㈠ 2012届中考英语专题复习九
中考定语从句
一.关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语和宾语。例如:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2)whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换)。例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如:
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语)
The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)
二.关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
1)关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构,因此常常和“介词+ which”结构
交替使用。例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where(in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2)that代替关系副词,可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+which”引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.
他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
三.判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。
判断改错:
(错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
(对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago?
A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one
答案:例1 D,例2 A。
例1变为肯定句: This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句: This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语) 。
四.限制性和非限制性定语从句
1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往
往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间
通常用逗号分开。例如:
This is the house which we bought last month.
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
2)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如:
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理•史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。
3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单
数。例如:
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。
说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
五.介词+关系词
1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2)that前不能有介词。
3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互
换。例如:
This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
六.as, which 非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。as一般放在句首,which在句中。例如:
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
太阳使地球暖起来,这对我们人类很重要。
典型例题
1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C。此为非限定性从句,不能用 that修饰,而用which。it 和he 都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2)The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3)It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:
(1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。
(2)as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中,prevent由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为B。
as 的用法
例1 the same…as;such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。例如:
I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。
例2 as可引导非限制性从句,常带有“正如”。例如:
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。
As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.
as是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语;例2中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know要用被动式。
七.先行词和关系词二合一
1) Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2) The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)
八.what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever
1)what = the thing which;whatever = anything。例如:
What you want has been sent here. 你要的动词都送来了。
Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么,跟我没什么关系。
2)who= the person that whoever= anyone who。例如:
(错)Who breaks the law will be punished.
(错)Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
(对)Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法,与庶民同罪。
(对)Who robbed the bank is not clear. 谁抢了银行还不清楚。
3)that 和 what
当that引导定语从句时,通常用作关系代词,而引导名词性从句时,是个不充当任何成分的连接
词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句,用作连接代词,作从句的
具体成分,且不能省略。例如:
I think(that)you will like the stamps. 我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。
What we need is more practice. 我们需要的是更多的实践。
九.关系代词that 的用法
1)不用that的情况
a)引导非限定性定语从句时。例如:
(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b)介词后不能用。例如:
We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a)在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。
b)在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词
时,只用that,不用which。
c)先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。
d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。
e)先行词既有人,又有物时。例如:
All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
(祝你成功,加油)
㈡ 怎样区分初中英语的九种时态语法书上不是不全面就是太
基本上就是 过去 现在 将来 这能理解吧
一般过去、现在、将来时 这是三个最简单最基本的了版
其他的权都是在这上面衍生出来的嘛 什么 完成时 进行时的
现在 明白了么 能区分了么完成时 就是动作先于说话时候完成 而将来时就是还未发生的 将来的
还是看看语法书吧 那个讲的真清楚
㈢ 初中英语语法、时态、词汇、知识点和中考考点归纳
一、初中阶段的重要语法有5种时态:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在内进行时、容过去进行时、现在完成时。
二、语态:被动语态(现在过去将来完成以及情态动词的被动语态)
三、词汇量大概1700,课本上单词表里黑体是重点,还要注意一些重点短语 例如look for/ after/up/out等等意思上的区别
四、知识点较多,这个参照中考复习手册。注:上课老师讲的知识点尤为重要,所以上课仔细听讲认真记笔记是学好英语最好的方法之一。
五、中考考点有宾语从句、比较级、被动语态、时态、代词、介词等语法。另外一些重要句型我们要熟记,例如 It is adj. for/of sb. to do sth. so ......that too .......to I'm afraid that... 等60个句型。建议参考5,3这本书。
㈣ 中考英语语法考哪些
初中的英语语法很重要的,可以看出考试中选择题和语法有很大的联系,专所以你必须学好。时态:属一般在翻译句子中出现,在阅读题时也要看好时态。单词:课本中的单词不用说是必须要背会的,翻译句子大部分都是课文中单词,当你词汇量少,作阅读题你会很难理解意思,只能猜,所以在平常要多多积累词汇。这些都是很重要的,所以你必须掌握。平时应多联系语感,听听力!希望您能采纳,对你有帮助
㈤ 初中九年级英语语法,时态
英语是时态总共就那么几种,你记住了套就可以了.
