A. 初三英语语法
常用时态六种：一般现在时，现在进行时，一般将来时，一般过去专时，现在完成时，过去属进行时。还有两种过去将来时和过去完成时要求了解的。句子成分、简单句的五种基本类型和复合句（重点为并列句、状语从句、宾语从句、定语从句等）；十大词类的用法；你只要翻开每册书后面的语法部分就知道要掌握那些语法了。祝你成功。
B. 初中英语语法大全 新目标
初中英语语法总结 一）在后面加。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas 二）x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes 三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, ty-ties, comedy- comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories 2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways 四）以o结尾加s（外来词）。如：radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es：如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯 五）以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves 六）单复数相同（不变的）有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese 七）一般只有复数，没有单数的有：people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks 八）单词形式不变，既可以是单数也可以是复数的有：police警察局，警察, class班，同学, family家，家庭成员 九）合成的复数一般只加主要名词，多数为后一个单词。如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers 十）有的单复数意思不同。如：fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸，卷子，论文, work工作 works作品，工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡 十一） 单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s。如：Is (I’s), Ks (K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如：IDs, VCDs, SARs 十二） 特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen B）名词的格 当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时，我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下： 一）单数在后面加’s。如：brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s 二）复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’，如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理。如：Teachers’ Day教师节, classmates’; Children’s Day六一节, Women’s Day三八节 三）由and并列的名词所有时，如果是共同所有同一人或物时，只加最后一个’s，但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如：Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间（共住一间），Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间（各自的房间） 2、代词 项目 人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词
人 称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性
第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself
复数 you you your yours yourselves
第三人称 单数 she her her hers herself
he him his his himself
it it its its this that itself
复数 they them their theirs these those themselves
3、动词 A） 第三人称单数 当动词是第三人称单数时，动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s，如下： 一）一般在词后加s。如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains 二）在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes 三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries 2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys 四）以o结尾加es。如：does, goes 五）特殊的有：are-is, have-has B） 现在分词 当我们说某人正在做什么事时，动词要使用分词形式，不能用原形，构成如下： 一）一般在后加ing。如：spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing 二）以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如：dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having 三）以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母＋一个辅音字母（注意除开字母组合如show –showing, draw-drawing）要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如：put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning 四）以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如：tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于 4、形容词的级 我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时，则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下： 一） 一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如：greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest 二）以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母＋1个辅音字母(字母组合除外，如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾 的辅音再加er /est。如：big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest 三） 以辅音字母＋y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如：happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest 四）特殊情况：(两好多坏，一少老远) good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill – worse worst little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest 5、数词 (基变序，有规则；一、二、三，自己背；五、八、九、十二；其它后接th；y结尾，变为i, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth 二、句式 1.陈述句 肯定陈述句 a) This is a book. (be动词) b) He looks very young. (连系动词) c) I want a sweat like this. (实义动词) d) I can bring some things to school. (情态动词) e) There’s a computer on my desk. (There be结构) 否定陈述句 a) These aren’t their books. b) They don’t look nice. c) Kate doesn’t go to No. 4 Middle School. d) Kate can’t find her doll. e) There isn’t a cat here. (=There’s no cat here.) 2. 祈使句 肯定祈使句 a) Please go and ask the man. b) Let’s learn English! c) Come in, please. 否定祈使句a) Don’t be late. b) Don’t hurry. 3. 疑问句 1) 一般疑问句 a) Is Jim a student? b) Can I help you? c) Does she like salad? d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading? 