语法的各种英语

⑴ 英语语法有多少种

英语一共有多少种时态？

答;英语共种时态.

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English Grammar:动词的时态
英语共有16种时态，根据近几年曝光的四、六级考卷分析， 时态测试重点主要有：完成时态——现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时；进行时态——现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、完成进行时；一般时态。

一、一般时态

1、一般现在时

(1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态，常和副词 usually，often，always sometimes， regularly，near，occasionally，every year, every week 等连用。例如：

1）The moon moves round the earth..

2）Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.

（2）在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment 以及 if，unless 等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：

1）I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.

2）I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.

（3）某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，这类动词有：be，go，come，start，depart，arrive，begin，leave 等。例如：

1）The plane leaves at three sharp.

2）The new teachers arrive tomorrow.

（4）在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as 等引导的从句中，也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：

1）Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.

2）You’ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.

2．一般过去时

（1）表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如：

We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.

（2）表示过去习惯性动作。例如：

1）He always went to class last.

2）I used to do my homework in the library.

（注意与be used to doing短语的区别）

3．一般将来时

1）表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如：

I shall graate next year.

2）几种替代形式：

1）be going to +v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如：

I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money.

2）be to +v表示计划安排要做的事，具有“必要”的强制性意义。例如：

I am to play tennis this afternoon.

3）be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。例如：

He was about to start.

4）be e to +v表示预先确定了的事， 必定发生的事。例如：

The train is e to depart in ten minutes.

5）be on the point/verge of +v – ing 强调即将发生的某种事态。例如：

The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.

二、进行时态

1．现在进行时

（1）表示现在正在进行的动作，常与now，right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present等连用。例如：

Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.

（2）表示现阶段经常发生的动作， 常与always，continually，forever，constantly等连用。例如：

My father is forever criticizing me.

（3）表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等。例如：

They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.

（4）有些动词不能用进行时，这是一类表示“感觉，感情，存在，从属”等的动词。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，（表示感觉的词）；hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive（表示感情的动词）；be，exist，remain，stay，obtain（表示存在状态的动词）；have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form（表示占有与从属的动词）；understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember（表示思考理解的动词）。但是如果它们词义改变，便也可用进行时态。例如：

1）Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him?

（look 在此为联系动词，意为“显得，看上去”）

2）Tom is looking for his books.

（look 在此为实义动词，意为“寻找”）

2． 过去进行时

过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用。例如：

1）We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.

2）Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.

3． 将来进行时

将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。例如：

1）This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.

2）What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?

4． 完成进行时

（现在、过去、将来）完成进行时是（现在、过去、将来）完成时的强调形式，将放在完成时态部分讲述。

三、完成时态

完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。它可分为：

1． 现在完成时

（1）现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作（常与yet，already，just连用），或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况（常与for，since连用）。例如：

1）I have just finished my homework.

2）Mary has been ill for three days.

（2）常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, ring, over等引导出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如：

1）I haven’t been there for five years.

2）So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.

3）There have been a lot of changes since 1978.

（3）完成时态可用在下列结构中：

This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如：

（1）This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.

（2）There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.

2． 过去完成时

（1）表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如：

1）We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.

2）By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.

（2）动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如：

I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.

另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是：

1）was / were + to have done sth, 例如：

We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.

2）intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth, 例如：

I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.

（3）过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：

1）hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如：

Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.

2）no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如：

No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.

3）by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如：

The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.

3． 将来完成时

将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time / the end of ) + 表示将来时间的短语和句子；before (the end of ) + 表示将来时间的词语或句子；when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如：

1）By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.

2）I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.

3）When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.

4． 完成进行时

完成进行时是完成时的强调形式，有现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时。

（1）现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：

I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.

（2）过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：

It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.

（3）将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如：

By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.

四：时态一致

时态一致是英语四、六级考试的一个重要内容。通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态。一般原则是：

1、当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时，从句的谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态

He says that he lives in Wuhan.

We hope that there will be many people at your party today.

“Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.”

“There’s a lot of excitement on the street.”

“There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?”

2、当主句谓语使用过去时的时候，从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态

He said he was writing a novel.

The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.

He said his father had been an engineer.

3、当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时，从句的谓语应使用一般现在时。例如：

The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.

注：在此种情况下，即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态，从句谓语也应用一般现在时。

4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况

利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时，还应注意，若主语动词是表示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等的动词，从句谓语只能用虚拟语气，不能遵循时态一致原则。例如：

We insisted that we do it ourselves.

