⑴ 一般英语中考会考哪些类容
时态,句型(就是语法),词汇,主要是这些。
时态的问题要好好归纳笔记,多专做题,练习是最属关键的。多做多问!
句型要自己留心归纳,易混处要记清,这部分是在少数选择题和作文题中出现的。还包括一些情景对话什么的。
词汇要掌握必考3500词,书上的有精力可以背。
阅读是通过词汇来提升的,当然还有逻辑分析,中考不会难,但必须仔细。
作文要把各种题型都了解,关注时事啊~
加油!信心状态也很重要,顺便说一下,我当时(2009)考是145分
⑵ 小六会考英语语法重点考哪些
小六会考英语语法复重点考:一般现制在时,一般过去时,一般现在进行时,一般过去进行时,一般将来时。一般现在时和一般现在进行时考得比较多,但是比起其他的比较简单。难点就在一般将来时。所以我建议如果你还是去习网上学一学,上面有好多的考试真题。如果你想学的更好,那你就去买一本深圳金卷六年级或七年级的,上面有好多语法。
⑶ 中考英语里会考到哪些语法知识
这个量比较大,中考用的推荐你用 中考语法完全突破 视频教程很不错,你可以网络来听听
⑷ 在英语考试中会考到语法吗
不会
但是学了的话对你有好处
没有不了解语法的英语高手
⑸ 高考英语会考较多的语法吗
英语属于文理科...不会考很多,每介高考大概只会考一.二十分吧,不加作文哈...你好好弄一下听力和阅读,把分补起来应该不难,加油...
⑹ 高二英语考试的语法填空题大多数会考什么语法 有什么解题技巧
这个难说,不过作为过来人,我觉得你不要花心思在这上面,你要真正拿高分,那就得回到语法书去
高二还来得及,想当年本人高一高二的时候连主谓宾等一概不知,老师讲语法课也是听得一头雾水,到后来还是混了129分。我觉得学好英语不难,考好英语也不难,关键是要有恒心
我是一个高考的过来人。首先我想请阁下明白一个道理冰冻三尺非一日之寒,所以坚持很重要,英语是一门很看重积累的科目。
虽然我高考已经好多年了,而且今年即将大学毕业,踏入社会。但英语一直没有丢,英语一直是我的排头兵!我对英语的自信还有,我觉得学好英语不难,重要的是你要有恒心,急躁冒进,三天打渔两天晒网都是不行的。在这里我就毛遂自荐一下我的学习方法吧:
首先先你要端正心态,不要急躁,,你做你自己的事,这样才能静下心来学习。要成为英语高手就必须比别人走更多的路,做更多的事。你应该明白一个事实,英语是单词和语法的综合,所以单词和语法都要拿下。
其次,对于单词,有如下几种方法,第一个,是加强记忆的频度,也就是说,早上记了几个,隔几个小时又看一次,总之一天之内,记忆的间隔不要太长,否则你辛苦积累的记忆会随着时间的延长而淡化,第二个,是可以根据自己的理解编顺口溜,比如good morning 是狗摸你…(见笑了)…,第三个,最重要的是,记单词的时候,不要忘了阅读,一边记单词,一边看文章,这样可以把孤立的单词串联起来,记忆的效果会加倍,第四个。我建议你记单词要分门别类记忆,要形成一个意群,比如,重要性用magnitude magnificence ,表示非常,大大地有exceedingly,tremendously,extremely……这样做在你写作时,是十分有好处的,写作时不要尽写一些低级词汇,你要写高级词汇,比如重要性写magnitude,许多写a multitude of 或者handsome。
再次,是语法。学习语法,首先要明白什么是主谓宾定状补,什么是系动词,什么是直接宾语,间接宾语,这些是学习语法的基础,语法是房子,主谓宾定状补等是沙石砖瓦。然后就要多做一些语法专项练习,并在此过程中不断总结,并时时回顾那些了解,那些依然不理解,需要注意的是,那些不理解的一定要花时间弄清楚,否则对自己的不负责将会导致英语语法一知半解的结局!这对于想成为英语高手的人来说,是十分不利的!(注:本人从开始时不知主谓宾,到熟练掌握语法,把语法书看了不下二十遍,书都翻烂了!莫笑本人愚笨……)
此外,对于完形填空以及阅读理解,那就只能靠平时的练习了,在这个过程中,你要时时总结,纵深对比,千万不要陷入题海战术只做题,不总结的误区当中。在做题的过程中,你把各种体型都总结了一遍,积累了丰富的经验,而且你还提升了自己的阅读速度,一举两得,所以做题是很重要的!其实,完形填空无非就是单项选择加语境分析,也就是说,做完形填空你的语法要好,而且你要积累比较多的固定搭配,短语,特殊用法等,完形填空的语法还是很重要的!对于阅读,我个人感觉是,纯粹是个人经验积累多少的问题,只有保证一定的练习量,你才能用质的提高!
