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英语独立主格结构语法讲解

发布时间:2021-03-04 07:24:20

① 英语语法,独立主格结构和独立结构的区别是什么,是一

一.独立成分
句子成分包括主谓表宾定状补和独立成分,但独立成分不作成分
独立成分包括
1.感叹语Aha!That is it!
2.呼语Waiter,a cup of tea,please.
3.插入语(句子的修饰语)包括:
陈述句The boy,I think,has come from the country.
独立分词Speaking of the football match,our teamwas rather disappointing.
独立不定式To be frank,I have no money to share.
独立副词(短语)Life,in my opinion,is nothing but adream.

二.独立主格
①一般独立主格:n+名词/adj/adv/介词短语/(分词/不定式)
②逻辑紧密型独立主格:with+n+名词/adj/adv/介词短语/(分词/不定式)表原因或伴随
③强调型独立主格:each+n(单数)+名词/adj/adv/介词短语/(分词/不定式)第一种结构的特殊形式
独立成分类似插入语,实则可有可无
独立主格本身无谓语而依附于主句谓语起状语作用,放在句首或句尾来修饰整个主句

② 英语中的独立主格结构,要详细说明解释,有条理,要求没要点都举一例句,例句附带翻译

(一)独立主格结构( 也称为独立结构 )的定义 “独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。在形式上与主句没有关系,通常称为“独立主格结构”。 如何理解这句话?一个是“主格”怎么理解?一个是“独立”怎么理解? 所谓“主格”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语,“主格”就由此而来,逻辑主语不同于主句的主语。有了逻辑主语,就会有逻辑谓语,它的逻辑谓语就是由“分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语(作为逻辑谓语)构成”。这就意味着:独立结构的类型包括不定式独立结构、分词独立结构、无动词独立结构、介词独立结构等。 所谓独立,就是在形式上与主句没有关系,才称之“独立”。跟主句没有任何句法联系;但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起,共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。实质上并非真正的独立,仍然属于主句的从属短语的一种结构,在句中有多种作用。如:表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等,在句中通常起状语作用,多用于书面语描述性文字,不常用于口语。在口语和非正式文体中,一般用从句或两个句子来代替。 “独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。下面两点很重要。 1.非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语,从而依附于主句。 2.有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语,在结构上与主句不发生关系,也可成为独立主格结构。 英语的独立结构的出现,使英语语言走出了一条经济之路,可以用更少的字词表达同样丰富的内容,使英语表达更趋于简洁。表面上看,独立结构是个破碎的英语,而透过它的内涵,描述又是那么简明生动,是指导今后阅读写作的一种有效工具。写作中学会用独立结构,可帮助我们把英语表达提升到一个更高的层面。 为了加深对独立结构的了解和认识,像学其他语法知识一样,离不开其结构功能的例句。 (二)独立主格的功能例句 下面打线的部分就是独立结构,它们不是句子,它们没有自己的主语和谓语,只有逻辑主语和逻辑谓语。他们各自依附于主句,但不充当主句的任何成分,是独立而存的。 试分析下列例句中独立结构的逻辑主语和逻辑谓语,并指出逻辑谓语的词性或不同的短语(不定式短语、分词短语还是介词短语?) 1) 表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后,我们都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活,坐下来喝茶。 2) 表示条件 The condition being favorable, he may succeed. 若条件有利,他或许能成功。 3) 表示原因 There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车,我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 4) 表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conctors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conctors, and silver is the best of all.) (三)独立主格结构的构成 要了解和把握独立主格结构的构成,首先要认识独立结构的特点: 1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。 2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。 3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 4)独立结构的位置比较灵活,可置于句首、句中或句尾。 构成形式有: 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词 名词(代词)+形容词 名词(代词)+副词 名词(代词)+名词 名词(代词)+不定式 名词(代词) +介词短语 记住独立主格结构包括两部分,第一部分都是一样的:名词或代词;第二部分,分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语。名词(代词)+形容词,名词(代词)+副词,名词(代词)+名词和名词(代词) +介词短语也称为无动词的独立结构。 分别举例如下: 如同前面的思维方法,下面打线的部分就是独立结构,它们不是句子,它们没有自己的主语和谓语,只有逻辑主语和逻辑谓语。他们各自依附于主句,但不充当主句的任何成分,是独立而存的。 试分析下列例句中独立结构的逻辑主语和逻辑谓语,并指出逻辑谓语的词性或不同的短语(不定式短语、分词短语还是介词短语?)有的词汇是多词性,看起来是动词,但此时此地是形容词,如3)中例2,open不是动词,是形容词。 1 )名词 / 代词 + 现在分词 Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了,天气越来越冷了。 The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk. 雨停了,他出去散步。 The question being settled, we wound up the meeting. 问题解决之后,我们结束了会议。 2 ) 名词 / 代词 + 过去分词 “Marquis,” said the boy, turning to the man, his eyes opened wide, and his right hand raised. 3) 名词 / 代词 + 形容词 The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them. It stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open. 4 ) 名词 / 代词 + 副词 Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away. Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking. 5 ) 名词 / 代词(主格) + 不定式 We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. 我们十点四十五分集合,队伍十一点准时出发。 Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month. 这是前两卷,第三卷将于下月问世。 We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor. 我们进行了分工,他擦窗户,我扫地。 