㈠ 浅析在英语语言学习中，语法和交际的关系的英语论文
英语的语法是你理解句式你叫复杂的言语的一个准备，也是你写出来的英语别人专能看属明白的一种保障。实际上语法是第二本能的一种东西，但是培养这种素质需要一些练习和一定程度的暴露，所以会学。如果你连语法都不会的话，那么英语是学不好的。语法可以在学习中积累，可以在交流中培养，可能只学语法是错的，但是终究你是要知道语法是什么样的。正确的语法可以简化你的信息，简单的一句话就能传达很多信息，甚至包含多重意思，就像双关语一样。语法正确还能避免歧义，明确你的指代关系和修饰对象等，是很有用的，你学进去了就明白了。语文这个东西，还有教育有没有意义的事情，你要是用写作文和看不懂阅读理解来衡量其效果的话，那么你已经是学习的奴隶了，你要跳出学校这一亩三分地，发现学习能给你带来什么。
㈡ 英语毕业论文跨文化交际,最好是格式齐全的
网上不是有很多的范文和资料能搜到的资料，最起码不会不清楚大概的情况啊，但是网上的大都不全面，一般都找不到开题报告跟论文一套的了，有个内容就不错了，七拼八凑的好不容易弄了个差不多的，结果老师一句话就否决了。弄的我也没心思再弄了，最后在VIP英语论文网，直接让老师辅导我写作，也辅导了论文答辩的问题，哎，专业的就是不一样啊
参考下这篇文章，或许对你有帮助
自1924年Jespersen对名词化进行的第一次尝试性研究起,不同的语言学流派对名词化这一英语书面语的典型特征已作了数十年的研究。在所有名词化理论中,系统功能视角的研究更深刻、更系统,因为系统功能语法对名词化的研究并不是局限于句法分析,而是通过名词化与语法隐喻的联系,将研究扩展到名词化在书面英语中的语篇功能。自系统功能语法对名词化的研究之后,一些定性研究和定量研究便以此为理论框架,对英语文本进行研究。定性研究主要详细说明了名词化在语篇中的作用,研究表明,名词化的作用主要包括提高语篇的衔接性,客观性,简洁性,逻辑性,信息量,可信度,权威性,不可协商性等,这些功能恰恰证明了本研究的重要性,也为本研究的定性分析部分提供了理论支撑。以往对名词化的实证研究主要集中在名词化的语类特征和中国学习者英语名词化习得两个方面。关于第一个方面的研究结论相对统一,即名词化的出现频率与文本的正式程度成正比。关于第二个方面的研究则不仅数量很有限,而且研究结论存在争议。一些基于语料库的研究(如,席2006 &吴2009)证明,中国学习者和本族语者在使用名词化方面存在显著差异,而另一些研究(如,王&陈2008)指出此差异并不显著。另外,以往对名词化的实证研究大多以中国本科生(包括英语专业与非英语专业)为研究对象,语料主要由考试作文构成,这说明他们的研究对象为英语学习者而非英语使用者,因此,本作者选择英语专业的硕士生作为研究对象,选用他们的硕士毕业论文作为语料,因为他们作为硕士毕业论文的撰写者,仅把英语作为一个语言工具,应被视作高层次的英语使用者。还有,以往的定量研究大部分都是基于专门选取的文本或者小型语料库,所以很有必要用大型的语料库作进一步研究,而本研究的语料大于以往任何一个基于语料库的名词化研究所使用的语料。本研究所用的两个语料由作者通过网上电子资源自建。语料CPEU由120篇选自英文核心期刊的学术期刊文章构成,语料CPGT由120篇中国英语专业硕士生的毕业论文构成。研究旨在回答以下两个问题：1.中国英语专业硕士生作为高层次的英语使用者,他们在毕业论文中使用英语名词化的水平是否已经达到专业水准?2.理工类、外语类和综合类院校的英语专业硕士生在毕业论文中使用名词化方面是否存在差异?通过检索软件Wordsmith和描述分析软件SPSS,本作者在专业的英语使用者和中国英语专业硕士生之间,以及中国英语专业硕士生内部作了对比研究,并得出了以下结论：在宏观层面,中国英语专业硕士生在使用名词化方面与专业的英语使用者存在显著差异,并且中国英语专业硕士生使用名词化的总数量大于专业的英语使用者；而微观层面研究表明,中国英语专业硕士生对名词化的这种过度使用源于对以-tion,-ness和-ance结尾的名词化的过度使用,其过度使用原因有两个,一是中国英语专业硕士生积极词汇相对专业的英语使用者较小,导致他们对某些词反复使用；二是某些毕业论文的话题导致文中多次重复出现某些词。但第一个原因是主要原因。另外,微观层面的研究还表明,中国英语专业硕士生对以-acy结尾的名词化使用显著不足,而对以-sion,-ment,-ence,-ity,-ery和-encv结尾的名词化的使用已经到达专业水平。还有,对所研究的10种名词化基于量的排序显示,两个语料并无显著差异。对于来自不同类型院校的英语专业硕士生之间的内部差异问题,本研究的结论是,在宏观层面,外语类和综合类院校英语专业硕士生在使用名词化方面的水平高于理工类硕士生,因为显著性检验表明,在使用名词化的宏观层面,外语类和综合类类院校英语专业硕士生与专业的英语使用者并无显著性差异,而理工类院校的英语专业硕士生与专业的英语使用者之间存在显著差异。微观层面的研究显示,理工类院校英语专业硕士生与专业的英语使用者在三种名词化的使用上差异显著,而外语类和综合类院校硕士生与专业的英语使用者只在两种名词化的使用上差异显著。本文的定性分析部分表明,名词化在“质”和“量”同样重要,中国英语专业硕士生在名词化的“质”方面基本能做到正确合理使用。
如果你还有什么不懂的，自己咨询VIP英语论文网也可以，老师的态度很好
㈢ 在英语语言学习中，语法和交际的关系
英语的语法是你理抄解句式你叫袭复杂的言语的一个准备，也是你写出来的英语别人能看明白的一种保障。实际上语法是第二本能的一种东西，但是培养这种素质需要一些练习和一定程度的暴露，所以会学。如果你连语法都不会的话，那么英语是学不好的。语法可以在学习中积累，可以在交流中培养，可能只学语法是错的，但是终究你是要知道语法是什么样的。正确的语法可以简化你的信息，简单的一句话就能传达很多信息，甚至包含多重意思，就像双关语一样。语法正确还能避免歧义，明确你的指代关系和修饰对象等，是很有用的，你学进去了就明白了。语文这个东西，还有教育有没有意义的事情，你要是用写作文和看不懂阅读理解来衡量其效果的话，那么你已经是学习的奴隶了，你要跳出学校这一亩三分地，发现学习能给你带来什么。不是吗^_^
㈣ 求一篇关于英语语法的论文
分得了29分，对你或许有帮助！
Coordination of to-infinitive clauses
In English, the to-infinitive clause is a very important structure, by which a sentence may become compact, orderly, or even metrical. And the use of a coordination of two or more to-infinitive clauses in a sentence does more help to the expressing of the meaning of the sentence, different clauses with the same structure indicating different meanings. Now, I’ m going to talk about its use in the English language.
(A)The position of syntax function of coordinate to-infinitive clauses.
If coordinate to-infinitive clauses of a sentence is regarded as a whole, they can be used as any part of the sentence except predicate verb.
