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什么叫英语语法结构

发布时间:2021-03-06 16:47:41

⑴ 英语:句式和语法结构的区别是什么

句式:句子的结构表达式。如:there + be (is are was were ,will be hsa been ,.. ) + 名词
+地点。 这个句型表示:某处有(即存在)某物。这内叫做句式。容句式很多,又如:主语 + be + too + adj. + to + 动词原形 (不定式)+ 不定式的宾语 + 其它(时间,地点,方式等等状语) 。 这个句型表示:主语太。。。。了以至于主语不能够作某事。
语法就包含的内容很多。如。词法: 名词(名词的功能作主语,宾语或(介词宾语)),定语,表语,宾语补足语,)
动词:时态(共有16) ,语态(主动和被动),语气(陈述语气,疑问语气,感叹, 强调,虚拟。。。等等)。
形容词:作定语,比较级,最高级,复合形容词的构造规则,。。。。
副词:。。。
时态,人称,数的关系,等等
句法:简单句,复合句,各种从句。
句式严格说不属于语法。
句式是学习单词的另一种形式,----不过不是单独第记忆某个单词而已,而是记住某种习惯句型的表达法。

⑵ 英语中什么是语法(具体点)!!!

语法是语言学的一个分支,研究按确定用法来运用的词类、词的屈折变化或表示相互关系的其他手段以及词在句中的功能和关系
语言的结构规律。包括词法和句法。词法指词的构成及变化规律;句法指短语和句子的组织规律。
语法是语言表达的规则。各种语言都有不同的语法,包括人类语言和计算机语言等。语法学是语言学的一部分。
现代语法学包括语音学、音系学(见音韵学)、形态学(词法)、句法学、语义学。
数据通信中的意思
语法:数据及控制信息的格式、编码及信号电平等。
rules of a language governing the sounds, words, sentences, and other elements, as well as their combination and interpretation. The word grammar also denotes the study of these abstract features or a book presenting these rules. In a restricted sense, the term refers only to the study of sentence and word structure (syntax and morphology), excluding vocabulary and pronunciation.
A common contemporary definition of grammar is the underlying structure of a language that any native speaker of that language knows intuitively. The systematic description of the features of a language is also a grammar. These features are the phonology (sound), morphology (system of word formation), syntax (patterns of word arrangement), and semantics (meaning). Depending on the grammarian's approach, a grammar can be prescriptive (i.e., provide rules for correct usage), descriptive (i.e., describe how a language is actually used), or generative (i.e., provide instructions for the proction of an infinite number of sentences in a language). The traditional focus of inquiry has been on morphology and syntax, and for some contemporary linguists (and many traditional grammarians) this is the only proper domain of the subject.
In Europe the Greeks were the first to write grammars. To them, grammar was a tool that could be used in the study of Greek literature; hence their focus on the literary language. The Alexandrians of the 1st century BC further developed Greek grammar in order to preserve the purity of the language. Dionysus Thrax of Alexandria later wrote an influential treatise called The Art of Grammar, in which he analyzed literary texts in terms of letters, syllables, and eight parts of speech.
The Romans adopted the grammatical system of the Greeks and applied it to Latin. Except for Varro, of the 1st century BC, who believed that grammarians should discover structures, not dictate them, most Latin grammarians did not attempt to alter the Greek system and also sought to protect their language from decay. Whereas the model for the Greeks and Alexandrians was the language of Homer, the works of Cicero and Virgil set the Latin standard. The works of Donatus (4th century AD) and Priscian (6th century AD), the most important Latin grammarians, were widely used to teach Latin grammar ring the European Middle Ages. In medieval Europe, ecation was concted in Latin, and Latin grammar became the foundation of the liberal arts curriculum. Many grammars were composed for students ring this time. Aelfric, the abbot of Eynsham (11th century), who wrote the first Latin grammar in Anglo-Saxon, proposed that this work serve as an introction to English grammar as well. Thus began the tradition of analyzing English grammar according to a Latin model.
