『壹』 英语语法大全
初三英语总复习资料
介词
I. 要点
1、介词和种类
(1) 简单介词，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。
(2) 复合介词，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。
2、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系
(1) 和动词的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。
(2) 和形容词的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at
(3) 和名词的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.
3、介词短语可以有自己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少数几个副词。如：
He came right after dinner.
He lives directly opposite the school.
4、 某些介词的意义与用法举例
(1) at, on, in(表时间)
表示时间点用at,如at four o'clock, at midnight等；表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。
指某天用on, 如on Monday, on the end of November, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst等。
指长于或短于一天的时段用in,如in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999等。
(2) between, among(表位置)
between仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也用between, 如
I'm sitting between Tom and Alice.
The village lies between three hills.
among用于三者或三者以上之间。如：He is the best among the students.
(3) beside, besides
beside意为"在…旁边"，而besides意为"除…之外"。如：
He sat beside me.
What do you want besides this?
(4)in the tree, on the tree
in the tree 指动物或人在树上，而on the tree 指果实、树叶长在树上
(5)on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way
on the way 指在路上 in the way 指挡道
by the way 指顺便问一句 in this way 用这样的方法
(6)in the corner, at the corner
in the corner 指在拐角内 at the corner 指在拐角外
(7)in the morning, on the morning
in the morning 是一般说法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨
(8)by bus, on the bus
by bus 是一般说法 on the bus 特指乘某一辆车
II. 例题
例1 Do you know any other foreign language____ English?
A except B but C beside D besides
解析：A、B两项except等于but，意为"除了…"，C-beside意为"在…旁边"，不符合题意。而D-besides, 意为"除了…之外，还有"。所以该题正确答案为D。该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗？
例2 He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night.
A on B at C in D ring
解析：我们均知道，at night这一短语，但如果night前有修饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词on来修饰，故该题正确答案为A。
例3 I'm looking forward ____your letter.
A to B in C at D on
解析：该题正确答案为A。look forward to 为固定搭配，意为"期望、盼望"。
连词
I. 要点
1、 连词的种类
(1) 并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如and, for, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor等。
(2) 从属连词用来引导从句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。
除了从属连词(引导状语从句)外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词(引导名词性从句)，关系代词和关系副词(引导定语从句)。
2、 常用连词举例
(1)and 和，并且
They drank and sang all night.
(2) both…and 和， 既…也…
Both my parents and I went there.
(3) but 但是，而
I'm sad, but he is happy.
(4) either…or 或…或…， 要么…要么…
Either you're wrong, or I am.
(5) for因为
I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.
(6) however 然而，可是
Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.
(7) neither…nor 既不…也不
Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.
(8) not only…but(also) 不但…而且…
He not only sings well, but also dances well.
(9) or 或者，否则
Hurry up, or you'll be late.
Are you a worker or a doctor?
(10) so 因此，所以
It's getting late, so I must go.
(11) although 虽然
Although it was late, they went on working.
(12) as soon as 一 …就
I'll tell him as soon as I see him.
(13) because 因为
He didn't go to school, because he was ill.
(14)unless 除非，如果不
I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow.
(15)until 直到…
He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬间动词用于not… until 结构)
He stayed there until eleven.
(16)while 当…时候，而 (表示对比)
While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬间动词)
My pen is red while his is blue.
(17)for 因为
He was ill, for he didn't come. (结论是推断出来的)
(18)since自从…
I have lived here since my uncle left.
(19)hardly… when 一… 就
I had hardly got to the station when the train left.
(20)as far as 就… 来说
As far as I know, that country is very small.
You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里)
II. 例题
例1 John plays football ____, if not better than, David.
A as well B as well as C so well D so well as
解析：该题意为：John踢足球如果不比David好的话，那也踢得和David一样好。 和…一样好为as well as. 故该题正确答案为B.
例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
A when B where C which D while
解析：该处意为"然而"，只有while有此意思，故选D。
例3 Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?
A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise
解析：该处意为"或者"，正确答案为C。
动词时态、语态
I. 要点
1、 一般现在时
(1) 表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态，常与sometimes, always, often, every day等时间状语连用。如：Sometimes, we go swimming after school.
(2) 表示客观真理、科学事实等。如：The earth goes round the sun.
2、 现在进行时
(1) 表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与now, at present等时间状语连用。如：
What are you doing now?
(2) 和always, continually等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。如：
He is always doing good deeds.
3、 现在完成时
主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，常与just, already, so far, once, never 等词连用。如:Have you ever been to Beijing?
4、一般将来时
表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow, next year等连用。如：
I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.
We're going to see a film next Monday.
5、一般过去时
表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等词连用。如：It happened many years ago.
6、过去进行时
表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如：
What were you doing this time yesterday?
7、 过去完成时
表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如：
The train had already left before we arrived.