最后,我建议你,平时读报,或者做题的时候,发现有好的句子好的词汇,你要抄下来,长期下来,你的作文会有提高的,需要说明的是,这个提高过程可能很缓慢,但是最后能收到很好的效果,以前25分的作文我都能保证在21-23这个级别,靠的就是对语法的熟练掌握和积累了许多较高级的词汇,句型,句子。我个人的理解是,在你的语法达到基本不会出错的程度上,作文便应该以词汇取胜,因为在这个层次上,大家的语法都差不多,没什么变化,唯一有变化的就是你的词汇!给你打个比方吧,很多想到“许多”就用many,但是你别忘了many a ;handsome;massive,innumerable;很多人想到“专家”就写expert,但很少人会想到specialist,很多人在想到“擅长”这词,就写be good at ,却不知还有更高级的表达法:be expert at 或者excel in ……高手和庸才,就体现在这些细微的差别上 !!
⑺ 高中英语语法包括哪些,哪些语法考试必考
一、高中英语语法:
基数词
表示数目多少或顺序先后的词叫数词。
1.基数词的构成:
1-10 one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten;
11-19 eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen,
seventeen, ei
1, 000,000,000 a/one billion = a/one thousand m
Two of the girls are from Tokyo.
这些姑娘中有两位来自东京。
2)作宾语:
Four people applied for this job, but we only need one.
四个人申请这工作,但我们仅需一人。
3)作表语:
The population of China is over 1.3 billion.
中国有十三亿多人口。
I’m twenty while my brother is sixteen.
我二十岁,我弟弟十六岁。
4)作定语:
We have 300 workers in our company.
我们公司有三百名员工。
Forty students were involved in the interview. 四十名学生参加了这次采访。
5)作同位语:
You two clean these seats.
你们两个打扫这些位子。
Have you got tickets for us three?
有我们三个人的票吗?
序数词
表示顺序或等级。
1. 序数词的构成:
1-10: first 1st; second 2nd; third 3rd; fourth 4th; fifth 5th; sixth 6th; seventh 7th;eighth 8th; ninth 9th; tenth 10th;
11-19: eleventh 11th; twelfth 12th; thirteenth 13th; fourteenth 14th ;fifteenth 15th; sixteenth 16th; seventeenth 17th; eighteenth 18th;nineteenth 19th;
20-90: twentieth 20th; thirtieth 30th; fortieth 40th; fiftieth 50th; sixtieth 60th;seventieth 70th; eightieth 80th; ninetieth 90th;
≥100:
100 hundredth;
1,000 thousandth;
1,000,000 millionth;
1,000,000,000 billionth
2、序数词的用法
1)作主语:
The second is what I really need.
第二个是我真正需要的。
The first bottle has been full but the second is empty.
第一个瓶已满,但第二个还空着。
2)作宾语:
I got a third in biology.
我生物得到了第三名。
Do you prefer the first or the second?
第一个和第二个你更喜欢哪一个呢?
3)作表语:
I will be the first to support you and the last to oppose you
.我将是第一个支持你的人,也是最不会反对你的人。
Columbus was the first who discovered America.
哥伦布是第一个发现美洲的人。
4)作定语:
I’ll try a second time and see if I can do it.
我还要试一次,看看我能否做得了。
Take the first turn to the right and then the second turn to the left and you’ll get there.