肯定回答: a) Yes, he is. b) Yes, you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is. 否定回答: a) No, he isn’t. b) No, you can’t. c) No, she doesn’t. d) No, they don’t. e) No, she isn’t. 2) 选择疑问句 Is the table big or small? 回答 It’s big./ It’s small. 3) 特殊疑问句 ① 问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve. ② 问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies. ③ 问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine. ④ 问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K. How do we contact you? My e-mail address is [email protected]. ⑤ 问原因 Why do you want to join the club? ⑥ 问时间 What’s the time? (=What time is it?) It’s a quarter to ten a.m.. What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o’clock. When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00. ⑦ 问地方 Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table. ⑧ 问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue. What’s your favourite color? It’s black. ⑨ 问人物 Who’s that? It’s my sister. Who is the boy in blue? My brother. Who isn’t at school? Peter and Emma. Who are Lisa and Tim talking to? ⑩ 问东西 What’s this/that (in English)? It’s a pencil case. What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers. 11问姓名 What’s your aunt’s name? Her name is Helen./She’s Helen. What’s your first name? My first name’s Ben. What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith. 12 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box. 13 问字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f. 14 问价格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars. 15 问电话号码 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349. 16 问谓语(动作) What’s he doing? He’s watching TV. 17 问职业(身份) What do you do? I’m a teacher. What’s your father? He’s a doctor. 三、时态 1、一般现在时 表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时，它有： Be 动词：She’s a worker. Is she a worker? She isn’t a worker. 情态动词：I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I can’t play the piano. 行为动词：They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don’t want to eat any tomatoes. Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn’t have a watch. 2、现在进行时 表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态，结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它. I’m playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? I’m not playing baseball
C. 初三英语语法有哪些
你指的是只初三，还是初中三年的。
没想语法，要讲清楚，都不易，只初三的也不容易了。
D. 初三英语语法
被动语态http://ke..com/view/135.htm
主谓一致http://ke..com/view/84523.htm
定语回从句答http://ke..com/view/56536.htm
E. 初三英语语法（新目标版）
1.不定代词（some any, all both, ither neither, none, each every, many much, few little的区别与联系）
A复合不定代词12个
B some any的用法
2.时态
A一般现在、过去、将来时
B现在、过去完成时
C过去、现在、将来进行时
D现在完成进行时
3.宾语从句（3种）
4.定语从句（以that为主）
5.构词法，主要词缀（un dis bi ab inter tele re ful tion less ese y ing ed ly able al等）
6.主要缩写
7.形容词与副词的比较级，最高级
A特殊变化与一般变化
B用法
8.动词的种类
行为、情态、联系、助动词
9.句子的成分
主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语
10.简单句5大基本句型（顺便掌握及物与不及物动词的区别）
11.动词不定式
A基本结构（to+动词原型，否定式为not to+动词原型）
B用法
C疑问词+不定式
12.被动语态
A主动与被动的概念
B构成
C情态动词被动语态
13.虚拟语气（以“现在不可能发生”为主）
结构为If+主+V-ed,主+would do。
注意从句里面be用were
14.双宾语
15.情态动词
caN could,should,would,would like,might may,have to must,need
特别注意掌握情态动词表推测
16.直接引语，间接引语
注意指示代词、时间与地点词、动词转换的情况
注意不转换的情况
注意主从一致
17.状语从句（特别是IF ，WHEN和UNTIL）
注意主句一般将来时，从句用一般现在表将来。（需特别注意）
18.名词
A专有名词与普通名词
B可数与不可数
C可数名词单数与复数
D所有格
19.代词
A人称代词
B物主代词
C指示代词
20.数词
A基数词
B序数词
21.动词缩略形式
22.介词
A时间介词
B地点介词
C其他
23.冠词
24.分词
A现在与过去分词
B现在分词做主语等
C分词做定语
25.倒装
A so+动词+主语 （类似于so am i/so is he/ so do I so does he.）
B部分倒装
26.特殊
A季节，星期，月份，年份读法
B报时
C动词+介词，动词+副词的各种特殊意义
D其他（如7大洲，4大洋，扑克花色，电影.音乐的类型，国家与首都等
词组
Unit 1 How do you study for a test ?
1 not at all =not in the slightest 根本不
2 end up 结束
3 make mistakes in sth 在某方面出错
4 later on 随后
5 be afraid to do sth 害怕做某事
be afraid of sth/sb 害怕……
6 laugh at sb 嘲笑某人
7 take notes=write down the notes 做笔记
8 make up 组成
9 deal with=do with 处理
10 be angry with 对……感到生气
11 go by （时间）过去、消逝 Time goes by. 时间流逝
12 try one’s best to do sth 尽力做谋事
13 break off 突然终止
14 make/use flashcards 制作使用抽认卡
15 make a vocabulary list 制作词汇表
16 read/speak aloud=read loudly 大声说
play the CD too loud 把CD放开大声
sweep the floor clean 把地板扫干净
17 practice the pronunciation 练习发音
18 get the pronunciation right =pronounce right发音准确
19 specific advice/suggestions 详细而精确的建议
20 memorize/recite the words/text 背书
21 read the textbook 读课本
22 English grammars 英语语法
23 feel differently 觉的不同
24 frustrate sb = make sb frustrated
使某人沮丧
find sth frustrating 发现某事沮丧
25 speak quickly/fast 说得很快
26 get/be excited 激动
look excited 看起来很激动
look at sb sadly 伤心地朝某人看
an exciting match/game 一场刺激的比赛
27 spoken/oral English 英语口语
28 full comma 句号