动词的语态

语态也是动词的一种形式，英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

1）We use electricity to run machines. （主动语态）

2）Electricity is used to run machines. （被动语态）

1． 不能用于被动语态的动词和短语

（1）在英语中，不及物动词不能用于被动语态，但有些不及物动词（包括短语）容易引起误用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。

（2）某些表示状态或特征的及物动词，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态。

2． 被动语态的时态形式

常用的被动语态有表1 所列的几种时态形式。

表1

时间 一般时 进行时 完成时

现在 am asked am being asked

is asked is being asked

are asked are being asked

过去

was be asked was being asked

were be asked were being asked

将来 shall be asked shall have been asked

will be asked will have been asked

过去 should be asked should have been asked

将来 would be asked would have been asked

3． 短语动词的被动语态

短语动词转换为被动语态时，通常被看作是一个动词，后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如：

1）So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.

2）All the rubbish should be got rid of.

4．“get + -ed分词”的被动语态

“get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果，而非动作本身，常用来表示突发性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如：

The boy got hurt on his way home from work.

另外，“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事，是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如：

get dressed（穿衣服） get divorced（离婚）

get engaged（订婚） get confused（迷惑不解）

get lost（迷路） get washed（洗脸）

get married（结婚）

5． 能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态

（1） 能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时，一次只能由一个宾语作主语，另一个宾语被保留下来。例如：

1）We showed the visitors our new procts.（主动语态）

2）The visitors were shown our new procts.（被动语态）

3）Our new procts were shown to the visitors.（被动语态）

（2）能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时，原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。例如：

1）The teacher appointed him League secretary.（主动语态）

2）He was appointed League secretary.（被动语态）

6． 被动语态与系表结构的区别

（1）The novel was well written.（系表结构）

（2）The novel was written by Diskens.（被动语态）

7． 少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思

例1：The book is selling remarkably well.

例2：The song sounds very beautiful.

能这样用的动词还有read（读起来），clean（擦起来），wash（洗起来），write（写起来）。

例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).

能像need这样用的动词还有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。

例4：The meat is cooking.

例 5：The book written by the professor is printing.

⑵ 英语各种语法，越多越好！

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⑶ 英语各种语法的英文名称，例如名词性从句怎么说

1、句式

从句clause

从属句 subordinate clause

并列句 coordinate clause

名词从句 nominal clause

定语从句 attributive clause

状语从句adverbial clause

宾语从句 object clause

主语从句 subject lause

同位语从句appositive clause

时间状语从句 adverbial clause of time

地点状语从句 adverbial clause of place

方式状语从句 adverbial clause of manner

让步状语从句 adverbial clause of concession

原因状语从句 adverbial clause of cause

结果状语从句 adverbial clause of result

目的状语从句adverbial clause of purpose

条件状语从句 adverbial clause of condition

真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of real condition

非真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of unreal condition

含蓄条件句 adverbial clause of implied condition

错综条件句adverbial clause of mixed condition

句子 sentence

简单句simple sentence

并列句compound sentence

复合句 complex sentence

并列复合句 compound complex sentence

陈述句 declarative sentence

疑问句interrogative sentence

2、时态

时态tense

过去将来时past future tense

过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense

过去将来完成时 past future perfect tense

一般现在时 present simple tense

一般过去时past simple tense

一般将来时future simple tense

现在完成时 past perfect tense

过去完成时present perfect tense

将来完成时 future perfect tense

现在进行时 present continuous tense

过去进行时past continuous tense

将来进行时 future continuous tense

过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense

现在完成进行时 present perfect continuous tense

过去完成进行时 past perfect continuous tense

(3)语法的各种英语扩展阅读

句型结构

句子按其结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。

1、简单句

基本形式：简单句的基本形式是由一个主语加一个谓语构成。其它各种句子形式都是由此句型发展而来，如五大基本句型：

（1）主语+谓语（s.+predicate）

这种句型简称为主谓结构，其谓语一般都是不及物动词，例：Things change.事物是变化的。Nobody went.没有人去。

（2）主语+系动词+表语（s.+link v.+predicative）

这种句型称为主系表结构，其实联系动词在形式上也是一种谓语动词，系动词与表语一起构成了复合谓语，例：Mr. Turner is an artist.特纳先生是位画家。

（3）主语+谓语+宾语（s.+predicate+o.）

这种句型可称为主谓宾结构，它的谓语一般多是及物动词，例：We never beat children.我们从来不打孩子。

（4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语（s.+predicate+oi.+od.）

这种句型可称为主谓宾宾结构，其谓语应是可有双宾语的及物动词，两个宾语一个是间接宾语，一个是直接宾语，例：He gave the book to his sister.他把这本书给了他的妹妹。

（5）主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语（s.+predicate+o.+o.c.）

这种句型可简称为主谓宾补结构，其补语是宾语补语，与宾语一起即构成复合宾语，例：I found the book easy.我发现这本书不难。（形容词easy作补语）

注意：有时两个或更多的并列主语拥有一个共同的谓语，甚至并列有两个主语和两个谓语，这样的句子仍然是简单句，例：China and other countries in the east Asia are developing rapidly.

