
(1)will+主语+do…? Will Sarahcome to visit me next Sunday?
(2)there be 结构的一般疑问句:Will there +be …?
Will there be fewer trees? Yes, there will./ No, there won’t
否定句构成:will + not (won’t)+do
Sarah won’t come to visit me next Sunday.
特殊疑问句构成:
特殊疑问词+will+主语+…?What willSarah do next Sunday?
★★练一练★★
根据例句,用will改写下列各句
例:I don’t feel well today.(be better tomorrow)
I’ll be better tomorrow.
1. Gina has six classes today. (have a lot ofhomework tonight)
_____________________________
2. I’m tired now. (sleep later)
_____________________________
3. My parents need a new car. (buy one soon)
_____________________________
4. We can’t leave right now. (leave alittle later)
_____________________________
5. The weather is awful today. (be bettertomorrow)
_____________________________
答案:1. She’llhave a lot of homework tonight.
2. I’ll sleep later.
3. They’ll buy one soon.
4. We’ll leave a little later.
5. Maybe it’ll be better tomorrow.
(二)should的用法:
should用来提出建议和忠告,后边加动词原形,否定句直接在should后边加not.
例如:I think you should eatless junk food.
我认为你应该少吃垃圾食品。
She drives a lot and she seldom walks. So Ithink she should walk a lot.
她经常开车,很少走路。所以我认为她应该多走路。
Students shouldn’t spend too much timeplaying computer games.
学生们不应当花太多的时间玩计算机游戏。
学习向别人提建议的几种句式:
(1)I think youshould…
(2)Well, youcould…
(3)Maybe youshould …
(4)Why don’t you…?
(5)What aboutdoing sth.?
(6)You’d betterdo sth.
★★练一练★★
用should或shouldn’t填空
1. I can’t sleep the night before exams.
You ______ take a warm shower before you goto bed.
2. Good friends ______ argue each other.
3. There is little milk in the glass. We_______ buy some.
4. They didn’t invite you? Maybe you ______be friendlier.
5. I am a little bit overweight. So I think I_______ do exercises every day.
答案:1. should 2. shouldn’t 3. should 4. should 5. should
(三)过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某一点时间正在进行的动作或者过去某一段时间内一直进行的动作。
1. 构成
was /were + doing,例如:
I was watching TV at 9 o’clock last night.
at 9 o’clock last night是时间点
They were playing football all afternoon.
all afternoon是时间段
2. 过去进行时的标志词
at 8 o’clock last night, this timeyesterday等。例如:
I was having lunch at home this timeyesterday.
昨天的这个时候我正在吃午饭。
At that time she was writing a book.
那阵子她在写一本书。(表示她在那段时间里一直在做那件事情。)
★★练一练★★
用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. This time yesterday I ____ ______(read)books.
2. At 9 o’clock last Sunday they ____________(have)a party.
3. When I _____(come)into theclassroom, she ________ ______(read)a storybook.
4. She _____ ______(play)computer
games while her mother ____ ______(cook)yesterday
afternoon.
5. I _____ ______(have)a shower whenyou _______(call)me yesterday.
答案:1. was reading 2. were having 3. came; was reading
4. was playing; was cooking 5. was having; called
(四)间接引语
形成步骤:
(1)不要逗号,冒号,引号
(2)要考虑到人称的变化(人称的变化与汉语是一致的)
(3)要考虑时态的变化
(4)要考虑时间状语、地点状语和语示代词的变化。
1. 直接引语变成间接引语时,几个主要时态的变化规律
直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时过去将来时现在进行时过去进行时
2. 直接引语变成间接引语时,一些词汇的变化规律
直接引语 1. am / is 2. are 3. have / has4. will5. can6. may间接引语1. was2. were 3. had4. would5. could6. might
★★练一练★★
用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. She said I _____(be)hard-working.
2. Peter told me he _____(be)boredyesterday.
3. She said she _____(go)swimming lastSunday.
4. Bobby said he _____(may)call melater.
5. Antonio told me he _____(read)a book then.
答案:1. was 2. was 3.went 4. might 5. was reading
请转述他人说的话:
1. I go to the beach every Saturday. (Tom)
2. I can speak three languages. (Lucy)
3. I will call you tomorrow. (Mike)
4. I’m having a surprise party for Lana. (she)
(五)if引导的条件状语从句
结构:if+一般现在时,主语+将来时
含义:如果……,将要……
例如:If you askhim, he will help you.
如果你请求他,他会帮助你。
If need be, we’ll work all night.
如果需要,我们就干个通宵。
★★练一练★★
根据中文提示,完成句子。
1. 如果你参加聚会,你将会过得很开心。
If you ________ the party, you __________.
2. 如果明天下雨,我们将不去野餐。
If it __________ tomorrow, we ___________.
3. 如果你经常听英文歌,你将会喜欢英语的。
If you often ________, you_________________.
答案:
1. If you go to the party, you will have agood time
2. If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go to thepicnic
3. If you often listen to English songs,you’ll like English

二. 完形填空特点及解题思路
(一)题型分类与特点
完形填空试题是在给出的一篇短文中有目的地拿掉若干个词,留下一些空格,要求考生借助短文保留的部分,从所给的短文整体出发,在正确理解短文意思的基础上,根据句子和句子间的内在联系、词的用法和习惯搭配等,用适当的词或词语填空,使补全后的短文意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。这种题型测试的内容从形式上看是单词或短语的填空,但它必须注意到短文中上、下文意思连贯、词语搭配和语法结构正确,所以在空格上所填的词必须符合语义适用和语法正确两条原则,只考虑某一侧面都可能导致错误。中考中完形填空试题的基本题型分两类:完形填空选择题和完形填空题。
1. 完形填空选择题:该题型的特点是将一篇短文中若干词语抽掉留下空格,对每一空格提供若干个选择项,要求考生通读短文后,在理解短文意思的基础上,运用所学的词汇、句型、语法等语言知识,从所提供的备选项中选出一个最佳答案,使短文内容完整正确。中考完形填空主要以这种题型为主。它所给的短文一般与初中英语教材难易程度相当,字数在150-200个单词之内,多数设置10个左右空格,所设考点涉及词汇、语法及对短文内容的理解。短文的第一句一般不设空,以期提供一个语境,对每一空格设置的选项基本都属于相同或对等的词类,给判定选择带来一定的干扰,侧重考查了考生准确运用词汇的能力及对短文的整体理解和逻辑推理能力。
2. 选词填空题:该题型的特点是把抽出的词打乱顺序,不按原文顺序排列,放在短文前面或后面的方框内,有时还增加几个文外的词,要求考生从中选出适当的词以正确的形式填入短文空格内。
(A)
Jack wanted to ask for two days off, 1 he had only learnt the phrase (短语)“have a day
off”. He 2 , then he had an idea. “Grandmother
is ill. May I have a day off, 3 ? ”he asked the teacher. “Of course,
you can. ”replied (答复)the teacher at once.
After a while, the boy came to 4 at the teacher’s door. “May I have a
day off 5 ? ”The teacher was very
surprised, “Didn’t you 6 it just now? ”“Yes, sir. But I can’t be
here 7 , either. ”The teacher understood
him and could not help 8 . Then he said with a smile, “Why didn’t
you say‘May I have two days off? ’”The boy answered quickly
9 a loud voice. “But you only 10 us‘have a day off! ’”
( )1. A. but B. and C. or D.for
( )2. A. thought hardly
B. thought hard and hard
C. hard thought
D. thought and thought
( )3. A. Miss B. sir C. teacher D.Mr
( )4. A. strike B. best C. hit D.knock
( )5. A. also B. again C. too D.once
( )6. A. speak B. tell C. say D.do
( )7. A. tomorrow
B. the day after tomorrow
C. yesterday
D. the day before yesterday
( )8. A. laugh B. to laugh C. laughed D.laughing
( )9. A. with B. on C. in D.by
( )10. A. teach B. taught C. are teaching D.were teaching

(B)
请根据内容从所给的15个单词中选出最恰当的10个填入空白处,使短文完整,有些词要根据需要作适当的词形变化。
than, so, tell, us, them, report, beause, love,composition, understand, to, that, much, for, what
A generation gap (代沟)has become a
serious problem. I read a _______(1)about it in
the newspaper. Some children have killed _______(2)after
quarrels (争吵)with parents. I think this is _______(3)they don’t
have a good talk with each other. Parents now spend _______(4)time in the
office. _______(5)they don’t have much
time to stay with their children. As time passes, they both feel _______(6)they don’t
have the same topics(话题)to talk about. I want to _______(7)parents to be
more with your children, get to know them and understand them. And for children,
show your feeling _______(8)your parents.
They are the people who _______(9)you. So tell
them your thoughts (想法). In this way, you can have a better _______(10)of each
other.