(1) Subject
To enjoy the things we ought and to hate the things we ought has the greatest bearing on excellence of character. [Aristotle]
(2) Object
He loved to run down dry watercourses, and to creep and spy upon the bird life in the woods.
[The Call of the Wild]
He knew how to take advantage of every cover, to crawl on his belly like a snake, and like a snake to leap and strike. [The Call of the Wild]
(3) Subject complement
To fight was to disobey the law, to risk his head, to make at once an enemy of a minister more powerful than the king himself, all the young men perceived, and yet, to hid praise be it said, he did not hesitate a second. [The Three Musketeers]
It is to make the worlds fairer, and to liberate it from the distorting influence of antiquated beliefs---at the very least, by removing them from the public arena, allowing everyone there to be an indivial human being rather than a label, and inviting our respect accordingly.
[ Disaster crushes one man now, afterwards others---Euripides]
(4) Object complement
“His eminence; then orders me---“said the lady, “ To return instantly to England and to inform him immediately should the ke leave Lundon” [The Three Musketeers]
As Francois' whip backed him up, Buck found it to be cheaper to mend his ways than to retaliate. [The Call of the Wild]
(5) Adverbial
To understand, to observe, to draw conclusions, a man must first of all be conscious of himself as living. [War and Peace]
It is better to keep your mouth closed and not to have them than to have them and not to deserve them. [Mark Twain]
(B) The function of coordinate to-infinitive clauses in respect of meaning in a sentence.
To-infinitive clauses can show diverse meanings in sentences. Most of the times, some other structures can also convey the same meanings, such as ing-participles, subordinate clause and so on, but in some special situations, the use of infinitive clauses may favor the sentence immensely better.
(1) Indicating time
The general stood with Major Ekonomov at the bridge, watching the retreating companies go by, a soldier to run up to him and to hold of his stirrup, almost clinging to it. [War and Peace]
In the days, nine suitors to gather up and to kneel round her in a circle, she guarded her nakedness apprehensively, as though trying to express the value of her body in terms of the modesty she accorded it. [The Unbearable Lightness of Being]
(2) Explaining reason
Either he to have stolen wine orgave away the secrets of Zeus，or he to have become so proud as to test the gods by serving up the flesh of his son Pelopsto them，he incurred the wrath of Zeus and was hurled down to the everlasting darkness of Tartarus. [Ancient Greek Stories]
I call him my neighbour, his plantation to lay next to mine and we to have gone on very sociably together. [The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Franders Robinson Crusoe]-
(3) Expressing conditions or qualifications
If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers’ case; so every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.
[Of Studies Francis Bacon]
(4)Expressing intention or purpose
You will make some desirable acquaintances, and from time to time you can call upon me, just to tell me how you are getting on, and to say whether I can be of any service to you.
