A. 初三英语重点短语和语法
自己整理！！！！
B. 帮我总结初中英语每本书的每个单元的语法。
初一上册！！！
名词的复数形式一般在单数后面加-S或-es (构成方法和发音规则)
s在清辅音后发/s/ 如.desks maps;
在浊辅音、元音后发/z/ 如.jobs workers;
es有两种情况：一般情况下同s，发音是/s , z/
感叹句是用来表达说话者说话时的惊异、喜悦、愤怒、气愤等思想感情的句子。其结构常由感叹词“What(How)+感叹的部分+主语+谓语！”构成。读时一般用降调。主要有以下两大句型：
一、由感叹词what引导的感叹句。
what修饰名词或名词短语，有以下两种形式：
1. What+a(an)+（形容词）+单数可数名词+主语+谓语！如：
What an apple this is!
What a fine day it is!
2. What+(形容词）+可数名词复数或不可数名词+主语+谓语！
What kind women they are!
What nice music it is!
二、由How引导的感叹句。
how用来修饰形容词、副词或动词。其结构是：How+形容词（副词）+主语+谓语！
How hard the worker are working!
How clever the girl is!
How quickly the boy is writing!
注意：当how修饰动词时，动词不跟着感叹词提到主语之前。
How the runner runs!
三、what与how引导的感叹句，一般情况下可以相互转换，转换后意义不变。如：
What an interesting story it is!==How interesting the story is!
what a beautiful bulding it is!==How beautiful the building is!
四、在口语中，感叹句的主语和谓语常常省略。如：
What a nice present!（省略it is）
How disappointed!（省略she is或其它可作本句主、谓的词语）
回答者： 萍mm - 护国法师 十五级 6-20 09:38
感叹句的句型特点及做法：
一、如何快速掌握感叹句？
学会分析五种基本句型的句子成分是快速掌握感叹句的关键，陈述句变感叹句实际上就是句子成分位置的移动。
例1 She is smiling sweetly.
→How sweetly she is smiling!（移动状语）
二、哪些句子成分可能会移动位置？
通过对句子成分的分析我们就可以确定哪个句子成分需要挪动位置，一般说来含有形容词的名词短语、形容词短语和副词短语需要变动位置。位置可能会变动的句子成分：宾语、表语和状语。
例2 Mr Turner told us a funny story.
→What a funny story Mr Turner told us!（移动宾语含有形容词的名词短语）
三、如何确定使用what还是使用how？
当我们做句型变换或选择题时需要自己确定到底是用what还是用how，一般可以这样来确定：位于主语之前的是名词短语时用what，是形容词或副词短语时用how。但这种格式例外: how + adj. + a/ an + N
例3 What a cool bike you are riding!（a cool bike 名词短语）
例 4 How fast he is riding!（fast 副词）
例 5 How cool a bike you are riding!（how + adj. + a/ an +N）
四、如何判断是否使用冠词、使用什么样的冠词？
名词的复数形式和不可数名词之前不使用冠词，以元音音素开头的词语之前用an，以辅音音素开头的词语之前用a。
例6 What beautiful sunshine it is today!（sunshine 不可数名词）
例7 What a useful book this is!（useful 以辅音音素开头）
例8 What an old house that is!（old 以元音音素开头）
五、感叹句有哪几种格式？
简单地说是"两型七式"：两种句型是以what开头的句型和以how开头的句型，七种格式是
① what + a + adj. + N+ S +V
② what + an + adj. +N +S +V
③ what + adj. + N（不可数） + S +V
④ what + adj. + N（可数名词复数形式）+ S+V
⑤ how + adj.+ S +V
⑥ how + adv. + S + V
⑦ how + adj. + a/ an + N + S+V
例 What exciting news it is!（what + adj. + N（可数名词复数形式）+ S + V结构）
例9 What good teachers they are!（what + adj. + N（可数名词复数形式）+ S+V结构）
例10 How warmly they are discussing!（how + adv. + S + V结构）
例11 How beautiful a picture it is！（how + adj. + a/ an + N + S + V 结构）
六、以what开头的句型和以how开头的句型怎样进行转换？
这两种句型之间的转换主要是指以下两种情况而言的:
⒈含有"a/ an + adj. + N "结构的句子方法是把形容词单独抽出来放在名词短语的前面和how搭配使用。
⒉名词短语作主语而表语是形容词的句子方法是把主语当作"a/ an + adj. + N"结构的中心名词而用人称代词充当主语。
例12 What an expensive glass he broke! →How expensive a glass he broke!
例13 How beautiful the birds are! →what beautiful birds they are!
（说明：N代表名词，未特别说明者代表可数名词的单数形式，S代表主语，V代表动词）
七、在感叹句中哪些词语常常省略？
常常省略的是充当主语的人称代词和动词be。
例14 What a naughty boy!（省略了he is
C. 初三英语语法要点有哪些请详细点，谢谢！
展开全部
第1章
名词
中考预测
真题解析
语法脉络
考点精讲
考点1
可数名词的单数如何考查?
考点2
可数名词复数要注意哪些用法?
考点3
运用不可数名词要注意什么?
考点4
名词前如何加数量词?
考点5
名词所有格有哪些特别用法?
考点6
名词充当不同的句子成分时要注意什么?
考点7
易混名词辨析
考点专练
提高练习
综合测试
第2章
代词
中考预测
真题解析
语法脉络
考点精讲
考点1
如何判断人称代词的“格”与“性别”?
考点2
多个人称代词并列使用时,如何排列顺序?
考点3
代词it有哪些特殊用法?
考点4
如何区分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词?
考点5
反身代词有哪些固定词组?
考点6
指示代词有哪些特殊用法?
考点7
such和the
same如何用作指示代词?
考点8
如何区分wh0,whom,whose以及what和which?
考点9
区分几组不定代词
考点10
怎样运用复合不定代词?
考点11
如何运用关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which?
考点专练
提高练习
综合测试
第3章
数词
中考预测
真题解析
语法脉络
考点精讲
考点1
记忆基数词有什么规律?
考点2
记忆序数词有什么规律?
考点3
如何运用hundred,thousand,million,billion?
考点4
如何用英语表示分数?
考点6
序数词前什么时候不用the修饰?
考点7
如何表达时刻和日期?
考点8
“扎十岁”和“年代”怎么表达?
考点专练
提高练习
综合测试
第4章
冠词
中考预测
真题解析
语法脉络
考点精讲
考点1
a,an如何区分?
考点2
不定冠词a,an有哪些特殊用法?
考点3
如何区别a/an和one?
考点4
初中阶段有哪些含有a/an的固定词组?
考点5
定冠词the有哪些特殊用法?
考点6
初中阶段有哪些含有the的固定短语?
考点7
什么时候不用冠词?
考点8
初中阶段有哪些不加冠词的固定短语?
考点9
某些词组,用不用冠词,意思不同
考点10
冠词在句中处于什么位置?
考点11
如何用冠词表示类别?
考点专练
提高练习
综合测试
第5章
介词
中考预测
真题解析
语法脉络
考点精讲
考点1
如何用at,in,on表示时间?
考点2
如何使用till/until和by表示间?
考点3
since和for有什么区别?
考点4
表示一段时间的介词有哪些?
考点5
地点介词有什么用法?
考点6
表示范围的介词in,Oil,to如巾区别使用?
考点7
表示方式的介词有哪些?怎么使用?
考点8
in和after,of和t0,except和besides有什么区别?
考点9
初中阶段有哪些介词短语?
考点专练
提高练习
综合测试
第6章
形容词
中考预测
真题解析
语法脉络
考点精讲
考点1
形容词可作主语或宾语吗?
考点2
哪些形容词只能用作表语?哪些只能作定语?
考点3
在哪些情况下形容词作后置定语?
……
第7章
副词
第8章
连词
第9章
动词分类
第10章
情态动词及虚拟语气
第11章
动词时态及语态
第12章
非谓语动词
第13章
简单句
第14章
并列句和复合句
第15章
There
be
句型及直接引语
第16章
主谓一致
参考答案
后记
“不考语法的时代”如何学语法
D. 初三英语1到3单元语法复习提纲。
九年级英语各单元知识点小结
Unit1
1. by + doing 通过……方式 如：by studying with a group
by 还可以表示：“在…旁”、“靠近”、“在…期间”、“用” 、“经过”、“乘车”等
如：I live by the river.
