1. 初二英语下册重点语法、句型归纳总结
下册主要就是被动语态啦被动语态的主要用法
一．定义
语态是动词的一种形式，它表示主语和谓语的关系。语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者，或者是说动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的，则用被动语态。
■当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by短语。
The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday. 昨天，教室的前窗被打破了。(不知谁打破的)
They have been poorly paid. 他们的工资太低。(没必要指出工资是谁付的)
■突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语。
The time-table has been changed. 时间表已变动了。(要突出的是“时间”)
These books are written especially for children. 这些书是专门为孩子们写的。(强调的是“”这些书)
■为了使语言得体或圆滑等不愿意说出动作的执行者。如：
You are requested to make a speech at next meeting. 请您在下次会议上作个发言。
It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner. 据说她要嫁给一个外国人。
■出于修辞的原因，或是说为了更好地安排句子。如：
The notion is especially opposed to by those who have invested much in the area. 这个提议特别遭到了那些在本地区投资很大的人的反对。(因those的定语太长了，若用它作主语，主语与谓语就相距太远而显得句子松散。)
8种常用时态的被动语态
由“助动词be + 动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be 有时态、人称和数的变化。
(1) 一般现在时：am/is/are +过去分词。如：
Rice is grown in south China. 华南种植水稻。
(2) 一般过去时：was/were+过去分词。如：
The glass was broken yesterday. 这块玻璃是昨天打烂的。
(3) 现在进行时：am/is/are being +过去分词。如：
The project is being carried out. 这个计划正在执行中。
(4) 过去进行时：was/were/being +过去分词。如：
This road was being built this time last year. 这条路去年这个时候还在修建。
(5) 一般将来时：will be +过去分词。如：
The cars will be sent abroad by sea. 这些汽车将由水路运往国外。
(6) 过去将来时：would be +过去分词。如：
The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year. 经理说这个工程在年底前将会完成。
(7) 现在完成时：have/has been +过去分词。如：
This novel has been translated into several languages. 这本小说已被译成了几种语言。
(8) 过去完在时：had been +过去分词。如：
When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out. 我到达剧院时，发现票已卖完了。
使用被动语态“六注意”
一要注意被动语态的不同时态
被动语态由“be+过去分词”，其中的助动词 be 根据情况可使用各种不同时态。如：
She is respected by everyone. 她受到大家的尊重。(一般现在时)
The book will be reprinted soon. 这本书很快会重印。(一般将来时)
The road is being repaired. 路正在修整。(现在进行时)
They have been given a warning. 他们受到警告。(现在完成时)
二要注意带情态动词的被动语态
该结构的基本形式为“情态动词+be(或be的适当形式)+过去分词”。这类结构非常有可能作为语境题出现在考卷中。如：
The rules must be obeyed. 这些规章制度必须遵守。
They shouldn’t have been told about it. 这事是不应当告诉他们的。
三要注意非谓语动词的被动语态
1. 不定式一般式的被动语态。由“to be+过去分词”构成。如：
She asked to be given some work to do. 她要求给她一些工作做。
2. 不定式完成式的被动语态。由“to have been+过去分词”构成。如：
I should like to have been told the result earlier. 我本想让人把结果早点告诉我的。
3. 现在分词一般式的被动语态。由“being+过去分词”构成。如：
I saw him being taken away. 我看见有人把他带走了。
4. 现在分词完成式的被动语态。由“having been+过去分词”构成。如：
Having been invited to speak, I’ll start making preparations tomorrow. 因为邀请我去讲话，我明天就得做准备。
5. 动名词一般式的被动语态。由“being+过去分词”构成。如：
He hates being made a fool of. 他讨厌被别人愚弄。
6. 动名词完成式的被动语态。由“having been+过去分词”构成。如：
Jenny’s not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret. 杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事。
After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence. 在接到把车开出城的指令后，我开始信心十足了。
注：过去分词没有被动式，因为它本身可以表示被动意义。如：
The door remained locked. 门仍然锁着。
四要注意“get+过去分词”构成的被动语态
英语被动语态通常由“助动词be+过去分词”构成，有时也可用“get+过去分词”构成。如：
James got beaten last night. 詹姆斯昨晚被打了。
但总的说来，用get构成的被动语态不如用be构成的被动语态常见，尤其是在含有施动者的by短语时，用get构成被动语态更是少见。不过有时用be+过去分词构成被动语态构成误解时，人们可能会选get+过去分词来避免这种误解：
The window was broken. 窗户破了(表状态)。/ 窗户被打破了(表动作)
The window got broken. 窗户被打破了(表动作)
五要注意哪些动词不用于被动语态