29 regard sth as a challenge 把某事视为挑战
30 impress sb 感动某人 be impressed 被深深感动
be impressed deeply by sb 被某人深深感动
31 have trouble/difficulty(in)doing sth做某事有困难
32 look up the words in a dictionary用字典查阅单词
33 feel/touch soft 感觉/触摸柔软
34 study for a text 为一次数学小测学习
36 work with sb 与某人一起工作
35 listen to tapes 听磁带
listen to the teacher carefully 认真听课
36 ask sb for help 寻求帮助
He is asking for help. 他正在求救
ask sb to do sth 叫某人做某事tell sb about sth 告诉某人某事
37 improve my listening/speaking skills
提高听力/口语技巧
38 enlarge the vocabulary 扩大词汇量39 watch English news 看英语新闻
40 understand the voices 听懂(说的内容)
41 learn a lot/much 学了很多
42 join an English club 参加英语俱乐部
43 keep a diary in English 用英语写日记
44 review notes 复习笔记
45 write original sentences 写新颖的句子
46 practice conversations with sb 与某人练习对话
47 do well/OK 做得好
48 get mad at sb 生某人的气
49 the best way to learn English 学英语的最好方法
50 be fair/unfair 公平、不公平
51 on ty 值日
It’s one’s ty to do sth 某人的职责做某事
It’s our ty to distribute to the society
52 be lost/missing 丢失
53 young alts 青少年
54 see a psychologist 看一个心理医生
55 get a lot of practices 得到许多练习
56 end up doing sth 最后做某事
57 become unhappy 变得不高兴
58 behave with sb 与某人相处的方式
59 stay angry 持续生气
60 change problems/troubles/difficulty into challenge
把困难变成挑战
61 solve the problem 解决问题
62 realize sth =sth come true 实现某事
63 make a complete sentence 造一个完整的句子
64 complete/finish doing sth 结束做某事
65 the secret of sth …的秘密 The secret of becoming a good language learner is practicing . 成为一个优秀语言学家的秘密是练习
66 an important part of sth. 最重要的一部分
67 developing country 发展中国家
developed country 发达国家
68 with the help of sb 在某人帮助下
help sb (to) do sth = help sb with sth 帮助某人做某事
69 compare A to B 把A与B进行对比70 physical problems 生理缺陷
71 find a pen pal 找一个笔友
72 in a positive way 用积极的方法
75 last for a long time 持续很长时间
73 first of all 首先
74 to begin with 以…开始
75 make sb laugh 使某人笑
76 help a lot/a little 帮助很多、一点
77 have disagreement 意见不合
78 decide not to do 决定不做某事
79 talk to each other 互相谈话
80 too much + n. 太多…
much too + adj.
81 be strict with sb 对某人严厉
82 regard sth as a challenge 把……视为挑战
Unit2 I used to be afraid of dark .
1 used to 过去常常
He used to be thin .
I used to like riding . I didn’t use to like tests.
2 be interested in =take an interest in 对…感兴趣
3 be afraid of=be terrified of 害怕
4 go to sleep with the light on 开着灯睡觉
5 eat candy [U] 吃糖
6 chew gum [U] 嚼口香糖
7 chat with sb=have a chat with sb 与…聊天
8 Fuzhou Daily Newspaper 福州日报
9 daily life 每天的生活
10 die(u)-dead(adj)-death(n) 死
He died in 1990. He has been dead for 3 years.
He is dying. 他将死./临终
11 afford sth/to do sth 负担得起
He couldn’t afford to pay for his child’s ecation.
12 cause a lot of trouble (for sb.) 引起很多麻烦
13 get into trouble with the police 陷入警察手里
14 be patient with sb 对…有耐心
15 finally=in the end=at last 最后
16 make a decision on sth/doing sth 决定做某事
=make up one’s mind to do sth=decide to do sth
17 head teacher 班主任
head master 校长
head group leader 组长
monitor 班长
18 It’s necessary to do sth 必须做某事
19 to one’s surprise 使某人吃惊
be surprised at sth 吃惊于…
To my surprise, a phone call changed his life.
20 even though=even if (+让步状语从句) 即使
Even though he is eighty, he looks young and healthy.
21 no longer=not...any longer 不再(延续性)
no more=not…any more 不再(短暂性)
22 take pride in=feel/be proud of 为…而自豪
I take pride in being a Chinese.
I am/feel proud of being a Chinese.
23 pay attention to sth/the grammar 注意语法
24 give up 放弃
Don’t give up. 不要放弃
25 a couple of days 两天
26 look different 看起来不同
look the same 看起来一样
27 waste water 浪费水
waste one’s time 浪费时间
28 wear glasses/contact lenses 戴眼镜/隐型眼镜
29 have a good memory 记性很好
30 have long/straight/curly hair 留着…发型
31 on the swim team 在游泳队
32 People sure change. 人是会变的
33 for a long time 很长一段时间
34 make sb stressed out 使某人筋疲力尽
35 have/like/hate gym class 有/喜欢/讨厌体育课
36 paint/draw pictures 画画
37 be/live alone 独处/单独居住
feel lonely 觉得孤独
38 walk to school=get to school on foot 走路去学校
take a bus=go by bus=go on a bus 乘车
ride a bike=go by bike=riding 骑车
39 worry about sth/sb=be worried about sth/sb. 担心
40 study all the time=study all along 一直学习
41 a six-year-old brother 一个6岁的弟弟
42 spend time (in) doing sth 花时间做某事
43 take sb to a concert 带某人去音乐会
44 hardly ever 几乎不
45 change a lot 改变了许多
46 in the last few years 近几年
47 can’t stop doing 忍不住做某事
48 problem child 问题小孩
49 give sb sth 给某人某物
50 look after=take care of=care for 照顾
51 as…as 与…一样
as well as… 与…一样好，也
as well as she could 尽她全力
52 send sb to+地点 送某人去某地
53 It’s+ adj +to do sth
54 make sb do sth 使某人做某事
55 lose weight 减肥
56 make a diet 节食
57 make terrible noise 吵闹
58 a top student 尖子生
59 take a deep breath 深呼吸
60 shout at the top of one’s voice 高声喊
61 be used to doing 习惯于做某事
The boy is used to telling a lie. 那男孩习惯撒谎
62 be used to do 被使用于
Money is used in many ways.