完形填空选择题的一般解题思路是:
1. 跳过空格、通读全文、把握大意。先跳过空格,通读试题所给的要完形填空的短文,获得整体印象,做到弄清文脉、抓住主旨,较好地把握短文大意。要在阅读理解短文意思的基础上才开始判定选择,切忌仓促下笔。
2. 结合选项、综合考虑、初定答案。在理解全文意思的基础上,再结合所给备选项细读全文,联系上、下文内容,注意从上、下文的语法结构和词语搭配及从选择项中寻找解题的提示,以词、句的意义为先,再从分析句子结构入手,根据短文意思、语法规则、词语固定搭配等进行综合考虑,对备选项逐一进行分析、比较和筛选,排除干扰项、初步选定答案。
3. 瞻前顾后、先易后难、各个击破。动笔时要瞻前顾后、通篇考虑、先易后难。对比较明显直接的、自己最有把握的答案先做,一下子不能确定答案的,先跳过这一空格,继续往下做,最后回过头来再集中精力解决难点。这时可结合已确定答案的选项再读一遍短文,随着对短文理解的深入,可以降低试题的难度,提高选择的正确率。
4. 复读全文、逐空验证、弥补疏漏。完成各道题选择后,把所选的答案代入原文,再把全文通读一篇,逐空认真复查。看所选定的答案是否使短文意思前后连贯、顺理成章,语法结构是否正确,是否符合习惯表达法。如发现错误答案或有疑问的,应再次推敲、反复斟酌、做出修正。
完形填空试题的一般解题思路是:
1. 跳过空格、通读短文、了解大意。解题时先跳过空格,通读完形填空的短文,了解全篇的内容和要旨。要重视首句,善于以首句的时态、语气为立足点,理清文脉,推测全文主题及大意。
2. 复读短文、确定语义、判断词形。把握短文大意后再认真复读短文,利用上下文的语境,结合所学过的知识,先确定空格处所需词语的意义,再根据空格在句子中的位置,判断其在句中充当的成分,从而确定所填词的词性,再依据词语搭配和语法规则,判断所填的词的正确形式。
3. 三读短文、上下参照、验证答案。在短文的每一空白处填上一个词后,将完成的短文再细读一遍,上下参照,连贯思考。把所填的答案放入短文中进行检验,可从上、下文内容是否协调一致、顺理成章,语法结构是否正确无误等进行综合验证,凡有疑问必须重新推敲考虑。

(三)课文阅读指导
1. 初中阅读
阅读理解能力
(1)理解主旨要义
(2)理解文中具体信息
(3)根据上下文猜测生词的意义
(4)做出简单判断的推理
(5)理解文章的基本结构
(6)理解作者的意图和态度
2. 培养良好阅读习惯
(1)扩大视距
(2)克服声读
(3)克服逐字读
3. 猜测词文
(1)通过标题或主题句进行预测
(2)文章的标题或主题句可包括作者的意图和倾向、篇章的总体意义和深层意义,因此通过文章标题或主题句进行预测,以便正确理解。
(3)通过语篇标记进行预测
(4)语篇标记包括关联词、转换词也包括其他关键词。
(5)利用背景知识预测
(6)利用图片进行预测

㈢ 初二英语新目标上学期语法要点

初二英语语法知识重点总结

一、知识强化

1.掌握本单元的重点词汇及句型。

2.谈论最好做某事和正确做某事,培养提高自己的交际能力。

3.正确使用should和ought to。

二、重难点知识讲解

1.First, we decided to elect the chief editor. 首先我们决定选出主编。

decide 动词,意为“决定”,常用结构:

decide (not) to do sth. 决定(不)做某事

decide on doing sth 决定做某事

decide + 疑问代词/副词+不定式 决定……

decide+从句 决定……

e.g.I decided to go to Beijing on Monday.

我决定星期一去北京。

He has decided on going for a trip next week.

他已决定下周去旅行。

He decided when to go to Beijing.

他已经决定了什么时候去北京。

We decided that we didn’t take part in the basketball match.

我们决定不参加篮球比赛。

2.We should choose Joyce because she has experience.

我们应该选乔伊斯因为她很有经验。

(1)experience n. 经验;经历

①经验(不可数名词)

e.g.He is a math teacher with 5 years’ experience.

他是一名有五年工作经验的数学老师。

②经历(可数名词)

e.g.It was a strange experience.

真是一次奇特的经历。

Please tell us your experiences in America.

请你告诉我们你在美洲的经历。

(2)experience v. 体验;经历

e.g.Our country has experienced great changes in the last thirty years.

我国在过去三十年经历了巨大变化。

3.Then we all voted for her. 然后我们都投票赞成(选乔伊斯为主编)。

vote for sb. 意为“投票赞成某人”。

e.g.I shall vote for Ben because he has experience.

我将投票选本因为他有经验。

Vote for Johnson—the people’s friend!

请投约翰逊一票——他是人民的支持者。

vote against 意为“投票反对”。

e.g.People vote against Henry.

人们投票反对亨利。

4.Then Joyce took charge of the meeting. 于是,乔伊斯主持会议。

take charge of意为“主管,主持;负责”。

e.g.Who will take charge of the meeting?

谁将主持这次会议?

She took charge of the family business after her father died.

父亲去世后,家务事全由她负责。

The department was badly organized until she took charge(of it).

这个部门在她负责管理以前组织工作做得很差。

5.Then the others voted for me. 于是其他人投票选我。

句中的the others指参加会议的除我以外的所有人即:Lucy, Joyce, Tony和Jessica。

辨析:other, the other, the others与another

(1)other表示“其他的”,表示泛指,没有特定的范围。

e.g.Lei Feng always helped other people.

雷锋总是帮助别人。(指其他的任何人)

(2)the other意为“另一个”,一般用于两者之间。其句型为:one…the other…一个……另一个……

e.g.The old man has two sons. One is a soldier, the other is a worker.

那位老人有两个儿子,一个是士兵,另一个是工人。

注意:the other和other后均可加名词,但意思有所不同,“the other+名词”表示一定范围内除一部分外其余的全部,而“other+名词”表示除去部分以后的另一些,但不是剩下的全部。

(3)the others 特指一定范围内的其余的全部人或事物。

e.g.I have three pencils. One is long, and the others are short.

我有三支铅笔,一支是长的,另外(两个)是短的。(代词)

(4)another表示三者或三者以上的其他任何一个,意为“再一;又一”。

e.g.Would you like another cup of tea?

你还要一杯茶吗?

6.You will be responsible for different sections of the paper.

你们将负责报纸的不同部分。

be responsible for意为“对……负责”。

e.g.Who is responsible for breaking the mirror?

镜子是谁打破的?

The bus driver is responsible for the passengers safety.

公共汽车司机应对乘客的安全负责。

7.Should it be free for readers, or should they pay for it?

读者应免费阅读还是花钱购买呢?

辨析:pay, spend, cost与take

四个单词都可以表示“花费”,但用法却不尽相同。

(1)pay的基本用法是:

①pay (sb.) money for sth. 付钱(给某人)买某物。

e.g.I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month.

我每个月要付给他们20英镑的房租。

②pay for sth. 付某物的钱

e.g.I have to pay for the lost book.

我不得不赔偿丢失的书款。

③pay for sb. 替某人付钱

e.g.Don’t worry! I’ll pay for you.

别担心,我会给你付钱的。

(2)spend的主语必须是人,常用于以下结构:

①spend time/ money on sth. 在某物上花费时间/ 金钱。

e.g.I spent two hours on this maths problem.

这道数学题花了我两个小时。

②spend time/ money(in)doing sth. 花费时间/金钱做某事。

e.g.They spent two years (in) building this bridge.

造这座桥花了他们两年时间。

(3)cost的主语是物或某种活动,还可以表示“值”,常见的用法如下:

①“sth. cost (sb.)+金钱”表示“某物花了(某人)多少钱”。

e.g.A new computer costs a lot of money.