1. 不及物动词没有被动语态。因为不及物动词没有宾语，所以若将其用于被动语态则没有主语，故不能用于被动语态。但是值得注意的是，有些英语中的不及物动词，译成汉语时却可能是“及物”的，很容易出错，这类动词如：take place(发生)，happen(发生)，come about(发生)，break out(爆发)，appear(出现)，disappear(消失)，last(持续)，arise(出现，发生)等：
Influenza usually breaks out in winter. 流感通常发生在冬季。
2. 英语中的静态动词(如have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble 等)通常不用于被动语态：
The young man lacks experience. 这个年轻人缺乏经验。
英语不用被动语态几种的情形
1.谓语为连系动词时，不用被动语态。如：He looked fine. 他气色好。The food tastes delicious. 这食物味道很好。
2. 谓语为不及物动词(短语)时，不用被动语态。如：The war broke out in the end. 战争终于爆发了。
3. 宾语为不定式、动词的-ing 形式或从句，表示主语的一些想法、爱好或愿望时，一般不用被动语态。如：
He decided to go with us. 他决定跟我们一起去。4. 宾语是相互代词、反身代词、同源宾语等时，一般不用被动语态。如：
We should help each other. 我们应该相互帮助。He thinks of himself too much. 他对自己想得太多。
5. 宾语是处所、地点时，一般不用被动语态。如：
We will reach the station in two hours. 我们再过两个小时就会到站了。
6. 谓语部分(动词与宾语) 是一个不可分割的动词短语时，一般不用被动语态。如：
The ship set sail this morning. 这艘轮船今天早晨起航了。
通常不用于被动语态的静态动词
那里的人缺乏食物。正：People there lack food. 误：Food is lacked by people there.
从形式上看，第2句是第1句的相应的被动形式，既然第1句为正句，那么第2句从理论上说应该是成立的。而事实上第2句却是个错句。
在英语中，并不是所有的及物动词都可以用于被动语态的，有些动词(尤其是那些静态动词)尽管它们可以带宾语，但却不用于被动语态，这种动词考生容易弄错，其中主要的有：have，lack，fit，suit，cost，let，like等：
他有一台电脑。正：He has a computer.误：A computer is had by him.
他当时正在洗澡。正：He was taking a bath. 误：A bath was being had by him.
我的鞋不适合。正：My shoes don’t fit me. 误：I am not fitted by my shoes.
这架钢琴花了她6000美元。正：The piano cost her 6000 dollars.
六要注意两类被动句型的相互转换
英语中有一种主动句可以转换成两种被动句型，它们通常是一些表示客观说明的句子。如：
People believed that she is honest. 大家相信她是诚实的。
It’s believed that she is honest. 大家相信她是诚实的。
She is believed to be honest. 大家相信她是诚实的。
比较上面两类被动句型可以发现，一类是“it+be+过去分词+that从句”，另一类则是“主语+be+过去分词+不定式”(其中的“主语”为前一类句型中that从句中的主语)，通常可用于这两类被动句型的动词有assume, believe, expect, fear, feel, know, presume, report, say, suppose, think, understand等，比较(同时注意其中时态和动词形式的变化)：
It’s known that he was a good singer. / He is known to have been a good singer. 大家知道他曾是位优秀的歌手。
表示“据说”的三类被动句型
2. 八年级下册英语一至五单元语法
语法聚焦 can和have to的用法 can和have to的用法你都掌握了 吗？请仔细观察下面的例句，然后补 全结论部分所缺的内容。 【例句】 1. —Can you speak French? —No, I can’t. 2. You can take the car, if you want. 3. —Can you come to my birthday party tomorrow? —Sorry, I can’t. I am going to visit my grandpa. 4. It’s late. I have to go now. 5. It is raining. He has to stay at home. 6. —Does he have to get up early in the morning? —Yes, he does. 7. She didn’t have to walk home yesterday. 【结论】 1. can是（有 / 无）人称和数的 变化，后接动词 can可以表示能力，指“能、 会”（如例句 ）；can可以表示请求， 常用于发出邀请（如例句(5) ）；can 还可以表示允许，指“可以”（如例句 (6) ）。 2. have to意为“必须、不得不”， 往往强调由于客观原因而必须做某 事。 （有 / 无）人称、数和时态的变 化，后接动词(2) 。其疑问形式和否定 形式常借助于助动词do，does，did 等来完成。
3. 八年级下册英语的语法要点
八年级下 Unit1
1. 免费 be free
3. 活到200岁 live to be 200 years old
5. 更少的污染 less pollution
7. 更少地使用地铁 use the subway less
9. 更多的高楼 more tall buildings
11. 十年后 in ten years
13. 住的地方 places to live
15. 住在太空站 live on the space station
17. 住在公寓 live in an apartment
19. 一个人住 live alone/by oneself
21. 去滑冰 go skating
23. 看起来很时髦 look smart
25. 穿着随意 dress casually
27. 实现 come true
29. 在未来 in the future
八年级下 Unit 2
argued with sb. 与某人生气
have an argument with sb.与某人生气
out of style 不时髦的
in style 时髦的
keep out 不让……进入
call sb. up 打电话给……
on the phone 用电话交谈
pay for 付款
part-time job 兼职工作
Teen Talk 青少年论坛
the same as 与…同样的
get on 相处
as much as possible 尽可能多
all kinds of 各种
on the other hand一方面
borrow sth. from sb.向某人借某物
found out 找出