I have to go back by ten o’clock.
The thief entered the room by the window.
The student went to park by bus.
2. talk about 谈论，议论，讨论
如：The students often talk about movie after class. 学生们常常在课后讨论电影。
talk to sb. = talk with sb. 与某人说话
3. 提建议的句子：
①What/ how about +doing sth.? 如：What/ How about going shopping?
②Why don’t you + do sth.? 如：Why don’t you go shopping?
③Why not + do sth. ? 如：Why not go shopping?
④Let’s + do sth. 如： Let’s go shopping
⑤Shall we/ I + do sth.? 如：Shall we/ I go shopping?
4. a lot 许多 常用于句末 如：I eat a lot. 我吃了许多。
5. too…to 太…而不能 常用的句型 too + adj./adv. + to do sth.
如：I’m too tired to say anything. 我太累了，什么都不想说。
6. aloud, loud与loudly的用法
三个词都与"大声"或"响亮"有关。
①aloud是副词,重点在出声能让人听见,但声音不一定很大,常用在读书或说话上。通常放在动词之后。aloud没有比较级形式。
如: He read the story aloud to his son. 他朗读那篇故事给他儿子听。
②loud可作形容词或副词。用作副词时,常与speak, talk, laugh等动词连用,多用于比较级,须放在动词之后。如: She told us to speak a little louder. 她让我们说大声一点。
③loudly是副词,与loud同义,有时两者可替换使用,但往往含有令人讨厌或打扰别人的意思,可位于动词之前或之后。
如: He does not talk loudly or laugh loudly in public. 他不当众大声谈笑。
7. not …at all 一点也不 根本不
如：I like milk very much. I don’t like coffee at all. 我非常喜欢牛奶。我一点也不喜欢咖啡。
not经常可以和助动词结合在一起，at all 则放在句尾。
8. be / get excited about sth.
= be / get excited about doing sth.
= be excited to do sth. 对…感到兴奋
如：I am / get excited about going to Beijing.
=I am excited to go to Beijing. 我对去北京感到兴奋。
9. ① end up doing sth 终止做某事，结束做某事 如：
The party ended up singing. 晚会以唱歌而结束。
② end up with sth. 以…结束 如：
The party ended up with her singing. 晚会以她的歌唱而告终。
10. first of all 首先
. to begin with 一开始
later on 后来、随后
11. also 也、而且（用于肯定句）常在句子的中间（实义动词之前，be动词之后）
either 也（用于否定句）常在句末
too 也 (用于肯定句) 常在句末
12. make mistakes 犯错 如：I often make mistakes. 我经常犯错。
make a mistake 犯一个错误 如I have made a mistake. 我已经犯了一个错误。
13. laugh at sb. 笑话；取笑（某人） 如：Don’t laugh at me! 不要取笑我!
14. take notes 做笔记，做记录
15. enjoy doing sth . 喜欢做…乐意做…
如：She enjoys playing football. 她喜欢踢足球。
enjoy oneself 过得愉快 如：He enjoyed himself. 他过得很愉快。
16. native speaker 说本族语的人
17. make up 组成、构成
18. one of +(the+ 形容词最高级)+名词复数形式 …其中之一
如： She is one of the most popular teachers. 她是最受欢迎的教师之一。
19. It’s +形容词+(for sb. ) to do sth. (对于某人来说)做某事…
如：It’s difficult (for me ) to study English. 对于我来说学习英语太难了。
句中的it 是形式主语，真正的主语是to study English
20. practice doing 练习做某事 如：
She often practice speaking English. 她经常练习说英语。
21. decide to do sth. 决定做某事 如：
Li Lei has decided to go to Beijing . 李雷已经决定去北京。
22. unless 假如不，除非 引导条件状语从句
如：You will fail unless you work hard..假如你不努力你会失败。
I won’t write unless he writes first. 除非他先写要不我不写
23. deal with 处理 如：I dealt with a lot of problem.
24. worry about sb./ sth. 担心某人/ 某事
如：Mother worried about his son just now. 妈妈刚才很担心他的儿子。
25. be angry with sb. 对某人生气 如：I was angry with her. 我对她生气。
26. perhaps = maybe 也许
27. go by (时间) 过去 如： Two years went by. 两年过去了。
28. see sb. / sth. doing 看见某人正在做某事 强调动作正在发生
see sb. / sth. do 看见某人在做某事
如： She saw him drawing a picture in the classroom. 她看见他正在教室里画画。
29. each other 彼此
30. regard…as … 把……看作为……
如：The boys regarded Anna as a fool. 这些男孩把安娜看成傻瓜了。
31. too many 许多 修饰可数名词复数 如：too many girls
too much 许多 修饰不可数名词 如：too much milk
much too 太 修饰形容词 如：much too beautiful
32. change…into… 将……变为……
如：The magician changed the pen into a book. 这个魔术师将钢笔变为一本书。
33. with the help of sb. = with one’s help 在某人的帮助下
如：with the help of Li Lei = with Li Lei’s help 在李雷的帮助下
34. compare …to … 把……与……相比
如：Compare you to Anna, you are lucky. 你和安娜相比，你是幸运的。
35. instead 代替 用在句末，副词（字面上常不译出来）
instead of sth. / doing sth. 代替，而不是 用在句中，做动词
如：Last summer I went to Beijing. This year I’m going to Shanghai instead.去年夏天我去了北京, 今年我将要去上海。
I will go instead of you. 我将代替你去。
He stayed at home instead of going swimming. 他呆在家里而不是去游泳。
Unit2
1. used to do sth. 过去常常做某事
否定形式： didn’t use to do sth. / used not to do sth.
如：He used to play football after school. 放学后他过去常常踢足球。
Did he use to play football? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
He didn’t use to smoke. 他过去不吸烟。
2. 反意疑问句
①肯定陈述句＋否定提问 如：Lily is a student, isn’t she?
Lily will go to China, won’t she?
②否定陈述句＋肯定提问 如：She doesn’t come from China, does she?
You haven’t finished homework, have you?
③提问部分用代词而不用名词如：Lily is a student, isn’t she?
④陈述句中含有否定意义的词，如little, few, never, nothing, hardly等。其反意疑问句用肯定式。 如：He knows little English, does he? 他一点也不懂英语，不是吗？ They hardly understood it, did they? 他们几乎不明白，不是吗？
3. play the piano 弹钢琴
4. ①be interested in sth. 对…感兴趣
②be interested in doing sth. 对做…感兴趣
如：He is interested in math, but he isn’t interested in speaking English. 他对数学感兴趣，但是他对说英语不感兴趣。
5. interested adj. 感兴趣的，指人对某事物感兴趣，往往主语是人
interesting adj.有趣的，指某事物/某人具有趣味，主语往往是物
6. still 仍然，还：
①用在be 动词的后面 如：I’m still a student.
②用在行为动词的前面 如：I still love him.
7. the dark 天黑，晚上，黑暗
8. 害怕… be terrified of sth. 如：I am terrified of the dog.
be terrified of doing sth. 如：I am terrified of speaking.
9. on 副词，表示（电灯、电视、机械等）在运转中/打开，其反义词off.
with the light on 灯开着
10. walk to somewhere 步行到某处 walk to school 步行到学校
11. spend 动词，表示“花费金钱、时间”
①spend…on sth. 在某事上花费（金钱、时间）
②spend…doing sth. 花费（金钱、时间）去做某事 如：
He spends too much time on clothes. 他在衣着上花费了太多的时间。
He spend 3 months building the bridge.他花费了三个月去建这座桥。
pay for 花费 如：I pay 10 yuan for the book. 我花了10元买这本书。
12. take 动词 有“花费”的意思 常用的结构有：
It take sb. some time to do sth. 如：It takes me a day to read the book.
take … to do sth.