The two boys said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to his friend’s. 两个男孩彼此道了别,一个回了家,另一个去了他朋友家。 6 ) 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语(注意与名词短语、动词短语的区别) I followed him here, climbed in, sword in hand. The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand. 那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。 (gun in hand 也可看成无动词的独立结构) He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand. 7 ) 名词 / 代词 + 名词 He fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon. 他和狼搏斗着,唯一的武器是一根棍棒。 8 )无动词独立结构的形式为 “ 逻辑主语 + 名词 / 形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语 ” ,常用作状语,表示方式或伴随等。 例如: a. The children, many of them infants, were left with nothing to eat. b. She sat down on the ground, her face pale with great pain. c. The class over, the students made for the dining hall. d. The teacher entered the classroom, a book in hand. 9 )介词独立结构的形式为 “with/without + 逻辑主语 + 形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语 / 不定式 / 现在分词 / 过去分词 ” ,常作状语,表示方式、伴随、原因等。 例如“ a. He left in a hurry, with the door open. b. The boy entered the room, without shoes and socks on. c. With all the work on hand, he shouldn’t have gone to the cinema last night.d. With a lot of homework to do, I couldn’t go to bed. e. Without anyone noticing, Tom slipped out of the classroom. f. Without a word more spoken, she left. 四、独立分词结构作状语与分词短语作状语及状语从句的比较 1 .独立分词结构作状语与分词短语作状语的区别 独立分词结构作为句子中的一个语言单位,其逻辑主语而与句子的主语并不一致。如: The day being fine, we decided to go swimming. They’ll send you the book for $10, postage included. We explored the caves, Peter acting as the guide. 但分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。也就是说,分词短语的逻辑主语就是主句谓语动词的主语。如: Given more practice, the students could have made still greater progress. Driving along an almost deserted country road, they run out of gas. 2. 独立分词结构作状语和状语从句的区别 1) 前者是一个短语,有逻辑主语但没有句子结构,后者是一个从句,有主谓结构; 2) 前者的逻辑主语与主句不同,后者的主语与主句的主语不一定相异; 3) 前者不需用从属连词,后者必须用从属连词。试比较: It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. As it was a holiday, all the shops were shut. 五、 不定式独立结构和分词独立结构功能的区别 (什么时候用动词不定式独立结构?什么时候用分词结构?) 1. 不定式独立结构的形式为 “逻辑主语 + 不定式”,常作状语,表示说明或伴随,偶尔也作主语。例如: a. We divided the work, she to clean the window and I to sweep the floor. b. I to bear this is some burden. 我担负此物颇不轻松。 2. 分词独立结构的形式为 “逻辑主语 + 现在分词/过去分词”,常用作状语,用来表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随等;有时可作同位语,起补充说明的作用。例如: a. The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again. (时间) b. This down, he left the home. (时间) c. Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed. (原因) d. All his savings gone, he started looking for a job. (原因) e. Weather permitting, we’ll have a football match tomorrow. (条件) f. Everything taken into account, his plan seems to be more workable. (条件) g. He guiding her, they crossed the street. (方式) h. He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. (方式) i. He climbed slowly up the mountain, his courage slipping away at every step. (伴随) j. He returned, his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into piece. (伴随) k. Three were 50 entrances for the competition, the youngest being a girl of 14. (同位语) 六、如果一句中含有几个 “ 独立结构 ” ,通常是把表示概括意义(粗像意义的内容)的结构置于最后。 例如: The professor was slammed against the wall, his body frisked, his wrists handcuffed, his dignity lost. 教授被猛推倒墙上,被搜了身,手被拷着,尊严尽失。 七、使用独立主格四点注意 1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再保留连词。如:After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后,学生很快离开了课室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列两种情况下,独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不能省略。 (1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天,我们去了做礼拜。 (2)在There being+名词的结构中。如:There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。 3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如: Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. 4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了,我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。) 望采纳.