8、一般过去将来时
表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如：
He said he would come, but he didn't.
9、被动语态 被动语态的时态，以give为例。
时／式 一般 进行 完成
现在 am is given are am is being are has been given have
过去 was given were was being given were had been given
将来 shall be given will shall have been given will
过去将来 should be given would should have been given would
II.例题
例1 I learned that her father ____ in 1950.
A had died B died C dead D is dead
解析：该题正确答案为B。从句中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语in 1950, 所以不用过去完成时态，而用一般过去时态。
例2 The five-year-old girl ____ by her parents.
A is looked B has looked for
C is being looked for D has been looked
解析：该题正确答案为C。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中，介词不能省，否则就变成了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被动语态的句子中。
短语动词
I. 要点
英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种：
(1) 动词＋介词
常见的有look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：
Don't laugh at others.
I didn't care about it.
(2) 动词＋副词
常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：You'll hand in your homework tomorrow.
Please don't forget to hand it in.
(3) 动词＋副词＋介词
常见的有look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：
All his money added up to no more than $100.
After a short rest, he went on with his research work.
(4) 动词＋名词＋介词
常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：You should pay attention to your handwriting.
We should make full use of our time.
(5) 动词＋形容词
常见的有leave open, set free, cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如：
The prisoners were set free.
He cut it open.
(6) 动词＋名词
常见的有take place, make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如：
This story took place three years ago.
I make friends with a lot of people.
(7)辨析
give away(让给，暴露) 和 give up(放弃，停止)
put away(放起，收起) 和 put out (扑灭)
turn up(出席，放大) 和 turn on (打开)
keep out(阻止) 和 keep off (不让靠近)
make up(编造，补上) 和 make out(辨认)
take off(脱，起飞) 和 take out(拿出)
II. 例题
例1 It is wise to have some money ____ for old age.
A put away B kept up C given away D laid up
解析：该题正确uot;；give away意为"分发"；lay up"贮藏"。例2 Here's my card. Let's keep in ____.
A touch B relation C connection D friendship
解析：该题正确答案为A. keep in touch为短语动词，意为"保持联系"。
例3 ____! There's a train coming.
A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on
解析：该题选A. look out 意为"小心"。
动词不定式
I. 要点
1、 不定式的形式。以动词write为例。
式｜语态 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 to write to be written
完成式 to have written to have been written
进行式 to be writing
完成进行式 to have been writing
2、 不定式的句法功能
(1) 作主语
To hear from you is nice.
To be a good teacher is not easy.
不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而不定式置于谓语动词后。如：It's nice to hear from you.
It's not easy to be a good teacher.
(2) 作宾语
通常用于want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等词后。如：
I forgot to lock the door.
Please remember to write to me.
(3) 作表语
My job is to pick up letters.
He seemed to have heard nothing.
(4) 作定语
不定式作定语时，须放在它所修饰的名词或代词后。如：
I have two letters to write.
I have a lot of work to do.
(5) 作宾补
通常用于want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force等词后。如：
He ordered her to leave at once.
He was forced to obey his order.
(6) 作状语
He got up early to catch the first bus.
He worked hard to catch up with the other students.
(7) 作独立成分
To tell you the truth, I told a lie.
(8) "疑问词＋不定式"结构。 如：
I don't know how to choose them.
I cannot decide where to go.
(9)不定式的否定式。如：
I decided not to go.
(10)不定式的完成式。如：
He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in.
The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week.
(11)too…to 结构。如：
He was too excited to go to sleep.
He was only too glad to go. (他太高兴了，乐意去)
(12)主动表被动。如：
The book is easy to read.
I have a book to read.
II.例题
例1 I haven't got a chair ____.
A to sit B for to sit on C to sit on D for sitting
解析：该题选C。不定式to sit on在句中作定语，修饰名词chair. 因为不定式和它所修饰的名词间是"动宾关系"，所以不定式必须是及物动词，故此处on不能省略。
例2 He was made ____. A go B gone C going D to go
解析：该题选D。make sb. do sth. 如果是被动形式，不定式do前的to不能省略。
例3 A new factory is ____ very soon.