The modistae, grammarians of the mid-13th to mid-14th century who viewed language as a reflection of reality, looked to philosophy for explanations of grammatical rules. The modistae sought one “universal” grammar that would serve as a means of understanding the nature of being. In 17th-century France a group of grammarians from Port-Royal were also interested in the idea of universal grammar. They claimed that common elements of thought could be discerned in grammatical categories of all languages. Unlike their Greek and Latin counterparts, the Port-Royal grammarians did not study literary language but claimed instead that usage should be dictated by the actual speech of living languages. Noting their emphasis on linguistic universals, the contemporary linguist Noam Chomsky called the Port-Royal group the first transformational grammarians.
Structural description of the sentence “The man will hit the ball,” assigned by the …
By 1700 grammars of 61 vernacular languages had been printed. These were written primarily for purposes of reforming, purifying, or standardizing language and were put to pedagogical use. Rules of grammar usually accounted for formal, written, literary language only and did not apply to all the varieties of actual, spoken language. This prescriptive approach long dominated the schools, where the study of grammar came to be associated with “parsing” and sentence diagramming. Opposition to teaching solely in terms of prescriptive and proscriptive (i.e., what must not be done) rules grew ring the middle decades of the 20th century.
The simplification of grammar for classroom use contrasted sharply with the complex studies that scholars of linguistics were concting about languages. During the 19th and early 20th centuries the historical point of view flourished. Scholars who realized that every living language was in a constant state of flux studied all types of written records of modern European languages to determine the courses of their evolution. They did not limit their inquiry to literary languages but included dialects and contemporary spoken languages as well. Historical grammarians did not follow earlier prescriptive approaches but were interested, instead, in discovering where the language under study came from.
As a result of the work of historical grammarians, scholars came to see that the study of language can be either diachronic (its development through time) or synchronic (its state at a particular time). The Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure and other descriptive linguists began studying the spoken language. They collected a large sample of sentences proced by native speakers of a language and classified their material starting with phonology and working their way to syntax.