is popular at school 在学校受欢迎
except me 除了我
have a quick supper 去吃快餐
not……until 直到……才
try to do 试着去做
complain about doing sth.抱怨做某事
seem to do
comparing…with 把…与…做比较
think for 为…着想
find it +adj.+to do sth.发现做某事很怎样
learn to do 学会做某事
八年级下 Unit 3
barber shop 理发店
get out 出去
take off 起飞
train station 火车站
come in 进来
Beijing International Airport北京国际机场
hear about 听说
take place 发生
World Trade Center世界贸易中心
as…as 和…一样
in front of 在…的前面
clean my room打扫我的房间
sleep late 睡懒觉
make a smooth做思木西
cook dinner 做晚饭
eat lunch 吃中午饭
cut hair 剪头发
have…experience有…经历
in the morning 在早晨
walk down 走下来
very surprised 非常惊奇
souvenir shop 纪念品商店
TV station 电视台
in the museum 在博物馆
climb a tree 爬树
jump down 跳下
take a photo 照相
called the police报警
rode his bicycle 骑自行车
buy a newspaper买一份报纸
run away 逃跑
think about 考虑…做某事
for example 举例子
heard about 听说
having fun 玩的高兴
in silence 在…
told us 告诉我们
in space 在太空
over the world遍及全世界
became famous因…而出名
next to 挨着
1. arrive at/in
2. a TV reporter
3. in front of
4. in the front of
5. get out of
6. sleep late
7. in(at) the library
8. the Museum of Flight
9. buy a souvenir
10. call the police
11. call the TV station
12. call the newspaper
13. take off
14. an unusual experience
15. jump down from
16. take photos of
17. too scared
18. walk to school
19. in the tree
20. on the tree
21. police officer
22. at the doctor’s
23. go shopping( do some shopping)
24. a barber shop
25. on/in the playground
26. ten minutes ago
27. in silence
28. keep silent/quiet
29. take place
30. become a national hero
31. become/be famous for
32. become/be famous as
33. all over the world (in the world)
34. in turn
35. have fun (enjoy oneself)
36. on the moon
37. be murdered
38. be destroyed
39. on this day
40. hear about/of
41. be born
42. cut hair ( have one’s cut)
八年级下 Unit 5
Have a great time玩的高兴
let in ` ```进来
stay at home 呆在家
Help sb. (to) do sth..帮助某人做某事
take away 拿走
ask sb. To sth
At the party 在晚会上
go to college 去大学
be\become famous变的有名
Travel around the world环游世界
make money 挣钱
work hard 努力工作
A professional soccer player
一名职业足球运动员
seem like 看起来像
Make a living 谋生
all over the world世界各地
give money to 捐钱
All the time 一直
for a living 为``````谋生
get injured 受伤
in fact 事实上
Be able to 能够
be going to
spend time 消磨时间
too much 太多
laugh at 笑话某人
go back
In order 为了``````
八年级下 Unit 9
be late for 迟到
look like 看起来象
in order 按顺序
by noon 到中午为止
on the weekend 在周末
have a good day!玩的愉快
looking through 浏览
waiting inline 排队
really low 降低
tell sb. about yourself告诉某人有关你的事
a ball game fan 球迷
be friendly to sb.对某人友好
feel like 感觉像
a friend like you 像你一样的朋友
get along 相处
thanks for 因……而感谢
ask sb. To do sth.要求某人做某事
go with me 和我一起去
think of 想起
leave early 早早离开
at least 至少
be careful 小心
八年纪 下册 Unit 10
most of 大多数
make sb. Laugh让某人笑
like to do 喜欢做某事
like doing
both like 都喜欢
the same like 和``````一样
for me 对我来说
get the job 上班
enjoy doing sth
4. 八年级下英语1~5单元的主要语法
Unit 1
一般将来时
1．定义：表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态
2．肯定句式：主语+will/ shall/ be going to +动词原形
否定句式：主语+will/ shall +not或be not going to +动词原形
疑问句：Will/ Shall +主语+动词原形+其他？
Be +主语+going to +动词原形
3．标志词(时间状语)
tomorrow, in 2012, in +一段时间 (in three days, in five years), next month (week, year), later on, tomorrow morning 等。
*4．现在进行时表将来
come, go, fly, leave, arrive等短暂性动词用进行时表将来
eg： We are leaving for Hong Kong next week.