中国和东亚其它国家正在迅速地发展。（China and other countries并列主语）

2、It引导结构

It 既是代词又是引词。作代词时，它可做人称代词、指示代词、非人称代词，用于前指、非确指或习语中。作引词时，它本身无实义，只起先行引导的作用。

可作形式主语（it is + adj. + for/of sb. to do sth.）或形式宾语（it + adj. + to do sth.），真实的主语或宾语是不定式、动名词或名词从句，它们则放在后面。

It 也用于强调句结构。如想强调某个词或部分，可用it is (was) + 强调部分（主语、宾语或状语） + that(who）…的强调结构。本章要求了解代词it 和引词it 的各种用法，重点掌握it 用于前指或后指；引导词it 用于强调结构。

3、并列句

两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子，叫做并列句，其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。

并列连词有：and, but, or, so等。并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。

4、复合句

复杂句（Complex Sentence）由一个主句（Principal Clause）和一个或一个以上的从句（Subordinate Clause）构成。

主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；从句则是一个句子成分，不能独立存在。

从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样。所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词（connective）引导。

⑷ 英语里各种语法

that
可用在从句中
这三个也是指示代词，可以做主语。

that
is
my
book

they
are
walking.

these
handbag
are
not
mine.

⑸ 英语各种语法全解

1. 动词的时态和语态
1．1 动词的时态和语态一览表
时态语态 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时
主动被动 doare done didwere done will dowill be done
现在进行时 过去进行时 将来进行时
主动被动 are doingare being done were doingwere being done will be doing
现在完成时 过去完成时 将来完成时
主动 被动 have donehave been done had donehad been done will have donewill have been done
现在完成进行时
主动 被动 have been doing

1.2 动词主要时态的意义及运用
1) 现在完成时，过去完成时和将来完成时
英语提示语：up to now, so far, for three years, since 1995, over past ten years, by the end of this week, by the year of 1995
汉语提示语：已经，早已，了
e.g. We haven’t met each other since last year.
By the end of this week, we’ll have finished the task.
2) 现在完成进行时
从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。
汉语提示语：一直
e.g. The water has been running the whole night.
3) 过去完成时
a) said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。
e.g. He missed the train. He said he had missed the train.
b) hardly…when, no sooner… than
e.g. No sooner had he got up than he received the call.
c) 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的条件状语从句中
e.g. If I had tried harder, I would have won.
I wish I had done better in the exam.

历年考题中的动词时态和语态
1. Much of the carbon in the earth ___ (come) from things that once lived.
2. In the past two decades, research ___ (expand) our knowledge about sleep and dream.
3. Some proverbs ___ (be) in the language for 1,000 years, for example, A friend in need is a friend indeed.
4. ___ (stand) at the gate was a young man in green coat.
5. In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush’s approved rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling ___ (begin) in the 19302.
6. Seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day ___ (make) us tolerate crime more than we should.
7. So far, Irving ___ (live) in New York City for ten years.
8. The patient ___ (send) to another hospital before we got there.
9. The second half of the nineteenth century ___ (witness) the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi.
10. All the worries they might have felt for him ___ (drive) off by the sight of his cheerful face.

Key:
1. comes 一般现在时，主语为不可数名词，谓语用单数
2. has expanded 现在完成时
3. has been 现在完成时
4. Standing 过去进行时的倒装形式
5. began 一般过去时
6. makes 一般现在时，动名词做主语，谓语用单数
7. has been living 现在完成进行时
8. had been sent 过去完成时的被动形式
9. witnessed 一般过去时
10. were driven 一般过去时的被动
2. 非谓语动词
2.1 动词主要时态和语态一览表
非谓语动词 形式 意义
现在分词
一 般 式 Doing 主动, 正在进行
被 动 式 being done 被动, 正在进行
完成主动式 having done 主动, 已经完成
完成被动式 having been done 被动, 已经完成
过去分词 Done 被动, 已经完成
动词不定式
一 般 式 To do 主动,将要进行
被 动 式 To be done 被动, 将要进行
完成主动式 To have done 主动, 已经完成
进行主动式 To be doing 主动, 正在进行