Wood is used to make paper.
Unit 3 Teenagers should be allowed to
choose their own clothes .
1 choose one’s own sth. 选择某人自己东西
have one’s own sth.. 有某人自己的某物
2 should do sth. 应该做
shouldn’t do sth. 不应该做
3 allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
be allowed to do sth. 被允许做某事
should be allowed to do sth. 应该被允许做sth.
4 get one’s driver’s license 获得某人驾驶执照
5 have/get/find/look for a part-time job
找/有/得到一个兼职
6 a fifteen-year-old student 一个15岁的学生
fifteen-year-olds 15岁的学生/孩子(复数)
the+adj./old/young 一类人（复数）
7 get one’s ears pierced=pierce one’s ears 钉耳洞
have/get sth.done 使….被做
have/get one’s hair cut = cut one’s hair 剪某人头发
have/get the shoes repaired = repair the shoe 补鞋
8 go to the mall with sb. 和某人去购物/商业街
9 be sure (of/ about sth.) 确信某事
be sure that+从句 确信
make sure 确认
10 too us enough太鲁莽,不够冷静
F. 初三英语语法讲解
more是比较级
much是原级，并且它修饰不可数名词
G. 初三英语语法全部 新目标的 要求每个单元的分开 就80分啦，拿走
新目标九年级英语重点基础语法归纳辅导
(一)现在完成时态
1,现在完成时的定义:现在完成时是表示在过去发生但与现在情况有联系的动作或状态的时态.
2,现在完成时的构成:现在完成时是由"助动词have/has+动词过去分词"构成的.
①助动词have/has可以与主语缩写为've/'s.
e.g. I have → I've We have → We've He has → He's It has → It's
②规则变化的过去分词与动词过去式一样.
③不规则变化的动词过去分词见表.Book 3 P255—257
3,现在完成时的基本句型.
①陈述句肯定形式.
e.g. I have had lunch. 我已经吃过午饭了. He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了.
②陈述句否定形式.(在助动词have/has后+not,可缩写为haven't/hasn't)
e.g. I haven't had lunch. 我还未吃午饭. He hasn't gone to Beijing. 他还没有去北京.
③一般疑问句形式及其答语.(将助动词have/has提前,答语一般用have, has回答)
e.g. Have you had lunch 你吃过午饭了没 Yes, I have. No, I haven't.
Has he gone to Beijing 他去过北京了没有 Yes, he has. No, he hasn't.
否定回答还可以用:No, not yet. / No, never. / No, not even once等.
④特殊疑问句形式.(疑问词+一般疑问句)
e.g. Where has he gone 他去了哪里
4,现在完成时的三个基本用法.
(1) 现在完成时的第一个基本用法表示过去发生或已完成的某一个动作对现在造成的影响或结果.
e.g. Have you had lunch Yes, I have. I've just had it.
你吃过午饭没 有,吃过了,我刚刚吃的.(影响及结果:我现在饱了,不需要了)
He has gone to Beijing.
他已经去北京了.(影响及结果:他人现在不在这里了)
该用法常already(已经), never(从不), ever(曾经), yet(仍然), just(刚刚), before(以前)等副词(作状语)连用.
① already, just, ever, never常用于助动词之后,实义动词之前.
already, just多用于肯定陈述句.
e.g. She has already finished her work. 她早已干完了活.
Would you like to go to see the film No, I've seen it already.不,我已经看过了.(already偶尔会出现于句末)
They have just won a game. 他们刚刚赢了一场比赛.
有时already可以用于疑问句,表示期待肯定回答,或表示惊讶,意外.
e.g. Have you finished reading the book already 你真的已经读完这本书了 (表示惊讶)
ever多用于疑问句,问初次经历.
e.g. Have you ever spoken to a foreigner 你跟外国人讲过话吗 (问初次经历)
never多用于否定陈述句(注:本身表示否定意义)
e.g. He has never done such a thing, has he 他从来没有做过这样的事,不是吗 (否定)
② yet一般用于疑问句(已经)或否定句(还),常位于句末.
e.g. Have you got ready yet 你已经准备好了吗
He hasn't finished his homework yet. 他还没完成作业.
③ before一般位于句末.
e.g. I have never seen the film before. 以前我从未看过那部电影.
现在完成时的第一种用法常与以上的副词连用,因此这些词有时可以作为现在完成时的标志词.