Unit 2
情态动词
1. 用法：情态动词表示建议、要求、可能和意愿等。情态动词后面跟动词原形，情态动词没有人称和数的变化。常用的情态动词有：can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would, need等。
2. should的用法
a. should作为助动词shall的过去式，可以在间接引语中与第一人称主语搭配，表示过去将来时间。
b. should作为情态动词，通常用来表示现在或将来的责任或义务，意为“应该”、“应当”，这时它可以和ought to, be supposed to互换使用，可用于各种时态。
3. 情态动词could表示“建议”时不是can的过去式，而表示比can更加委婉的建议。
4. 情态动词can, could, shall, should还可以表示“请求，许可”。shall 和should用于第一人称，表示征求对方的建议或意见。
Unit 3
过去进行时
1. （1）定义：表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在发生或进行的动作，常与表示过去某一时刻的时间状语连用。
（2）结构：was/ were +doing
（3）标志词：at this time yesterday, at 8 yesterday morning，有时与when或while引导的时间状语从句连用等。
（4）过去进行时态与一般过去时态的区别：
a. 一般过去时态表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。
b. 过去进行时态强调过去某一时间正在进行的动作。
2. when 和 while的用法
（1）when一般指时间点，从句中的谓语动词用终止性动词，但也可以跟时间段，这时从句中的谓语动词要用延续性动词。
eg：When I arrived there, it was raining.
(2 ) while意为“正在……时”，表示在某一段时间内某动作或状态是延续的，后面只能跟时间段，而不能用时间点，所以while引导的从句中的谓语动词用延续性动词。
eg：The dog ran out while we were talking.
(3 ) when引导的从句的动作和主句的动作既可以同时发生，也可以先后发生；而while强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。
Unit 4
直接引语、间接引语
1. 步骤：（1）不要“，”“：”“ “ ” ”
（2）要考虑到人称的变化
（3）要考虑时态的变化
（4）要考虑时间状语、地点状语、指示代词的变化
（5）直接引语变为间接引语后，都要使用陈述句语序
2. 直接引语变成间接引语时，要把原来的时态向前推移，几个主要时态的变化规律有：
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 一般过去时（客观真理除外）
一般将来时 过去将来时
现在进行时 过去进行时
3. 直接引语变为间接引语后，所用的连接词是不同的
（1）陈述句用that连接，that可省略
（2）一般疑问句用if 或whether引导
（3）特殊疑问句用特殊疑问词引导
Unit 5
条件状语从句
1. 表示“如果……”“在某种条件下，会……”
2. 时态
一般主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时。
主句用过去将来时，从句用一般过去时。
*3. if 与whether 引导条件状语从句时，一般可互换，但也有区别：
（1）引导主语从句，而且放于句首时，必须用whether
（2）引导表语从句时，必须用whether
（3）whether与or not 连用
（4）动词不定式之前必须用whether
（5）介词之后必须用whether
5. 外研社八年级英语下册九模块语法
状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类,分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多,但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似,所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。 现分别列举如下:
1、时间状语从句
常用引导词:when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until
特殊引导词:the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day,the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when
I didn't realize how special my mother was until I became an alt.
While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
The children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw the guard.
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.
2、地点状语从句
常用引导词:where
特殊引导词:wherever, anywhere, everywhere
Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
Wherever you go, you should work hard.
3、原因状语从句
常用引导词:because, since, as, for
特殊引导词:seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, as much as, so much as
My friends dislike me because I'm handsome and successful.
Now that everybody has come, let's begin our conference.
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.
Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.
4、目的状语从句
常用引导词:so that, in order that
特殊引导词:lest, in case, for fear that,in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that
The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.
The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.
5、结果状语从句
常用引导词:so that, so… that, such … that,
特殊引导词:such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,
He got up so early that he caught the first bus.
It's such a good chance that we must not miss it.
To such an degree was he excited that he couldn't sleep last night.
6、条件状语从句
常用引导词:if, unless,
特殊引导词:as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that
We'll start our project if the president agrees.
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.
Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.
7、让步状语从句
常用引导词:though, although, even if, even though
特殊引导词: as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装),while ( 一般用在句首 ),no matter …, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever
Much as I respect him, I can't agree to his proposal.
尽管我很尊敬他, 我却不同意他的建议。
The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.
No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
He won't listen whatever you may say.
8、比较状语从句
常用引导词:as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)
特殊引导词:the more … the more … ; just as …, so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B
She is as bad-tempered as her mother.
The house is three times as big as ours.
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.
Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人,犹如油之于机器。
9、方式状语从句
常用引导词:as, as if, how
特殊引导词:the way
When in Rome, do as the Roman do.
She behaved as if she were the boss.
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.