2.2. 非谓语动词作状语
•动词不定式：1）目的状语；2）结果状语
e.g. I came here to meet you. （目的）
He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train. （结果）
•分词：1) 伴随状语；2）原因状语；3）条件状语 4）让步状语；5）时间状语
e.g. Walking along the street, he met his old friend. （时间）
Being very tired, my father didn’t go out with us. （原因）
Made by hand, the silk shirt is very expensive. （原因）
Seen from the space, the earth looks like a blue ball. (条件)
2.3 非谓语动词，状语从句和独立结构
1) Having done their homework, the children began to play. (分词作状语)
2) After having done their homework, the children began to play. （连词+分词）
3) After they had done their homework, the children began to play. （状语从句）
4) With homework done, the children began to play. （独立结构）

2.4 非谓语动词作定语
1) If there is no choice, there is no decision ___ (make). (to be made)
2) Do you know the man ____ ( stand) in front of the house? (standing)
3) The question ____ (discuss) at the moment is very important. (being discussed)
4) The bridge ____ (build) in the 1950s is still in good condition. (built)

2.5 动名词和动词不定式
• 作主语和表语
动名词作主语/表语表示一般、抽象的情况；动词不定时作主语表示具体某次的情况。
e.g Rising early is good for health.
To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me.
It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow.
My biggest wish is to go abroad.
Seeing is believing.
• 作宾语
接动名词作宾语的动词：
admit, acknowledge, avoid, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, forgive, finish, include, involve, mind, put off, postpone, suggest, feel like, look forward to, be used to, be accustomed to, etc.
接动词不定式作宾语的动词：
want, tend, intend, pretend, hope, plan, expect, be supposed to, seem, be likely to, used to, be willing to, desire, force, prefer, start, begin

接动名词和动词不定式有不同含义的动词：
1) forget, remember, regret
2) stop, continue
3) need/ want
4) allow doing/ allow sb to do
(1) How can I forget meeting you for the first time?
Sorry, I forgot to lock the door.
(2) I can’t stop laughing. Can you stop to give me a hand?
(3) The grass needs cutting. The grass needs to be cut.
(4) We don’t allow smoking here. You are not allowed to smoke here.

历年考题中的非谓语动词
1. A man cannot be really happy if what he enjoys ___ (do) is ignored by society as of no value or importance.
2. Anyone ___(want) to understand the instry of the future will have to know about robotics.
3. It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes ___ (control) his direction.
4. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals ___ (use) in experiments may decrease.
5. It seems reasonable to assume that, other things ___ (be) equal, they would prefer single to shared rooms.
6. This poem, if ___ (translate) word for word into Chinese, will make no sense.
7. They may have their passports _____ (remove), making leaving or “escaping” actually impossible.
8. Her body, with hands and feet ____ (bind), was discovered by a traveler early in the morning.
9. I couldn’t help but ___ (feel) this is a very strange life.
10. Let us consider the earth as a planet ____ (revolve) round the sun.

Key:
1. doing 动名词做enjoy的宾语
2. wanting 现在分词作定语
3. to control 动词不定式作目的状语
4. used 过去分词作定语
5. being 现在分词用在独立结构中
6. translated 连词加过去分词作状语
7. removed 过去分词作宾补
8. bound 过去分词用在独立结构中
9. feel couldn’t help but 后接动词原形
10. revolving 现在分词作定语
3. 虚拟语气
第一大类：非真实条件下的虚拟语气
时间 从句 主句
与现在事实相反 did/ were should/could/would + do
与过去事实相反 had done should/could/would + have done
与将来事实相反 were to doshould do should/could/would + do
e.g. If I were you, I would be happy to do it.
If we had got the news, we could have prepared earlier.
If the job were to succeed, you should work harder.

第二大类：从句中用过去时或过去完成时的虚拟语气
1) would rather + 从句
2) wish + 从句
3) if only + 从句
4) as if/ as though + 从句
5) It’s time + 从句
e.g. I would rather you didn’t tell me the story now.
I would rather you had told me the story yesterday.