买一台新电脑要花一大笔钱。

②“(doing)sth. cost(sb.)+时间”表示“(做某事)某物花了(某人)多少时间”

e.g.Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time.

他花了大量的时间才记住了这些新单词。

(4)take 常见的用法有以下几种:

①“It takes/took sb.+时间+ to do sth. ”表示“做某事花了某人多少时间”。

e.g.It took them three years to build this road.

他们用了三年时间修完了这条路。

②“doing sth. takes sb.+时间”表示“做某事花了某人多少时间”。

e.g.Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon.

他花了一整下午修这辆小汽车。

8.Well, I usually try to get one for free from outside the library…

哦,我通常试图从图书馆外免费拿一份……

try to do sth.,意为“尽力、设法去做某事”,强调付出一定的努力或想方设法地去完成。

I’ll try to come early tomorrow.

我明天尽量早点儿来。

辨析:try doing sth. 意为“尝试着做某事”,不一定付出很大努力。

e.g.If you like, you can try watching it.

如果你喜欢,你可以试着看一下。

拓展:

①try/do one’s best to do sth.意为“尽某人全力去做某事”。

e.g.We should try our best to practice speaking English.

我们应尽力来练习说英语。

②try on意为“试穿”。

e.g.Can I try it on?

我可以试穿一下吗?

③try也可用作名词,意为“尝试”。

e.g.I can’t open this door—will you have a try?

我打不开这扇门——你来试试行吗?

9.I also have the habit of reading English for half an hour every morning.

我也有每天早上读半小时英语的习惯。

have the habit of doing…意为“有干某事的习惯”。

e.g.My mother has the habit of getting up early.

我妈妈有早起的习惯。

He has habit of smoking ring meals.

他有吃饭时吸烟的习惯。

10.Were you nervous before the speech? 在演讲前你紧张吗?

nervous意为“焦虑的,紧张的”,形容词作表语,可以与动词get/ feel,系动词be连用。

e.g.Don’t be nervous! The doctor just wants to help you.

别紧张!医生只是想帮助你。

I felt very nervous when I went into his office.

当我走进他的办公室时,我感到很紧张。

11.She was on her way to the library to return the books.

她正走在去图书馆还书的路上。

(1)the way to…意为“去……的路”。其中the可以用物主代词替换。如果表示地点的词是副词home, there, here等时,则不用介词to。way为名词,意为“路;道路”,其常用的搭配还有on one’s way to+n. 或on one’s way+adv.,意为“在去……的路上”。

e.g.I see some beautiful flowers on my may home.

在回家的路上,我看到一些美丽的花。

On my way to the school I met my head teacher.

上学路上我遇到了班主任。

(2)return在句中意为“归还”,相当于give sth. back.

e.g.Return the book to the library.

把书归还给图书馆。

12.but I haven’t felt lonely at all. 但我一点也不感到孤独。

(1)辨析:lonely与alone

①lonely一般只用作形容词,表示“孤单的,孤独的,寂寞的”,在句中既可作表语,又可作定语。lonely修饰物时,意为“荒凉的”。

e.g.When his wife and two little children left him, he was very lonely.

妻子和两个孩子离他而去后,他很孤独。

This is a lonely mountain village.

这是一个荒凉的小山村。

②alone作形容词时,意为“单独的,独自的;独一无二的”,通常只用作表语。用作副词,表示“独自地,单独地”之意,相当于by oneself。此外,alone用在名词或代词之后,意为“只有,唯有,仅仅”。

e.g.Tom alone knew what had happened.

只有汤姆知道发生了什么事。

③lonely指人孤独寂寞,或指地方荒无人烟,有浓厚的伤感色彩。alone表示“单独,独自一人”,不含感情色彩。

e.g.He doesn’t feel lonely though he lives alone.

尽管他独自生活,但他并不感到孤独。

(2)not…at all 意为“一点……也不;根本不”,是完全否定。

e.g.I don’t like it /them at all. 我根本不喜欢它(它们)。

He can not swim at all. 他根本就不会游泳。

She doesn’t love me at all. 她根本就不爱我。

三、语法点拨——should与ought to的用法

1.一般说来,两者可替换,只是ought to语气稍重。

e.g.You ought to (should) go and see Mary sometime.

你应该什么时候去看看玛丽。

The train ought to (should) have arrived at six.

火车本应该6点钟到的。

Such things ought not to be allowed.

这种事情是不允许的。

2.表示出于法令规则、行为准则、道德责任等客观情况而“应该”做某事时,一般应用ought to,若用should则含有个人意见,强调主观看法。

e.g.We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don’t think we will.

明天我们按理应该去看看玛丽,但是我认为我们不会去(此句不宜用should)。

3.在公告、须知或条例中,出于礼貌,常用should。如:

e.g.You should not run alongside the swimming-pool.