13. chat with sb. 与某人闲聊 如：I like to chat with him. 我喜欢和他聊天。
14. worry about sb./ sth. 担心某人/某事 worry 是动词
be worried about sb./sth. 担心某人/某事 worried 是形容词
如：Don’t worry about him. 不用担心他。
Mother is worried about her son. 妈妈担心他的儿子。
15. all the time 一直、始终
16. take sb. to + 地方 送/带某人去某个地方 如：
A person took him to the hospital. 一个人把他送到了医院。
Lui took me home. 刘把我送回了家。(home 的前面不能用to)
hardly adv. 几乎不、没有
17. hardly ever 很少
hardly 修饰动词时，通常放在助动词、情态动词之后，实义动词之前:
助动词/情态动词＋hardly
hardly + 实义动词
如：I can hardly understand them. 我几乎不能够明白他们。
I hardly have time to do it. 我几乎没有时间去做了。
18. miss v. 思念、想念、 错过
19. in the last few years. 在过去的几年内 常与完成时连用
如：I have lived in China in the last few years. 在过去的几年内我在中国住。
20. be different from 与…不同
21. how to swim 怎样游泳
不定式与疑问词连用：动词不定式可以和what, which, how, where, when 等引导的疑问句连用，构成不定式短语。如：
The question is when to start. 问题是什么时候开始。
I don’t know where to go. 我不知道去哪。
22. make sb./ sth. + 形容词 make you happy
make sb./ sth. + 动词原形 make him laugh
23. move to +地方 搬到某地 如：I moved to Beijing last year.
24. it seems that +从句 看起来好像…… 如：
It seems that he has changed a lot. 看起来他好像变了许多。
25. help sb. with sth. 帮某人某事She helped me with English. 她帮助我学英语。
help sb. (to ) do sth. 帮某人做某事 如：She helped me (to) study English。 她帮助我学习英语。
26. fifteen-year-old 作形容词 15岁的
fifteen-year-olds 作名词 指15岁的人
fifteen years old 指年龄 15岁 如：
a fifteen-year-old boy 一个15岁的男孩
Fifteen-year-olds like to sing. 15岁的人喜欢唱歌。
I am fifteen years old . 我是15岁。
27.支付不起… can’t /couldn’t afford to do sth.
can’t / couldn’t afford sth.
如：I can’t/couldn’t afford to buy the car.
I can’t/couldn’t afford the car. 我买不起这辆小车。
28. as + 形容词/副词＋as sb. could/can/possible 尽可能……的 如：
Zhou run as fast as her could/can. 周尽可能快的在跑。
29. get into trouble with 遇到麻烦
30. in the end 最后
31. make a decision 下决定 下决心
32. to one’s surprise 令某人惊讶的是 如：
to their surprise 令他们惊讶的是 to Li Lei’s surprise令李雷惊讶的是
33. take pride in sth. 以…而自豪 如：
His father always take pride in him. 他的爸爸总是以他而自豪
34. pay attention to sth. 对…注意，留心 如：
You must pay attention to your friend. 你应该多注意你的朋友。
35. be able to do sth. 能做某事 如：She is able to do it. 她能够做到。
36. give up doing sth. 放弃做某事 如：
My father has given up smoking. 我爸爸已经戒烟了。
37.不再 ①no more = no longer 如：
I play tennis no more/ longer.我不再打网球。
②not …any more = not …any longer 如：
I don’t play tennis any more/longer. 我不再打网球。
38. go to sleep 入睡
Unit3
1.语态：
①英语有两种语态：主动语态和补动语态
主动语态表示是动作的执行者
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者
Cats eat fish. （主动语态）猫吃鱼。
Fish is eaten by cats. (被动语态) 鱼被猫吃。
②被动语态的构成
由“助动词be ＋及物动词的过去分词”构成
助动词be 有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be 作为连系动词时完全一样。
时态 被动语态结构 例句
一般现在 时 am
are +过去分词
is English is spoken in many countries.
一般过去 时 was +过去分词
were + 过去分词 This bridge was built in 1989.
情 态
动 词 can/should
may +be+过去分词
must/… The work must be done right now.
③被动语态的用法
当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者，或者只需强调动作的承受者时，要用被动语态。
2. allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事（主动语态）如：
Mother allows me to watch TV every night. 妈妈允许我每晚看电视。
be allowed to do sth. 被允许做某事（被动语态）如：
Lily is allowed to go to Qinzhou. 莉莉被允许去钦州。
3. get their ears pierced 穿耳洞
让/使（别人）做某事 get sth. done (过去分词)
have sth. done (过去分词)
如：I get my car mended. = I have my car mended. 我让别人修好我的车
4. enough 足够
形容词＋enough 如：beautiful enough 足够漂亮
enough＋名词 如：enough food 足够食物
enough to 足够…去做…
如：I have enough money to go to Beijing. 我有足够的钱去北京。
She is old enough to go to school. 她够大去读书了。
5. stop doing sth. 停止做某事 Please stop speaking.请停止说话。
stop to do sth. 停止下来去做其他事 Please stop to speak. 请停下来去说话。
6. 看起来好像…sb. seem to do sth. = it seems that +从句
He seems to feel very sad.=It seems that he feels very sad. 他看起来好像很伤心。
7. 系动词不能独立作谓语，要和表语一起构成谓语。常用的连系动词有：look, feel, be, become, get, turn, smell, taste, stay(保持), kept等。连系动词除be 和become 等少数词可接名词作表语外，一般都是接形容词。 如：
They are very happy. He became a doctor (n.)two years ago. She felt very tired.
8. 倒装句:
由so＋助动词(be/do/will/have)/情态动词＋主语 意为：…也是一样
She is a student. So am I. 她是一个学生，我也是。
She went to school just now. So did I . 她刚才去学校了，我也是
She has finished the work. So have I . 她已经完成了工作,我也完成了。
She will go to school. So will he. 她将去学校，他也是。
9. yet 仍然，还 常用在否定句或疑问句当中
10. stay up 熬夜如：I often stay up until 12:00pm.我经常熬夜到12点。
11. clean up 打扫 整理 如：I have cleaned up the bedroom. 我已经打扫完了卧室。
12. 程度副词：
always总是 usually经常 sometimes有时 never从不
如：I am always/usually/sometimes/never late for school.
我总是/经常/有时/从不上学迟到。
13. 曾经做某事：
Do you ever get to school late? Yes, I do. /No, I don’t.
Have you ever got to school late? Yes, I have. /No, I haven’t.
14. go shopping(去购物), go fishing(去钓鱼), go swimming(去游泳), go boating(去划船), go hiking(去登山), go trekking(去徒步)
15. be strict with sb. 对某人严厉 如：Mother is strict with her son. 妈妈对她的儿子很严厉。
be strict in sth. 对某（事）物要求严格
16. take the test 参加考试
pass the test 通过考试
fail the test 考试失败
17. the other day 前几天
18. agree 同意 反义词 disagree不同意 动词
agreement 同意 反义词 disagreement 不同意 名词
18. keep sb/ sth. ＋形容词 使某人/某物保持…… 如：
We should keep our city clean.我们应该保持我们的城市干净。
19. both…and…+动词
如： Both Jim and Li Ming play basketball.
20. learn (sth.) from sb. 向某人学习(什么) 如：
Jim learnt English from his English teacher. 吉姆向他的英语老师学习英语
21. have an opportunity to do sth. 有机会做某事
have a chance of doing sth. 有机会做某事
如：I have an opportunity to go to Beijing. I have a chance of going to Beijing.
22. at present 目前
23. at least 最少 at most 最多
24. 花费 take ,cost, spend , pay
sth. take (sb.) time to do sth. It took (me) 10days to read the book.
sth. cost (sb.) … The book cost (me) 100yuan.
sb. spend … on sth. She spent 10days on this book.
sb. spend …doing sth. She spent 10days reading this book.
sb. pay … for sth. She paid 10yuan for this book.
25. have +时间段+off 放假，休息 如：have 2 days off
26. reply to 答复某人 如：She replayed to MrGreen.
27. agree with sth. 同意某事 如：I agree with that idea.
agree to sb. 同意某人的意见 如：I agree to LiLei.
28. get in the way of 碍事，妨碍 如：
Her social life got in the way of her studies. 她的社会生活妨碍了她的学习。
29. success n. succeed v. successful adj. successfully adv.
30. think about 与think of 的区别
①当两者译为： 认为、想起、记着时，两者可互用
I often think about/ of that day. 我经常想起那天。
②think about 还有“考虑”之意 ，think of 想到、想出时两者不能互用
At last, he thought of a good idea. 最后他想出了一个好主意。
We are thinking about going to Qinzhou. 我们正在考虑去钦州。
31. 对… 热衷， 对…兴趣
be serious about doing 如：She is serious about dancing. 她对跳舞热衷。
be serious about sth. 如：She is serious about him. 她对他感兴趣。
32. practice doing 练习做某事 She often practice speaking English.