在第一个转弯处向右转,然后在第二个转弯处向左转就到了。
5)作状语:
He came second in the race.
他在赛跑中得了第二名。
It was a snowy day when we first met.
我们初次见面时是一个下雪的日子。
3、 序数词前冠词的使用
1) 明确指明了先后顺序或一系列事物按一定的规律排列时,序数词前用定冠词。
This is the second time that I have been in London.
这是我第二次来伦敦。
Alva is the fifth child of the Whites.
阿尔瓦市怀特家的第五个孩子。
2) 表示“又一、再一”,不强调顺序时,序数词前用不定冠词。
You have bought four toys today. Why do you want to buy a fifth one?
今天你已经买了四个玩具了,为什么还想再买一个呢?
I failed again, but I will try a third time.
我又失败了,可是我要再试一次。
3) 序数词前有形容词性物主代词、名词所有格或其他修饰语时不用任何冠词。
My first five years of childhood was spent with my grandparents.
我五岁前是和祖父母一块度过的。
Mrs. Black’s second child is a genius.
布莱克夫人的第二个孩子是个天才。
4) 序数词与名词构成复合形容词时,冠词由被修饰词而定。此时序数词是复合形容词的一部分而不是独立的,前面的冠词完全由这个形容词所修饰的名词而定。
This MPV car is a second-hand one.
这辆商务车是二手的。
Habit is second nature.
习惯是第二天性。
5) 序数词还可作副词,此时不用任何冠词。
First I am short of money; second I haven’t enough time.
首先我缺钱,其次我没有足够的时间。
6) 序数词用在表示“每隔……”的every 后,其前不用冠词。
every second day 每隔一天
every fifth day 每隔四天
every second line 每隔一行
7) 某些固定搭配中序数词前不用冠词。
first of all 首先
at first 起初
at first sight 乍一看,第一
数词的用法
1. 分数:表示分数时,分子须用基数词,分母须用序数词。
(分子是1以上的任何数时,作分母的序数词要用复数形式。)
1) 真分数通常用英语单词表达。
one-fourth 四分之一
two-fifths 五分之二
a quarter 四分之一
2) 分子和分母的数目较大时,两者都用基数词,之间用over/by/out of/in 连接。
Seven over/out of/in twenty of the students have passed the flight test.
二十个学生中有七个通过了飞行测试。
3) 带分数:“整数+ and + 分数部分”。
Two and a quarter inches of rain fell over the weekend.
周末期间的降雨量达二又四分之一英寸。
2. 小数:小数总是用阿拉伯数字表达。小数点后不论有多少位都不能用逗号分开,但小数点之前的数依然按照三位一个逗号的原则书写。
0.786432 120,372.428
注意:小数点前的数按普通基数词的读法读,小数点后的数每一位都要单独读。
15.503 读作fifteen point five zero three
0.05 读作zero point zero five
3. 百分数:百分数中的数目用阿拉伯数字,后接percent或百分号(%),在专业统计或表格中常用%代替percent,在句首时则用英语单词书写。
I have invested 40 percent of my income.
我把40%的收入用作投资了。
Farmers’ income has increased by 30%.
农民的收入已经增加了30%。
4、 倍数:表示倍数时,一倍用once,两倍 用twice/double,三倍以上用“基数词+ times”。
1)“倍数 + as many/much … as …”
My deskmate claims to have twice as many stamps as I.
我同桌声称他的邮票是我的两倍。
This computer costs three times as much as that one.
这台计算机的价格是那台的三倍。
2)“倍数 + the size of …”
用法与size相同的名词常见的有weight(重量),height(高度),depth(深度),width(宽度),age(年龄),length(长度)等。
Our playground is five times the size of theirs.
我们的操场是他们的五倍大。
This street is twice/double the width of that one.
这条大街是那条大街的两倍宽。
3)“倍数 + what从句”
The value of the house is double what it was.
这所房子的价值是原来的两倍。
People’s average income is almost five times what they earned ten years ago.
人们的平均收入是十年前的五倍。
4)“倍数 + 比较级 + than”
The room is twice larger than ours.
这间房子比我们的房子大两倍。
This ball seats three times more people than that one.