第三大类：从句中用should加动词原形的虚拟语气，其中should可省略。
1) suggest, propose, advise, move(动议), ask, order, require, request, desire, insist, prefer 等动词后接的宾语从句；
2) suggestion, proposal, advice, motion, order, requirement, request, desire, preference等名词后的同位语从句；
3) important, necessary, essential, imperative, desirable, advisable, preferable 等形容词用在it is … that…句型中；
4) lest, in case, for fear that 等引导的从句中。
e.g. It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.
It is my suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off.
It is necessary that the meeting (should) be put off.
He came to the office earlier lest he (should) miss the important meeting.

历年考题中的虚拟语气
1. If it hadn’t been for your help, we ___ (be) in real trouble. He would have given you more help, if he ___ (not be) so busy.
3. It is high time that we ___ (take) firm measures to protect our environment.
4. It was imperative that students ___ (finish) their papers before July 1st.
5. They demanded that the right to vote ___ (give) to every alt person.There was a mistake on my paycheck. I _____(receive) $10 more.I would rather he ____ ( buy) the house next year. The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we ___ (meet) them before.
9. Should she come tomorrow, I ___ take her to the museum.
[A] can [B] will [C] would [D] must
10. If we ___ everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.
[A] hadn’t got [B] didn’t get [C] wouldn’t have got [D] wouldn’t get

Key:
1. would have been 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句
2. had not been 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的从句
3. took It is high time +过去式的虚拟形式
4. should finish/finish It was imperative that+动词原形的虚拟形式
5. be given demand所接宾语从句用动词原形的虚拟形式
6. should have received 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句，表示“本应该收到”而实际上没有。
7. bought would rather后接宾语从句，从句用过去式表示虚拟语气。
8. had met as if 所引导的从句用过去完成式表示虚拟语气。
9. C 与将来事实相反的虚拟语气的主句。
10. A 从句与现在事实相反，但本身已经是现在完成时（从by now可以看出），所以变为过去完成时。
结束语：
掌握语法题的要诀在于1）牢记上述表格；2）分清楚题目属于哪种具体情况；3）熟练套用正确形式；4）最后再检查一下是否应作必要的改动：如是否被动，三人称动词后加s，动词的不规则变化等。在理解上述表格的适用条件后，再通过大量作题来巩固，及时纠正出现的错误，我们一定能攻克语法难题，在语法部分得到一个理想的分数！
____…., …..
leave me _worrying__ (worry)
Leave the book _damaged__ (damage)
Enable me to solve the problem .
Enable the problem to be solved

I would rather not go with you.
I would rather I didn’t go with you.
It’s time it _was done_ (do) immediately.
It’s time to do it immediately.
He acted as if the book had been written (write) by him.

Command, demand
The order which/that is given by my boss is hard to carry out.
The order that the task should be finished (finish) today is hard to carry out.

1. Studies have shown ___ teenagers often suffer from depression.
A. that B. which C. in which D. in that
2. ____ driving around all day looking for somewhere to park, why don’t you take a bus to town?
A. In spite of B. Rather than
C. In place of D. other than
He hasn’t read one book _other than__ novels.
He has read no book other than novels.

3. In his composition there were no other errors ___ a few misspelled words.
A. except B. besides C. than D. beside
4. In deciding ___ a course of action, the candidates tried to estimate its likely impact on the voters.
A. how to pursue B. whether to pursue
C. how pursuing D. whether pursuing
5. The kids are ___ be hungry when they get home—they always are.
A. obliged to B. bound to C. desired to D. motivated to
6. It is said the conference is ____ (hold) in this hall next month. Is to be held
7. Little did they realize that they had made_ (make) an important discovery in science.
8. A life lived (live) without fantasy and daydreaming is a really poor life indeed.
9. They proposed that the chance (that is available to them) be explained____ (explain) in detail.
10. (They are afraid that) everything well prepared (prepare), they may still lose the game.
11. While compelled (compel) to make the decision in a hurry, he made the right choice.
12. He is said/known/reported to have made (make) a lot of money before he was thirty years old.

He is said to take the job next week.
He is said to have taken the job last week.

I find him to have made a lot of money…
He is found to have made…
He said he had made
13. He would like to buy a used_ (use) car instead of a new one.
14. Having been deprived of all his money, he had to find a job to support himself.
15. How can you explain the phenomenon that occurs (occur) again and again in our daily life?