33. care about sb. 关心某人 如：Mother often care about her son.
34. also 也 用于句中 I am also a student. 我也是一个学生
either也 用于否定句且用于句末 I am a student too. 我也是一个学生。
too 也 用于肯定句且用于句末 I am not a student either. 我也不是一个学生。
希望对你有所帮助！
E. 初三人教版英语各单元知识点
Unit1：来by 的用法 by+v-ing
Unit2：used to be 是源重点 意思是 “过去常常”
Unit3：被动语态 sb should be allowed to do sth “某人应该被允许做某事
Unit4：虚拟语气 If i were …，i would …
Unit5：sth belong to sb 某物属于某人
Unit6：定语从句
Unit7：知识点多 忘了 ⊙﹏⊙
Unit8：put off+v-ing , work as, sw+adj
Unit9：被动语态 本单元重点单词：invent，be invented ，inventor
Unit10：过去完成时 标志性词语：by the time,realize
Unit11：宾语从句，注意从句的语序 和先行词
Unit12：be supposed to 句型
Unit13:make sb do sth ,make sb adj
Unit14：现在完成时：have done结构
Unit15：各个单元都有一些 单词表里单词的句型
ps:每个单元的标题很重要
F. 初三的英语第123单元的重难点哇~~~~
才三单元，重点不是很多，我就把我们要求掌握的重点告诉你吧。
一单元：没什回么特别重要的语法问题，但要答记牢单词表上的短语，中考的时候 他 不考你什么，就是短语，而且完形填空都要靠他。
二单元：used to do sth 过去常常做某事
be/get uesd to doing sth 现在习惯做某事
这个应该是二单元的重点。 看看笔记上关于他们的否定形式和一般疑问形式。
另外，关于death的几个不同词态也要掌握，中考大纲要要求掌握了的
对了，还有书P.16页那篇文章的语法及短语，一定要记，全是些中考要点
（我们学英语不就是为了应付中考么?至少这是第一目的，是吧）
三单元：不用我说了，被动语态，那个搞懂了，基本没问题了
希望可以对你有帮助，虽然我说得不是很好。
G. 初三英语的重点短语，及语法…
Unit 2一、知识点1. used to 过去常常做某事,暗指现在已经不存在的动作或状态. 后跟动词原形. used to do sth. There used to be ….（反意疑问句）didn’t there?否定形式为: didn’t use to 或 usedn’t to疑问形式为: Did…use to…? 或 Used…to…?be/get used to doing sth.习惯于, to 为介词.2. wear 表示状态. =be in +颜色的词 put on 表示动作. dress + 人 给某人穿衣服.dress sb. / oneselfhave on表示状态（不用于进行时态）3. on the swim team on 是…的成员,在…供职.4. Don’t you remember me? 否定疑问句.（考点） Yes, I do. 不, 我记得. No, I don’t 是的, 我不记得了.5. 反意疑问句: ① 陈述部分的主语为 this, that, 疑问部分主语用it; 陈述部分主语用 these, those, 疑问部分用they 做主语.例: This is a new story, isn’t it? Those are your parents, aren’t they?② 陈述部分是 there be 结构, 疑问部分仍用 there例: There was a man named Paul, wasn’t there?③ I am 后的疑问句, 用aren’t I 例: I am in Class 2, aren’t I?④ 陈述部分与含有 not, no, never, few, little, hardly, seldom, neither, none 等词时,疑问部分用肯定.例: Few people liked this movie, didn’t they?但陈述句中若带有否定前缀或后缀的单词时, 这个句子仍视为肯定, 后面仍用否定.例: Your sister is unhappy, isn’t she?⑤ 陈述部分的主语若为不定式或 V-ing 短语, 疑问部分主语用it.例: To spend so much money on clothes is unnecessary, isn’t it?⑥ 陈述句中主语是 nobody, no one, everyone, everybody 等指人的不定代词时,疑问部分用they做主语; 若陈述部分主语是 something, anything, noting, everything 等指事物的不定代词时, 疑问部分用it 做主语.例: Nobody says one word about the accident, do they? Everything seems perfect, doesn’t it?⑦ 当主语是第一人称I时, 若谓动为think, believe, guess 等词时, 且其后跟宾丛,这时疑问句部分的人称, 时态要与宾语从句保持一致, 同时还要考虑否定转移.例: I don’t think he can finish the work in time, can he?⑧ 前面是祈使句, 后用 will you? (let’s 开头时, 后用shall we?)6. be terrified of 害怕的程度比 be afraid of 深.7. miss: ① 思念, 想念 例: I really miss the old days. ② 错过, 未中, 未赶上, 未找到. 例: It’s a pity that you miss the bus. The boy shot at the goal, but missed.8. no more (用在句中)=not…any more (用在句尾) 指次数; no longer (用在句中)=not…any longer (用在句尾) 指时间.9. right: ① adj. 正确的, 右边的② n. 右方, 权利③ adv. 直接地.10. It seems that Yu Mei has changed a lot. = Yu Mei seems to have changed a lot.11. afford + n. /pron. afford + to do 常与can, be able to 连用.例: Can you afford a new car? The film couldn’t afford to pay such large salaries.12. as well as 连词, 不但…而且… 强调前者. (若引导主语, 谓动与前者在人称和数上一致例: Living things need air and light as well as water. 生命不仅需要水, 还需要空气和阳光. I as well as they am ready to help you. 不仅是他们, 我也愿意帮助你.13. alone = by oneself 独自一人. lonely 孤独的, 寂寞的.14. in the last/past + 一段时间 ring the last/past + 一段时间 与现在完成时连用.15. die (v.) dead (adj.) death (n.) dying (垂死的)16. play the piano弹钢琴17. ①be/ become interested in sth. 对…感兴趣②be interested in doing sth. 对做…感兴趣③show great interest in 在……方面产生极大的兴趣④a place of interest 一处名胜 some places of interest 如：He is interested in math, but he isn’t interested in speaking English. 他对数学感兴趣，但是他对说英语不感兴趣。⑤ interested adj. 感兴趣的，指人对某事物感兴趣，往往主语是人 ⑥ interesting adj.有趣的，指某事物/某人具有趣味，主语往往是物 ⑦ an interesting book / man 18. 害怕… be terrified of sth. 如：I am terrified of the dog. be terrified of doing sth. 如：I am terrified of speaking.19. on 副词，表示（电灯、电视、机械等）在运转中/打开，其反义词off. with the light on 灯开着20. walk to somewhere 步行到某处 walk to school 步行到学校21.spend 动词，表示“花费金钱、时间” ①spend…on sth. 在某事上花费（金钱、时间） ②spend…doing sth. 花费（金钱、时间）去做某事如：He spends too much time on clothes. 他花费太多的时间在衣着He spend 3 months building the bridge.他花费了三个月去建这座桥。 pay for 花费如：I pay 10 yuan for the book. 我花了10元买这本书。 take动词 有“花费”的意思常用的结构有：It take(s) sb. … to do sth. 如：It takes me a day to read the book.22. chat with sb. 与某人闲聊如：I like to chat with him. 我喜欢和他聊天。23. worry about sb./ sth. 担心某人/某事worry 是动词 be worried about sb./sth. 担心某人/某事worried 是形容词如：Don’t worry about him. 不用担心他。 Mother is worried about her son. 妈妈担心他的儿子。24. all the time 一直、始终25. take sb. to + 地方送/带某人去某个地方如：A person took him to the hospital. 一个人把他送到了医院。 Lui took me home. 刘把我送回了家。(home 的前面不能用to)26. hardly adv. 几乎不、没有 hard 困难的；猛烈地 hardly ever 很少 hardly 修饰动词时，通常放在助动词、情态动词之后，实义动词之前助动词/情态动词＋hardly hardly + 实义动词如：I can hardly understand them. 我几乎不能够明白他们。I hardly have time to do it. 我几乎没有时间去做了。It rains hard outside, I could hardly go out.27. in the last few years. 在过去的几年内常与完成时连用如： I have lived in China in the last few years. 在过去的几年内我在中国住。28. be different from 与…不同29. how to swim 怎样游泳不定式与疑问词连用：动词不定式可以和what, which, how, where, when 等引导的疑问句连用，构成不定工短语。如： The question is when to start. 问题是什么时候开始。 I don’t know where to go. 我不知道去哪。