参考资料：http://bj.xdf.cn/publish/portal24/tab13076/info640841.htm
6. 英语八年级下册 主要语法知识点
直接引语和间接引语
1.直接引语 直接引用别人的原话叫做直接引语，直接引语通常置于引号内（“引用原话”）。
—“What is it all about?”
—“究竟是什么事呢？”
—“Nothing serious, just a storm in a teacup.”
—“没有什么，大惊小怪而已。”
2.间接引语 用自己的话转述别人的意思，或引用自己说过的话，
都叫做间接引语。间接引语多数用宾语从句来表达。
Mary said that she received a sugar report this morning.
玛莉说她今天早上收到了一封情书。
He said that his hands were quite full at that moment.
他说那时他忙得不可开交。
过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。其形式为was /were + V-ing。常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如：last night, last Saturday等；或者与when, while, as引导的过去时间状语连用。
基本用法
1. 过去进行时的基本用法主要表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。
如：He fell asleep when he was reading. 他看书时睡着了。
2. 用过去进行时表示现在主要是为了使语气委婉、客气。
如：I was wondering if you could give me a lift. 我不知你能否让我搭一下车。
【注】一般过去时也有类似用法，但比较而言，用过去进行时显得更客气，更不肯定。
3. 过去进行时表示感情色彩与现在进行时相似，过去进行时也可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感情色彩，也通常与 always, forever, continually等副词连用。
如：They were always quarrelling. 他们老是吵架。
4. 动词be的过去进行时
动词be的进行时也可表示过去一时的表现或暂时的状态。
比较：He was friendly. 他很友好。(指过去长期如此)
He was being friendly. 他当时显得很友好。(指当时一时的表现)
补充：when 的后面加一般过去时，而且动词是不延续性动词。 while 的后面加过去进行时，动词是延续性动词。
特殊用法
1、当句子意思很清楚时，我们也可以把两个动词都换成一般过去时
We listened carefully while the teacher read the text.
老师读课文时，我们都仔细地听着。
2、表示按计划、安排过去将要发生的事。用于come, go, leave, start, arrive等表示位置转移的动词时，也可以用过去进行时表示过去将要发生的动作。
如：He told me that he was going soon.
他告诉我他很快就要走了。
3、表示故事发生的背景。
It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front.
那支医疗小组往前线行进时，天正下着雪。
4、表示一个新的动作刚刚开始。
过去进行时可用来引出一个新的动作，这种用法颇有点儿像镜头转换。
Five minutes later, he stood in the doorway smoking a cigarette.
5分钟后，他已站在门口抽着烟。
5、过去进行时还可和when结构遥相呼应，含有意外之意。
I was walking in the street when someone called me.
我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。
6、用来陈述原因或用作借口。
She went to the doctor yesterday. She was having a lot of trouble with her heart.
她昨天去看病了。她患了很严重的心脏病。
7、与always, constantly等词连用，表示感情色彩。
The girl was always changing her mind.
这女孩老是改变主意。
常用的时间状语
this morning, the whole morning, all day ,yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while ,at that time,.just now，a moment ago My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself; It was raining when they left the station;吗 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
7. 八年级下册英语 go for it 1-3单元 语法知识点
Unit 1 重点知识讲解
by doing, 通过…方式，I learn English by speaking it every day.;
在。。。旁边，by the lake; 乘车，by bus; 到。。。时候(过完时)，by the time
frustrate v. 使......沮丧；使......受挫 ( frustrate sb)
类似还有：surprise sb, interest sb, terrify sb, frighten sb, shock sb
frustrating adj. 令人灰心的；令人沮丧的（-ing强调令人。。。）,
如：Watching movies to learn English is frustrating because the people speak too quickly. 通过看电影来学英语是让人灰心的，因为剧中人物说话太快了。
frustrated adj. 灰心的；沮丧的（-ed 强调人自己感觉。。。）
如：I felt frustrated at that time. 那时，我觉得很沮丧。
类似的还有: interesting/interested; disappointing/disappointed; exciting/excited; boring/ bored; surprising/surprised; terrifying/ terrified; thrilling/thrilled; frightening/ frightened
2. adj + ly= adv.
.如 differently adv. “不同地，有区别地” quick（adj.）— quickly(adv) 动作迅速
e.g. Wei Ming feels differently. different adj. be different from….(与…不同)
e.g. Cars are different from buses . difference (可数名词) e.g. There are some differences between cars and buses.
3. 区别：quick（adj.）— quickly(adv) 动作迅速 fast (形，副) 运动速度快; soon 马上 (时间快)
4. add v. ① “加” e.g. Add three to six, and you get nine. 3+6=9。
② “补充说” e.g. “I’m coming.” Lucy added.