③ 请帮我详细讲解一下英语语法中的“独立主格结构”

独立主格结构有两部分组成,前一部份是名词或者代词,后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语,多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子,在句子中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。
独立主格结构的功能
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状语从句,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如:
1) 表示时间
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活,坐下来喝茶。
2) 表示条件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利,他或许能成功。
3) 表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车,我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
4) 表示伴随情况
Almost all metals are good conctors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conctors, and silver is the best of all.)
常见的独立主格结构有如下几种:
1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如:
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他,他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话,我们明天去郊游。
2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如:
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了,她看不见黑板上的字。
3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系,且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如:
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后,一个回了家,一个去了书店。
4. 名词/主格代词+形容词。如:
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消。
5. 名词/主格代词+副词。如:
He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束,他们就都回家了。
6. 名词/主格代词+介词短语。如:
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着,背对着门。
7. There being +名词(代词)如:
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了,我宣布散会。
8. It being +名词(代词)如:
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故,政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日,所有商店都关门了。
独立主格结构的特点:
1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词等是主谓关系。
3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例:
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了,我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后,我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆
注:独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。
如:Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病,我无法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服,我无法出去了。
使用独立主格四点注意:
1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再保留连词。如:After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后,学生很快离开了课室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列两种情况下,独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不能省略。
(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天,我们去了做礼拜。
(2)在There being+名词的结构中。如:There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。
3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如: Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了,我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)
独立主格结构的用法
独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等,相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1. 用作时间状语:The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后,我们就回家了。
2. 用作条件状语:Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3. 用作原因状语:An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 用作伴随状语:He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上,两手交叉枕在脑后。
5.表示补充说明:We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力,一个人干两个人的活。
*注:独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。
独立主格结构妙题赏析
请看下面一道题:
Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.
A. its B. whose C. which D. that
【分析】此题很容易误选B,许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句,whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表面上看,似乎天衣无缝,但实质上是错的,原因是空格后根本不是一个句子,因为没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词,但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的同学认为,其中的 seated 可视为谓语动词,但是注意,seat 用作动词时,它总是及物的,其后要么接宾语,要么它就用于被动语态,所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is,则可以选择B(当然若将 seated 改为sitting,也应选择B)。所以此题最佳答案选A。
请再看一个类似的例子:
(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. this D. that
(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that
第(1)应选B,而不能选C,是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词),若选C,则该从句无谓语;第(2)应选D,因为句中有谓语 were translatedD。
再请看下面一例:
(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同,两句间多了一个并列连词and,说明这是一个并列句,故应选B,则不能选C。
请做做以下三题(答案均为B):
(1) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
(2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
(3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that