[The Three Musketeers]
(5)Denoting or implying result
When Buck earned sixteen hundred dollars in five minutes for John Thornton, he made it possible for his master to pay off certain debts and to journey with his partners into the East after a fabled lost mine, the history of which was as old as the history of the country. Many men had sought it; few had found it; and more than a few there were who had never returned from the quest.
[The Call of the Wild]
To be sure, it was an unwonted performance but he had learned to trust in men he knew, and to give them credit for a wisdom that outreached his own. [The Call of the Wild]
(6)Expressing a kind of concomitance or method
D’ Artagnan and Cahusac sprang forward at the same instant, the one to recover, the other to obtain, the sward; but D’ Artagnan, being the more active, reached it first and placed his foot upon it. [The Three Musketeers]
Did you ever expect a corporation to have a conscience, when it has no soul to damned, and no body to be kicked? [Edward Thurlow]
(7) complementary explanation or supplementary information
I came to these words: He is exalted a prince and a saviour, to give repentance, and to give remission. [The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Franders Robinson Crusoe]
I had a great desire to make a mare perfect discovery of the island, and to see what other proctions I might find, which I yet knew nothing of.
[The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Franders Robinson Crusoe]
(C)The relationship on function or meaning between the coordinate to-infinitive clauses themselves.
In many cases, the to-infinitive clauses are often connected with some conjunctions or some conjunctional structures. Maybe sometimes the conjunctions are the same, but the meanings expressed by the to-infinitive clauses are different.
(1)Option
But M.de Tre’ville promised this favour after a novitiate of two years---a novitiate which might, besides, be abridged if an opportunity should present itself for D’ Artagnan to render the king any signal service, or to distinguish himself by some brilliant action. [The Three Musketeers]
And now I was to launch out into the ocean, and either to venture, or not to venture.
[The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Franders Robinson Crusoe]
(2)Order of the preceding and the following
So I resolved to stay at home, and if I could find means for it, to dispose of my plantation.
[The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Franders Robinson Crusoe]
(3)Comparison
It is better to keep your mouth closed and let people think you are a fool than to open it and remove all doubt. [Mark Twain]
In short, the things he did were done because it was easier to do them than not to do them.
[The Call of the Wild]
(4)Juxtaposition
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. [Of Studies Francis Bacon]
I always tried to keep things moving in the right direction, to give more people a chance to live their dreams, to lift people’s spirits, and to bring them together. [My Life Bill Clinton]
(5)Sequence of going forward one by one
Remember not only to say the right thing in the right place, but far more difficult still, to leave unsaid the wrong thing at the tempting moment. [Benjamin Franklin]
These examples show us the great power of to-infinitive clauses, which are rather complicated in some cases and relate to many interesting phenomena.
㈤ 英语语法论文
论英语语法与修辞
语法和修辞既是相通的，又是有区别的。语法是语言的组织规律，讲的是语言的结构形式；因此语法学家研究的对象是语言本身规律的一部分，是研究如何造出合乎语法的句子。因为只有合乎语法规则的句子才具有可理解的性质，才有可能被用作表达思想的基本语言单位。修辞不同于语法，它是研究语言使用的规律，是和语言的使用目的和使用场合密切相关的。因此，修辞学研究的对象是如何在具体交际场合中取得最好的语言表达效果，即如何根据不同的对象和场合把话说好，把文章做好，以便更好地达到交际目的。但是，修辞和语法又密切相关，可以说，修辞知识是语法知识的延伸，前者是建筑在后者基础上。因为语法告诉我们，同一个意思可以有不同的合乎语法的表达方式，而修辞则告诉我们如何恰当地选用语法形式，以达到最好的语言表达效果。语法结构形式的选用，关系到使用领域（即语体）的问题。比如在学术论文中，不可用适合于口头的表达方式；在法律文书中，不可用形象生动的文学语言；对上级或者长辈讲话，用语不可太随便；跟朋友谈心，用语又不可太庄重。因此，一本好的语法书必然要涉及修辞问题。我们学习语法不能只重视分析语言的能力；更重要的是要培养自觉、恰当地运用语言的能力。从这个角度来看，语法必须结合修辞，语法书的编写不能局限于词法和句法而必须超越句法的范围，讲一点如何恰当地使用语法知识的规律。恰当地使用语法知识规律可以简单地归纳为以下内容：
表达思想，分清主次；关系明确，避免歧义；言语简练，用词经济；句式多样，灵活交替。
一、表达思想，分清主次
这是修辞的第一条要求。在使用语言进行交际时，总是要把主要的住处突出起来，以便引起对方的注意，能为对方所理解并把握住意义的重心。这就涉及语法中一系列强调手段的运用问题。这些强调手段包括后置和前置、主从句、分裂句、层进法等，只要用之得当，便可在组词成句中突出主要的信息，分清主要次要的意思。
1、后置
后置，作为一种突出主要思想的手段，是现代英语的词序特征。众所周知，英语在其长期发展中形成一种相对固定的词序。根据这种词序，句子的意义重心往往落在句子的尾部分，从而句尾成为一种受到强调的部位。根据这条原则，说话人要强调什么意思，便可让它出现在句尾，从而传递信息便主次分明了。在前面提到的句尾信息焦点和尾重原则就是采用的这一原理。
对比下面两句话：
The patient was taken good care of, and began to recover immediately.