这个大厅能坐的人数是那个大厅的四倍。
5)“比较级 + than … + by + 倍数/程度”
The line is longer than that one by twice.
这根线是那根线的两倍长。
The population of China is larger than that of the US by over 6 times.
中国人口是美国人口的六倍多。
5、四则运算:
1)加法:在口语中,小数目的加法常用and代表“+”,is 或 are 代表“=”。
在正式的场合或较大数目的加法用plus代表“+”,equals或is 代表“=”。
7+4=11 Seven and four is/are eleven.
13+12=25 Thirteen plus twelve equals/is twenty-five.
2) 减法:在口语中,小数目的减法用“Take away + 减数 + from + 被减数 + and you get + 余数”
“减数 + from + 被减数 + leaves/is + 余数”
在正式的场合或较大数目的减法用minus 代表“—”,equals 代表“=”。
12-5=7 Five from twelve leaves/is seven. /Take away five from twelve and you get seven.
21-7=14 Twenty-one minus seven equals fourteen.
3) 乘法:在口语中,小数目的乘法的乘数用复数形式,用are 代表“=”。
大数目的乘法用times代表“×”,is/makes 代表“=”。
在正式的场合下用multiplied by 代表“×”,equals 代表“=”。
4×5=20 Four fives are twenty
326×238=77588
Three hundred and twenty-six times two hundred and thirty-eight is/makes seventy-seven thousand five hundred and eighty-eight.
Three hundred and twenty-six multiplied by two hundred and thirty-eight equals seventy-seven thousand five hundred and eighty-eight.
4) 除法:小数目的除法:用divided by 代表“÷”,equals 代表“=”。
“被除数 + divided by + 除数 + equals + 商”;“除数 + into + 被除数 + goes + 商”
32÷4=8 Thirty-two divided by four equals eight.
Four into thirty-two goes eight.
大数目的除法:用divided by 代表“÷”,equals 代表“=”。
216÷8=27
Two hundred and sixteen divided by eight equals twenty-seven.
6、比率:一般来说表示比率都用阿拉伯数字(包括句首的情况),但在非专业性的文字中,也可用英语单词的形式。
The ratio of 7 to 4 is written 7:4 or 7/4.
七比四写作7:4或7/4。
You have a fifty to fifty chance of success.
你成功的机会只有一半。
7、编号:用基数词时 名词 + 基数词 World War Ⅰ/Page 8/Room 109…
用序数词时 the + 序数词 + 名词 ?the First World War
8、年代与几十几岁:通常是逢十的基数词用作复数形式。表示年代的数词前用定冠词 in the 90s;表示岁数的数词前用形容词用物主代词 in one’s twenties
9、约数:
1)表示“大约”可以用about/some/around/nearly/something like/more or less,用or so 表示“左右、大约”置于数词之后。
The man in rags is about/some sixty years old.
The man in rags is sixty years old or so.
那个衣衫褴褛的男子大约有六十岁/六十岁左右。
Peter is something like thirty.
皮特大约有三十岁。
2)“多于、超过”用more/than/over/above;“少于、不超过”用less than。
She was more than/less than forty when she got married.
她结婚时有四十多岁/不到四十岁。
3)其他
半天(小时)half a day=a half day; half an hour=a half hour
一个半 a day and a half=one and a half days
两天半 two days and a half=two and a half days
一两天……one or two days=a day or two
两三天/周/个苹果 a couple of days/weeks/apples…
三番五次 again and again; repeatedly; time and (time) again; over and over again; time after time
三年五载 from three to five years; in a few years
三三两两 in twos and threes; in knots
二、高中英语语法考试必考的内容:
1、as 句型
(1) as引导方式状语从句句型:“按照……;正如……”
例:As(it is)in your country, we grow wheat in the north and rice in the south.
正如(像) 你们国家一样,我们北方种植小麦,南方种植水稻。
(2) as+形容词/副词原级+(a /an)+名词+as ;
否定式:not as/so --- as
例:He is as good a player as his sister.
他和他姐姐一样是位优秀的运动员。
(3) such + n. + as to do 如此……以致于……
例:She is such a fool as to believe what he said.