④ 英语里面的独立主格结构是什么意思

独立主格结构(Absolute Structure)是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。它的位置相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句中或主句末,常由逗号将其与主句分开。

独立主格结构的基本构成形式:名词(代词)+现在分词(过去分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等)。

例如:There being nothing else to do,they have goneaway.由于无事可做,他们离开了。(代词+现在分词)

独立主格结构的用法:主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状语从句,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如:

1、 表示时间

His first play a success, he wrote another.
他第一个剧本成功后,又写了另一个剧本。

2、 表示条件

The teacher to help us, we will succeed.
有老师的帮助,我们就能成功。

3、表示原因

It being Sunday, they had no classes.
由于是星期天,他们不上课。

4、表示伴随情况
He lay on his back, his face up and his hands crossed under his head.
他脸朝天,头枕着手躺着。

(4)英语独立主格结构语法讲解扩展阅读

需要注意的问题:

1、 独立主格结构中分句和主句的主语不一致。含有独立主格结构的句子,前后主语是不一致的,这也是独立主格结构和非谓语分句作状语的最重要区别。

2. 在独立主格结构中,动词是用现在分词还是过去分词: 一般来说如果逻辑主语和动词之间是主谓关系,用现在分词。但如果逻辑主语和动词之间是动宾关系,并且有被动的意思,用过去分词。

3. 独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句。

4. 完成时态的运用,在独立主格结构中如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动作时间之前,常用现在分词的完成时态having done, 根据情况确定是用主动还是被动。

⑤ 英语语法问题——独立主格结构

see sb do(省略to的不定式)或者doing的结构归类是
及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语,(又称复合宾语)
为什么说do或者doing是宾语补足语,或者如何判断宾语补足语,一个很好的方法:
在宾语后面加一个be动词,通顺的话就是宾语补足语了,如
see sb. is (to)do/doing sth,通顺吧?
have sth done也是一样的,就是sth is done。
在第一个宾语之后加了be动词之后如果不通顺的话就是双宾语
如 give the boy a book 在the boy后加了is之后,就成了the boy is a book 不通,故是双宾语

独立主格结构:简单的说吧,这个“主”就是“主语”,但又不完全等于“主语”,因为主语是相对于句子而言的,“独立主格结构”是一个结构,不是一个句子,所以我们把这个“主”叫作“逻辑主语”,主语一般是动作的“执行者”(主动语态)或者“承受者”(被动语态),也就是说,结构中还有一个动词或者表示状态的词,常称其为非谓语,为什么不称其谓语动词的原因在于:谓语动词出现在句子中,而独立主格结构中的动词就是非谓语了。

简单的几个形式:
逻辑主语+doing(主动,可有时态变化)
There being a heavy rain ,we have to stay at home
区别:There is a heavy rain 。So,we have to stay at home
逻辑主语+done(被动,可有时态变化)
Most of the work left undone,the manager order the staff to move faster than before。
区分:Most of the work lwas eft undone
and the manager order the staff to move faster than before
逻辑主语+形容词或者副词、介词短语
He is seating on the sofa,pen in his hand。
区分:He is seating on the sofa and there is a pen in his hand
with+逻辑主语+doing/done或者形容词、副词等
They were so surprised and worried when they got home ,with all the things gone 。
一般前三个结构前加个with都是可以的

⑥ 讲解一下英语语法“独立主格”

834108119 所给的例句具有代表性,可以借用或帮助理解。
但他/她没有触及到这个语法点的关键。估计搂主或其他的读者看完后依然抓不住要点,未必能真正理解。在她/他的例题的基础上,笔者补充几个关键点。
首先要明白,“分词的独立主格结构”是个什么概念?是什么意思?
所谓 “…独立主格”= 独立的(逻辑)主语, 主格即主语的形式。
“独立的” = 不同的,通俗地解释就是:分词有自己的(逻辑)主语,这个逻辑主语与句子的主语是不同的人/物。如果出现这种情况,就该用 “独立主格结构了”。
这是有别于通常的情况下:
非谓语动词的(省略的)逻辑主语必须是“句子的主语”,即是同一个人或物。(这种情况下是不用“独立主格结构的”。