The patient was taken good care of, and immediately began to recover.
这两个句子的意思都是病人受到很好的照顾，很快开始康复。但第一句的意义重心是immediately, 强调了康复之快，而第二句的意义重心则在于“康复”而不强调“马上”。
再如：
Though we started off early, we were late for the last bus.
We were late for the last bus, though we started off early.
We were late for the last bus. We started off early, though.
以上三个句子所表达的意思是一致的，但所强调的重点是不一样的。第一句强调我们晚了，第二句强调我们的确出发不晚，第三句突出强调了出发得早然而却晚了这一惊讶。
We had a long enough holiday on the beach.
We had a holiday, long enough, on the beach.
两个句子的意义差别不大，但第一句只是普通的句子，而第二句强调了long enough。
2、主从结构
在主从结构中（这里主要指主句与从句），主句通常携带主要的信息，从句表达次要的信息。因此，人们在交流思想时，可以把主要意思放在主句中表达，而把次要意思放在从句中。这也可以成为表达思想分清主次的手段。如：
After I had visited this country, I was even more struck by its beauty.
Having visited this country, I was even more struck by its beauty.
After my visit to this country, I was even more struck by its beauty.
I was even more struck by its beauty, after I had visited this country.
以上四个句子意思上的差别是不大的，但所要表达的具体内涵和感情就有些差异了。第一句after从句是个时间状语从句，为了更加突出主要的意思，通常它放于主句的前面，从而突出主句的信息。第二句把时间状语从句改为了非限定分句，那就加重了它的从属地位，从而主句的意思也就更加突出。如果再把非限定分句改为介词词组，那末，主句的意思进一步得到突出。第四句把从句置于句末，根据末端中心的原则，从句的意义比在句首是加重了，它相当于一种补叙，为主句表达的思想内容提供某种比较重要的条件，意思相当于“只有当我参观了这个国家之后，才被这个国家的美更加深深地打动了。”
在这样的结构中，有两条语法规则在交叉地起作用：主从结构的表意作用和词序的作用。正由于从属的意思能以各种方式增加其分量，使之能够对主句所表达的意思起一定的平衡作用，有时甚至起到修改和对抗作用，这种“主句＋从句”的结构往往可在修辞上取得幽默、讽刺或戏剧性等特殊效果，在阅读时您不妨仔细体味。如：
We don’t bother much about dress and manners in England, because as a nation we don’t dress well and we’ve no manners.
这句话是主句在前，从句在后。主句的意思是：在英国，我们不为衣着和礼貌而烦神，为什么不烦神呢？都穿得很好吗？都很讲礼貌吗？不是的。请看下文：因为，作为一个民族，我们穿得不好，而且不讲礼貌。这样一来，后置的原因状语分句便对主句的意思起抵消的作用，从而带有辛辣的讽刺味道。
再如：
Even though men may deny it, women may soon be able to compete with men in most sporting events.
Women may soon be able to compete with men in most sporting events, though men may not deny(否定)it.
Women may soon be able to compete with men in most sporting events, but men may deny it.
第一句，主句位于从句之后，突出了主句的意思，对妇女在体育运动中不断提高的地位持肯定态度；第二句，从句位于主句之后，抵消了或削弱了主句的意思，但是主要意思还是认为妇女即将在大多数体育运动项目中与男子进行竞争，只是这种意思被后面的从句削弱了一；第三句是个并列句，其意义主要受着分句顺序的支配。这句话的主要意思是妈妇女能否在大多数体育运动项目中与男了相抗衡表示一种怀疑的态度。
3、前置
除采用后置和主从结构来突出主要思想外，语法还提供了第三种方法，这就是前置。由于句首也是一种引人注目的位置，如果把一个通常不出现在句首的成分前移至句首，这也会起强调作用，产生特殊的修辞效果。例如句子的宾语和补足语通常出现在谓语动词之后，如果由于某种原因，比如为了与上文相衔接，而把宾语或补语移至句首，这时，前置的宾语或补语就会特别引人注目。如：
Mr White fried two small pieces of fish. One of these he fed to his cat. The other he ate himself. 怀特先生煎了两条鱼，一条喂了狗，另一条他自己吃了。
It is important to prevent pollution. Equally important is to take measures to check the rise in prices. 阻止污染是非常重要的。同时同等重要的是采取措施核实价格是不能提高。
有时状语的前置也能起强调作用。比如在否定结构中，否定词及其强调词通常是比较贴近谓语动词的。如：
The manager will not in any case stand rudeness from his employees.
在这里，not in any case 是“决不”之意，位于句子当中，这是不受强调的位置。如果把这个结构移至句首并引起倒装：
In no case will the manager stand rudeness from his employees.