30. make sb./ sth. + 形容词make you happy make sb./ sth. + 动词原形 make him laugh31. move to +地方搬到某地如：I moved to Beijing last year.32.It seems that +从句看起来好像……如：It seems that he has changed a lot. 看起来他好像变了许多。33. help sb. with sth. 帮某人某事 help sb. (to ) do sth. 帮某人做某事She helped me with English.她帮助我学英语。She helped me (to) study English。她帮助我学习英语。34. fifteen-year-old 作形容词15岁的 fifteen-year-olds 作名词指15岁的人 fifteen years old 指年龄15岁如：a fifteen-year-old boy一个15岁的男孩Fifteen-year-olds like to sing. 15岁的人喜欢唱歌。I am fifteen years old . 我是15岁。35.支付不起… can’t /couldn’t afford to do sth. can’t / couldn’t afford sth. 如：I can’t/couldn’t afford to buy the car. I can’t/couldn’t afford the car. 我买不起这个辆小车。36. as + 形容词./副词＋as sb. could/can 尽某人的…能力如： Zhou run as fast as her could/can. 她尽她最快的能力去跑。37. get into trouble with 遇到麻烦38. in the end 最后39. make a decision 下决定下决心40. to one’s surprise 令某人惊讶如：to their surprise令他们惊讶to LiLei’s surprise令李雷惊讶41. take pride in sth. 以…而自豪如： His father always take pride in him. 他的爸爸总是以他而自豪42. pay attention to sth. 对…注意，留心如：You must pay attention to your friend. 你应该多注意你的朋友。43. be able to do sth. 能做某事如：She is able to do it. 她能够做到。44. give up doing sth. 放弃做某事如：My father has given up smoking. 我爸爸已经放弃吸烟了。 复合句与简单句的转化：① when ------ at the age of …② so…that…----- too… to…. / enough to …③ so that…------ in order to do sth.④ because…----- because of…⑤ if ….----- without / with…⑥ if…----- 祈使句+ and / or + 简单句⑦ 宾语从句----特殊疑问词+动词不定式⑧ be afraid be sure that +从句---- 动词不定式 be sorry⑨ It seems / seemed that sb….------ sb. seems / seemed to do sth.⑩ Sb. hopes / hoped that ….-------sb. hopes / hoped to do sth.二、 短语1. be more interested in 对…更感兴趣.2. on the swim team 游泳队的队员.3. be terrified of 害怕.4. gym class 体操课.5. worry about. 担心.6. all the time 一直, 总是7. chat with 与…闲聊8. hardly ever 几乎从不 9. walk to school = go to school on foot take the bus to school = go to school by bus 10. as well as 不仅…而且 11. get into trouble 遇到麻烦12. make a decision 做出决定 13. to one’s surprise 使某人吃惊的是14. take pride in 为…感到骄傲 15. pay attention to 留心, 注意16. consist of 由…组成/构成. be made up of 由…组成/构成.17. instead of 代替, 而不是 18. in the end 最后, 终于19. play the piano 弹钢琴 三、句子1.I used to be afraid of the dark. 我以前害怕黑暗.2.I go to sleep with my bedroom light on. 我开着卧室的灯睡觉.3.I used to spend a lot of time playing games with my friends. 以前我常常花很多时间和我的朋友们玩游戏.4.I hardly ever have time for concerts. 我几乎没有时间去听音乐会.5.My life has changed a lot in the last few years.6.It will make you stressed out. 那会使你紧张的.7.It seems that Yu Mei has changed a lot. 玉梅似乎变化很大. ——————————————————————这个吗？太多了。我用邮件发给你。接收以后再表示回应。
H. 初三英语语法全部 新目标的 要求每个单元的分开 就80分啦，拿走
新目标九年级英语重点基础语法归纳辅导
(一)现在完成时态
1,现在完成时的定义:现在完成时是表示在过去发生但与现在情况有联系的动作或状态的时态.
2,现在完成时的构成:现在完成时是由"助动词have/has+动词过去分词"构成的.
①助动词have/has可以与主语缩写为've/'s.
e.g. I have → I've We have → We've He has → He's It has → It's
②规则变化的过去分词与动词过去式一样.
③不规则变化的动词过去分词见表.Book 3 P255—257
3,现在完成时的基本句型.
①陈述句肯定形式.
e.g. I have had lunch. 我已经吃过午饭了. He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了.
②陈述句否定形式.(在助动词have/has后+not,可缩写为haven't/hasn't)
e.g. I haven't had lunch. 我还未吃午饭. He hasn't gone to Beijing. 他还没有去北京.
③一般疑问句形式及其答语.(将助动词have/has提前,答语一般用have, has回答)
e.g. Have you had lunch 你吃过午饭了没 Yes, I have. No, I haven't.
Has he gone to Beijing 他去过北京了没有 Yes, he has. No, he hasn't.
否定回答还可以用:No, not yet. / No, never. / No, not even once等.
④特殊疑问句形式.(疑问词+一般疑问句)
e.g. Where has he gone 他去了哪里
4,现在完成时的三个基本用法.
(1) 现在完成时的第一个基本用法表示过去发生或已完成的某一个动作对现在造成的影响或结果.
e.g. Have you had lunch Yes, I have. I've just had it.
你吃过午饭没 有,吃过了,我刚刚吃的.(影响及结果:我现在饱了,不需要了)
He has gone to Beijing.
他已经去北京了.(影响及结果:他人现在不在这里了)
该用法常already(已经), never(从不), ever(曾经), yet(仍然), just(刚刚), before(以前)等副词(作状语)连用.
① already, just, ever, never常用于助动词之后,实义动词之前.
already, just多用于肯定陈述句.
e.g. She has already finished her work. 她早已干完了活.
Would you like to go to see the film No, I've seen it already.不,我已经看过了.(already偶尔会出现于句末)
They have just won a game. 他们刚刚赢了一场比赛.
有时already可以用于疑问句,表示期待肯定回答,或表示惊讶,意外.
e.g. Have you finished reading the book already 你真的已经读完这本书了 (表示惊讶)
ever多用于疑问句,问初次经历.
e.g. Have you ever spoken to a foreigner 你跟外国人讲过话吗 (问初次经历)
never多用于否定陈述句(注:本身表示否定意义)
e.g. He has never done such a thing, has he 他从来没有做过这样的事,不是吗 (否定)
② yet一般用于疑问句(已经)或否定句(还),常位于句末.
e.g. Have you got ready yet 你已经准备好了吗
He hasn't finished his homework yet. 他还没完成作业.
③ before一般位于句末.
e.g. I have never seen the film before. 以前我从未看过那部电影.
现在完成时的第一种用法常与以上的副词连用,因此这些词有时可以作为现在完成时的标志词.
(1) 现在完成时的第二个基本用法表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态.该用法常和表示过去某一时刻延
续到现在的一段时间的状语连用.
①与for +一段时间连用,表示多久.
e.g. He has learned English for two years. 他已经学习两年英语了.
I have been here for three days. 我在这里已经3天了.
②与since +时间(起点)连用,表示自…以来.
e.g. His father has worked in that factory since 1991. 他爸爸自1991年以来都在这家工厂工作.
I've had a cold since last Friday. 自上星期五起我就感冒了.
③与since +一段时间+ ago连用,表示自…以前就….
e.g. Jim has waited there since half an hour ago. 吉姆自半个小时前就已经在那里等候了.
He has stayed here since three weeks ago. 他在这儿已呆了三个星期.
④与since +从句(从句用一般过去时)连用,表示自某事发生后就一直….
e.g. The Greens have lived in Beijng since they came to China. 格林一家自从来到中国后就一直住在北京.
I've known her since I came to work here. 自从我来这里工作就认识他了.
(3) 现在完成时的第三个基本用法表示到现在为止这一时期中多次动作的总和或所做过的工作的量的积累.
e.g. I have been to Beijing twice. 我去过北京两次.
We've learnt five English songs this year. 今年我们学了五首英语歌曲.
How many pages of the book have you read 这本书你读了多少页了
5,延续性与非延续性动词在现在完成时态中的使用.