1、非谓语动词作各种状语,是很常见的表达,但通常情况下,都不是“独立主格形式”。
2、通常的非谓语动词作某种状语时,都是相对应的状语从句的简化或缩略形式,也就是说,可以把做某种状语的非谓语形式,还原成完整的对应的状语从句。
3、做状语的非谓语动词(或短语)通常是没有或省略了器(逻辑)“主语”的,因为,要遵循一个基本原则:即,非谓语动词的(省略的)逻辑主语必须是“句子的主语”,即是 同一个人或物因此,还原时,很容易找到它的(逻辑)主语。
4、会不会出现 分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的呢? 会的:
下面2种情形下,就要使用所谓的 “分词的独立主格结构”了。
a. 习语,没有特定的“逻辑主要”,分词表达的观点、评价是“公众的,通行的”标准,不是特定的说话人的。这时,就无法也没有必要,根据“主语一致原则”还原成对应的状语从句了。
e.g. Generally speaking, Tom is a good student.
Frankly speaking, I don't know about it at all.

b. 分词的逻辑主语是“另一人/物”,与句子主语不同的,需要加在分词前。
e.g. There being too many cars, the drivers are often caught in traffic jams.
分词的逻辑主语是“too many cars", 而句子的主句则是 the drivers.
不可说:There are too many cars, the drivers are....
但可以说:As/ Because/ Since there are too many cars, the drivers are....
另外,独立主格结构,并不限于(现在/过去)分词,不定式也有独立主格结构的用法。
e.g. To be honest,....
To tell the truth,....

⑦ 求英语独立主格语法说明

10.1 独立主格

独立主格结构的构成:名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;

名词(代词)+形容词;

名词(代词)+副词;

名词(代词)+不定式;

名词(代词) +介词短语构成。

独立主格结构的特点:1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。

2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。

3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

例如:

The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了,我们开始放假。

The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 天气允许,我们明天去看你。

This done, we went home. 工作完成后,我们才回家。

The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。

He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里,耳朵冻得红通通的。

He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆

⑧ 英语语法问题 独立主格结构 最好有详细解释

本题选C

翻译:因为昨天天气很好,我们出去散步了。

详细解释:

1.对独立主格的理解。独立主格的本质就是句子的状语,可能是伴随状语、时间状语、条件状语、原因状语等,其中以伴随状语比较常见。独立主格的结构一般是这样的:

【主谓宾/主系表,独立主格】或者【独立主格,主谓宾/主系表】

2.独立主格的发展过程。

从上面两个结构中可以看到,无论使用哪个结构,中间都使用了逗号。在英语中,逗号不能连接两个主谓宾或主系表,那么如果逗号前后都出现了动词或者be动词,就要做出下列结构的改变之一:

1)使用并列连词做成并列句;

2)使用从句连词做成从句;

3)不使用连词,把其中一个动词做成非谓语动词。

独立主格属于第3)种情况中的一种。

一般来说,我们做非谓语动词结构的句子,句子的谓语和非谓语动词,都是句子主语所发出,就是非谓语动词的主语,为了清晰描述,可以简化成下面的图:

it是being的逻辑主语。

3.不选其他三个选项的原因。

A选项使用 as 开头,要求后面的句子主干部分的主语也是as句的主语,这显然是不对的;

B选项句意正确,但是做成了一个主系表的句子,使用逗号连接,在语法上错误,详见上述第2点;

D选项使用了连词for,for可以作为原因状语从句的连词,但是常规使用方法如下:

1)for句放在后半句。

2)for表示的原因,是推测某种情况时所依据的表象,但不一定是真正的原因或根本原因,例如:He cannot be in the office, for the door is locked.