⑹ 语法梳理全部英语

《高中英语语法通霸》对英语知识的梳理很到位。网上能下载电子文档。学英语就要下决心把英语学好，一点一点地学，还要反复复习。如果只为应付作业那就没意义了，

有语言学家说过：“语言是语法化的词汇。”也就是说，语言是按照语法规则组织起来的词汇。一句话表达得是否正确，主要是看它是否符合语法规则；任何一个错句，都能从语法上找到原因。因此，学好语法是学好一门语言的基础。
在当前的英语教学中，上面倡导要淡化语法教学，要重视学生综合应用能力的培养。实施这么多年来，老师们普遍感到学生准确应用英语的能力下降了很多，特别是“写”的能力。大部分学生写的英语作文“惨不忍睹”。这实际上是淡化语法教学所产生的严重后果。
学习母语不学语法只要“浸泡”得多就能学好，但在我国英语毕竟是一门外语，连第二语言都不是，只靠“浸泡”而不通过学习语法知识来帮助理清规律，至少对于相当多的学生是不适用的。一些没有学好语法的学生去美国上学，他们整天“浸泡”在英语环境中，“听”、“说”的能力提高了不少，但很多人“写”的能力却鲜有提高。
语法差的学生，总是感到自己的英语一塌糊涂。许多学生英语从“差”中逆转过来，就是从学好语法开始的。只有学好了语法，才能写出语法正确、句式灵活的句子来；只有学好了语法，才能读懂文章中的长难句；只有学好了语法，才能快速提高自己的“听”、“说”能力。语法是什么？语法是帮助你解决“写”、“读”、“说”、“听”中遇到的困难的知识的总称，语法是指导你正确使用英语的精华知识。
但现在许多人都害怕英语语法。一方面是因为现在盛行的教学理论在作怪，学校教学过于淡化语法教学，过于强调语言的“习得”，导致学生的语法基础较差。另一方面，是因为没有合适的语法资料。教材上的语法讲解，“千呼万唤始出来，犹抱琵琶半遮面”，总是放不下架子，就是讲一点，其深度比考试的难度要低得多，根本靠不住。书店里的语法资料，一类是语法大家们编的，旨在解释一些语法现象，本来就不是给高中学生看的，有些知识学生看了没有用，有些知识学生根本看不懂。再一类就是一些名校编的资料，由于编写有时间有限、稿酬是按编的页数给的，这类资料大部分粗制滥造，总是先笼统地讲解一下，再弄点题一凑就好了。结果是，考点没讲清，练习针对性又不强，学生前学后忘，印象不深。
本书由有二十多年教学经验的一线教师所编，原是编者在平时教学备课中精细编写的教学讲义，经过多年修改完善，日臻系统、成熟。发到网上后，成为热门资料，在热心读者的推荐下，获得出版社的正式出版。在编排上，本书有以下特点：
一、针对性强。在编写时，用的是“归纳”法。先下载近十几年的高考真题，按考点逐题归类，归类时特别注意了学生学习过程中的难点和易混点。最后再在需要的地方加上必要的讲解，因此重点、难点突出，详略得当，针对性强。
二、选题经典。书中绝大部分练习题都是经过精挑细选的高考真题。在选择练习题时，主要是从其典型性、思维容量和所含语言点是否丰富，写作是否能用，里面是否含有完形填空可能出的词等多个方面考虑。因此也有相当多的题是保留了十几年前的题而舍弃了近几年的高考题。
三、题量科学。我们发现，针对每个考点的练习量如果过大的话，效果也不好。练习量少的话，譬如两三个，我们就可以轻松自如地在脑中翻动、回味这些题，效果反而更好。因此，就忍痛删去了许多来之不易的好题。
四、重视习题排序。有人说，像这样把同类型的题编排在一起，学生容易猜到答案，而不去思考。于是我们就做了一个实验，我们把不同类型的题混在一起，但再看时，发觉做后效果反而不好了，做后印象不深、规律在脑中不清晰。然后又把题按类型编排，同类型的题列在一起，再看一下，感觉真好！学知识同如向某个空间放东西一样，有条理了就好放也好找，杂乱了就不好放，用时也不容易找到。科学家对大脑的研究也表明，信息在脑中存放、排列是有规律的。
五、考点目录化。本书编了详细的目录，分为“章”、“讲”和“考点”三个级别。老师想讲解某个知识点或者学生想查看某个知识点的讲解时，可以借助目录轻松找到。
六、练习题型多样化，适用于多个题型的备考。本书每一节分为两部分。“考点精讲精练”先按考点进行简明讲解，然后以单选题的形式强化所学考点知识。“综合技能提升”以单句改错、语法填空、汉译英三种形式对所学的重点语法知识再进一步巩固。这部分的练习题，大部分来自高考真题，但又不拘泥于高考真题，可以从根本上来提高学生做短文改错、语法填空、书面表达的能力。“长难句分析技巧”一章介绍的“七字秘诀”是破解长难句的钥匙，有利于提高学生的阅读能力。
本书的这种编排，适合全国各省考生的使用。学生一看就懂，一做就会，有效地解决了语法学习中费时低效的问题。老师利用这本资料，可以使语法课不再空洞乏味。学生利用这本书，可以使语法学习变得有趣高效，优生可以利用此书来巩固自己的学科优势，待优生可以利用此书来实现英语上的彻底逆转。
本书使用方法：
与其看好多书，前看后忘，还不如反复把一本书看熟。因此，在心中要树立“我要把这本书上所有的题都做熟”这个目标，要有“只要把这本书学好，我的语法就是最棒的”这种信念。本书的使用方法：认真做、反复看。
做：如果时间允许的话，可以从前到后按顺序全做；如果时间不允许的话，可以挑自己不太懂的专题或重点专题有针对性地做。
查：在做别的资料上的练习遇到难题时，可以借助本书前面的目录方便地找到相应的考点，里面有讲解、有针对性的练习，从而有效地解决学生遇到的问题。
读：还有同学花费大量时间来“读”这本书，效果也非常好。“读”并不是死记硬背，因为“读”可以使“看题”的速度慢下来，从而可以使学生有更多的时间去思考、去理解掌握语法规律。本书所选习题大都语言点丰富，读熟后对提高写作能力和做完形能力的帮助也很大。
使用此书的注意事项：
速度要慢：要读完每个选项，既要知道为什么要选这个，也要知道为什么不选那几个。
标记难题：对做错的题或一些好题，要做上标记，以便随后复习。
及时复习：对标记过的题，还有用粉红底纹标记出的概念及要点，都要及时复习，这样才能提高学习效率；要反复复习，这样才能确保学习效果。
要“有效”学习：一章完全学会弄熟后再学下一章，这样才有成就感。学习最忌讳半生不熟，前学后忘。