她是一个如此的一个笨蛋以致相信了他所说的话。
(4) so + adj./adv. + as to do sth 如此……以致于……
例:He was so strong as to carry the heavy box.
他是如此的强壮以致于能提起那重箱子。
(5) such...as... 象……之类的…… (接名词或定语从句)
例:He wished to be such a man as Lei Feng was.
他希望成为一个像雷锋这样的人。
(6) the same +名词+as 和……一样的…… (接名词或定语从句)
例:He is not the same man as he used to be.
他不是从前的那样子了。
(7) as 引导非限制性定语从句
例:As is known to us, knowledge is power.
众所周知,知识就是力量。
(8)引导时间状语从句,与while意义相近
例:We get wiser as we get older.
随着我们长大,我们也变得越来越聪明。
(9) 引导原因状语从句,与 because的用法相近
例:As it was getting very late, we soon turned back.
因为越来越迟了,所以我们不久就回来了。
(10) 引导让步状语从句
例:Child as he is, he knows much about science.
尽管他是一个小孩,但他对科学了解得很多。
2、prefer 句型
(1) prefer to do sth
例:I prefer to stay at home.
我宁愿呆在家里。
(2) prefer doing sth
例:I prefer playing in defence.
我喜欢打防守。
(3) prefer sb to do sth
例:Would you prefer me to stay?
你愿意我留下来吗?
(4) prefer to do sth rather than do sth ……
宁愿…...而不愿...
例句:I prefer to stay at home rather than go out.
我宁愿呆在家里而不愿出去.
(5) prefer doing sth to doing sth
例:I prefer watching football to playing it.
我喜欢看篮球,不喜欢打篮球。
(6) prefer sth to sth
例:I prefer tea to coffee.
我要茶不要咖啡。
3、when 句型
(1) be doing sth...when...
例:He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in.
他正笑着的时候门突然开了,他妻子走了进来。
(2) be about to do sth ... when ...
例:We were about to start when it began to rain.
我们刚要出发,天就开始下雨了。
(3) had just done ... when ...
例:I had just gone to bed after a very hard day when the phone rang.
在劳累了一天之后我刚刚就寝,电话铃就响了。
4、seem 句型
(1) It +seems + that从句
例:It seemed that everyone was satisfied.
看来好像每个人都很满意。
(2) It seems to sb that ...
例:It seems to me that she is right.
我看她是对的,
(3) There seems to be ...
例:There seems to be a heavy rain.
看上去要有一场大雨。
(4) It seems as if ...
例:It seemed that she couldn't come to class.
看样子她不能来上课了。
5、表示“相差……;增加了……;增加到……”句型
(1) She is taller than I by three inches.
她比我高三英寸
(2) There is one year between us.
我们之间相差一岁。
(3) She is three years old than I.
她比我大三岁。
(4) They have increased the price by 50%.
他们把价格上涨了50%
(5) His salary has rised to 10,000 yuan per month.
他的工资已经涨到了每月10,000元。
6、what 引导的名词性从句
(1) what 引导主语从句
例:What surprised me is that everybody seemed to be very indifferent to her.
让我吃惊的是每个人似乎对她都很冷淡。
[ indifferent adj.不关心的;冷漠的]
(2) what 引导宾语从句
例:We can learn what we do not know.
我们能学会我们不懂的东西。
(3) what 引导表语从句
例:That is what I want.
那正是我所要的。
(4) what 引导同位语从句
例:I have no idea what they are talking about.
我不知道他们正在谈论什么。
7、too句型
(1) too ... to do ...
例:Politics is too important to be left to the politicians.(=Politics is so important that it can't be left to the politicians.)
政治太重要了,不能由政治家来决定。
(2) only too ... to do ...
例:I shall be only too pleased to get home.
我要回到家里就非常高兴。
(3) too + adj + for sth
例:These shoes are much too small for me.
我穿这双鞋太小了。
(4) too + adj + a + n.
例:This is too difficult a text for me.
这篇课文对我来说太难了。
(5) can't … too +形容词 无论……也不为过
例:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.
我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
8、where 句型
(1) where 引导的定语从句
例:This is the house where he lived last year.