这时，状语in no case便处于突出的地位，受到了强调。当然，在这种结构中，句尾仍然起着信息中心的作用。
4、分裂句
语法向我们提供的另一强调手段是一种特殊的、专门突出主要意思的句子结构――分裂句（又称强调句型）。分裂句的基本结构是：
It is/was＋中心成分＋that-分句
在这种句式中，中心成分是最受强调的部位，它可以是一个句子中主语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语等。（本部分详细请参阅本章《强调部分》）
During the summer vacation I worked in a hotel as a part-time job to make some money for ecation. 在暑假里，为了嫌点钱上学，我在一家旅馆找了份业余工作。
这个句子可以改用分裂句式强调除谓语动词以外的任何成分。如：
It was ring the summer vacation that I worked in a hotel as a part-time job to make some money for ecation.
It was I that/who ring the summer vacation worked in a hotel as a part-time job to make some money for ecation.
It was in a hotel ring the summer vacation I worked as a part-time job to make some money for ecation.
It was as a part-time job that During the summer vacation I worked in a hotel to make some money for ecation.
对于谓语及其后续成分突出出来就得采用另外一种分裂句：
What-分句＋is＋不定式结构。
如：
What I did ring the summer vacation was to work in a hotel as a part-time job to make some money for ecation.
由此可见分裂句It is/was＋中心成分＋that-分句的主要强调重心不在句尾而在句中；分裂句What-分句＋is＋不定式结构的主要强调重心仍然在句尾。
5、层进法
还有一种强调的方法就是采用“层进法”，即在排列两个以上并列成分时，采取由次要到重要到最重要的排列方式，从而突出位于句尾的成分。如：
Einstein was a fair violinist, a great mathematician, and a deeply philosophical (哲理的)man.
爱因斯坦三重身份：他既是伟大的数学家，又是个懂得精深哲理的人，同时还是个业余小提琴手。在这三重身份中，哪一种最重要呢？当然，精通哲理最重要，数学家次之，会演奏小提琴又次之，所以按照a vilionist, a great mathematician, and a deeply philosophical man 这样的排列，是符合一般修辞原则的，即要求由次要到重要至最重要的排列。这是故意违反一般修辞原则，而把不太重要的意思放在最后最重要的位置上，从而达到讽刺、幽默的修效果。
He referred his success to hard work, his parents and his teachers.
一个人事业的成功，最重要因素本应为“埋头苦干”，可是现在却把“父母、老师”放在最重要的位置，这无疑就是一种人际交流的需要。
层进法不仅适用于句子成分之间，而且适用于句子和句子、语段和语段、段落和段落之间。
二、关系明确，避免歧义
修辞的另一条重要原则是要求表意明确，而不是模棱两可。一句话如果既可作这样解释，又可作那样解释，这就叫做歧义。引起歧义的原因是多种多样。其中重要的一种是句子成分之间的关系不明确，特别是照应关系、修饰关系、比较关系不明确往往引起歧义。照应必须有被照应的对象，修饰也必有被修饰的对象，如果这些关系搞不清，意思就含糊不明。因此，关系明确是避免歧义的重要方法。
1、要处理好照应关系
英语中代词照应是照应关系中最重要的。处理好照应关系是理解篇章的最基本的前提。如：
? Since my grandfather was a doctor, it is not surprising that I have chosen that for a job.
在这里that所指不明，不论是指doctor, 还是指my grandfather was doctor, 在本句中都讲不能。因此在这个句中，have chosen 的宾语以不用代词为宜：
Since my grandfather was a doctor, it is not surprising that I have chosen medicine for my job.
再如：
? The players and umpires (裁判)know one another well and sometimes they call them by their first names.
这个并列句后半部的they, them, their含义不明。如果是运动员对他们认识的裁判员有时直呼其名，可以说：
Players who know umpires well sometimes call them by their first names.
如果是裁判员对他们认识的运动员有时直呼其名，那就说：
Knowing the players well, the umpires sometimes call them by their first names.
2、要处理好修饰关系
关于名词修饰语和状语(特别是副词)的位置问题分别相关章节，这里再从修辞角度作一些补充。
状语的位置如果处理不当往往会引起歧义。如：
? I have followed the advice sincerely given by the teacher.
? The woman scolded the boy for playing with fire bitterly.
上述诸句中，sincerely, bitterly 叫“偏斜修饰语”，因为它们在句中位置不正，以致sincerely既可理解为修饰follow, 也可理解为修饰given；bitterly 本应修饰scolded，但在句中却好象在修饰playing，从而产生了歧义。这些修饰语的位置应作如下调整：
I have sincerely followed the advice given by the teacher.
The woman bitterly scolded the boy for playing with matches.
再如：
He sent us the full story of his rescue from Lake of the Ozarks(美国奥沙克湖).
在这里from Lake of the Ozarks既可理解为修饰sent，也可理解修饰his rescue。根据“靠近”的原则，可将该句调整如下：
He sent us from the Ozarks the full story of his rescue.
3、要避免中途改变语态或主语
在主动结构和被动结构的使用上，一般修辞原则是要保持前后一致。如果中途改变语态，则往往意义不明。如：
? He left the examination after his answer had been checked.