Generative, or transformational, grammarians of the second half of the 20th century, such as Noam Chomsky, studied the knowledge that native speakers possess which enables them to proce and understand an infinite number of sentences. Whereas descriptivists like Saussure examined samples of indivial speech to arrive at a description of a language, transformationalists first studied the underlying structure of a language. They attempted to describe the “rules” that define a native speaker's “competence” (unconscious knowledge of the language) and account for all instances of the speaker's “performance” (strategies the indivial uses in actual sentence proction). See generative grammar; transformational grammar.
The study of grammatical theory has been of interest to philosophers, anthropologists, psychologists, and literary critics over the centuries. Today, grammar exists as a field within linguistics but still retains a relationship with these other disciplines. For many people, grammar still refers to the body of rules one must know in order to speak or write “correctly.” However, from the last quarter of the 20th century a more sophisticated awareness of grammatical issues has taken root, especially in schools. In some countries, such as Australia and the United Kingdom, new English curricula have been devised in which grammar is a focus of investigation, avoiding the prescriptivism of former times and using techniques that promote a lively and thoughtful spirit of inquiry.
语法在大英网络全书的定义:统摄声音,文字,句子和其他要素,以及它们的组合和解释的语言规范。“语法”这个词也指对这些抽象特征的研究,或这些规则的指南手册。严格意义上说,“语法”这个术语是指对于句子和词语结构(句法和形态学)的研究,但不包括词汇和发音。
一个普遍接受的当代语法定义是:以一种语言为母语的任何人靠直觉就知道的语言结构。对语言特征的系统描述也是一种语法,而这些特征包括音位学(声音) ,形态学(系统构词) ,句法(词语安排模式)和语义(意思) 。根据语法学家的研究,语法可以规范(即提供一些正确用法的规则) ,描述(即,描述了语言实际上是如何使用的) ,或生成(即提供一种指导,使无限的句子在一种语言中产生) 。传统的调查重点,在于形态学和句法,对于一些当代语言学家(和许多传统的语法学家),这是唯一正确的研究领域。
在欧洲,希腊人最早写关于语法的著作。对他们来说,语法是一个工具,可以用来研究希腊文学,因此他们的重点是文学语言。公元前一世纪的Alexandrians进一步发展希腊语法,以保持纯净的语言。亚历山大的狄俄尼索斯后来写出一篇影响深远的论文,称为《语法的艺术》,他在其中分析文学文本中的字母,音节,和八段话语。
古罗马人接受了希腊人的语法体系,并运用于拉丁语。除了公元前一世纪的瓦罗Varro认为语法学家应该发现结构,而不是强行指定结构,大多数拉丁语法学家没有试图改变希腊系统,还设法保护他们的语言避免衰败。希腊人和亚历山大人的语言模型是荷马的语言,西塞罗和维吉尔的作品设定了拉丁语的语法标准。最重要的拉丁语语法学家多纳图斯(公元4世纪)和普里西安(公元6世纪)的作品在欧洲中世纪被广泛用于拉丁文语法教学。中世纪的欧洲的教育使用的是拉丁文,拉丁语语法成为人文教育的基础课程。 恩斯罕的修道院长,阿尔弗里克Aelfric( 11世纪) ,第一个写拉丁语语法的盎格鲁撒克逊人,建议以此引入英语语法。从此,开始了依据拉丁语法的英语语法分析的传统。
第13世纪中叶至14世纪中叶的语法学家认为语言是现实的反映,从哲学中寻求解释语法的规则。他们寻求一个“普遍”的语法universal grammar,以此作为了解存在being的手段。在十七世纪的法国,来自罗亚尔港的一些语法学家也对这种普遍语法感兴趣。他们声称,思想的共同要素可以在所有语言的语法类别中辨识出来。与希腊语和拉丁语的语法学家不同,罗亚尔港语法学家没有研究文学语言,他们认为语言的用法应当取决于实际的生活语言。当代语言学家乔姆斯基也注意到对语言的共性的强调,他称罗亚尔港派为第一批转型语法学家。
到1700年,61种方言语法书已经印制。这些书的目的主要是改革,净化,或规范语言,并用于教学。当时语法规则通常仅仅用于正式,书面,文学的语言,并不适用于纷繁复杂的实际口语。这一规范性的手段长期在学校占主导地位,学生们对语法的学习往往和“解析”以及句子图解联系在一起。在20世纪的中后期,对于这种仅仅关注规范性和禁止性(即,什么不能做)规则的语法教育,出现了越来越多的反对声音。
课堂语法的简化和语言学家的复杂研究形成了鲜明对比。19世纪到20世纪初,历史主义观点蓬勃发展。认识到每一种现存的语言都是在不断变化中的学者们研究了欧洲语言所有类型的书面记录,以确定其演变路径。他们没有局限于文学语言,还研究了方言和当代口头语。历史主义的语法学家没有采用先前的规范性办法,但更加关注他们研究的语言的来源。
由于历史主义语法学家的工作,学者们看到,语言的研究可以是历时性的(其贯穿历史的发展)或同步性的(在特定的时间段的状态)。瑞士语言学家索绪尔和其他描述性语言学家开始研究口头语。他们收集了大量操母语者的语句样本,对这些材料进行分类,从音位学入手,一直研究到句法。
20世纪后半叶的转换生成语法学家,如乔姆斯基,研究了操母语者能生成和理解无限句子所需要的知识。而像索绪尔那样的描述语言学家则去审查单个话语样本,以求达到描述一种语言的目的。转换生成语法学家首先研究了语言的潜在结构。他们试图描述一种能够定义操母语者语言“能力”(底层的语言知识)的“规则”,解释说话人的种种“表现”(语言生成时的实际策略)。
在过去的千百年里,语法理论引起了哲学家,人类学家,心理学家和文学批评家的兴趣。今天,语法存在于语言学领域之内,但仍保留了与其他许多学科的联系。对于很多人来说,语法仍然指的是一整套必须知道,以保证“正确”语言输出的规则,然而,从20世纪后25年以来,对语法研究的更为复杂的意识,已经在学校生根发芽。在一些国家,如澳大利亚,英国,新的英语课程中语法是重点,而且避免之前僵硬的规范,提倡生动而深刻的调查精神。