这就是他去年住过的房子。
(2) where 引导的状语从句
例:Where there is a will,there is a way.
有志者事竟成。
He left his key where he could find.
他将钥匙放在易找到的地方。
I will go where I want to go.
我要去我想去的地方。
(3) where 引导的表语从句
例:This is where you are wrong.
这正是你错的地方。
9、wish 句型
(1) wish that sb did sth 希望某人现在做某事
例:I wish I were as strong as you.
我希望和你一样强壮。
(2) wish that sb had done sth 希望某人过去做某事
例: I wish you had told me earlier
要是你早点告诉我就好了。
(3) wish that sb would/could do sth 希望某人将来做某事
例:I wish you would succeed this time.
我希望你这次会成功。
11、 before 句型
(1) would rather do sth than do sth 宁愿做……而不愿做……
例:She would rather die than turn against his motherland.
她宁可死也不去背叛祖国。
(2) would rather have done sth 宁愿过去做过某事
例:I would rather have taken his advice.
我宁愿过去接受他的意见。
(3) would rather sb had done sth 宁愿某人过去做过某事
例:I would rather I had passed the examination last week.
我真希望通过上星期的考试。
(4) would rather sb did sth 宁愿某人现在或将来做某事
例: Who would you rather went with you?
你宁愿谁和你一起去?
(1) before sb can/ could … 某人还没来得及……
例:Before I could get in a word ,he had measured me.
我还没来得及插话,他就给我量好了尺寸。
(2) It will be +时间+ before + 还有多长时间……
例:It will be 4 years before he graates.
他还有四年时间变毕业了。
(3) had done some time before (才……)
例:We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.
我们航行了四天四夜才见到陆地。
(4) had not done ... before ... 不到……就……
例:We hadn’t run a mile before he felt tired.
我们还没走到一英里路就觉得累了。
(5) It was not +一段时间+ before 不多久就……
例:It wasn’t two years before he left the country.
还没到两年他们离开了那国家。
13、用于表示过去未实现的希望和计划的句型
(1) It is /was +被强调部分+that(who)...
例:It was I who wrote to my uncle yesterday.
是我昨天给我叔叔写信的。
(2) Is/was it + 被强调部分 + that (who) ...
例:Was it your brother that you met in the street?
在街上你遇见的是你兄弟吗?
(3) Where/who/what/how等特殊疑问词 + is/was it that ...
例:How is it that you will go to visit her tomorrow?
明天你究竟怎样去看望她?
(4) do/does/did +谓语动词 (强调谓语)
例:They do know the place well.
他们的确很熟悉那个地方。
(1)would like to/ would love to have done sth.
例:I would like to have written to you.
我本想给你写信的。
(2) was / were going to do sth.(用过去将来时态表示原打算做什么)
例:Lucy was going to watch a basketball match.
Lucy 原打算看一场篮球比赛。
⑻ 高中英语会考的单项选择考哪些语法
被动语态
虚拟语气
冠词的用法
倒装句
强调句
单复数一致(或者临近原则)、
固定搭配
交际用语
⑼ 大学英语三级考试会考哪些语法
英语三级语法其实并不多的么 就跟我们 高考的相当 主要有以下 常考点
倒装句回 定语从句等一般性从句 还有呢答 较重要的是 虚拟语气哦 !!最后 ,去理一下比较常用的 时态 如 现在完成时等等 !!别的 呢 ,我 在这 也说不清楚哦 !!我 高数你 一个下面网址好吧!!!你去 看一下 比较详细点!!呵呵呵 祝你考试好运哦哦 !!!
http://www.zjsde.com/jcb/Article_Show.asp?ArticleID=713
⑽ 关于英语考试的语法
非谓语动词用法归纳
2012年高考对非谓语动词的考查将主要集中在如下两方面:1、非谓语动词的句法功能,即其在句中所充当的成分;2、非谓语动词的一些特殊用法。
动词不定式、动名词和分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)可以出现在句子中除谓语以外的任何一个位置上,充当句子的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等成分,这些动词形式称为非谓语动词。
基本用法
否定形式: not +不定式,not + 动名词,not + 现在分词
注:1.动词不定式的一般式:所表示的动作常发生在谓语动词的动作之后或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行;
动词不定式进行式:所表示的动作正在进行;
动词不定式完成式:所表示的动作则在谓语动词的动作之前发生。
2.动词ing的一般式:所表示的动作在谓语动词之前、后或同时进行要看语境;
动词ing的完成式:所表示的动作在谓语动词之前发生。
he came here to borrow a book.
i pretended to be reading when mother came in.
she is said to have been sent to europe on business
being a student, he was interested in books.
having done his homework, he went to bed.
the question being discussed is important.