⑺ 英语语法总结，所有的

一、非谓语动词

“非谓语动词”可分为动词不定式、动名词和分词。它在句子中的作用很多：除了不作谓语外，它可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语与复合宾语(主语补语或宾语补语)。有些及物动词后面接不带to的不定式作复合宾语。这些动词归纳如下：一感(feel)．二听(hear，listen to)，三让(have，1et， make)，四看(see，watCh，notice，observe)。再加上help somebody(to)do something和美国英语look at somebody do somthing。还有“二让”属特殊：get somebody to do something 与keep somebody doing。而有些及物动词后面接动名词(the -ing form)作宾语。这些动词归纳为一句话：Papa C makes friends。这是由如下动词的开头字母组成：permit，advise， practise，avoid,consider,mind, allow,keep,enjoy,suggest, finish，risk，imagine,escape,need，delay，stand(忍受)。 为了容易记住，也可以编成顺口溜：“允许完成练习，建议避免冒险，考虑延期逃跑，喜欢保持想象，需要反对忍受”。其相对应的动词依次是：permit/allow,finish,practise；
advise／suggest， avoid，risk： consider， delay， escape／miss； enjoy／appreciate， keep， imagine； need/want／require,mind． can't help／can’t stand。

二、复合句

1、学生最容易混淆的是定语从句与同位语从句的区别。

例如：A、The news that our team has won the match is true． (同位语从句)
B、The news that he told us surprised everybody here． (定语从句)

关键的区别在于连接或关系代词that：有意义的是定语， 无意义的是同位。因为引导定语从句的that在从句中作主语或 宾语，而引导同位语从句的that只起到连接词的作用。

2、接着容易混淆的是引导定语从句的关系代词that与 which：that之前是不定(代词)、序数(词)、(形容词)最高级：which之前是介词短语与逗号(非限制性)。

例如：A、All that we have to do is to practise every day．
B、The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten．
C、I have lost my pen，which I like very much.
D、The house in front of which there is a garden is my home．

三、It的用法

1、It除了代替人和物以外，还可以作形式主语。而真正的主语(不定式、动名词或从句)则放于谓语或表语之后。

例如：It is nor easy to finish the work in two days.

然而有少数表语之后接动名词作真正的主语。这些表语是：无助(no help)、无用(no use)、没好处(no good)；工作(hard work)、费时(a waste of time)、又危险(a danger)。

例如：A、It is no use crying over spilt milk.
B、It is a waste of time waiting for him．

2、It还可以作形式宾语。通常下列动词后面可接it作形式宾语：2f2tcjm(find，feel,think,take,consider，judge, make)。

例如：A、He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject．
B、I think it no use arguing with him.