⑨ 英语独立主格结构的详解

独立主格结构(Independent Genitive)有两部分组成,前一部份是名词或者代词,后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语,多用于书面语。 独立主格结构本身不是句子,在句子中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。
非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致,非谓语动词形式须另带主语,从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中,非谓语动词主动用现在分词,被动用过去分词。 非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语,逻辑主语的代词又是主格,故常称为“独立主格”。“独立结构”在句中起状语作用,相当于状语从句,表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。
编辑本段功能
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状语从句,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如:
表示时间
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work being done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活,坐下来喝茶。
表示条件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利,他或许能成功。
表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车,我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
表示伴随情况
Almost all metals are good conctors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conctors, and silver is the best of all.)
编辑本段用法
独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等,相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
用作时间状语
The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后,我们就回家了。
用作条件状语
Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
用作原因状语
An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
用作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上,两手交叉枕在脑后。
表示补充说明
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力,一个人干两个人的活。 *注:独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。
编辑本段形式
1>一般独立主格形式:与主句逻辑关系松散
形式为: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. + 不定式 ; n. + 介词短语; n. + 形容词; n. + 副词. ;
名词/主格代词+现在分词
名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系。 如: The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他,他不知道说什么好。 Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话,我们明天去郊游。
名词/主格代词+过去分词
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。 如: The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了。 Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了,她看不见黑板上的字。
名词/主格代词+不定式
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系,且强调的是一次具体性的动作。 如: He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后,一个回了家,一个去了书店。
名词/主格代词+形容词
如: An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消。
名词/主格代词+副词
如: He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束,他们就都回家了。
名词/主格代词+介词短语
如: The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着,背对着门。 2>with 引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系紧密 形式为: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +adj.; with +n. + 介词短语 3>each引导的强调型独立主格:强调句尾的复数名词 形式为:句子 + 复数名词结尾 , each + 介词短语/形容词短语/名词短语/-ing形式/-ed形式 如: Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided into five groups, each with its own executive.(题源:《GMAT语法全解》白勇著,Page38) 4>其他形式
There being +名词(代词)
如: There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了,我宣布散会。
It being +名词(代词)
如: It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故,政府机关都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日,所有商店都关门了。
编辑本段特点
1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。 2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词等是主谓关系。 3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例: The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了,我们开始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后,我们才回家。 The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。 He came into the room,his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆 注:独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。 如: Don’t sleep with the windows open.别开着窗睡觉。 He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。 She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。 I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病,我无法去度假。 He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。 All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。 I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服,我无法出门了。
特殊
当独立主格与主句主语不同时可有:eg:We walking through the garden,the flowers are beautiful.
1.独立主格转换成状语从句,当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再保留连词。如:After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后,学生很快离开了课室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形:在下列两种情况下,独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不能省略。 (1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天,我们去了做礼拜。 (2)在There being+名词的结构中。如:There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。 3. 在“名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如: Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand. 4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了,我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)
编辑本段示例
请看下面一道题: Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that 【分析】此题很容易误选B,许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句,whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表面上看,似乎天衣无缝,但实质上是错的,原因是空格后根本不是一个句子,因为没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词,但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的同学认为,其中的 seated 可视为谓语动词,但是注意,seat 用作动词时,它总是及物的,其后要么接宾语,要么它就用于被动语态,所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is,则可以选择B(当然若将 seated 改为sitting,也应选择A)。所以此题最佳答案选A。 请再看一个类似的例子: (1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C.which D. that (2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that 第(1)应选B,而不能选C,是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词),若选C,则该从句无谓语;第(2)应选C,该句是典型的非限制性定语从句,因为该句修饰的是前面的novels,即指物,所以只能用which做of的宾语,故本题选C。 再请看下面一例: (3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同,两句间多了一个并列连词and,说明这是一个并列句,故应选B,则不能选C。 请做做以下三题(答案均为B): (1) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.(独立主格结构) A. which B. them C. whom D. that (2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners. (非限制性定语从句) A. which B. whom C. who D. that (3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners.(两个句子) A. which B. them C. whom D. that

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