这句话，主句用了主动结构，从句忽然改为被动结构，这样一来，到底是谁“核对子答案”便不明确了。要改进这个句子，最好把前后的动词语态一致起来，从而主语也一致了：
He left the exmination after he had checked his answer.
再如：
As the guests entered the church, proper seats were arranged by the ushers leading them.(迎客的人).
这句话的毛病是中途改变主语，以致“座位指定给谁”，含义不明。应将前后主语一致起来，尽管语态有变，但不影响意义：
As the guests entered the church, they were led to the proper seats by the ushers.
4、要处理好比较关系
比较关系也是一种修饰关系。比较结构如果不完整或不确切也会引出歧义。请观察：
? He is as tall, if not taller, than his brother.
在这句话中，比较结构不完全，因为不可能说He is as tall than his brother, 而只能说as tall as his brother。 所以这句话应该调整为：
He is as tall as his brother, if not taller.
或调整为：
He is as tall as, if not taller than his brother.
再如：
Leonardo had one of the greatest, if not the greatest minds of all times.
这个最高级结构也是不完全的，从而非常费解，因为在这里有两个名词词组“one of the greatest minds”和“the greatest mind”。应补足为：
Leonardo had one of the greatest minds, if not the greatest mind, of all times.
有时，比较结构不完全，导致表意不合逻辑。如：
?Her salary was lower than a typist.
怎么会一个人的薪水比打字员低呢？应该说成：
Her salary was lower than that of a typist.
或者：Her salary was lower than a typist’s.
再如：
?The food here costs no more than any other resaurant.
这句话从字面上看可以理解为The food here costs no more than any other restaurant costs, 这样以来，就变成拿食品价格和其它饭店的相比了，显然不合逻辑。应该拿这里的食品价格和任何其它饭店的食品相比：
The food here costs no more than (it does) at any other restaurant.
由上述诸例可以看出，在使用比较结构时，必须把被比较的对象明确起来。如果被比较的对象不明确，那就意义含糊。如：
?Claremont is farther from Los Angeles than Pomona.
这句话的意思很含糊。到底是Claremont 距离Los Angeles 比Pomona 距离Los Angeles 远呢？还是Claremont距离Los Angeles 比Claremont距离Pomona远呢？如果是前一种意思，应该说成：Claremont is farther from Los Angeles than Pomona is.
如果是后一种意思，则应该说：
Claremont is farther from Los Angeles than it is from Pomona.
有时，在比较结构中使用than any…不当，其表意不合逻辑。如：
?For many years the Empire State building was taller than any building in New York.
这句话不合逻辑，因为Empire State Building 坐落在纽约市。它怎能和包括它自己在内的纽约市建筑物相比呢？处理这类问题，只要在any之后加个other就可以了：
From many years the Empire State Building was taller than any other building in New York.
三、言语简练，用词经济
言语简练，用词经济是修辞的另一条重要原则。所谓“简练”就是不用多余的词，即在表情达意中每一个词都起到自己的表意作用，而没有冗长、累赘的现象。“简练”和“简短”是两个不同的概念。“简练”是修辞上的优点；“简短”有时是优点，但有时就不一定是优点。一个简短的句子或者一篇简短的文章有时铿锵有力，掷地有声，便有时也可能言之无物，读来无味；文章长而空固然不妙；而空也未尝足取。一个句子或者一篇文章可能比较长，但内容充实，组织严密，没有废话，没有败笔，照样可以算是“简练”。因此“简练”是修辞的一个努力方向，它和“简短”是有区别的。
1、要避免冗赘
尽管一个句子或者一篇文章并不一定是“越短越好”，但是小题而大作，短话而连篇，言之无物，总是要不得的。讲一句话，造一个句子，在能充分表达思想的前提下，用词应该十分经济，必须避免使用多余的词。如：
Whenever anyone called for someone to help him do something, Jim was always the first to lend his help for the cause.
这个句子如果变为下面的句子就更加简练：
Whenever anyone called for help, Jim was always the first to lend his help.
这个句子即是“简练的”，又是“简短”的。在这里，这二者就一致起来了。
2、要避免不必要的重复
重复有时是修辞的需要，但是，不必要的重复往往会造成言语累赘，表达无力。语法为我们提供了避免重复的手段，这重要是省略和替代。一般原则是，在能充分表意的前提下，能省略的就应省略，能替代的就应替代。省略和替代不仅能够避免不必要的重复，而且可使主要的思想内容得到应有的突出。反之，如果该省略而不省略，该替代而不替代，反而会冲淡主要的内容，赞成烦冗无力的表达。如：
My father planned (all these houses) and my brother built all these houses.
Brian can (do the work well) and (he) should do the work well, but he won’t (do the work well).
Mary is going to sweep the floor though Alice won’t (sweep the floor).