不准在游泳池边奔跑。

㈣ 跪求初二上学期英语重点语法

八种时态的具体用法: 一般现在时 表示现阶段经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态,或说明主语的特征。 ① 一般现在时句子中常有的时间状语:often,usually,sometimes,always,every (day等), once/twice,a (week等), on (Sunday等),never,in the (morning等)。如:They go to the Palace Museum once a year.(他们每年去一次故宫)/ They often discuss business in the evening.(他们经常在晚上商谈生意) ② 表示客观真理、事实、人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语。如:The earth turns round the sun.(地球绕着太阳转)/ Light travels faster than sound.(光传播比声音快) ③ 表示十分确定会发生(如安排好的事情)或按照时间表进行的事情,用一般现在可以表达将来,句子中可以有将来时间。如:The train for Haikou leaves at 8:00 in the morning.(开往汉口的列车上午8点开车) ④ 在时间状语从句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引导)和条件状语从句中(以if,unless引导),用一般现在时代替一般将来时,句子可以有将来时间。如:Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.(你一到德国就给我打电话) / If it rains tomorrow,we will have to stay at home.(如果明天下雨我们就只好呆在家) ⑤ 一般现在时用于倒装句中可以表示正在发生的动作,动词以come, go为主。如:Here comes the bus. (车来了) / There goes the bell.(铃响了)。 ⑥ 一般现在时常用于体育比赛的解说或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it. ⑦ 人的心理活动和感官动作一般用一般现在时而不用现在进行时表达,常见动词有:like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(认为),understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. 如:I think it is going to snow.(我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在这儿) 一般过去时 表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,这种动作或状态可能是一次性,也可能经常 发生。 ① 表示过去具体时刻发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有:at (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, when引导的时间状语从句。如:I got up at 6:00 this morning.(我是早上六点钟起床的)/ Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.(小汤姆今天早上九点半把窗子打破了)/ When he went into the room,he saw a stranger talking with his father.(他走进房间时发现一个陌生人正和他父亲谈话) ② 表示过去一段时间内不知何时发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有:yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。如:He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年来到我们市) ③ 表示过去一个阶段中经常发生的事情时,时间状语有:last…, in…, from…to…, for(10 years),often,usually, sometimes, always, never等。如:Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. / Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him. ④ 讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时,而且经常省略时间状语。如:I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西) 一般将来时 表示将来某一时刻或经常发生的动作或状态。 ①一般将来时的时间状语有:tomorrow,this (afternoon),next (year),one day,now,soon, someday,sometime, in the future, when引导的从句等。 ② 用will构成的将来时,表示动作与人的主观愿望无关。“shall”用于第一人称,“will” 用于所有人称。如:I will graate from this school soon.(我很快就要从这所中学毕业了)/ You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之后你就要一个人过了) ③ “am/is/are going to+动词原形”表示打算或准备要做的事情,或者主观判断即将要发生的事情,而“am/is/are to +动词原形”表示安排或计划中的动作。如:A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special baby.(有一个人告诉他们那个妇女就会生下那个特别的男孩)/ It’s going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了) ④ 表示一个人临时决定要做某事,可以用will表达。如:I will go to the lab to get some chemicals(化学药剂). So please wait until I return.(我要到化学实验室去取些药品,请等我回头) ⑤ 现在进行时、一般现在时也可以表示将来。(见相应时态) ⑥ shall和will 在口语的一些疑问句中相当于情态动词。Shall一般与第一人称连用,will与第二人称连用。如:Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我们下周六去动物园好吗?)/ Will you please open the door for me?(替我把门打开好吗?) ⑦ “be to +动词原形”表示按照计划将要发生的事情。如:An angel came to tell her that she was to have this special boy. (4)现在进行时 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作或是现阶段正发生而此刻不一定在进行的动作。 ① 现在进行时由“助动词be (am is are ) +现在分词”构成。 ② 现在进行时的时间状语有: now, this …, these…等,但经常不用。如:What are you doing up in the tree?(你在树上干什么?)/ I am writing a long novel these days.(我最近在写一本长篇小说) ③ 表示即将发生的动作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常见的动词有:come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。如:I’m coming now.(我就来)/ What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么?)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了) ④ 表示频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如:He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later.(他老是向我借钱,过一些时候就忘得一干二净) (5)过去进行时 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。 ① 过去进行时由“was(第一、三人称单数)或were(第二人称单数和各人称的复数)+现在分词”构成。 ② 过去进行时的时间状语有:then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的时间状语从句。如:He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天这个时候他正在做晚饭)/ The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.(我看到小女孩的时候她正在玩玩具) ③ 用于宾语从句或时间状语从句中,表示与主句动作同时进行而且是延续时间较长。句子中通常不用时间状语。如:She was it happen when she was walking past.(她路过时看到事情的发生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他们在黑暗的森林里走时唱了很多歌) ④ 也可以表示过去一个阶段频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如:He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.(他住在这里时老向我借钱) (6)现在完成时 现在完成时表示一个发生在过去的、对现在仍有影响的动作,或表示开始在过去,并且一直延续到现在,甚至还可能延续下去的动作。 ①在完成时由“助动词have (has)+动词的过去分词”构成。 ②表示发生在过去的对现在仍有影响的动作时,时间状语有:already, yet, just, once, twice,ever, never,three times, before等。如:I have never seen such fine pictures before. (我以前从来没有看过这么好的画)/ He has just gone to England.(他刚去英国) ③表示在过去开始一直延续到现在(可能延续下去)的动作或状态时,时间状语有:for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引导的状语从句。如:I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.(我离开家乡有30年了)/ Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.(自从这家工厂开张,王叔叔一直在那儿工作) ④口语中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如:They have got thousands of books in their library.(他们图书馆有上万本书) ⑤have been to与have gone to的区别:have gone to(“已经去了”)表示人不在这里,have been to(“去过”)表示人在这里。如:--Where is Mr Li? –He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里?他去了英国。)/ --Do you know something about Beijing? –Yes,I have been to Beijing three times. (你知道北京的情况吗?是的,我去过那里三次。) ⑥在完成时中,一个瞬间性动词(一次性动作)不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,此时须将该瞬间动词改为延续性动词或状态动词。具体变化见下表: 瞬间性动词的完成时 → 延续性动词或状态动词的完成时 have (already) gone to… have been in / at … for (two years) has come to… has been here since (1990) (had) left… (had) been away from… arrived… been in… died been dead begun been on ended been over bought... had… borrowed… kept… joined… been in … 或者使用下面这个句型:It is / has been + (多久)+ since + 主语(人)+谓语(过去时)+……+过去时间状语 [注意] 在其它的时态中也存在类似问题,记住,关键是:瞬间动词不能和表达一段时间的状语连用。如:How long may I keep the book?(这本书我能借多久?)(句子中keep取代了borrow) (7) 过去完成时 过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一动作发生之前已经完成的动作。简言之, 过去完成时所表示的时间是“过去的过去”。 ①过去完成时由“助动词had+动词的过去分词”构成。 ②过去完成时时间状语有:by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last…)或者由when,before等引出状语从句。有时句子中会有already, just, once, ever, never等词语,也会有for… 或since…构成的时间状语。如:They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came.(当老师来的时候他们已经打扫完了教室)/ The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.(在他发觉那个妇女是个骗子时她已经走掉了) ③过去完成时常用于宾语从句中、after引导的从句中,或者从句是before引导的主句中。如:After I had put on my shoes and hat,I walked into the darkness.(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走进了黑暗之中)/ He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before.(他说他以前从来没有见过袋鼠) (8) 过去将来时 过去将来时表示在过去预计将要发生的动作或存在的状态。 ①过去将来时由“助动词should(第一人称)或would(第二、三人称)+动词原形”构成。在美国英语中,过去将来时的助动词一律用“would +动词原形”。 ②过去将来时常由于宾语从句中,时间状语有:later, soon, the next (day). ③在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中不可以使用过去将来时,而应该使用一般过去时。如:He promised that he would pay me a lot if I helped him with the project.(他答应付给我许多钱如果我帮助他搞那个项目)/ Every time when he was free,he would sit down and read some books.(每次只要他有空他就会坐下来看看书) ④表示纯粹的将来时用would或should,表示打算或主观认为的事情用was/were going to (+动词原形)。如:She told me she would be 18 the next month.(她告诉我她下个月就18岁了)/ She told me that she was going to have a walk with her pet dog.(她告诉我她打算带她的宠物狗去散步) ⑤过去将来时还可以表示一个过去经常性的动作。如:When it rained in the day, he would bring an umbrella with him.(白天下雨时他会随身带一把雨伞) (9)现在完成进行时:现在完成进行时指一个从过去就开始一直延续到现在并由可能继续下去的动作,它具有现在完成时和现在进行时双重特征,结构是:“have/has + been +动词的现在分词”。如:I have been swimming in the cold water for about two hours.(我已经在冰冷的水里游了将近两个小时)/ How long have you been waiting here?(你在这里一直等了多久?)

㈤ 初二上学期英语语法全部

1) leave的用法

1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如:

When did you leave Shanghai?

你什么时候离开上海的?

2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如:

Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London.

下周五,爱丽斯要去伦敦了。

3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如:

Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing?

你为什么要离开上海去北京?

2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用

should作为情态动词用,常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等,有“竟会”的意思,例如:

How should I know? 我怎么知道?

Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚?

should有时表示应当做或发生的事,例如:

We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。

我们在使用时要注意以下几点:

1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如:

You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。

2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如:

You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服,你最好去看医生。

3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如:

We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。

She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。

3) What...? 与 Which...?

1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词,都可以指人或事物,但是what仅用来询问职业。如:

What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的?

该句相当于:

What does your father do?

What is your father's job?

Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如:
---Which is Peter? 哪个是皮特?

---The boy behind Mary. 玛丽背后的那个男孩。

2. What...?是泛指,所指的事物没有范围的限制;而 Which...?是特指,所指的事物有范围的限制。如:

What color do you like best? (所有颜色)

你最喜爱什么颜色?

Which color do you like best, blue, green or yellow? (有特定的范围)

你最喜爱哪一种颜色?

3. what 与 which 后都可以接单、复数名词和不可数名词。如:

Which pictures are from China?

哪些图片来自中国?

4) 频度副词的位置

1.常见的频度副词有以下这些:

always(总是,一直)

usually(通常)

often(常常,经常)

sometimes(有时候)

never(从不)

2.频度副词的位置:

a.放在连系动词、助动词或情态动词后面。如:

David is often arrives late for school.

大卫上学经常迟到。

b.放在行为动词前。如:

We usually go to school at 7:10 every day.

我们每天经常在7:10去上学。

c.有些频度副词可放在句首或句尾,用来表示强调。如:

Sometimes I walk home, sometime I rides a bike.

有时我步行回家,有时我骑自行车。

3.never放在句首时,主语、谓语动词要倒装。如:

Never have I been there.
5) every day 与 everyday

1. every day 作状语,译为“每一天”。如:

We go to school at 7:10 every day.

我们每天7:10去上学。

I decide to read English every day.

我决定每天读英语。

2. everyday 作定语,译为“日常的”。

She watches everyday English on TV after dinner.

她晚饭后在电视上看日常英语。

What's your everyday activity?

你的日常活动是什么?

6) 什么是助动词
1.协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。
助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如:
He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。
(doesn't是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)
2.助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:
a. 表示时态,例如:
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态,例如:
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句,例如:
Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?
Did you study English before you came here?你来这儿之前学过英语吗?
d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:
I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气,例如:
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3.最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would

7) forget doing/to do与remember doing/to do

1.forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做)
forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做)
The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还在亮着,它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
He forgot turning the light off.
他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作)
Don't forget to come tomorrow.
别忘了明天来。 (to come动作未做)
典型例题
---- The light in the office is still on.
---- Oh,I forgot___.
A. turning it off B. turn it off

C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
答案:C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着,即关灯的动作没有发生,因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth 表示灯已经关上了,而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。

2.remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做)
remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做)
Remember to go to the post office after school.
记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?
你不记得以前见过那个人吗?