5. mistake 可数名词，错误，失误”， make a mistake 或make mistakes
e.g. It is easy to make a mistake. 犯错误是很容易的。
I made the mistake of giving him my address. 我真不该把我的地址给他。
I’m sorry. I took your pen by mistake. 对不起，我错拿了你的钢笔。
mistake 还可以用作动词，意为“弄错；误以为；误会”。
e.g. I mistook his meaning. 我误解了他的意思。
We often mistake her for her twin sister.我们常常误以为她是她的双胞胎姐姐。
6. unless=if…not “除非, 如果不…”, 引导条件状语从句。
e.g. Don’t come unless I call you. = Don’t come if I don’t call you. 如果我不给你打电话，不要来。
短语
1.. the best ways to learn English. 学习英语的最好方法
= the best ways of learning English
2. keep a diary 记日记，写日记 也可以用 write a diary。
3. speaking skills 说的能力；口语能力
speaking是动名词做定语，注意：动名词作定语常表示功能，
writing table=the table is used for writing 写字台
smoking room=the room is used for smoking 吸烟区
4. look up… in a dictionary 查字典
e.g. If you meet new words that you don’t know, you can look them up in a dictionary. 如果你遇到你不认识的生词，你可以在字典中查询。
5. not ...at all 根本不，全然不, not经常可以和助动词结合在一起，at all 则放在句尾。
eg. My brother did not like the scarf at all. 我哥哥根本不喜欢那个围巾。
6. end up doing sth 终止做某事，相当于finish doing sth.
When we practice speaking English, we often end up speaking in Chinese.
当我们练习说英语时，我们经常以说汉语结束。
另外，end up with sth 以…结束
The party ended up with her singing. 晚会以她的歌唱而告终。
7. get the pronunciation right 使发音准确
get…right 使……正确, get 在这里是“使变成……状态”的意思。
8. to begin with = to start with=first of all 用于叙述原因，置于句首。如：
I can’t come. To begin with, I don’t feel very well, besides I don’t have enough money. 我不能去。首先，我感觉不好，除此以外，我也没有钱。
9. later on “后来，以后” e.g. I’ll be seeing you later on. 我以后会见到你。no later than “不迟于…”; sooner or later “迟早”
11. have trouble doing 做某事有困难
=have problem(s) doing=have difficulty doing
13. deal with (← how ) = do with（what）“处理，对付”
e.g. How shall we deal with the thief? = What are we going to do with the thief? 我们怎样处理这个小偷？That’s a deal ! = It’s a deal. 成交了. （deal n.）
14. have disagreements 有分歧，disagreement是agreement 的反义词，
reach/ come to an agreement 达成一致
16. regard…as…=consider…as,把……看作,当做
We regard our teacher as our friend. 我们把老师看作是我们的朋友。
17. complain to sb. about/of sth. 向某人抱怨某事，如：
She complained to me about his bad manners. 她向我抱怨他的不礼貌。
18. change…into…= turn … into 把……变成……
change water into ice 把水变成冰
19. impress sb with sth =sb be impressed by sth 某人对…印象深刻
My teacher impressed me with her good pronunciation. =
I was impressed by my teacher’s good pronunciation.
Unit 2
一、知识点
1. used to 过去常常做某事，暗指现在已经不存在的动作或状态. 后跟动词原形. used to do sth.
There used to be ….（反意疑问句）didn’t there?
否定形式为: didn’t use to 或 usedn’t to
疑问形式为: Did…use to…? 或 Used…to…?
be/get used to doing sth.习惯于, to 为介词.
2. wear 表示状态. =be in +颜色的词；put on 表示动作.
dress + 人 给某人穿衣服dress sb. / oneself
get dressed, 穿好衣服
3. on the swim team on 是…的成员,.
7. miss: ① 思念, 想念 例: I really miss the old days.
② 错过, 未中, 未赶上, 未找到.
例: It’s a pity that you miss the bus. The boy shot at the goal, but missed.
9. right: ① adj. 正确的, 右边的 It’s not right to spit in public.
② n. 右方, 权利 Women now have the right to vote in Japan.
③ adv. 恰恰，正， The UFO landed right in front of me.
11. afford + n. /pron. afford + to do 常与can, be able to 连用.
例: Can you afford a new car? The film couldn’t afford to pay such large salaries.
12. as well as 连词, 不但…而且… 强调前者. (若引导主语, 谓动与前者在人称和数上一致。
例: Living things need air and light as well as water. 生命不仅需要水, 还需要空气和阳光.
I as well as they am ready to help you. 不仅是他们, 我也愿意帮助你.
13. alone = by oneself 独自一人. lonely 孤独的, 寂寞的.
14. in the last/past + 一段时间
ring the last/past + 一段时间 与现在完成时连用.