以上各句中括号内为省略的部分。第一句中，省略了all these houses, 便突出了planned; 第二句省略了do the work well和he，突出了can, should和won’t; 同样地，第三句省略了sweep the floor, 便强调了Alice won’t。
再如：
Here is a white silk blouse and a pink one. (one替代silk blouse)
He said he would tell me the news, but he didn’t do so. (do so替代tell me the news)
We are told that he will come back tonight, and if so our meeting will be held tomorrow. (if so替代if he comes back tonight)
在上述第一句中，用了名词替代词one, 不仅避免了silk blouse的重复，而且使pink的意义突出起来；第二句用do so替代tell me the news, 突出了didn’t 的意义；第三句用if so替代if he comes back tonight, 突出了其后主句的含义。
3、要避免拖沓现象
句尾是传递最重要信息的位置。因此，通常不宜在句尾附加过多的补叙。如果在句尾加上长串的并不重要的细节，往往会出现拖沓现象。“拖沓句”也是累赘的一种表现。如：
It was 7:15 on the morning of February 8, 2000, when I was walking along Park Road towards the east when an elderly amn came out of the park on the other side of the street. Then I saw a yellow car drive up Third Street and make a right turn into Park Road. The next moment the car hit the man while he was crossing the road. The man was badly hurt and he fell with a cry. The car didn’t stop but drove off at great speed which was heading west. I noticed the driver wa a young woman who pretended not to be noticing all of this and the plate number was AC 864. About two minutes later I stopped a car which was passing near here and took the old man to the nearest hospital where the old man could be taken good care of.
在这篇短文中，似乎用了太多的定语从句，从而使读者的视线容易因为读这些长句子而转移对整个交通事故的描述。如若改成下面的短文，就会显得简洁明了。
I was walking along Park Road towards the east on the morning of February 8, 2000 when an elderly man came out of the park on the other sde of the street. Then a yellow car drove up Third Street and made a right trun into Park Road. The next moment the car hit the man while he was crossing the road. He fell with a cry. The car didn’t stop but drove off at great speed heading west. I noticed the dirver was a young woman and the plate number was AC864. About two minutes later I stopped a passing car and took the old man to the nearest hospital where he was taken good care of.
这样整篇短文中含有一个定语从句，两个并列句，一个时间状语从句，一个宾语从句，一个分词结构，四个并列谓语，调整了主要信息的位置，删除了多余的词，主句和从句的次序进行了调换，使句式错落有致、重点突出。
四、句式多样，灵活交替
修辞的另一个要求是，言语要生动活泼，形式，最忌单调乏味，平淡无奇。避免单调可以通过各种不同的手段来实现。从语法角度看，多种句式的灵活交替是达到生动活泼，避免单调的重要方法。写一篇文，讲一段话，如果通篇用的都是简单句或者通篇都是很长很长的复杂句，往往会给人以句式单调的感觉。如下面一篇短文：
My name is Li Hua. I was born in Dalian, Liaoning province in February 1977. I started school in 1984 at 7. I studied in Guangming Primary School from 1984 to 1990. After that I went to No. 62 Middle school of Dalian and graated this summer. The main subjects I studied at school included Chinese, maths, English, physics, chemistry and computer.I like English and computer best. I am very good at them. Last year I won first prize in the school computer competition. In my spare time I enjoy listening to popular music and collecting stamps. My favourite sports are swimming in summer and skating in winter.
上面的短文是对自己作的一个简介，内容很全面，但句式太单调，不活泼不生动，给人一种平淡之感。如果将这篇短文的句式进行调整，充分运用分词结构，使句式灵活多样，本短文将会变得活泼，读起来朗朗上口。修改如下：
My name is Li Hua and I was born in Dalian, Liaoning province in February 1977. In 1984 when I was seven years old, I started school. From 1984 to 1990 I studied in Guangming Primary School. And after that I went to No. 62 Middle School of Dalian, where I graated this summer. The main subjects I studied at school included Chinese, maths, English, physics, chemistry and computer. I like best English and compuer which I am very good at. Last year I won first prize in the school computer competition. In my spare time, what I enjoy doing is listening to music, collecting stamps, swimming and skakting, of which I love swimming and skating most.