大类的话就是,现在,过去,将来
现在时:一般现在时,现在进行时,现在完成时
过去时:一般过去时,过去进行时,过去完成时
将来时:一般将来时,
㈥ 英语语法的九大时态
一. 一般现在时的基本用法 1. 表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态 常和always, usually, often, sometimes, every day, every week 等时间状语连用。 He is often late. He goes to work every day. Do you drive? He teaches English. 2. 表示普遍真理 由于是众所周知的客观事实,所以一般不用时间状语。 The earth is roun. 3. 有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时表示。 I want your hel I don’t think you are right. Does ithurt? 疼吗? 4. 在时间。条件状语从句中表示将来要发生的动作。 If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, We’ll go to the Summer Palace. When he gets to the village, he will write to me. 5. 表示已经预先计划或安排的肯定要发生的动作 主要用于come, go, start, begin, leave, return, stop 等瞬间动词,句中常有表示将来时间的状语。 Next week they leave for Shanghai. Our holidays begin in a week. 6. 其他 Here comes Li Ming! There goes the bell. Here he comes. 二. 一般过去时的基本用法 1. 带有确定的过去时间状语时,要用过去时 如:yesterday, two days ago……, last year……, the other day , once upon a time just now in the old days , before liberation, When I was 8 yeas old Did you have a party the other day? Lei Feng was a good soldier. 注意:当谈已死去的人的情况时,多用过去时。 2. 表示过去连续发生的动作,要用过去时 这种情况下,往往没有表示过去的时间状语,而通过上下文来表示。 The boy opened his eyes for a moment, looked at the captain, and then died. 3. 表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作 常与always, never 等连用。 Mrs. Peter always carried an umbrella. 比较:Mrs. Peter always carries an umbrella. ,listen来表示now这一时间概念。 Look! A train is coming. Listen! He is playing the piano. 2. 表示现阶段正在进行着的动作 常和at present ,this week,these days……等时间状语连用。 What lesson are you studying this week? 注意:如果没有表示将来时间的状语,此类句子就可能指现在或现阶段的动作。 Where are you going next week? 3. 现在进行时有时可用来表示一个在最近按计划或按排要进行的动作 即可以用来代替将来时,此时一般要与表示将来的时间状语连用,而且仅限于少量动词。 如:go,come,leave,start,arrive,return,sleep…… Are you going to Tianjing tomorrow? How many of you are coming to the party next week? 4. be going to+动词原形: 这一句型表示即将发生的事或打算做的事,我们把它归在将来时里了。 She isn’t going to speak at the meeting. 5. 没有进行时的动词: 表示状态. 思想. 感情和感觉的动词不能表示正在进行的动作 表示感觉的感官动词 例如:see. hear. notice等动词。我们不能说: I’m hearing the sound.I hear the sound. Are you hearing the noise of a plane?Do you hear the noise of a plane? 但是,如果hear不表示“听见”的意思时,可用进行时。 They are hearing an English lecture. 他们在听一个英语讲座。 表示态度和感情. 心理状态. 继续等意思的动词 如:like . Love . Know . Want . Hope . Hate . Think . Agree . belive 等。 I’m liking dogs.I like dogs. . have 当“拥有”讲时 I’m having a lot of books.I have a lot of books. 但当have当“吃饭. 开会……玩的愉快……”等意思时,可用进行时。 We are having a good time. 6. 一般现在时和现在进行时的区别 一般现在时表示经常性的动作,而现在进行时表示暂时性的动作。 He walks to work. He’s walking to work because his bike is being repaired. Where does he live? Where is he living ? 现在进行时有时可以代替一般现在时,表达说话人的某种表情,句子有强烈的感情色彩。常与always, forever连用。 You are always forgetting the important thing. Mary is doing fine work at school. 7. 过去进行时 过去进行时主要表示过去某一个时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作,常和表示过去时间的状语then, at this time, yesterday, at night, last night等连用。但在不少情况下,没有表示时间的状语,这时需要通过上下文来表示。 What were you doing at nine last night? I was visiting a friend of mine most of the afternoon. 当两个一长一短的动作在过去某时间同时发生时,用过去进行时表示较长的动作,过去进行时可用于主句,也可用于从句。注意:当两个延续动作同时并列时,二者都可用进行时表达。 It was raining hard when I left my office. When you called, I was eating. When I was cleaning the windows, my brother was sweeping the floor. Some students were playing football while others were running round the track. We were walking along the river whenit rained. They were watching TV when the lights went out. 过去进行时表示将来的动作 现在进行时可以表示将来的动作,同样,过去进行时也可以表示从过去某一时间看将来发生的动作。常用在间接引语中。 She went to see Xiao Li. He was leaving early the next morning. She asked him whether he was coming back for lunch. 过去进行时和一般过去时的区别 过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作,而一般过去时则表示一个完整的动作, 也就是说用一般过去时,只表示有过这件事,用过去进行时,则强调了动作的连续性。 Li Ming washed the dishes. 李明洗过盘子了。 Li Ming was washing the dishes. 李明在洗盘子。 The children watched TV yesterday evening. 晚上孩子们看了电视。 The children were watching TV yesterday evening. 孩子们整晚都在看电视。 I was reading a novel this morning. 上午我在看小说。 I read a novel this morning. 上午我看了一本小说。 四. 一般将来时态 一般将来时表示在将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间状语,如tomorrow, tomorrow morning / afternoon / evening, next week / month / year等连用。 “助动词will + 动词原形”用在疑问句中,当主语是第一人称I或we时,常用助动词shall。 “be going to + 动词原形”表示即将发生某事或计算计划要做某事。 come, go, start, move, sail, leave, travel等动词常用进行时态表示计划将要发生的事。 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来要发生的事。 will和be going to用法区别 1.表示“带意愿色彩的将来”常用will;在问对方是否愿意或表示客气的邀请或命令时,常用will;表示客观将来,用will; I will be twenty-two years old next year. 我22岁。 2.be going to常用于口语中,主要用来表示即将发生的动作或存在的状态;打算或准备要做的事;根据某种迹象判断可能将要发生某事。
㈦ 人教版初中英语的八大时态
初中英语时态总复习系列PPT
http://club.topsage.com/thread-511645-1-1.html
论初中阶段时态复习与书面表达的有机结合
http://club.topsage.com/thread-570209-1-1.html
轻松掌握英语八种时态的六点建议
http://club.topsage.com/thread-569507-1-1.html
2010中考英语重点语法词法考点八:动词时态
http://club.topsage.com/thread-569441-1-1.html
2009年中考英语真题分类汇编之--连词、动词及动词词组、动词的时态
http://club.topsage.com/thread-569335-1-1.html
中考英语复习专题:时态和语态
http://club.topsage.com/thread-569187-1-1.html
09中考英语时态热点考点透视:模拟训练及答案
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㈧ 九上英语语法时态的重点
过去完成时态和宾语,定语从句。