(1) 现在完成时的第二个基本用法表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态.该用法常和表示过去某一时刻延
续到现在的一段时间的状语连用.
①与for +一段时间连用,表示多久.
e.g. He has learned English for two years. 他已经学习两年英语了.
I have been here for three days. 我在这里已经3天了.
②与since +时间(起点)连用,表示自…以来.
e.g. His father has worked in that factory since 1991. 他爸爸自1991年以来都在这家工厂工作.
I've had a cold since last Friday. 自上星期五起我就感冒了.
③与since +一段时间+ ago连用,表示自…以前就….
e.g. Jim has waited there since half an hour ago. 吉姆自半个小时前就已经在那里等候了.
He has stayed here since three weeks ago. 他在这儿已呆了三个星期.
④与since +从句(从句用一般过去时)连用,表示自某事发生后就一直….
e.g. The Greens have lived in Beijng since they came to China. 格林一家自从来到中国后就一直住在北京.
I've known her since I came to work here. 自从我来这里工作就认识他了.
(3) 现在完成时的第三个基本用法表示到现在为止这一时期中多次动作的总和或所做过的工作的量的积累.
e.g. I have been to Beijing twice. 我去过北京两次.
We've learnt five English songs this year. 今年我们学了五首英语歌曲.
How many pages of the book have you read 这本书你读了多少页了
5,延续性与非延续性动词在现在完成时态中的使用.
(1)有一些动词是瞬间动词,也叫非延续性动词,这些动词一发生就结束了,常见的有:come, go, arrive, reach, leave,
begin, start, buy, join, die, borrow, get up, become, open, stop等.这些动词虽然可以用于现在完成时(说明某个
动作的结果还存在),但由于它们不能延续,因此不能跟表示一段的时间状语连用.(也即现在完成时的第二个
基本用法中不能使用非延续性动词).
e.g. Jim has come back. (正) 吉姆已经回来了.
Jim has come back for a month. (误) come back的动作不能延续一个月,因此错误.
(2)瞬间动词不可以用于有段时间的现在完成时态中,因此,若要解决这一问题,就应把它改为相应的延续性动词
或短语,主要有以下几种:
①用相应的延续性动词
如: buy → have borrow → keep come/go/become → be
put on → wear catch a cold → have a cold
②转换成be+名词
如: join → be a member of go to school → be a student
③转换成be+形容词或副词
如: die → be dead leave → be away begin → be on finish → be over
fall asleep — be asleep open → be open get up → be up close → closed
④转换成be+介词短语
如: come to/go to/arrive in (at)/get to/reach …→ be in/at… join the army → be in the army(军队)
e.g. I have borrowed the book. 我已经借了那本书.
I have kept the book for two days. 我已经借那本书两天了.
Jim has joined the band. 吉姆已经加入那乐队了.
Jim has been a member of the band for a month. 吉姆已经加入那个乐队一个月了.
His grandfather has died. 他祖父已经死了.
His grandfather has been dead for 2 years. 他祖父已经死了两年了.
My father has arrived in China. 我父亲已经到达中国了.
My father has been in China for a week. 我父亲已经在中国一个星期了.
(3)在否定句中,非延续性动词也可以与时间段连用.
e.g. I haven't borrowed books from the library since last year. 自去年以来我就没有在图书馆借过书.
Jim hasn't come back for a year. 吉姆已有一年没回来了.
6,现在完成时的几种常见的句型转换.
现在完成时可以转化成一般过去时,还可以转化成"It is/has been +时间段+since从句(用一般过去时)"等句型.
e.g. Jim has been back for a month. 吉姆已经回来一个月了.
= Jim came back a month ago. 吉姆一个月前就回来了.
= It is/has been a month since Jim came back. 自吉姆回来已经有一个月了.
= A month has passed since Jim came back.
I have kept the book for two days.
= I borrowed the book two days ago.
= It is / has been two days since I borrowed the book.
= Two days has passed since I borrowed the book.
7,现在完成时和一般过去时的区别:
现在完成时强调的是过去的动作对现在的影响,它和现在有密切的联系.现在完成时经常会出现下列的标志词.
如:already, yet, just, ever, never, several times, before, so far, for +时间段, since +时间点或从句等.一般过去时强调的是动作发生的时间,地点,不涉及对现在的影响,所以凡含有表示过去的时间状语的句子,都必须用一般过去时,不能用现在完成时.
(二)宾语从句
1,宾语从句的概说:宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语.
整个复合句结构如下:
I think (that) I have lost it. 我想我已经把它丢了.
主语 + 谓语 +(引导词)+ 主语 + 谓语
主句 宾语从句
由此可见宾语从句就是作及物动词,介词或某些形容词的宾语的句子.
2,由that引导的宾语从句.(即陈述句作宾语从句)
(1) 主句的谓语.
① 很多及物动词后都可接由that引导的宾语从句,如:think, hope, say, tell, know, see, hear, remember, mean等.