(1)有一些动词是瞬间动词,也叫非延续性动词,这些动词一发生就结束了,常见的有:come, go, arrive, reach, leave,
begin, start, buy, join, die, borrow, get up, become, open, stop等.这些动词虽然可以用于现在完成时(说明某个
动作的结果还存在),但由于它们不能延续,因此不能跟表示一段的时间状语连用.(也即现在完成时的第二个
基本用法中不能使用非延续性动词).
e.g. Jim has come back. (正) 吉姆已经回来了.
Jim has come back for a month. (误) come back的动作不能延续一个月,因此错误.
(2)瞬间动词不可以用于有段时间的现在完成时态中,因此,若要解决这一问题,就应把它改为相应的延续性动词
或短语,主要有以下几种:
①用相应的延续性动词
如: buy → have borrow → keep come/go/become → be
put on → wear catch a cold → have a cold
②转换成be+名词
如: join → be a member of go to school → be a student
③转换成be+形容词或副词
如: die → be dead leave → be away begin → be on finish → be over
fall asleep — be asleep open → be open get up → be up close → closed
④转换成be+介词短语
如: come to/go to/arrive in (at)/get to/reach …→ be in/at… join the army → be in the army(军队)
e.g. I have borrowed the book. 我已经借了那本书.
I have kept the book for two days. 我已经借那本书两天了.
Jim has joined the band. 吉姆已经加入那乐队了.
Jim has been a member of the band for a month. 吉姆已经加入那个乐队一个月了.
His grandfather has died. 他祖父已经死了.
His grandfather has been dead for 2 years. 他祖父已经死了两年了.
My father has arrived in China. 我父亲已经到达中国了.
My father has been in China for a week. 我父亲已经在中国一个星期了.
(3)在否定句中,非延续性动词也可以与时间段连用.
e.g. I haven't borrowed books from the library since last year. 自去年以来我就没有在图书馆借过书.
Jim hasn't come back for a year. 吉姆已有一年没回来了.
6,现在完成时的几种常见的句型转换.
现在完成时可以转化成一般过去时,还可以转化成"It is/has been +时间段+since从句(用一般过去时)"等句型.
e.g. Jim has been back for a month. 吉姆已经回来一个月了.
= Jim came back a month ago. 吉姆一个月前就回来了.
= It is/has been a month since Jim came back. 自吉姆回来已经有一个月了.
= A month has passed since Jim came back.
I have kept the book for two days.
= I borrowed the book two days ago.
= It is / has been two days since I borrowed the book.
= Two days has passed since I borrowed the book.
7,现在完成时和一般过去时的区别:
现在完成时强调的是过去的动作对现在的影响,它和现在有密切的联系.现在完成时经常会出现下列的标志词.
如:already, yet, just, ever, never, several times, before, so far, for +时间段, since +时间点或从句等.一般过去时强调的是动作发生的时间,地点,不涉及对现在的影响,所以凡含有表示过去的时间状语的句子,都必须用一般过去时,不能用现在完成时.
(二)宾语从句
1,宾语从句的概说:宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语.
整个复合句结构如下:
I think (that) I have lost it. 我想我已经把它丢了.
主语 + 谓语 +(引导词)+ 主语 + 谓语
主句 宾语从句
由此可见宾语从句就是作及物动词,介词或某些形容词的宾语的句子.
2,由that引导的宾语从句.(即陈述句作宾语从句)
(1) 主句的谓语.
① 很多及物动词后都可接由that引导的宾语从句,如:think, hope, say, tell, know, see, hear, remember, mean等.
② 一些表示人的感情的形容词如sure, happy, glad, pleased, surprised, sorry, afraid等后面也可接由that引导的宾
语从句,表示产生这种感情的原因.
e.g. I'm sure (that) he will come tomorrow. 我肯定他明天会来.
I'm happy (that) I see you here. 我很高兴看到你在这里.
注意:如果主句与从句的主语一致,可把从句改为不定式,如果不一致,则只可用that从句.如②句可改写为
I'm happy to see you here. 而①句则不可改.
(2) 从句的引导词,即that.
在连词that引导的宾语从句中,that本身无意义,在句子中不但任任何成分,在口语或非正式文体中常常省略.
e.g. I hope (that) you'll have a good holiday. 希望你们假日愉快.
He says (that) the Chinese people are very friendly. 他说中国人民很友好.
(3) 从句的语序:宾语从句永远用陈述语序.
e.g. Does he know (that) she is a scientist 他知道她是科学家吗
Are you sure (that) you will win 你肯定你会赢吗
(4) 从句的时态.
若主句为一般现在时态时,则宾语从句要根据具体情况选择所需要的时态.
e.g. He says (that) he is ill now. 他说他现在病了.
He says (that) he has been ill for ten days. 他说他已经生病十天了.
He says (that) he was ill last week. 他说他上周生病了.
He says (that) he will return soon. 他说他很快就回来.
若主句为一般过去时,则宾语从句也要用某种过去时态.
e.g. He said (that) he was ill then. 他说他那时病了.
He said (that) he was doing his homework then. 他说他那时正在做作业.
若宾语从句说的是客观真理,自然现象等,要用一般现在时.
e.g. The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳转.
(5) 否定的转移.
若主句的主语是第一人称(I, we),且谓语动词是think, guess, believe, suppose等时,如果要否定,只能否定主句,
而不能否定从句.
e.g. I don't think he will come tonight. 我认为他今晚不会来.
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(6) 含宾语从句的复合句的反意疑问句,一般情况下,根据主句主谓语来确定附加疑问句.
e.g. The teacher didn't say that he would come here, did he
但对于有否定转移的主从复合句来说,其附加疑问句的主谓语须根据从句来确定.
e.g. I don't think he can swim, can he 我认为他不会游泳,对吗
I believe he is a student, isn't he 我相信他是个学生,不是吗
3,由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句.(即特殊疑问句作宾语从句)
(1) 主句的谓语:可由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句的动词有see, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, find out,
show, choose, remember, forget等.
e.g. Do you know who will give us a talk 你知道谁将给我们做演讲吗
We asked him why he was late. 我们问他为什么迟到.
I am going to see how Kate is. 我准备去看凯特怎么样了.
(2) 从句的引导词.
由连接代词who, whom, whose, what和which引导,这些词在宾语从句中可作主语,宾语,表语和定语,因而不能省略.
e.g. Do you know who will give us a talk 你知道谁会给我们做演讲吗 (who在宾语从句中作主语)
Can you tell me whom you are waiting for 你能告诉我你在等谁吗 (whom在宾语从句中作宾语)
She asked whose jacket it was. 她问这是谁的夹克衫.(whose在宾语从句中作定语,修饰jacket)
I don't know whose that is. 我不知道那是谁的 (whose在宾语从句中作表语)
由连接副词when, where, why和how引导,这些词在宾语从句中作状语,不能省略.
e.g. Do you know when he will be back 你知道他何时回来吗
We asked him why he was late. 我们问他为何迟到.
I want to know where she lives. 我想知道她住在哪里.
(3) 从句的语序:特殊疑问句坐宾语从句,仍用陈述句的语序.
e.g. What day is it today Do you know → Do you know what day it is today
When will the train leave I want to know. → I want to know when the train will leave.
Where does she live Can you tell me → Can you tell me where she lives
How did you do it Please tell me. → Please tell me how you did it.
(4) 从句的时态:与that引导的宾语从句的时态一样.
(5) 注意:① 当what, which, whom, who等疑问代词作宾语从句里句末介词的宾语,又引导宾语从句时,句末的
介词不可随意省掉.
e.g. I don't know what they are looking for 我不知道他们正在找什么.
Do you know which room she lives in 你知道她住在哪个房间吗
②当宾语从句的主语与主句的主语(或宾语)一致,且从句谓语时态为将来时或表示将来意义,如should
时,从句可简化为疑问词(why 除外)+不定式.
e.g. I don't know where I should go. = I don't know where to go. 我不知道要去哪里.
I'll show you how you should do it. = I'll show you how to do it. 我将教你该怎么做它.
4,由if和whether引导的宾语从句
(1) if和whether用以引导宾语从句时意为"是否",该宾语从句是由一般疑问句变来的.其语序,时态变化和前两
种宾语从句一致.
e.g. Did he like this coat She asked. → She asked if / whether he liked this coat.