17. ①be/ become interested in sth. 对…感兴趣
②be interested in doing sth. 对做…感兴趣
③show great interest in 在……方面产生极大的兴趣
④a place of interest 一处名胜 some places of interest
如：He is interested in math, but he isn’t interested in speaking
English. 他对数学感兴趣，但是他对说英语不感兴趣。
19. on 副词，表示（电灯、电视、机械等）在运转中/打开，
其反义词off. with the light on 灯开着
25. take sb. to + 地方送/带某人去某个地方如：
A person took him to the hospital. 一个人把他送到了医院。
Lui took me home. 刘把我送回了家。(home 的前面不能用to)
36. as + 形容词./副词＋as sb. could/can 尽某人的…能力，如：
Zhou run as fast as her could/can. 她尽她最快的能力去跑。
37. get into trouble with 遇到麻烦
复合句与简单句的转化：
when ------ at the age of …
I could sing songs when I was five.
I could sing songes at the age of five.
so…that…----- too… to…. / enough to …
He was so young that he couldn’t go to school today.
He was too young to go to school.
He wasn’t old enough to go to school.
so that…------ in order to do sth.
Tom gets up early in the morning so that he can catch the early bus.
Tom gets up early in the morning in order to catch the early bus.
It seems / seemed that sb….------ sb. seems / seemed to do sth.
Sb. hopes / hoped that ….-------sb. hopes / hoped to do sth.
be afraid
be sure that +从句---- 动词不定式
be sorry
I am sure that he will win the badminton match tomorrow.
He is sure to win the badminton match tomorrow.
二、 短语
1. be more interested in 对…更感兴趣；2. on the swim team 游泳队的队员.
3. be terrified of 害怕；4. gym class 体操课；5. worry about. 担心；
6. all the time 一直, 总是；7. chat with 与…闲聊；8. hardly ever 几乎从不
9. walk to school = go to school on foot
take the bus to school = go to school by bus
10. as well as 不仅…而且；11. get into trouble 遇到麻烦；
12. make a decision 做出决定；13. to one’s surprise 使某人吃惊的是
14. take pride in 为…感到骄傲；15. pay attention to 留心, 注意
16. consist of 由…组成/构成. be made up of 由…组成/构成.
17. instead of 代替, 而不是；18. in the end 最后, 终于；19. play the piano 弹钢琴
三、句子
1.I used to be afraid of the dark. 我以前害怕黑暗.
2.I go to sleep with my bedroom light on. 我开着卧室的灯睡觉.
3.I used to spend a lot of time playing games with my friends. 以前我常常花很多时间和我的朋友们玩游戏.
4.I hardly ever have time for concerts. 我几乎没有时间去听音乐会.
5.My life has changed a lot in the last few years.
6.It will make you stressed out. 那会使你紧张的.
7.It seems that Yu Mei has changed a lot. 玉梅似乎变化很大
Unit 3
一.知识点
1.被动语态的谓语动词形式:
含情态动词的: can/may/must/should be +done
2.get/have + n./pron. + done 叫/让/请别人做某事(即使谋事被做)
例: I want to get my car mended. 我要让人把车子修好.
3.allow sb to do sth 允许某人做… allow doing sth 允许做…
4.drive : ① 驾车,驾驶. ② 驱赶,驱使.
例: What drives them to rob the shop? 什么驱使他们去抢商店?
6.He doesn’t seem to have many friends.=It seems that he doesn’t have many friends.
=He seems not to have many friends.
7.倒装句: So + be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语(前为肯定局) 表示与前面所述事实一致.
Neither/Nor + be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语(前为否定) 表示与前面所述事实一致.
例: He likes oranges. So do we. He doesn’t like oranges. Neither do we.
Tom can swim. So can John. Tom can’t swim. Neither can John.
So +主语+ be动词/助动词/情态动词 表示对前面事实的进一步确认.
例: Henry is very tired. So he is.(的确是)
He surfed Internet for two hours. So he did.(的确是)
They will win the game. So they will.(他们会的)
10.fail a test = fail in a test 考试不及格
11.be strict with+人. be strict in+事物.
例: The head teacher is strict with his students He is strict in the work.
12.the other day 前几天,不久前的一天.(用于过去时)
15.volunteer ① n. 自愿者. ② v. volunteer to do sth. 自愿做…
例: We all volunteered to help in the old people’s home.我们都志愿到敬老院帮忙.
16.chance 指侥幸的,偶尔的机会,还可表示“可能性”
opportunity 指有利的时机,良机. 二者有时可以互换.
Have an opportunity to do sth 有做…的机会.
Don’t be too frustrated. You’ll have another opportunity to go to college next year. 别太沮丧了,你还有上大学的机会.
experience : ①可数名词 “经历,体验”
例: Please tell us something about your experiences.②不可数名词 “经验” 例: He is a man of rich experience.
③动词“经历” 例: She experienced lots of suffering.
18. off 不工作,不上班,不上学,不值班.
例: I think I’ll take the afternoon off. 我想下午歇班.
She is off today. 她今天休息.
I have three days off next week. 下周我有三天假.