修改过的短文包括一个并列句，五个定语从句，一个分裂句，同时在上下文的衔接上注意了关联词的运用，从而使整个短文句式灵活多变，思路清晰，读起来朗朗上口。
㈥ 英语语言学习中语法和交际的关系
语法影复响交际，但语法制不决定交际。
实际的英语口语交际中，你会发现，老外是可以听懂不符合语法的句子的。比如你对一个老外说
Can you speak Germany? *
Germany是德国的意思，显然没法被说，German才是正确的词汇选择，但老外可以明白你想说的是“德语”这个词，虽然用词是错的。
再比如这个句子，she like coffee. 这个句子就是不符合语法的，正确的应该是she likes coffee.但完全不影响意思表达。
有的语法点会影响交际，比如 I loved you 和I love you 表达的就是完全不同的意思。
很多时候要看上下文的语境，有时语境会帮助理解不符合语法的表达。
书面交际要正式很多，所以要更注重语法的正确性，而且书面语不是即时的反应，也给了说话人更多时间去准备准确的表达。
㈦ 关于跨文化交际的英语的论文和外文文献有吗
http://www.discourse-in-society.org/teun.html
这是一个荷兰学者做的这方面研究，版你可以看看权
㈧ 英语语法教学、语言能力与交际能力三者之间的关系 求大家帮帮忙 。
看你的目的是什么了，从事英语教学，研究，或者需要大量阅读英文材料的，你就多注意语法吧~
如果想交流为主，那就选后者~
如果是留学生，两者最好兼顾~
㈨ 英文论文：【文化差异对交际的影响】救命！（高分）
中文:文化差异影响跨文化交际
随着价值观与道德标准、社会关系、社会礼仪和社会风俗等方面，即西方文化主张个人荣誉、自我中心、创新 精神和个性自由，而中国文化主张谦虚谨慎、无私奉献、中庸之道和团结协作；西方人平等意识较强、家庭结 构简单，由父母以及未成年子女组成核心家庭；而中国人等级观念较强，家庭结构较复杂，传统的幸福家庭多 为四代同堂等。
在跨文化交际中，由于文化障碍而导致的信息误解，甚至伤害对方的现象屡见不鲜。有时善意的言谈会使 对方尴尬无比，礼貌的举止会被误解为荒诞粗俗。因此，研究文化差异，研究正确的跨文化交际行为已成为不 可忽视的问题。
在中国，对别人的健康状况表示关心是有教养、有礼貌的表现。但对西方人的健康表示关心，就不能按中 国的传统方式了。一个中国学生得知其美籍教师生病后，会关切地说“you should go to see a doctor！（你 应该到医院看看）”。不料，这句体贴的话反而使这位教师很不高兴。因为在这位教师看来，有病看医生这种 简单的事情连小孩都知道，用不着任何人来指教。如果就某种小事给人以忠告，那显然是对其能力的怀疑，从 而大大伤害其自尊心。
中国人在饭桌上的热情好客经常被西方人误解为不文明的行为。因西方人认为：客人吃多吃少完全由自己 决定，用不着主人为他加菜添酒；而且饮食过量是极不体面的事情，因此客人吃饭后，主人不必劝他再吃。一 位美国客人看到中国主人不断地给他挟菜很不安，事后他抱怨说“主人把我当猪一样看待”。
中国人路遇熟人时，往往会无所顾忌地说：“啊呀，老兄，你近来又发福了！”或者以关切的口吻说：“ 老兄，你又瘦了，要注意身体啊！”而西方人若听你说“you are fat”或“you are so thin”，即使比较熟 悉，也会感到尴尬和难以答。
从以上例子不难看出：文化障碍的确会影响跨文化交际。因此有必要研究不同文化间的差异。
Cultural differences affect cross-cultural communication
With values and ethical standards, social relations, social etiquette and social customs, and other aspects, that is, Western culture advocated personal honor, self-centeredness, innovative spirit, and indivial freedom, and Chinese culture advocates modest and prudent, selfless dedication, and the doctrine of the mean and unity, cooperation ; Westerners strong sense of equality, the family structure is simple, by the parents and minor children of the nuclear family, while the Chinese hierarchy and stronger family structures more complicated, more traditional happy families for four generations, and so on.
In cross-cultural communication, because of cultural barriers and lead to misunderstanding of information, or even hurt each other's are common occurrences. Sometimes goodwill remarks will embarrass the other side incomparable, appearance will be misunderstood as absurd vulgar. Therefore, the study of cultural differences on the right of cross-cultural communication has become a problem that can not be overlooked.
In China, others expressed concern about the health status of the cultured, polite performance. But Westerners expressed concern about the health, we can not by the traditional Chinese way. A Chinese-American students know their teachers became ill, will concern, saying: "you should go to see a doctor! (You should see to the hospital)." Unexpectedly, this considerate words to the contrary, the teachers very unhappy. Because in the view of teachers, sick to see a doctor this simple matter even children know, do not need anyone to tell. If on some trivial advice to people it is clearly doubt their ability, thus greatly hurt their self-esteem.
Chinese people at the dinner table and the hospitality of Westerners often misunderstood as uncivilized behavior. For Westerners think: eat fewer guests to eat their own decision entirely, there is no need for him加菜Tim masters of wine; and excessive diet is extremely shameful thing, so after dinner guests, the owner advised him not eating. A master of American guests to see China continue to Jiacai very disturbing to him after he complained that "the masters, like pigs when I look at."
Chinese路遇acquaintances, often unscrupulous and said: "啊呀,老兄, you recently made a further blessing!" Or to the tone of concern, said: "老兄, you lost, we should pay attention to physical ah!" And the West if you listen to people say "you are fat" or "you are so thin," even more familiar with, will feel awkward and difficult FOR.
It is easy to see from the above examples: cultural barriers will truly affect cross-cultural communication. It is therefore necessary to study the differences between different cultures.
㈩ 如何提高英语交际能力的措施论文
尽可能多地给学生提供口语交流的机会 学好英语口语，语言环境很重要。目前的英语教学活动，学生接触英语口语的机会少，学生在言语交际中普遍存在语音语调不准确、表达没有逻辑性、甚至基本语法使用错误等问题。