② 一些表示人的感情的形容词如sure, happy, glad, pleased, surprised, sorry, afraid等后面也可接由that引导的宾
语从句,表示产生这种感情的原因.
e.g. I'm sure (that) he will come tomorrow. 我肯定他明天会来.
I'm happy (that) I see you here. 我很高兴看到你在这里.
注意:如果主句与从句的主语一致,可把从句改为不定式,如果不一致,则只可用that从句.如②句可改写为
I'm happy to see you here. 而①句则不可改.
(2) 从句的引导词,即that.
在连词that引导的宾语从句中,that本身无意义,在句子中不但任任何成分,在口语或非正式文体中常常省略.
e.g. I hope (that) you'll have a good holiday. 希望你们假日愉快.
He says (that) the Chinese people are very friendly. 他说中国人民很友好.
(3) 从句的语序:宾语从句永远用陈述语序.
e.g. Does he know (that) she is a scientist 他知道她是科学家吗
Are you sure (that) you will win 你肯定你会赢吗
(4) 从句的时态.
若主句为一般现在时态时,则宾语从句要根据具体情况选择所需要的时态.
e.g. He says (that) he is ill now. 他说他现在病了.
He says (that) he has been ill for ten days. 他说他已经生病十天了.
He says (that) he was ill last week. 他说他上周生病了.
He says (that) he will return soon. 他说他很快就回来.
若主句为一般过去时,则宾语从句也要用某种过去时态.
e.g. He said (that) he was ill then. 他说他那时病了.
He said (that) he was doing his homework then. 他说他那时正在做作业.
若宾语从句说的是客观真理,自然现象等,要用一般现在时.
e.g. The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳转.
(5) 否定的转移.
若主句的主语是第一人称(I, we),且谓语动词是think, guess, believe, suppose等时,如果要否定,只能否定主句,
而不能否定从句.
e.g. I don't think he will come tonight. 我认为他今晚不会来.
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(6) 含宾语从句的复合句的反意疑问句,一般情况下,根据主句主谓语来确定附加疑问句.
e.g. The teacher didn't say that he would come here, did he
但对于有否定转移的主从复合句来说,其附加疑问句的主谓语须根据从句来确定.
e.g. I don't think he can swim, can he 我认为他不会游泳,对吗
I believe he is a student, isn't he 我相信他是个学生,不是吗
3,由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句.(即特殊疑问句作宾语从句)
(1) 主句的谓语:可由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句的动词有see, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, find out,
show, choose, remember, forget等.
e.g. Do you know who will give us a talk 你知道谁将给我们做演讲吗
We asked him why he was late. 我们问他为什么迟到.
I am going to see how Kate is. 我准备去看凯特怎么样了.
(2) 从句的引导词.
由连接代词who, whom, whose, what和which引导,这些词在宾语从句中可作主语,宾语,表语和定语,因而不能省略.
e.g. Do you know who will give us a talk 你知道谁会给我们做演讲吗 (who在宾语从句中作主语)
Can you tell me whom you are waiting for 你能告诉我你在等谁吗 (whom在宾语从句中作宾语)
She asked whose jacket it was. 她问这是谁的夹克衫.(whose在宾语从句中作定语,修饰jacket)
I don't know whose that is. 我不知道那是谁的 (whose在宾语从句中作表语)
由连接副词when, where, why和how引导,这些词在宾语从句中作状语,不能省略.
e.g. Do you know when he will be back 你知道他何时回来吗
We asked him why he was late. 我们问他为何迟到.
I want to know where she lives. 我想知道她住在哪里.
(3) 从句的语序:特殊疑问句坐宾语从句,仍用陈述句的语序.
e.g. What day is it today Do you know → Do you know what day it is today
When will the train leave I want to know. → I want to know when the train will leave.
Where does she live Can you tell me → Can you tell me where she lives
How did you do it Please tell me. → Please tell me how you did it.
(4) 从句的时态:与that引导的宾语从句的时态一样.
(5) 注意:① 当what, which, whom, who等疑问代词作宾语从句里句末介词的宾语,又引导宾语从句时,句末的
介词不可随意省掉.
e.g. I don't know what they are looking for 我不知道他们正在找什么.
Do you know which room she lives in 你知道她住在哪个房间吗
②当宾语从句的主语与主句的主语(或宾语)一致,且从句谓语时态为将来时或表示将来意义,如should
时,从句可简化为疑问词(why 除外)+不定式.
e.g. I don't know where I should go. = I don't know where to go. 我不知道要去哪里.
I'll show you how you should do it. = I'll show you how to do it. 我将教你该怎么做它.
4,由if和whether引导的宾语从句
(1) if和whether用以引导宾语从句时意为"是否",该宾语从句是由一般疑问句变来的.其语序,时态变化和前两
种宾语从句一致.
e.g. Did he like this coat She asked. → She asked if / whether he liked this coat.
Will Mary be free tomorrow I don't know. → I don't know if / whether Mary will be free tomorrow.