8) It's for sb.和 It's of sb.

1.for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2.of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了。
3.for 与of 的辨别方法:
用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of,不通则用for。如:
You are nice. (通顺,所以应用of)。
He is hard. (人是困难的,不通,因此应用for。)

9) 对两个句子的提问

新目标英语在命题中有将对句子划线提问这一题型取消的趋势,现在采取的作法是对一个句子进行自由提问。例如:

句子:The boy in blue has three pens.

提问:1.Who has three pens?

2.Which boy has three pens?

3.What does the boy in blue have?
4.How many pens does the boy in blue have?

很显然,学生多了更多的回答角度,也体现了考试的灵活性。再如:

句子:He usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday.

提问:1.Who usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?

2.Where does he usually go with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?

3.What does he usually do with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?

4.With whom does he usually go to the park at 8:00 on Sunday?

5.What time does he usually go to the park with his friends on Sunday?

6.When does he usually go to the park with his friends?

10) so、such与不定冠词的使用

1.so与不定冠词a、an连用,结构为“so+形容词+a/an+名词”。如:

He is so funny a boy.

Jim has so big a house.

2.such与不定冠词a、an连用,结构为“such+a/an+形容词+名词”。如:

It is such a nice day.

That was such an interesting story.

11) 使用-ing分词的几种情况

1.在进行时态中。如:

He is watching TV in the room.

They were dancing at nine o'clock last night.

2.在there be结构中。如:

There is a boy swimming in the river.

3.在have fun/problems结构中。如:

We have fun learning English this term.

They had problems getting to the top of the mountain.

4.在介词后面。如:

Thanks for helping me.

Are you good at playing basketball.
5.在以下结构中:

enjoy doing sth 乐于做某事

finish doing sth 完成做某事

feel like doing sth 想要做某事

stop doing sth 停止做某事

forget doing sth 忘记做过某事

go on doing sth 继续做某事

remember doing sth 记得做过某事

like doing sth 喜欢做某事

keep sb doing sth 使某人一直做某事

find sb doing sth 发现某人做某事

see/hear/watch sb doing sth 看到/听到/观看某人做某事

try doing sth 试图做某事

need doing sth 需要做某事

prefer doing sth 宁愿做某事

mind doing sth 介意做某事

practice doing sth 练习做某事

be busy doing sth 忙于做某事

can't help doing sth 禁不住做某事

miss doing sth 错过做某事

12) 英语中的“单数”

1.主语的第三人称单数形式,即可用“he, she, it”代替的。如:

he, she, it

my friend, his teacher, our classroom, Tom, Mary's uncle
2.名词有单数名词和复数名词。如:

man(单数)---men(复数) banana(单数)---bananas(复数)

3.动词有原形,第三人称单数形式,-ing分词,过去式,过去分词。如:

go---goes---going---went---gone

work---works---working---worked---worked

watch---watches---watching---watched---watched

当主语为第三人称单数的时候,谓语动词必须用相应的第三人称单数形式。如:

The boy wants to be a sales assistant.

Our English teacher is from the US.

Their daughter makes her breakfast all by herself.
12) 英语中的“单数”

1.主语的第三人称单数形式,即可用“he, she, it”代替的。如:

he, she, it

my friend, his teacher, our classroom, Tom, Mary's uncle

2.名词有单数名词和复数名词。如:

man(单数)---men(复数) banana(单数)---bananas(复数)

3.动词有原形,第三人称单数形式,-ing分词,过去式,过去分词。如:

go---goes---going---went---gone

work---works---working---worked---worked

watch---watches---watching---watched---watched

当主语为第三人称单数的时候,谓语动词必须用相应的第三人称单数形式。如:

The boy wants to be a sales assistant.

Our English teacher is from the US.

㈥ 初二英语上半学期要掌握的语法有哪些

一、形容词副词比较级①构成1.一般单音节词和少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词,比较级在后面加-er,最高级在后面加-est;
(1)单音节词
如:small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest
tall→taller→tallest great→greater→greatest
(2)双音节词
如:clever→cleverer→cleverest narrow→narrower→narrowest
2.以不发音e结尾的单音节词,比较在原级后加-r,最高级在原级后加-st;
如:large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest
3.在重读闭音节(即:辅音+元音+辅音)中,先双写末尾的辅音字母,比较级加-er,最高级加-est;
如:big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest
4.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词, 把y改为i,比较级加-er,最高级加-est;
如:easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest
busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest
5.其他双音节词和多音节词,比较级在前面加more,最高级在前面加most;
如:beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful
different→more different→most different
easily→more easily→most easily
注意:(1)形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the,副词最高级前可不用。
例句: The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.
(2) 形容词most前面没有the,不表示最高级的含义,只表示"非常"。
It is a most important problem.
=It is a very important problem.
6.有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的,必须熟记。
如:good→better→best well→better→best
bad→worse→worst ill→worse→worst
old→older/elder→oldest/eldest
many/much→more→most little→less→least
far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest②用法1.“A + be +形容词比较级 + than + B” 意思为“A比B更……”。
如:This tree is taller than that one. 这棵树比那棵树高。
注意:
① 在含有连词than的比较级中,前后的比较对象必须是同一范畴,即同类事物之间的比较。
②在比较级前面使用much,表示程度程度“强得多”。
如:A watermelon is much bigger than an apple.
③ very, quite一般只能修饰原级,不能修饰比较级。
2.“比较级 + and + 比较级”或“more and more +原级”表示“越来越……”
如:It becomes warmer and warmer when spring comes.
春天来了,天气变得越来越暖和了。
It is getting cooler and cooler.
天气越来越凉爽。
The wind became more and more heavily.
风变得越来越大。
Our school is becoming more and more beautiful.
我们的学校变得越来越美丽。
3.在含有or的选择疑问句中,如果有两者供选择,前面的形容词要用比较级形式。
如:Who is taller,Tim or Tom? 谁更高,Tim还是Tom?
4. “the +比较级……, the+比较级”,表示“越……越……”。
The more money you make, the more you spend.
钱你赚得越多,花得越多。
The sooner,the better.
越快越好。
5. 表示倍数的比较级用法:
①. A is …times the size /height/length/width of B.
如:The new building is three times the height of the old one.
这座新楼比那座旧楼高三倍。(新楼是旧楼的四倍高)
②. A is …times as big /high/long/wide/large as B.
如:Asia is four times as large as Europe.
亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。(亚洲比欧洲大三倍)
③. A is …times larger /higher/longer/wider than B.
如:Our school is twice bigger than yours.
我们学校比你们学校大两倍。
6.形容词、副词的最高级形式主要用来表示三者或三者以上人或事物的比较,表示“最……”的意思。
句子中有表示范围的词或短语。如:of the three, in our class等等。
如:He is the tallest in our class.
他在我们班里是最高的。
7."否定词语+比较级","否定词语+ so… as"结构表示最高级含义。
Nothing is so easy as this.
=Nothing is easier than this.
=This is the easiest thing.
8. 比较级与最高级的转换:
Mike is the most intelligent in his class.
Mike is more intelligent than any other student in his class
7.修饰比较级和最高级的词
1)可修饰比较级的词
①.a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等。
②. 还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
③. 以上词(除by far)外,必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
注意: 使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。
(错) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
(对) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2)下列词可修饰最高级:by far, far, much, mostly, almost。
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.
注意:
a. very可修饰最高级,但位置与much不同。
This is the very best.
This is much the best.
b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。
Africa is the second largest continent.
8.要避免重复使用比较级。
(错) He is more cleverer than his brother.
(对) He is more clever than his brother.
(对) He is cleverer than his brother.
9.要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
(错) China is larger that any country in Asia.
(对) China is larger than any other country in Asia.
10.要注意对应句型,遵循前后一致的原则。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
11.要注意冠词的使用,后有名词的时候,前面才有可能有名词。
比较:Which is larger, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.二、连词but and or 表示并列用and 表示转折用but 表示选择用or三、条件状语从句经典语句:If it dosen't rain tomorrow,we will go to the zoo.
If you open the door,i will come in.
条件状语从句就是用以表示“在某种条件下,会……”
常用if ,in case , on condition等词来引导
连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that,provided,suppose,supposing 等。.
主句用一般将来时,if或unless引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时。
固定搭配:unless = if...not.
e.g. Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tired, let's go out for a walk.
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种:
真实条件句,
如:If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go on a picnic.
非真实条件句是虚拟语气的一种,表示与事实相反,如:
If I were you, I would go with him.
so/as long as只要
由as (so) long as, in case引导。
So long as you’re happy, it doesn’t matter what you do.
只要你高兴,你做什么都没有关系。
You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean.
只要你保持书的清洁,你就可以把我的书借去。
Take your umbrella in case it rains.
带着你的伞吧,以防下雨。
四、原因状语从句(because和because of的用法) because+句子 because of+名词短语/名词五、五种基本句式 1、主语+谓语(S+V) 2、主语+谓语+直接宾语(S+V+DO) 3、主语+连系动词+表语(S+V+P) 4、主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+IO+DO) 5、主语+谓语+直接宾语+宾语补足语(S+V+DO+OC)六、副词的构成 1、大多数形容词直接+ly 2、以le结尾的形容词-e+y 3、以不发音的e结尾的形容词-y+ily七、过去进行时 ①用法:1.表示过去某一时间内(正在)进行的动作
如:I was doing my homework at 9 p.m. last Sunday.
2.表示一动作正在进行时,另一动作同时正在进行.
(1)用while连接(while只接doing)(注:如果主句和从句都是一般过去时,可以用while连接两个句子)
例:My mother was cooking while I was doing my homework.(可以持续动作时态一致)
(2)when表示(when可以接doing或did,when后动作时间长,用doing,时间短,用did)
例:I was doing my homework when my mother came in.(间接表达了具体时间)
3.重复的动作
When he worked here, John was always making mistakes.
4.表示过去将要发生的动作
She told us Mr.Lee was arriving here.
5.用于故事,以提供其时间背景
6.表示礼貌
7有时可强调过去某一动作延续时间较长 [编辑本段]常用的时间状语 this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
It was raining when they left the station.
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. [编辑本段]典型例题 (1) Mary _C_ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同 时,when表时间的同时性,"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。
(2) As she _b__ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A.read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell
答案C. 句中的as = when, while,意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell (fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fall sick。 过去进行时的基本用法:表示过去某个时刻或时间正在进行过持续进行的动作,句中往往需要有时间状语来表示这一特定的时间. What were they doing just now? 他们刚才在干什么?②句型肯定句=主语(I/he/she/they/we)+was/were+doing+其它
否定句=主语(I/he/she/they/we)+was/were+not+doing+其它
一般疑问句及答语=Was/Were+主语(I/he/she/they/we)+doing+其它 答语:Yes,I was./No,I wasn't.
特殊疑问句=特殊疑问词+was/were+主语(I/he/she/they/we)+doing+其它
过去进行时vs一般过去时
都强调过去发生的事
进行时强调过程,不一定完成
过去时强调事件,一定完成
p,s表示一个动作正在进行时,另一个动作发生了
如:He played when I was studying.
不用于进行时的动词
感官动词:hear,see,notice,feel,taste……
表示态度感情的动词:like,love,hate……
表心理状态:feel,want,prefer……
表占有:own,have,……
表存在状态和持续:look,owe,be……
when 和while的用法区别
两者的区别如下:
①when是at or ring the time that, 既指时间点,也可指一段时间;
while是ring the time that,只指一段时间,因此when引导的时间状语从句中的动词可以是终止性动词,也可以是延续性动词,而while从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。
②when 说明从句的动作和主句的动作可以是同时,也可以是先后发生;while 则强调主句的动作在从句动作的发生的过程中或主从句两个动作同时发生。
③由when引导的时间状语从句,主句用过去进行时,从句应用一般过去时;如果从句和主句的动作同时发生,两句都用过去进行时的时候,多用while引导,如:
a. When the teacher came in, we were talking.
当此句改变主从句的位置时,则为:
While we were talking, the teacher came in.
b They were singing while we were dancing.