3、It用于强调句式。要强调句子的某一部分(主语、宾语、 状语)，可以把it当作先行词。这种句子的结构是：It is(was)+ 被强调部分+that(who)+句子的其余部分。

例如：A、It iS Professor Lin who teaches us English—(强调主语)
B、It was in Shanghai that l saw the film.—(强调状语)
C、It was in 1990 that I worked in the factory．(同上)

但要注意与定语从句的区别。
例如：D、It was 1990 when I worked in the factory．(定语从句)

在强调句式里，我们把强调结构It is(was)…that除去，句子还很完整。如例句C。而例句D就不能。

四、倒装结构

学生容易混淆的是全部倒装与部分倒装。如何区分之，编个顺口溜：副(adv.)介(prep．)提前全倒装，其它句式部分倒；否定提前倒助动，让步状语倒表语；复合句式倒主句，不
倒装的属特殊。下面举例说明：

A、Here comes the bus．(副词提前，全倒装)
B、Here he comes.(代词作主语，不倒装)
C、In front of the house lies a garden.(介词短语提前，全倒装)
D、Never shall I do this again.(否定词提前，部分倒装)
E、Young as he is ,he knows a lot.(让步状语从句，表语倒装)
F、Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in．(only 修饰状语，主句倒装)
G、Only he can save the patient.(only修饰主语．不倒装)
H、Not only will help be given to people,but also medical treatment will be provided.(否定词提前，部分倒装)
I、Not only he but also we like sports.(连接两个主语，不倒装)

五、虚拟语气

虚拟语气也是一个难点。所谓虚拟语气是表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。它通过句子的谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。现归纳如下：纯假设，用虚拟，动词时态退一级：条件句，分主从，主句谓语前加would (should,could，might)；表愿望,用虚拟，wish后面接宾语(从句)：现在过去与将来，动词时态退一级：提建议，用虚拟，宾语(从句)动词用(should)do：俩建议，三要求，再加坚持与命令(suggest,advise,demand,require,request,insist,order)：It is time和eoukd rather,后接丛句用虚拟：部分主语从句中， 谓语用虚拟结构 (It is necessry /important/natural/natural/strange/strange that……should do)。 下面举例说明：

A、If you came tomorrow,we would have the metting. (条件句虚拟)
B、Without air,there would be no living things.(同上)
C、We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.(表示愿望虚拟）
D、He demanded that we (should)start right away.(表示建议虚拟)
E、It is(high)time that we left (should leave)now．(特殊从句虚拟）
F、I would rather you gave me the book．(同上)
G、It is necessary that we should clean the room everyday，(主语从句虚拟)
H、He speaks English so fluently as if he were English． (特殊从句虚拟)

⑻ 所有的英语语法

( 动词的时态) 11.1 一般现在时的用法 1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如： The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 3） 表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。 4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如： I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。 比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。 11.2 一般过去时的用法 1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如： Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？ 2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如： When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。 Whenever the Browns went ring their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。 3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ，例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。 4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。） Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着） Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。） Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去） 注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。 1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如： Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？ I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。 2）情态动词 could, would。例如： Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？ 11.3 used to / be used to used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如： Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。 Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。 be used to + doing：对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。例如： He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。 典型例题 ---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it. ---- It's 69568442. A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't 答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。 11.4 一般将来时 1） shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如： Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？ Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？ 2） be going to +不定式，表示将来。 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？ b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be proced next month。这出戏下月开播。 c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。 3） be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如： We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。 4） be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如： He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。 注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如： If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 11.6 be to和be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如： I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排） I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排） 11.7 一般现在时表将来 1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如： The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。 When does the ...

⑼ 英语所有语法知识

可以在搜索引擎中搜索“英语语法网”，那里有很丰富的语法内容。

⑽ 英语的所有语法

英语语法是针对英语语言进行研究后，系统地总结归纳出来的一系列语言规则。语法是组词造句的规则，是把合适的词放进合适位置的艺术文化底蕴，语法可以分成为两大部分：分别为词法和句法。词法包括各类词的形态及其变化，句法主要讲句子的种类和类型，句子成分以及遣词造句的规律。语法的精髓在于掌握语言的使用。
具体你可以查看网络：http://ke..com/link?url=jwqbYT1FCToJiUWXZFgh900gk-L2IhcnRcSuloMfLO9a__QHdbZ38zW7o5t_QdiR_I1Eo6dK-qgOY8ayHNO