Will Mary be free tomorrow I don't know. → I don't know if / whether Mary will be free tomorrow.
(2) 一般情况下,whether和if用于引导宾语从句时可以通用,但在下列情况下,whether和if的用法有区别:
whether后可以接不定式短语,而if不能.
e.g. I can't decide whether to go to Beijing. 我不能决定是否去北京.
当引导的从句作介词宾语时,只能用whether,不能用if.
e.g. They're talking about whether they can finish the work on time. 他们正在谈论他们是否能按时完成工作.
whether引导的从句可移至句首,if则不行.
e.g. Whether this is true or not, I can't say. 这是不是真的,我不敢说.
动词discuss后面的宾语从句,只用whether引导,不用if.
e.g. We discussing whether we will have a sports meeting next week. 我们正在讨论下周是否举行运动会.
当从句中有 "or not" 时,or not可以紧接whether之后,也可以位于句末,此时,一般不用if.
e.g. Please tell me whether or not he'll come here. = Please tell me whether he'll come here or not.
请告诉我他是否会来这儿.
whether和if一般引导肯定形式的宾语从句,若宾语从句是否定形式,表示"是否"的连词只能用if.
e.g. We want to know if they won't come truly. 我们想知道他们是不是真的不来.
whether和if除共同可以引导宾语从句,各自还可以用来引导其他类型的从句.
① if可以引导条件状语从句,意为"如果",whether不能.
e.g. The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny tomorrow. 如果明天天气晴朗,学生们要去野餐.
② whether可以引导让步状语从句,意为"不管,无论"之意.
e.g. Hainan Island is the place to be, whether it's summer or winter.
不管是夏天还是冬天,海南岛都是应该去的地方.
(一)过去将来时
1,表示的意义和用法:过去将来时表示在过去的某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态,判断这一时态一定要
有用于表示"过去"的动作,而不是时间,过去将来时常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中,少单独使用.
2,谓语结构.
(1). should / would +动词原形,第一人称用should / would 都可以,其他人称只用would.
e.g. You knew I should / would come. 你知道我会来的.
They told us that they would come back two days later. 他们告诉我们他们两天后会回来.
She said she would be free next week. 她说她下周会有空.
(2). was / were going to +动词原形
e.g. I thought they were going to visit me tonight. 我原以为他们今晚会来拜访我.
The radio said it was going to snow tomorrow. 收音机说明天将下雪.
3. 某些"移位"动词如go, come, arrive, travel, start, begin, leave, move, fly, return等的过去进行时也可用来表示
过去将来时.
e.g. He didn't say when he was coming. 他说没什么时候会来.
I was not sure if he was leaving for shanghai the next week. 我不确定他是否下周会去上海.
3,注意:
1. 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中用一般过去时表示过去将来时.
e.g. She said she would ring you when he got to shanghai. 她说她到上海时将给你打电话.
Li Lei told me that he would go to the park alone if you didn't. 李雷告诉我,如果你不去公园的话,他独自去.
2. should / would 不一定都表示过去将来时,should可以作为情态动词,表示义务,"应该,应当" 而would 可以
表示客气,礼貌的请求,你能……吗
e.g. We should keep our classroom clean. 我们必须保持教室清洁.
Would you lend me your ruler 你能把尺子借给我吗
(二)过去完成时
1,过去完成时的定义:表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已完成的行为或存在的状态,即动作或状态发生在"过
去的过去".
2,过去完成时的构成:过去完成时是由"助动词had+动词过去分词"构成的.助动词had可以与主语缩写为'd
e.g. I had… → I'd He had… → He'd
3,过去完成时的基本句型与现在完成时的基本句型基本一样.
陈述句肯定形式:
e.g. They had read the book. She had arrived at Chaozhou.
陈述句否定形式:在助动词had后+not, 可缩写为hadn't
e.g. They hadn't read the book. She hadn't arrived at Chaozhou.
一般疑问句形式及其答语:将助动词had提前,答语一般也用had回答
e.g. Had they read the book Yes, they had. / No, they hadn't.
Had she arrived at Chaozhou Yes, she had. / No, she hadn't.
特殊疑问句形式:疑问词+一般疑问句
e.g. What had they read Where had she arrived
4,过去完成时的基本用法.
(1). 表示在过去某一时间之前已经发生或完成的动作,常与介词"by / before+过去的时间"构成的短语连用.
e.g. We had learned one thousand English words by the end of last term.
到上学期结束时,我们已经学了一千个单词.
By the time he was ten, Edison had built a lab for himself.
到爱迪生10岁的时候,他已给自己建了一个实验室.
He had got up before six o'clock yesterday morning. 昨天早上6时以前他就起床了.
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They had planted 1000 trees before 2000. 2000年以前他们已经种了1000颗树.
(2). 表示在过去某一动作之前就已经发生或完成了的动作,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时.
e.g. He told me that he had sent a letter to me.
他说他已经给我寄来了一封信.("寄"先于"告诉")
该用法也常与when, before等引导的从句连用.
e.g. When I got to the cinema, the film had already begun.
当我来到电影院时,电影已经开始了.("开始"先于"到达")
Mother had already cooked supper before I returned home.
在我回到家之前,妈妈已做好了晚饭.("煮饭"先于"到家")
After I had finished reading the novel, I went to sleep.
在我读完这部小说之后,我睡觉了.("读完"先于"睡觉")
注意,因为after和before本身已表达了动作的先后关系,所以谓语动词常用一般过去时代替过去完成时.
e.g. After he finished his homework, he went to bed. 做完作业后他便上床睡觉了.
Where did you study before you came here. 你来这儿之前你在哪里学习.
还可以通过上下文表示.
e.g. I met him yesterday. We hadn't met each other for a long time.
昨天我遇到了他,我们彼此很久没有见面了.
(3). 表示从过去某一时间开始,持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,往往与for, since引导的表示一段时间的短语或
从句连用.
e.g. Mr. Wang had taught in the school for six years before I came here.
在我来这儿之前,王老师已在这所学校任教了六年.
I received a letter from Tom last week. We had not heard from him since 1998.
上周我收到了汤姆的一封信.自从1998年以来我从未收到他的来信.
5,不用过去完成时的三种情况.
句子如有yesterday, last year, in 1996, three years ago等表示很确定的过去时间的状语,强调某动作或状态在该时间发生,谓语动词必须用一般过去时.
e.g. He was a worker three years ago. 三年前他是个工人.
He came here yesterday. 他昨天来过这儿.
汉语中虽然有"了""曾""过"等表示动作完成的字眼,但没有说明该动作是在过去某一时间或动作之前完成的,译成英语时要用一般过去时,不用过去完成时.
e.g. They finished reading five English story-books last year. 去年他们读完了五本英语故事书.
They went to Japan last year. 他们去年曾去过日本.
叙述在过去连续发生的两件以上的事,虽然时间有先后之别,但仍用一般过去时.
e.g. He got up quickly, ate a light breakfast and hurried to school by bike.
他飞快的起床,稍稍地吃了早饭,快速地骑车奔学校而去.
(三)动词不定式作主语.
动词不定式(短语),可以直接放置于句首担当句子主语.
e.g. To say is easy, but to do is difficult. 说起来容易,做起来难.
To learn a foreign languages is not easy. 学好一门外语不容易.
动词不定式作主语的句子,通常可以用形式主语"it"代替,同时把真正的主语,即动词不定式(短语)放在后面,以使句子平衡.即构成句型It + be +形容词+to do sth.
e.g. It's easy to say, but it's difficult to do. It's not easy to learn a foreign language.
如果要表示不定式动作的执行者,就在It + be +形容词+to do sth该句型中的不定式之前加for sb或of sb.
①在形容词hard, difficult, easy, necessary, important, impossible, good, helpful, useful, dangerous, safe等之后常用for sb,即构成句型:It + be + 形容词+for sb to do sth.
e.g. It's not easy for us to learn a foreign language well. 对我们来说学习好一门外语不容易.
It's dangerous for you to swim in the river. 在那河里游泳对你来说很危险.
该句型中的形容词修饰的是不定式,强调的是做某事怎么样.