㈦ 初二第一学期英语语法总结

Invite sb. to do sth邀请某人干某事
Than 是比较级的标志
The 是最高内级的标志
Of all是最高级的标志
Even是比较级的标志
Enough 修饰形容词后置容
Decide to do sth 决定干某事
形容词最高级前加the
One of the+形容词的最高级+名词复数 表示“最……的……之一”
Do a survey of 做……的调查,宾语从句由疑问词引导,后接陈述句语序。
At the end of…在……末
表示……中一个也没有用none
Have fun doing sth 干某事高兴
Just now 刚才,与一般过去时连用
Let’s 后接动词原形
Stop doing sth 停止干某事
Be good with sb 跟某人相处得好
基本上都是必考的吧
希望可以帮助到你、

㈧ 初二英语上的所有语法点

1nbsp;(seenbsp;、hearnbsp;、noticenbsp;、findnbsp;、feelnbsp;、listennbsp;tonbsp;、nbsp;looknbsp;atnbsp;(感官动词)+nbsp;donbsp;egnbsp;:Inbsp;likenbsp;watchingnbsp;monkeysnbsp;jumpnbsp;2nbsp;(比较级nbsp;andnbsp;比较级)nbsp;表示越来越怎么样nbsp;3nbsp;anbsp;piecenbsp;ofnbsp;cakenbsp;=easynbsp;小菜一碟(容易)nbsp;4nbsp;agreenbsp;withnbsp;sbnbsp;赞成某人nbsp;5nbsp;allnbsp;kindsnbsp;ofnbsp;各种各样nbsp;anbsp;kindnbsp;ofnbsp;一样nbsp;6nbsp;allnbsp;overnbsp;thenbsp;worldnbsp;=nbsp;thenbsp;wholenbsp;worldnbsp;整个nbsp;世界nbsp;7nbsp;alongnbsp;withnbsp;同……一道,伴随……nbsp;egnbsp;:nbsp;Inbsp;willnbsp;gonbsp;alongnbsp;withnbsp;younbsp;我将和你一起去nbsp;thenbsp;studentsnbsp;plantednbsp;treesnbsp;alongnbsp;withnbsp;theirnbsp;teachersnbsp;学生同老师们一起种树nbsp;8nbsp;Asnbsp;soonnbsp;asnbsp;一怎么样就怎么样nbsp;9nbsp;asnbsp;younbsp;cannbsp;seenbsp;你是知道的nbsp;10nbsp;asknbsp;fornbsp;……求助nbsp;向…要…(直接接想要的东西)nbsp;egnbsp;:nbsp;asknbsp;younbsp;fornbsp;mynbsp;booknbsp;11nbsp;asknbsp;sbnbsp;fornbsp;sthnbsp;向某人什么nbsp;12nbsp;asknbsp;sbnbsp;tonbsp;donbsp;sthnbsp;询问某人某事nbsp;asknbsp;sbnbsp;notnbsp;tonbsp;donbsp;叫某人不要做某事nbsp;13nbsp;atnbsp;thenbsp;agenbsp;ofnbsp;在……岁时nbsp;eg:Inbsp;amnbsp;sixteennbsp;Inbsp;amnbsp;atnbsp;thenbsp;agenbsp;ofnbsp;sixteennbsp;14nbsp;atnbsp;thenbsp;beginningnbsp;ofnbsp;……nbsp;……的起初;……的开始nbsp;15nbsp;atnbsp;thenbsp;endnbsp;ofnbsp;+地点/+时间nbsp;最后;尽头;末尾nbsp;egnbsp;:nbsp;Atnbsp;thenbsp;endnbsp;ofnbsp;thenbsp;daynbsp;16nbsp;atnbsp;thisnbsp;timenbsp;ofnbsp;yearnbsp;在每年的这个时候nbsp;17nbsp;benbsp;/feelnbsp;confidentnbsp;ofnbsp;sthnbsp;/thatnbsp;clausenbsp;+从句nbsp;感觉/对什么有信心,自信nbsp;egnbsp;:nbsp;Inbsp;amnbsp;/nbsp;feelnbsp;confidentnbsp;ofnbsp;mynbsp;spokennbsp;Englishnbsp;Inbsp;feelnbsp;thatnbsp;Inbsp;cannbsp;passnbsp;thenbsp;testnbsp;18nbsp;benbsp;+nbsp;doingnbsp;表:1nbsp;现在进行时nbsp;2nbsp;将来时nbsp;19nbsp;benbsp;ablenbsp;tonbsp;(+nbsp;vnbsp;原)nbsp;=nbsp;cannbsp;(+nbsp;vnbsp;原)nbsp;能够……nbsp;egnbsp;:nbsp;Shenbsp;isnbsp;ablenbsp;tonbsp;singnbsp;Shenbsp;cannbsp;singnbsp;20nbsp;benbsp;ablenbsp;tonbsp;donbsp;sthnbsp;能够干什么nbsp;egnbsp;:shenbsp;isnbsp;ablenbsp;tonbsp;singnbsp;21nbsp;benbsp;afraidnbsp;tonbsp;donbsp;(ofnbsp;sthnbsp;)nbsp;恐惧,害怕……nbsp;egnbsp;:nbsp;I‘mnbsp;afraednbsp;tonbsp;gonbsp;outnbsp;atnbsp;nightnbsp;I‘mnbsp;afraidnbsp;ofnbsp;dognbsp;22nbsp;benbsp;allowednbsp;tonbsp;donbsp;被允许做什么nbsp;eg:nbsp;I‘mnbsp;allowednbsp;tonbsp;watchnbsp;TVnbsp;我被允许看电视nbsp;Inbsp;shouldnbsp;benbsp;allowednbsp;tonbsp;watchnbsp;TVnbsp;我应该被允许看电视nbsp;23nbsp;benbsp;angrynbsp;withnbsp;sbnbsp;生某人的气nbsp;egnbsp;:nbsp;Don‘tnbsp;benbsp;angrynbsp;withnbsp;menbsp;24nbsp;benbsp;angrynbsp;with(at)nbsp;sbnbsp;fornbsp;doingnbsp;sthnbsp;为什么而生某人的气nbsp;25nbsp;benbsp;as…原级…asnbsp;和什么一样nbsp;egnbsp;:nbsp;Shenbsp;isnbsp;asnbsp;tallnbsp;asnbsp;menbsp;她和我一样高nbsp;26nbsp;benbsp;ashamednbsp;tonbsp;27nbsp;benbsp;awaynbsp;fromnbsp;远离nbsp;28nbsp;benbsp;awaynbsp;fromnbsp;从……离开nbsp;29nbsp;benbsp;badnbsp;fornbsp;对什么有害nbsp;egnbsp;:nbsp;Readingnbsp;booksnbsp;innbsp;thenbsp;sunnbsp;isnbsp;badnbsp;fornbsp;yournbsp;eyesnbsp;在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好nbsp;30nbsp;benbsp;bornnbsp;出生于nbsp;31nbsp;benbsp;busynbsp;doingnbsp;sthnbsp;忙于做什么事nbsp;benbsp;busynbsp;withnbsp;sthnbsp;忙于……nbsp;32nbsp;benbsp;carefulnbsp;当心;小心nbsp;33nbsp;benbsp;differentnbsp;from……nbsp;和什么不一样nbsp;34nbsp;benbsp;famousnbsp;fornbsp;以……著名nbsp;35nbsp;benbsp;friendlynbsp;tonbsp;sbnbsp;对某人友好nbsp;36nbsp;benbsp;fromnbsp;=nbsp;comenbsp;fromnbsp;来自nbsp;egnbsp;:Henbsp;isnbsp;fromnbsp;Bej