⑶ 英语语法什么意思详细

英语语法是针对英语语言进行研究后,英语语法系统地总结归纳出来的一系列语言规则。英语语法的精髓在于掌握语言的使用。

1、时态

时态(tense)是一种动词形式,不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式。动词时态是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此,当我们说时态结构的时候,指的是相应时态下的动词形式。

所谓“时”就是行为发生的时段或状态存在的时段,即:"现在、过去、将来、过去将来"四种;所谓“态”就是行为或状态发生时所呈现的状态,有一般状态、进行状态、完成状态和完成进行状态四种。

2、语态

主动语态

主语是谓语动作的使动方。也就是说谓语的动作源自主语,而施加于宾语。相反,被动语态中,主语是谓语动作的受动方,如果有宾语的,宾语往往是谓语动作的使动方。

被动语态

英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍,许多课本及考试乃至实际应用中都常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动式。

3、句子成分

一个句子一般皆由两部分组成,即主语部分和谓语部分。主语部分一般由名词或动名词构成,谓语部分一般由动词构成。

句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。句子由各个句子成分所构成。句子的组成部分,包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、补语、状语、表语、同位语八种。每一个句子都有主语、谓语和宾语。

(3)什么叫英语语法结构扩展阅读

句子按其结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。

1、简单句

基本形式:简单句的基本形式是由一个主语加一个谓语构成。其它各种句子形式都是由此句型发展而来,如五大基本句型:

主语+谓语(s.+predicate)、主语+系动词+表语(s.+link v.+predicative)、主语+谓语+宾语(s.+predicate+o.)、主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(s.+predicate+oi.+od.)、主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语(s.+predicate+o.+o.c.)。

2、It引导结构

It 既是代词又是引词。作代词时,它可做人称代词、指示代词、非人称代词,用于前指、非确指或习语中。作引词时,它本身无实义,只起先行引导的作用。

可作形式主语(it is + adj. + for/of sb. to do sth.)或形式宾语(it + adj. + to do sth.),真实的主语或宾语是不定式、动名词或名词从句,它们则放在后面。It 也用于强调句结构。如想强调某个词或部分,可用it is (was) + 强调部分(主语、宾语或状语) + that(who)…的强调结构。

3、并列句

两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。并列连词有:and, but, or, so等。并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要,相互之间没有从属关系,是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。

4、复合句

复杂句(Complex Sentence)由一个主句(Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause)构成。

主句是全句的主体,通常可以独立存在;从句则是一个句子成分,不能独立存在。从句不能单独成句,但它也有主语部分和谓语部分,就像一个句子一样。所不同在于,从句须由一个关联词(connective)引导。

⑷ 英语语法结构

主句是I could not ...。抄
can't help doing情不自禁做袭。
wish连接宾语从句,且宾语从句要用虚拟语气,所以are变为were。
all, there, together均为状语,修饰we were safe。
as相当于when,连接的是时间状语从句。
crying silently是伴随状语,表示“哭”与“期望”“听”是同时发生。
其他伴随状语举例:I was deep in thought, staring at the picture.看着照片,我陷入深思。staring at ...是伴随状语,ing形式表主动。
He struggled to run, encouraged by his friends.被朋友鼓励着,他拼命奔跑。encouraged by ...是伴随状语,ed形式表被动。

⑸ 什么叫英语语法结构 什么叫英语法结构啊 短语和句式是不是有点雷同

网络搜索"放眼看语法",

⑹ 英语语法到底是什么意思怎么用啊

英语语法是针对英语总结归纳出来的一系列语言规则。英语语法的精髓在于掌握语言的使用。

基本用法:

一般现在时(Simple Present Tense)表示现在的状态、经常的或习惯性的动作、主语具备的性格和能力等。

1.时间状语:Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…),once a week(day, year, month…),on Sundays(on Mondays …).

2.基本结构:主语+be/do+其他;(如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要改为第三人称单数形式)。

否定形式:主语 + am/is/are + not + 其他(此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词)。

一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。

(6)什么叫英语语法结构扩展阅读:

现在完成时

1,概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或 状态。

2,时间状语:yet, already ,just, never, ever, so far, by now, since + 时间点,for + 时间段,recently, lately,in the past few years, etc.

3,基本结构:主语 + have/has + p.p(过去分词) + 其它

4,否定形式:主语 + have/has + not + p.p(过去分词) + 其它

5,一般疑问句:have或has放句首。

参考资料:

英语语法--网络

⑺ 英语语法是什么

英语语法是针对英语语言进行研究后,英语语法系统地总结归纳出来的一系列语言回规则。英语语法的精髓在答于掌握语言的使用。
语法是语言学的一个分支,研究按确定用法来运用的"词类"、"词"的屈折变化或表示相互关系的其他手段以及词在句中的功能和关系。包含词的构词、构形的规则和组词成句的规则。语法有两个含义,一指语法结构规律本身,即语法事实;一指语法学,是探索并描写语法结构的科学,是语法学者对客观存在的语法体系的认识和说明。