非谓语动词主要的句法功能一览表:
1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
it is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)
(2)动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验)
driving a car ring the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)
(3)不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置。
it took me only five minutes to finish the job.
动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语,但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。
it is / was no use / good + doing sth.
it is / was not any use / good + doing sth.
it is / was of little use / good + doing sth.
it is / was useless doing sth.
it is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。
it is of little good staying up too late every day.
每天都熬夜没有什么好处
2.不定式和动名词作宾语的区别
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词作直接宾语,但有些动词要求:
(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语
afford, agree, arrange, choose, decide, hope, expect, offer, plan, promise, determine, demand, manage, fail, prepare, refuse, pretend, seem
常跟不定式作宾语的动词歌诀:
三个希望两答应,两个要求莫拒绝, 设法学会做决定,不要假装在选择。
hope; wish; want ; agree; promise demand; ask; refuse manage; learn; decide
pretend ; choose
想要拒绝命令,需要努力学习,期望同意帮助,希望决定开始。
want ; refuse ; order need; try ; learn expect ; agree ; help hope ; wish ; decide ; begin ;start
4.不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别
(1)不定式作定语
1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系
he was the last one to leave school yesterday.昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。
the train to arrive was from london.将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。
2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系
get him something to eat.给他拿点儿东西吃。
she has a lot of work to do in the morning.早上他有很多工作要做。
3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去。
i need a pen to write with.我需要一支笔写字。
there is nothing to worry about.没有什么值得发愁的。
4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如:
ability能力,本领 drive赶,驾驶 movement运动,活动
ambition抱负,野心 effort努力,尝试 need需要,需求
campaign战役,运动 failure失败,不及格 opportunity机会
chance机会 force力,压力,要点 promise许诺,希望
courage勇气 intention意向,意图 reason理由,原因
decision决定 method方法,方式 light光,光线,亮光
determination决心,决定 motive动机,目的 struggle奋斗,努力,
tendency倾向,趋势 wish希望,愿望,祝愿
5)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, second, last, only和not a,the等限定词时候,只能用不定式。
6)不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。
john will do anything but work on a farm.除了农活,约翰什么都愿意干。
7)如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语,或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语,则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如: tend to do---tendency to do;decide to do = decision to do;be curious to do = curiosity to do
his wish to buy a car came true.他要买辆车的愿望实现了。
their decision to give up the experiment surprised us.
他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。
he is always the first to come and the last to leave.
他总是第一个到来,最后一个离去。
(2)分词作定语
分词作定语时有下面几个特点:
现在分词表示主动意义,正在进行;
过去分词一般表示被动含意,状态或做完(完成)的事。。
he rushed into the burning house.他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
the child standing over there is my brother.站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。
the room facing south is our classroom.朝南的房间是我们的教室。
have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗?
he is an advanced teacher.他是个先进教师。
3)-ing作定语 动名词①多位于其前表示其性能、用途(无时间性可换为for+doing)
he has a reading room. a sleeping car(a car for sleeping)
现在分词②表正在进行(主谓关系)即主动进行,可换为定语从句;
the girl gathering flowers is beautiful.
the question being discussed now is important.
过去分词作定语有(动宾关系,表完成)即被动完成,可换为定语从句。
we can see a lot of fallen leaves on the ground.
(we can see a lot of leaves which have fallen on the ground. )
4)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义,这点要注意:
作定语的不及物动词分词形式为:v –ing 和过去分词。v –ing表示正在进行;过去分词表示已经完成。如:
falling leaves 正落的叶子 fallen leaves 落下的叶子
boiling water 正沸腾的水 boiled water 沸腾过的水(白开水)
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系
一般来说,不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后;
do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from beijing?