㈨ 初二上学期英语,都包含哪些语法知识

初二第一学期UNIT ONE英语语法总结
1.how often...?
1)How often do you read English? I read English every day.
每隔一天=每两天 every other day = every two days
每三、四、五天 every three/four/five days
eg.The Olympic Games are held every four years.
2)How often do you go to the movies? I go to the movies once a month.
一月两次twice a month 一月三次 times a month 一月两三次two or three times a month
2.sometimes的位置
3.pretty 漂亮 (注意和quiet 相当 的区分)
4. 5种how的疑问句
5.Do you have the same lifestyle as them? (the same ... as 的用法)
No,mine is different from theirs. (be different from 的用法)
6.may be 与maybe
May be kate knows the answer.
=Kate may know the answer.
=Perhaps Kate knows the answer.
7.try tries tried trying
try to do something 尽力、设法做某事
try doing something 试着做某事
try one's best to do something 尽某人最大的努力去做某事
8.keep in good health = stay in good health

㈩ 八年级上学期的英语语法总结(全部)!

一、只能修饰可数名词的词语有:
many, many a(n), a good / great many, a (great / large) number of, scores of, dozens of等。例如:
Scores of people went there in the first few days after its opening.
开张后的头几天,很多人去了那儿。
I have been there dozens of times.
我已去过那儿很多次了。
There’re a number of students reading English in the classroom.
教室里有许多学生在读英语。
Many a student has(=many students have)visited the Great Wall.(谓语动词用单数)
很多学生都游览过长城。
In winter, a good many animals sleep under the snow.
冬天很多动物在雪下冬眠。
注意: many所修饰的复数名词前若有限定词,many 后面要接of, 表示“……中的很多”。 例如:
A great many(of the) graates have found jobs.
毕业生中很多人已经找到了工作。
二、只能修饰不可数名词的词语有:
much, a great deal of, a great / large amount of等。例如:
Is there much water in the bucket?
桶里有很多水吗?
He always has a great amount of work to do.
他总是有很多工作要做。
三、既能修饰可数名词又能修饰不可数名词的词语有:
a lot of, lots of, plenty of (以上三个词语后谓语动词的数依of 后的名词的单复数而定),a great / large quantity of (其后谓语用单数),quantities of (其后谓语用复数)。例如:
There is still lots of snow in the garden.
花园里还有许多雪。
There is plenty of rain here.
这儿的雨水很多。
A great quantity of flowers was placed in the hall.
大厅里放了很多鲜花。
There are large quantities of food in the cupboard.
橱柜里有许多食物。
在所有这些表示“很多”的词语中many, much 是最常用的词,它们既可以用于肯定句,也可以用于疑问句和否定句。例如:
Are there many people in the street?
街上有很多人吗?
There isn’t much time left.
剩下的时间不多了。
其它的词语都用于肯定句,日常会话中常用lots of, a lot of 或plenty of; 正式文体中常用 a great many, a (large) number of, a great deal of, scores of 或 dozens of 等。但若肯定句中有too, so, as, very或how 等词修饰时,则必须使用 many, much。例如:
The number of the people who lost their homes reached as many as 250,000.
无家可归的人数多达250,000人。
There is too much work to do.
要做的工作太多了。

或者是这样的,你自己看下,哪Unit 1 How often do you exercise?
Grammar: 特殊疑问句:wh-questions: what, who, where, when, which, whose, why, whom等。
特殊疑问句的构成及用法:
结构:特殊疑问词+ 一般疑问句, 即:特殊疑问词+be/助动词/情态动词+主语+谓语/表语(+其他)
疑问代词:
1) Who:谁。做主语,用来指人 Who is the boy under the tree?
2)Whom 谁,做宾语,用来指人 Whom are you writing to?
3) Whose 谁的,用来指所属关系,如果做定语,一般后接名词 Whose pen is this?
4) Which 哪个,哪些,用来指对人或物在一定范围之内进行选择 Which grils will in the sports meeting? Which pen is Lily’s?
5)What什么,通常指物,也可指人,一般用在没有指出范围的情况下 What can you see in the picture? What are you doing now?
疑问副词:
When:何时,询问时间 When will she come back?
Where何地,询问地点, Where do you come from?
Why为什么,询问原因, Why are you late for school?
How 如何,询问手段、方式、工具以及程度等 How do you usually go to school?
How old多大,询问年龄,How old is Jim’s little brother?
How many/much多少,询问数量 How many birds are there in the tree?
How far多远,询问距离, How far is it form your home to school?
How long多长,多久,询问时间的长度或距离 How long will you stay in Beijing?
How often多长时间按一次,询问频率 How often do you go to see your grandparents?
How soon多久,询问时间 How soon will you come back?
频率副词:表示动作发生的频率,never, sometimes, often, usually, always.
Unit 2 What’s the matter with you?
Grammar:
1. 用have 来描述身体不适 have/have got a +疾病名字;得了……病
2.情态动词should,情态动词should,can, may, must没有人称和时态的变化,后接动词原形
Unit 3 What are you doing for vacation?
Grammar:现在进行时表将来 一般将来时
表示将要做某事或计划打算做某事要用到句型“be+doing”其中be是助动词,它有人称和单复数的变化。Be: am, is, are. be + v.ing是现在进行时的形式,但用于表示将来。用进行时表将来,常用于表示即将来临的未来预定要做的事情,一般指个人计划要做的事。用于此情况的动词一般是表示位置转移的动词,如,go, come, leave, start, arrive, move等。
一.肯定句中,结构为“be+doing.”
I am going shopping this afternoon.
二.否定句是在be之后加not. I’m not going to shopping this afternoon.
三.一般疑问句是将be置于句首 Are you going shopping this afternoon?—Yes, I am/ we are. No, I’m not./ We aren’t.
四.特殊疑问句“疑问词+一般疑问句语序。”
What are you doing for vacation? When is he going camping?
Who are you going there with? Where is she going?