(2) 一般情况下,whether和if用于引导宾语从句时可以通用,但在下列情况下,whether和if的用法有区别:
whether后可以接不定式短语,而if不能.
e.g. I can't decide whether to go to Beijing. 我不能决定是否去北京.
当引导的从句作介词宾语时,只能用whether,不能用if.
e.g. They're talking about whether they can finish the work on time. 他们正在谈论他们是否能按时完成工作.
whether引导的从句可移至句首,if则不行.
e.g. Whether this is true or not, I can't say. 这是不是真的,我不敢说.
动词discuss后面的宾语从句,只用whether引导,不用if.
e.g. We discussing whether we will have a sports meeting next week. 我们正在讨论下周是否举行运动会.
当从句中有 "or not" 时,or not可以紧接whether之后,也可以位于句末,此时,一般不用if.
e.g. Please tell me whether or not he'll come here. = Please tell me whether he'll come here or not.
请告诉我他是否会来这儿.
whether和if一般引导肯定形式的宾语从句,若宾语从句是否定形式,表示"是否"的连词只能用if.
e.g. We want to know if they won't come truly. 我们想知道他们是不是真的不来.
whether和if除共同可以引导宾语从句,各自还可以用来引导其他类型的从句.
① if可以引导条件状语从句,意为"如果",whether不能.
e.g. The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny tomorrow. 如果明天天气晴朗,学生们要去野餐.
② whether可以引导让步状语从句,意为"不管,无论"之意.
e.g. Hainan Island is the place to be, whether it's summer or winter.
不管是夏天还是冬天,海南岛都是应该去的地方.
(一)过去将来时
1,表示的意义和用法:过去将来时表示在过去的某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态,判断这一时态一定要
有用于表示"过去"的动作,而不是时间,过去将来时常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中,少单独使用.
2,谓语结构.
(1). should / would +动词原形,第一人称用should / would 都可以,其他人称只用would.
e.g. You knew I should / would come. 你知道我会来的.
They told us that they would come back two days later. 他们告诉我们他们两天后会回来.
She said she would be free next week. 她说她下周会有空.
(2). was / were going to +动词原形
e.g. I thought they were going to visit me tonight. 我原以为他们今晚会来拜访我.
The radio said it was going to snow tomorrow. 收音机说明天将下雪.
3. 某些"移位"动词如go, come, arrive, travel, start, begin, leave, move, fly, return等的过去进行时也可用来表示
过去将来时.
e.g. He didn't say when he was coming. 他说没什么时候会来.
I was not sure if he was leaving for shanghai the next week. 我不确定他是否下周会去上海.
3,注意:
1. 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中用一般过去时表示过去将来时.
e.g. She said she would ring you when he got to shanghai. 她说她到上海时将给你打电话.
Li Lei told me that he would go to the park alone if you didn't. 李雷告诉我,如果你不去公园的话,他独自去.
2. should / would 不一定都表示过去将来时,should可以作为情态动词,表示义务,"应该,应当" 而would 可以
表示客气,礼貌的请求,你能……吗
e.g. We should keep our classroom clean. 我们必须保持教室清洁.
Would you lend me your ruler 你能把尺子借给我吗
(二)过去完成时
1,过去完成时的定义:表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已完成的行为或存在的状态,即动作或状态发生在"过
去的过去".
2,过去完成时的构成:过去完成时是由"助动词had+动词过去分词"构成的.助动词had可以与主语缩写为'd
e.g. I had… → I'd He had… → He'd
3,过去完成时的基本句型与现在完成时的基本句型基本一样.
陈述句肯定形式:
e.g. They had read the book. She had arrived at Chaozhou.
陈述句否定形式:在助动词had后+not, 可缩写为hadn't
e.g. They hadn't read the book. She hadn't arrived at Chaozhou.
一般疑问句形式及其答语:将助动词had提前,答语一般也用had回答
e.g. Had they read the book Yes, they had. / No, they hadn't.
Had she arrived at Chaozhou Yes, she had. / No, she hadn't.
特殊疑问句形式:疑问词+一般疑问句
e.g. What had they read Where had she arrived
4,过去完成时的基本用法.
(1). 表示在过去某一时间之前已经发生或完成的动作,常与介词"by / before+过去的时间"构成的短语连用.
e.g. We had learned one thousand English words by the end of last term.
到上学期结束时,我们已经学了一千个单词.
By the time he was ten, Edison had built a lab for himself.
到爱迪生10岁的时候,他已给自己建了一个实验室.
He had got up before six o'clock yesterday morning. 昨天早上6时以前他就起床了.
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They had planted 1000 trees before 2000. 2000年以前他们已经种了1000颗树.
(2). 表示在过去某一动作之前就已经发生或完成了的动作,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时.
e.g. He told me that he had sent a letter to me.
他说他已经给我寄来了一封信.("寄"先于"告诉")
该用法也常与when, before等引导的从句连用.
e.g. When I got to the cinema, the film had already begun.