你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗?
现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;
do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?
你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗?
过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,或是没有一定的时间性。
have you read the novel written by dickens ?
5.作宾补时,三者的区别
1.有些动词接不定式作宾补:(和宾语有主谓关系强调动作将发生或已经完成;表一次性动作)
①tell/ order/ persuade/ invite/ force /warn / encourage/ get/ ask + sb to do
he asked me to finish it in time. the teacher told me to clean the blackboard.
②feel(一感); hear\ listen to(二听); have \ make\ let(三使);see\ watch\ observe\ notice\ look at\ find (六看) + sb do等感官使役动词后不定式作宾补省略to,但被动以后要还原to.
i heard him call me several times. i heard her sing the song many times. tom was made to sing.
2.有些动词接ing作宾补: feel(一感); hear\ listen to(二听); have \get \ leave\keep (四使);see\ watch\ observe\ notice\ look at\ find (六看) +sb doing (强调动作主动,正在进行,或尚未完成;延续性动词)
i found her listening to the radio. i heard her singing the song when i passed her room.
3. 有些动词接过去分词作宾补:feel(一感); hear\ listen to(二听); make\ let \get\ have\ leave\ keep\ (六使);see\ watch\ observe\ notice\ look at\ find (六看) +sb done (表动作被动完成,多强调状态)
speak louder so that you can make yourself heard. we found the village greatly changed.
i heard the song sung in english many times.
(3)不带to的不定式
下列动词后在主动语态中用不带to 的不定式作补语,但在被动语态中要加上to:
它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”——5看(look at, see, watch, notice, observe);3使(make, let, have);2听(listen to, hear);1感觉(fell)。以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语补足语(5+3+2+1-2+4):即以上动词除let, make 外都可以用现在分词作宾语补足语,此外find, catch, keep, have 也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。
he was caught stealing. i’m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.
(注): ①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时.其后的不定式一般需带to,如:
he was seen to come.
the boy was made to go to bed early.
②在动词find与help之后,不定式可带to亦可不带to,如:
he was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season.他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏,感到惊讶。
3)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)结构中。例如:
last night i did nothing but watch tv.昨天晚上,我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。
但是,如果谓语动词不是“do nothing,anything,everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。
the doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.医生除了让他戒烟,其它什么都没有说。
there was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.除了保持沉默以外,他们没有别有别的办法。
6.不定式和分词作状语的区别
(1)现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。分词作状语
1.分词作状语的基本原则
分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。
分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系,否则不能使用分词作状语。
2.分词作状语的句法功能
分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while 或when 引出。
1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。
he went out shutting the door behind him.
他出去后将门随手关上。
not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。
2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。
given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。
faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服。
(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别
1)分词作状语一般表示伴随,而不定式常常表示目的。
they stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)
they stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)
2)分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因。
reading attentively,he forgot the time for lunch.由于在专心读书,他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)
reading carefully,he found something he had not known before.他仔细读书时,发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)
reading carefully,you'll learn something new.只要你仔细阅读,你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)
his family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活。(结果)
we are glad to hear the news.我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)
(3)下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的:
a:not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义
b:做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾,常见的不定式动词有:find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, proce 等。
c:不定式做状语时,其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语,否则用for引导主语。
9 with复合结构的构成
with+宾语+宾语补足语,构成with复合结构,宾语可以是名词或是代词,宾语补足语可以是介词短语、过去分词、现在分词、形容词、动词不定式、副词。with复合结构在句子中作状语,表示原因、时间、条件、伴随、方式等。且with后面的宾语与其后的宾语补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系。
1)with+宾语+介词短语
he was asleep with his head on his arms.
2)with+宾语+过去分词(宾语与宾补之间是被动关系)
all the afternoon he worked with the door locked.
3)with+宾语+现在分词(宾语与宾补之间是主动关系)
with winter coming on,it's time to buy warm clothes.
4)with+宾语+to do(不定式做宾补有“将来”的含义)
i can't go out with all these dishes to wash.
5)with+宾语+形容词/副词
anderson was lying on the bed with all his clothes on.
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