⑻ 英语语法 基本组成

【英语】简单句的五种基本句型
http://www.tesoon.com/作者:佚名来源:天星教育网更新时间:2014-04-11 10:11点击:38286
简单句是英语中的基本句子,了解和掌握这五种基本句型对学好英语极为重要。这五种基本句型是:
1.主语+不及物动词(主谓结构)
本结构是由主语加不及物动词构成,常用来表示主语的动作。此句型中不及物动词的常用法:
(1)一般表达型。此类不及物动词常与表示时间、距离、重量、价值等的副词修饰语连用。
如:They worked day and night. 他们夜以继日地工作。
(2)主动形式表示被动含义型。此类动词常见的有:read, sell, wash, write, clean等。
如:The theatre tickets sold well. 戏票很畅销。
This kind of cloth washes well.这种布料很容易洗。
2.主语+系动词+表语(主系表结构) 
本结构是由"主语+系动词+表语"组成,主要用以说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。此句型中常见的系动词:be, become, come, get, smell, taste, feel, sound, remain, stay, appear, go, turn, fall, keep等。
(1)主语+系动词+形容词(作表语)
如:That argument sounds reasonable. 那个论据听起来有道理。
It feels good to be home.在家的感觉真好。
(2)主语+系动词+名词(作表语)
如:Later he became a scientist.他后来成为一个科学家。
He is a student. 他是个学生。
(3)主语+系动词+副词、介词短语或反身代词(作表语)
如:He is near. 他在附近。
This is of importance. 这很重要。
You’re not looking yourself today. 今天你看上去气色不太好。
3. 主语+及物动词+宾语(主谓宾结构) 
此结构是由"主语+谓语+宾语"构成。其中的谓语动词须是及物动词(短语),宾语须是名词或相当于名词的成分。
(1)主语+及物动词+名词或代词(作宾语)
如:He raised his arms above his head. 他把手臂举过头顶。
Will you spend your holidays abroad this year? 你今年去国外度假吗?
(2)主语+及物动词+动名词(作宾语)。此类及物动词(短语)有:advise, consider, avoid, mind, miss, suggest, finish, practise, imagine, enjoy, delay, escape, feel like, put off, insist on, give up, can’t help, stick to等。
如:I suggested taking a walk. 我建议去散步。
You should not give up studying. 你不该放弃学习。
(3)主语+及物动词+不定式(作宾语)。此类及物动词有:afford, agree, ask, expect, hope, want, wish, manage, pretend, decide, determine, learn, offer, plan, refuse等。
如:I hope to go to college. 我希望上大学。
The firm could not afford to pay such large salaries. 公司无法支付如此巨额的工资。
(4)既可接动名词又可接不定式的及物动词。如:remember to do sth.记住要做某事/remember doing sth.记得曾做过某事;stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事/stop doing sth.停止做某事;forget to do sth.忘记去做某事/forget doing sth.忘了做过某事;regret to do sth.遗憾去做某事/regret doing sth.后悔做了某事;go on to do sth.做完一件事接着做另一件事/go on doing sth.继续做同一件事;try to do sth. 试图做某事/try doing sth.尝试着做某事等。
如:Did you remember to feed the birds?你记着喂鸟了吗?
I remember feeding the birds. 我记得已喂了鸟。
4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(主谓+双宾语结构)
此句型中常见的接双宾语的动词:
(1)用to变换间接宾语的动词:give, hand, offer, show, throw, pass, pay, send, sell, tell, lend等。
如:Could you give me the letter?或Could you give the letter to me? 你能把那封信递给我吗?
Can you lend me that book? 或Can you lend that book to me? 你能把那本书借给我吗?
(2)用for变换间接宾语的动词:make, buy, cook, find, get, order, sing, spare, fetch等。
如:He bought me a bottle of ink. /He bought a bottle of ink for me.他为我买了一瓶墨水。
Can you get me some stamps?或Can you get some stamps for me? 你能帮我拿些邮票吗?
5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(主谓+复合宾语结构)
此结构中宾语与宾语补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,若无宾语补足语,则句意不完整。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词。此句型中常见的接宾语补足语的及物动词:
(1)接名词作宾补的动词:find, think, elect, name, call, appoint, consider, make, leave等。
如:They usually call the baby Dick. 他们通常叫那婴儿Dick。
I would make him king over the earth. 我会让他当世界之王。
(2)接形容词作宾补的动词:keep, get, make, leave, find, paint, set, turn, drive, call, cut, consider等。
如:She will make him happy. 她将使他幸福。
Please cut the stick short. 请把这根棍子砍短。
(3)接分词、省略to的动词不定式等作宾补的及物动词:see, notice, hear, watch, observe等。
如:He left me waiting in the rain. 他让我在雨中等。
(4)接副词、介词短语等作宾补的动词有leave, put等。
如:The police put the thief in prison. 警察把这小偷关进了监狱。
(5)有些动词后常用it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面,这是英语中常用的句型,即"主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正的宾语"。常见动词有think, find, consider等。
如:I consider it possible to work out the problem in another way. 我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。
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