当我来到电影院时,电影已经开始了.("开始"先于"到达")
Mother had already cooked supper before I returned home.
在我回到家之前,妈妈已做好了晚饭.("煮饭"先于"到家")
After I had finished reading the novel, I went to sleep.
在我读完这部小说之后,我睡觉了.("读完"先于"睡觉")
注意,因为after和before本身已表达了动作的先后关系,所以谓语动词常用一般过去时代替过去完成时.
e.g. After he finished his homework, he went to bed. 做完作业后他便上床睡觉了.
Where did you study before you came here. 你来这儿之前你在哪里学习.
还可以通过上下文表示.
e.g. I met him yesterday. We hadn't met each other for a long time.
昨天我遇到了他,我们彼此很久没有见面了.
(3). 表示从过去某一时间开始,持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,往往与for, since引导的表示一段时间的短语或
从句连用.
e.g. Mr. Wang had taught in the school for six years before I came here.
在我来这儿之前,王老师已在这所学校任教了六年.
I received a letter from Tom last week. We had not heard from him since 1998.
上周我收到了汤姆的一封信.自从1998年以来我从未收到他的来信.
5,不用过去完成时的三种情况.
句子如有yesterday, last year, in 1996, three years ago等表示很确定的过去时间的状语,强调某动作或状态在该时间发生,谓语动词必须用一般过去时.
e.g. He was a worker three years ago. 三年前他是个工人.
He came here yesterday. 他昨天来过这儿.
汉语中虽然有"了""曾""过"等表示动作完成的字眼,但没有说明该动作是在过去某一时间或动作之前完成的,译成英语时要用一般过去时,不用过去完成时.
e.g. They finished reading five English story-books last year. 去年他们读完了五本英语故事书.
They went to Japan last year. 他们去年曾去过日本.
叙述在过去连续发生的两件以上的事,虽然时间有先后之别,但仍用一般过去时.
e.g. He got up quickly, ate a light breakfast and hurried to school by bike.
他飞快的起床,稍稍地吃了早饭,快速地骑车奔学校而去.
(三)动词不定式作主语.
动词不定式(短语),可以直接放置于句首担当句子主语.
e.g. To say is easy, but to do is difficult. 说起来容易,做起来难.
To learn a foreign languages is not easy. 学好一门外语不容易.
动词不定式作主语的句子,通常可以用形式主语"it"代替,同时把真正的主语,即动词不定式(短语)放在后面,以使句子平衡.即构成句型It + be +形容词+to do sth.
e.g. It's easy to say, but it's difficult to do. It's not easy to learn a foreign language.
如果要表示不定式动作的执行者,就在It + be +形容词+to do sth该句型中的不定式之前加for sb或of sb.
①在形容词hard, difficult, easy, necessary, important, impossible, good, helpful, useful, dangerous, safe等之后常用for sb,即构成句型:It + be + 形容词+for sb to do sth.
e.g. It's not easy for us to learn a foreign language well. 对我们来说学习好一门外语不容易.
It's dangerous for you to swim in the river. 在那河里游泳对你来说很危险.
该句型中的形容词修饰的是不定式,强调的是做某事怎么样.
②在形容词nice, kind, clever, foolish(愚蠢的), polite(有礼貌的), careless, careful等之后,常用of
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sb,即构成句型:It + be + 形容词+of sb + to do sth
e.g. It is very kind of you to help me. 你能帮助我,你真是太好了.
It was wrong of them to cut the trees. 他们砍伐树木是不对的.
该句型中的形容词主要修饰人,表示某人的性质或特征,强调的是这个人怎么样.
it作形式主语时,其后的谓语也可以是实义动词.
e.g. It took us five hours to get there. 我们用了5小时到达那里.
It made me happy to find my friends there. 发现朋友在那里令我很高兴.
动词不定式与疑问词how, what, when, where, which等构成不定式短语,也可作主语.
e.g. How to use the computer is the question. 如何使用电脑是个问题.
Where to go has not been decided. 去哪儿还没有定下来.
注意:主语,表语都为动词不定式时,不能用形式主语it代替不定式.
e.g. To see is to believe. 眼见为实.
(四)定语从句
定语从句的概念:在复合句中,用来修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句.被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词,定语从句必须放在先行词之后,对先行词起修饰限定作用.
e.g. He is the man who I want to see.
先行词 关系词 定语从句
定语从句的引导词:
定语从句的引导词有关系代词that, which, who (whom, whose)和关系副词where, when, why两种,关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起联系作用,同时又在定语从句中充当一定成分.
关系代词引导的定语从句:
如果先行词是表示人的名词或代词,关系代词应用who (whom, whose) 和that.
e.g. This is Xiao Wang who / that gave us a talk yesterday. (who / that在从句中作主语)
这就是昨天给我们作报告的小王.
The man whom / that you saw last week has left the town. (whom / that
H. 初三英语语法
牛津版的英语书每个单元都有Gramma(语法)的模块，相应的参考书上也有详解，可以对着看一下