Unit 4 How do you get to school?
Grammar: How引导的特殊疑问句:是指以How, how far, how long, how old,how many, how much等词开头的疑问句。
How does he get to shool?---- He takes the train to get to shool.
How long does it take to walk? ----It takes about 35 minutes to walk.
How far is it from your home to school? It’s four miles from my home to school.
How old is he now? She is twelve years old now.
How many storybooks do you have? I have five storybooks.
How much is this coat? This coat is 200 yuan.
特殊疑问句的简略结构:how about…?+ 名词或动词-ing形式,用于提出建议、请求或征求意见、询问消息等。如:How about playing tennis?
Unit 5 Can you come to my party?
Grammar:情态动词can及邀请句式及其问答
情态动词can的用法:
Can 是最长用的情态动词,其后跟动词原形,can的否定形式为cannot,can’t.
can表“能力”,意思是:能,会 I can paly basketball,but I can’t swim.
can表示能力时可和be able to 互换,be able to有更多的时态,常被用来表示can所 不能表示的将来或完成的概念。E.g. They will be able to run this machine on their own in three months.
表示“可能性”,意思是:可以,可能。That big cinema can seat 5,000 people.
表示允许,意思是可以能够 You can have the book when I have finished it.
表示“惊讶、不相信等(用于疑问句、否定句或感叹句中”。意思是“会、可能。”
This can’t be true. Can it be true?
如何发出、接受和谢绝别人的邀请
表达邀请的常用句型:
Can you come to…?
Could you come to…?
Would you like to come to…?
Do you want to come to…?
接受邀请的常用句型:
Sure. Certainly. OK. I’d love to.
谢绝邀请的常用句型:
I’m sorry, I can’t. I have to…
I’m afraid I can’t. I have to…
I don’t think I can. I have to…
Unit 6 I’m more outgoing than my sister.
Grammar:形容词的比较级
规则变化、不规则变化(课本P93)
than 是比较级中最常见的标志词,意思是“比”。用于引出比较的对象。1.He draws better than me.2.You’re older than I am. You are older than me.
形容词比较级前,有时可以用much,far, a little,a bit, even, three times等词来修饰。Much 和far表示“……得多”,much better好得多,a little, a bit表示稍微,一些,一点。a little shorter, 稍微矮点;even表示“甚至,更加,还要……”even bigger还要大些,three times表示 “…三倍”,如three times bigger than 比……大三倍
Very绝不可以用来修饰比较级,very,so,too, quite 修饰原级
Unit 7 How do you make banana milk shake?
Grammar: 可数名词与不可数名词
一.可数名词
英语中的物质名词大体上可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词指物体的数量可数。其单数形式可在名词前加a或an,表示一个,如a pear. 其负数形式要在词尾加-s,或-es(特殊情况除外),如two bananas, three tomatoes. Many many apples a few students few bags
二.不可数名词
1.不可数名词指物体的数量不可数。不可数名词没有单复数之分,也不能在词前直接加冠词a 或an.表示不可数名词的数量时可在不可数名词前加相应的由量词构成的短语。如a bag of… 2.常见的量词短语有:
a piece of… a cup of… a teaspoon of… a bottle of…
3.不可数名词还可以用下面的词表示数量:much much rain a little little
4.既可以修饰不可数名词又可以修饰不可数名词的词有:
Lots of= a lot of许多,大量 some一些(用于肯定句)any一些(用于否定句和一般疑问句)
Unit 8 How was your school trip?
Grammar:
一般过去时:指在过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态,常和表示过去意义的时间状语连用。如:yesterday, last year(week,month…),two years ago, in2006等。有时也可用when,after,before, as soon as引导的时间状语从句。该时态在句中的体现是谓语动词用过去式。谓语be动词→was/were 否定:wasn’t /weren’t
Be动词句型
一般疑问句:was/were +主语…
特殊疑问句:疑问词+was/were+主语
陈述句:主语+was/were+…(肯定句) 否定句:主语+wasn’t/weren’t+…
行为动词句型(当句中的动词为行为动词时,要借助动词did构成一般疑问句和否定句)
肯定式:主语+动词过去式
否定式:主语+didn’t+动词原形
一般疑问句:Did +主语+动词原形
特殊疑问句:Did+主语+动词原形
Unit 9 When was he born?
Grammar: 一般过去时的特殊疑问句
一般过去时的特殊疑问句的变法同一般现在时一样,不同之处在于须将be动词或助动词改为过去时态,即“特殊疑问词+were或was(第三人称单数)+主语+(表语)+其他成分”或“特殊疑问词+助动词did+主语+实义动词+其他成分。”
以when引导的特殊疑问句,对某人的出生年月进行提问,句型是:
When was/were…born? … was/were born in +时间
When was David beckham born? 大卫.贝克汉姆是什么时候出生的?He was born in 1975.
二.以how long 引导的特殊疑问句,对表示某一短时间的状语进行提问。句型是:
How long did + 主语+动词?
How long did Charles Smith hiccup? He hiccupped for 69 years and 5 months.
三.When did he start hiccupping? 他什么时候开始打嗝?When +did+主语+动词?
Unit 10 I’m going to be a basketball player.
Grammar:一般将来时
表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用。
1. be going to + 动词原形 What are you going to do next Sunday?
2. will/shall + 动词原形 I will go to my hometown next week.
3.be +v.ing The Greens are moving to another city the day after tomorrow.
4. be +动词不定式 You are to be back by 10 o’clock.
5. be + about + 动词不定式 The meeting is about to begin.
Unit 11 Could you please clean your room?
Grammar:情态动词
情态动词,表示说话者对某一动作的看法和态度,包括可能、怀疑、允许、愿望、必要、猜测等。Can(能、会),may( 可以),must( 必须、一定)等。
情态动词的特点:(1)情态动词有一定词义,但不能单独作谓语,必须和另一个动词原形一起构成谓语,且没有人称和数的变化。1. I can speak English. 2. She must be a teacher. 3. We may go home now.
(2)变否定句时,直接在情态动词后面加not,无需加助动词。He can’t play the guitar well.
He can’t answer the question. You mustn’t be late.
(3)含有情态动词的句子变一般疑问句时,须将情态动词提前。Can you help me? Must I go there at once?
(4)can 可表示能力、允许、可能性、怀疑猜测,意为“能,会,可以。”can’t, 意为“不能,不会,不可以。”,还有“不可能”之意。
--Can you drive? – Sorry, I can’t. It can’t be true.
(5)can 也可表示请求与邀请
Can you please sweep the floor?
Unit12 What’s the best radio station?
Grammar:形容词/副词的最高级,用于三者或三者以上的人或事物之间的比较,表示在一群人或事物中,其中一个 “最……”见课本p93语法
the +最高级 She is the tallest of all her classmates.
最高级可被序数词以及much, by far,nearly,almost, by no means, not quite,not really, nothing like等修饰。This hat is by far the biggest.
表示最高程度的形容词,excellent, extreme, prefect等没有最高级也不能用比较级。He is an excellent teacher.
形容词最高级间修饰做表语或介词并与的名词代词是,被修饰的词往往省略。
He is the youngest (boy) in his class.
Who/Which +be+最高级,A,B,or C? Who is the most useful, a bicycle, a motorcycle,or a car?
the +序数词+最高级 He is the second tallest student in our class.
One of the +最高级+复数名词 The Yellow River is one of the longest rivers in China.个完整你选择哪个吧!

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