A to be built B built
C to build D to building
解析：该题选A。is to be built意为"将要被建"。
『贰』 初中英语语法大全
学英语一开始要学发音。英语是拼音文字，由字母组单字。英语字母共有二十六个，其中字母a、e、i、o、u是元音字母，其余二十一个是辅音字母，其中y字母有时当元音字母用。每个字母可以有一个或一个以上的读音，因此，英语语音共有五十个音位，音位的书写形式是音位字母，即音标符号，一个音位字母即音标，表示一个音位，所以，必须先学习五十个KK音标，然后根据发音规则拼读单字。下面是一些常用的发音规则。
一、辅音字母在单字中的发音一般是一对一的，如p-b、t-d、k（qu）、f-v、s-z、r、h、j、m、n、l、w就发它的本音，一般字母和音标写法一致，或者字母名称当中，包含了这个字母的音素。
二、有些辅音字母有多个发音。如：字母c后面接a，o，u的时候，c的发音与字母k发音相同，叫做“hard c sound”，当字母c后面接e，i，或y的时候，通常c的发音与字母s发音相同，叫做“soft c sound” 。有时在e或i前面，c会发/ʃ/音。字母g后面接a，o，u的时候，所发的音叫做“hard g sound” ，当字母g后面接e，i，或y的时候，有时g的发音与字母j的发音相同，叫做“软g音”。x在单词中间或结尾时发/ks/音，在单词中间时有时发/gz/音，在单词起始位置时发/z/音。y在单词起始位置时发音为辅音/j/，单词或音节中间或结尾时被当做元音，在重读开音节里发长元音/aɪ/，在重读闭音节里和词末发短元音/ɪ/。
三、辅音字母组合的发音也是有规律可循的。常见的辅音字母组合有：tr-dr，发音时舌身与r相似，舌尖贴上齿龈后部，气流冲破阻碍发出短促的t-d后立刻发r。ck只发一个k的音，ng的发音是舌头抵住上颚后方所发出的鼻音，n在k之前也这样发音。
四、复合字母构成的单音。digraph是两个（或三个）辅音字母在一起只发一个音，通常指以下四种组合：ch（tch），sh，wh和th。ch发/tʃ/音，sh发/ʃ/音，一般来说wh发/hw/音（清辅音），但在o前面发/h/音，th的发音则需要一些记忆力了，在虚词和一部分代词中发浊音（舌尖在上下牙齿中间，声带需要振动，声音从牙齿和舌头之间的缝隙里出来），其它以th开始的单词基本上都发清音（舌尖在上下牙齿中间，声音从牙齿和舌头之间的缝隙里出来，但是声带不振动）。
五、在有些辅音字母组合中，其中一个字母是不发音的，如kn中的k、ps中的p、mb和bt里的b、mn里的m、wr中的w。在罗曼语族词汇里，辅音字母h一般也不发音；而在法语词源的外来语里，辅音字母在词末也不发音，如depot、ballet、faux pas等。
六、英语里元音的发音比较复杂，每个元音都可以发多个音，掌握了元音的发音规律才能对整个单词的发音有比较准确的掌握。元音字母有五个：a，e，i，o，u，另外y在一个单词的中间或结尾时也被当做元音。每个单词里都包含有至少一个元音，元音是单词的“最强音”。元音所发的音取决于该元音在单词中的位置或它是如何与其它元音组合的。一般来说，如果五个元音字母中的任意一个后面紧接着一个或几个辅音字母，这个元音字母就处于重读闭音节中，发成短音：a发/æ/、e发/ɛ/、i和y都发/ɪ/音、o发/α/、u发/ʌ/音。
七、如果一个单词以字母e结尾，前面的元音发长音，叫做重读相对开音节（magic e）。如果一个元音是在一个单词或重读音节的结尾，该元音也发长音，叫做重读开音节，所谓长音就是元音字母的名字，如：a的长音为/e/，e的长音为/i/，i和y的长音都是/aɪ/，o的长音为/o/，u的长音为/ju/。重读相对开音节结尾的字母e只起到让前面的元音发长音的作用，自己是不发音的。
八、当一个单词或音节里有两个元音时，通常第一个元音发长音，第二个元音不发音，叫做vowel digraph。但是al、au、aw、ou、o有时发/ɔ/这个音，也是长元音。但是，在一些特殊情况下，元音后面紧接着辅音字母的时候，该元音是发长音的。如o在st、ld前，i在gh、gn、ld、nd前都要发长音，但元音字母o接st时有时也发成长元音/ɔ/，如cost，lost等。
九、双元音是两个元音音素组合在一起的，所以听上去有两个音，尽管这两个音并不是两个元音所单独发出的，如oi（oy）和ou（ow）分别发/ɔɪ/和/aʊ/音。
十、元音字母与r结合起来后，发卷舌音，如ar发/αr/、or发/ɔr/、er、ir、ur都发/ɝ/。
十一、五个元音字母在非重读音节中发弱元音/ə/。
学会了发音后，再开始学词汇和语法。英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼西部语支，英语的词汇有开放性，一部分是日耳曼语族词汇，一部分是罗曼语族词汇，还有一部分是从法语、德语、西班牙语、意大利语、拉丁语、希腊语、阿拉伯语以及其它语言引进的词汇。英语属于屈折语，但是它的屈折变化形式相对比较少，除了名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词有词形变化外，数词、冠词、介系词、连接词、感叹词都是不变的，只有简单句、并列句、复合句三种句子结构，词序比较固定。只要你用心学，一定能学好英语这门语言的，希望我能帮助到你。