19. reply to sth/sb=answer sth/sb
另外answer还有“应答”之意.如answer the door/telephone
20. get in the way (of)... 妨碍...
例: He never gets in others’ way. 他从不妨碍别人.
The bikes over there will get in the way of others. 自行车放在那里会妨碍别人的.
22. do does did 用在另一个动词前表示强调.
例: He does speak well. 他真的讲的很好.
Do be quiet. 务必安静.
26. only 处于句首,并后跟状语时,全句需要倒装.
例: Only then did he understand it. 只有到那时,他才明白.
Only in this way can we learn English well. 只有这样我们才能把英语学好.
Only when she came home, did he learn the news. 当她到家时,他才得知了这消息.
二.短语
1. be allowed to do sth 被允许干… allow sb to do sth 允许某人干…
allow doing sth 允许干…
2. sixteen-year-olds = sixteen-year-old boys and girls 16岁的孩子
3. part-time jobs 兼职工作 4. a driver’s license 驾照
5. on weekends 在周末 6. at that age 在那个年龄段
7. on school nights 在上学期间的每个晚上 8. stay up 熬夜
9. clean up (相当与及物动词) 清扫 10. fail (in) a test 考试不及格
11. take the test 参加考试 12. the other day 前几天
13. all my classmates 我所有的同学 14. concentrate on 全神贯注于
15. be good for 对…有益 16. in groups 成群的,按组的
17. get noisy 吵闹(系表结构) 18. learn from 向某人学习
19. at present 目前,现在 20. have an opportunity to do sth 有做…的机会
21.English-English dictionary 英英词典 22. at least 至少
23.eight hours’ sleep a night 每晚8小时的睡眠
24. an old people’s home 敬老院 25. take time to do sth 花费时间干…
26. primary schools 小学 27. have…off 放假,休息
28. reply to 回答,答复 29. get in the way of 妨碍
30. a professional athlete 职业运动员 31. achieve one’s dreams 实现梦想
32. think about 思考,考虑 33. in the end 最后,终于
34. be serious about 对…热忠/极感兴趣
35. spend…on + n. spend …(in) + v-ing 在…上花费时间/金钱
36. care about 关心,担心,在乎 37. agree with 同意…
三.句子
1. I don’t think twelve-year-olds should be allowed to get their ears pierced.
我认为不应该允许12岁的孩子穿耳孔.
2.They talk instead of doing homework. 他们聊天而不是做作业.
3.He is allowed to stay up until 11:00 pm. 允许他们熬到晚上11点.
4.We should be allowed to take time to do things like that more often.
我们应该被允许更加经常的花些时间多做这类事情.
5.What school rules do you think should be changed?
你认为学校的哪些制度应该改一改了?
6.The two pairs of jeans both look good on me. 这两条牛仔裤穿在我身上都适合.
7.The classroom is a real mess. 教室太脏了.
8.Should I be allowed to make my own decisions?
9.Only then will I have a chance of achieving my dream. 只有这样我才能实现我的梦想.
10.They should be allowed to practice their hobbies as much as they want.
应该允许他们对业余爱好想练多长时间就练多长时间.
11.We have nothing against running. 我们没有理由反对他跑步。
8. 初二英语下册每单元语法讲解和语法练习
http://wenku..com/view/fe085cc08bd63186bcebbcd6.html?st=1
自己去下载吧，如果没有网络文库的账号，写个邮箱，我发邮件给你~
9. 人教版八年级下英语第一单元 section B 3a语法点
Unit1 SectionB 3a
In ten years,Ithink I'll be a reporter.I'll live in Shanghai,because I went to Shanghai last year and fell in love with it.I think it's really a beautiful city.As a reporter,I think I will meet lots of interesting people.I think I'll live in an apartment with my best friends,because I don't like living alone.I'll have pets.I can't have any pets now bucause my mother hates them,and our apartment is too small.So in ten years,I'll have many different pets.I might even keep a pet parrot!I'll probably go skating and swimming every day.During the week I'll look smart,and probably will wear a suit.On the weekend,I'll be able to dress more casually.I think I'll go to Hong Kong on vacation,and one day I might even wisit Australia.
十年后，Ithink我会是个reporter.I会住在上海，因为我去了上海，并与去年爱上自言自语觉得这真是一个美丽的city.As一名记者，我想我会满足很多有趣的people.I想我会住在一个公寓，我最好的朋友，因为我不喜欢住聊就会有pets.I不能有任何宠物现在bucause妈妈恨他们，我们的公寓太十年small.So，我有很多不同的pets.I甚至养一只宠物鹦鹉！我可能会去滑冰和游泳每day.During一周我会看起来聪明，而且可能会穿一suit.On周末，我就可以穿得更casually.I想我会去香港度假，有一天我什至可能wisit澳大利亚。