②在形容词nice, kind, clever, foolish(愚蠢的), polite(有礼貌的), careless, careful等之后,常用of
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sb,即构成句型:It + be + 形容词+of sb + to do sth
e.g. It is very kind of you to help me. 你能帮助我,你真是太好了.
It was wrong of them to cut the trees. 他们砍伐树木是不对的.
该句型中的形容词主要修饰人,表示某人的性质或特征,强调的是这个人怎么样.
it作形式主语时,其后的谓语也可以是实义动词.
e.g. It took us five hours to get there. 我们用了5小时到达那里.
It made me happy to find my friends there. 发现朋友在那里令我很高兴.
动词不定式与疑问词how, what, when, where, which等构成不定式短语,也可作主语.
e.g. How to use the computer is the question. 如何使用电脑是个问题.
Where to go has not been decided. 去哪儿还没有定下来.
注意:主语,表语都为动词不定式时,不能用形式主语it代替不定式.
e.g. To see is to believe. 眼见为实.
(四)定语从句
定语从句的概念:在复合句中,用来修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句.被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词,定语从句必须放在先行词之后,对先行词起修饰限定作用.
e.g. He is the man who I want to see.
先行词 关系词 定语从句
定语从句的引导词:
定语从句的引导词有关系代词that, which, who (whom, whose)和关系副词where, when, why两种,关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起联系作用,同时又在定语从句中充当一定成分.
关系代词引导的定语从句:
如果先行词是表示人的名词或代词,关系代词应用who (whom, whose) 和that.
e.g. This is Xiao Wang who / that gave us a talk yesterday. (who / that在从句中作主语)
这就是昨天给我们作报告的小王.
The man whom / that you saw last week has left the town. (whom / that
I. 初三英语知识点（全部）
Unit1：by 的用法 by+v-ing
Unit2：used to be 是重点 意思是 “过去常常”
Unit3：被动语态 sb should be allowed to do sth “某人应该被允许做某事
Unit4：虚拟语气 If i were …，i would …
Unit5：sth belong to sb 某物属于某人
Unit6：定语从句
Unit7：知识点多 忘了 ⊙﹏⊙
Unit8：put off+v-ing , work as, sw+adj
Unit9：被动语态 本单元重点单词：invent，be invented ，inventor
Unit10：过去完成时 标志性词语：by the time,realize
Unit11：宾语从句，注意从句的语序 和先行词
Unit12：be supposed to 句型
Unit13:make sb do sth ,make sb adj
Unit14：现在完成时：have done结构
Unit15：各个单元都有一些 单词表里单词的句型
ps:每个单元的标题很重要
过去常常做某事 used to do sth 习惯做某事 be used to doing sth 激光唱机 a CD player 输入 put into 全神贯注于……中 put one’s heart into 想出、提供 come up with 拾起某物 pick up sth 向某人借某物 borrow sth from sb 把某物借给某人 lend sb sth/lend sth to sb 带给某人知识 give sb knowledge 在校园内的室外 outside in the schoolyard 忘记要做某事 forget to do sth 忘记曾经做过的事 forget doing sth 第二天 the next day 上一周 last week 几天以后 several days later 迟早 sooner or later 更糟糕的是 what be worse 为……而付款 pay for… 所借的书 borrowed books 在国外 be abroad 整理床铺 make the bed 把某物归还给某人 return sth to sb 从某人处得到某物get sth from sb 顺手拿走、偷走 walk away with 鼓励某人做某事 encourage ab to do sth Unit 2 水上运动 water sports 一天三次 three times a day 尝试 have a try / want a go 遍及全世界 all over the world 许许多多、大量 a large number of 一年到头，终年 all the year round 不管 no matter 放弃做某事 give up doing sth 放弃工作 give up one’s job 以冲浪为生 live to surf 看起来令人兴奋 look exciting 因……而著名 be famous for 在A和B之间 between A and B 例如 for example 从那时起 ever since 打零工 a part-time assistant 休息一晚 have a night off 使某人舒畅（开心）make sb fit 乐趣无穷 such great fun 动身去某地 leave for sw. 一等奖 first prize 冲浪竞赛 a surfing competition 奥林匹克运动会 Olympic Games 出差,因公 on business 时光飞逝，光阴似箭，日月如梭 (How) time flies! 迄今为止 so far 到某处旅游 travel to sw. 试着做某事 trying doing sth 尽力做某事 try to do sth 一个十二岁的男孩 a 12-year-old boy / a boy of 12 实现 come true 走进、踏入 step into 减速 slow down 又过了两个小时 another two hours 高度赞扬 speak highly of 因……感到自豪 be proud of doing sth / be proud to do sth 是…..的骄傲 be the pride of sb Unit 3 造纸厂 a paper factory 找出、查明 find out 倾倒, 倒入 pour… into 污水、废水 waste water 害怕某事（物） be afraid of sth 害怕做某事 be afraid of doing sth 传到某人耳中 come to one’s ears 将某物投入 throw sth in 将某物投入某处 throw sth into sw. 帮助做某事 help (to) do sth 保持城市整洁 keep the city clean 保护环境 protect the environment 绿化中国 Greener China 乱丢某物 litter / throw sth about 以……为根据 base on /be based on 在公共场所吐痰 spit in a public place 为干某事而做出(巨大)贡献 make a (great) contribution to doing sth 砍伐 cut down 收垃圾的车 a truck collecting rubbish Unit 4 尽快 as soon/quickly as possible; as soon /quickly as one can 现在 right now 乘飞机旅行 travel by plane/ air 匆匆行程 a rushed trip 火车旅途 a train ride 打的前往 take a taxi to 卧铺车箱 a sleeping car 四处走走 walk around 感到疲惫 feel tired 打牌 play cards 一直不断干某事 keep doing sth 不断老是做某事 keep on doing sth 为某人提供某物 offer sb sth 练习干某事 practise doing sth 很快睡熟了 fall fast asleep 持久 last long 持续一段时间 last for some time 旅行 go on a trip/ have a trip / be on a trip 拍照 take photos / pictures 赶快 hurry up 在某人一生中 in one’s life 留言 leave a message 冲洗, 显影 come out Unit 5 过来、加油 come on 开家庭会议 have a family meeting 谈论 talk about 去度假 go for a holiday / go on holiday 决定干某事 decide to do sth 潜水 scuba diving 在因特网上 on the Internet 上网查寻 search the Internet 双击左键 double left click 因特网图标 the Internet icon 键入网址 type in the Website 按回车键 press the enter button 花市 a flower market 驯鹿公园 a deer park 单程 one-way trip 往返双程 round trip 珊瑚礁 coral reefs 快速列车 a fast train 向前走 walk along 照直走 go straight along 请稍等 just / wait a minute Unit 6 报警 call the police 出事故 have an accident 去冲浪 go surfing 骑马 ride a horse 拜访某人 visit sb 允许某人做某事 allow sb to do sth 使它成为可能 make it possible 水下呼吸器 the scuba machine 对……感兴趣 be interested in 摄像 make videos 制作电视节目 make a TV show 对……感到惊讶 be amazed /surprised at 保护环境 save /protect the environment 保持某物清洁 keep sth clean 清理、打扫 clean up 鼓励某人干某事 encourage sb to do sth 参加……活动 take part in sth /doing sth 长达…… as long as… 在世界上 on earth / in the world 以……为生、为主食 feed on… 在沙滩上 on the beaches 警告某人做某事 warn sb to do sth 去看望、拜访某人go to visit sb 走出 get out of 就这么定了。 That’s a deal. Unit 7 能 be able to 持续做…… keep doing sth 让某人持续做某事 keep sb doing sth 操作、从事、致力于…… work on sth 改变世界 change the world 试验新的想法（创新）try out new ideas 在校上学 be in school 与……无/有关 have nothing / something to do with… 对……感兴趣 be interested in 在12岁时 at the age of 12 铁轨 railway tracks 冲过去 rush out 把孩子抱到安全地带carry the boy to safety 如此……以致…… so… that… 对……评价高，看重 think a lot of 考虑、关心 think of 开发 open up 关小 turn dow ...
J. 初三英语1~7单元语法
九上Unit1教学语法点
A:
语态是动词的一种形式，它用来表示句中主语同谓语动词之间的关系。
英语有两种语态， 主动语态和被动语态， 主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者。例如：
I have repaired the radio.
我修好了收音机。
The radio has been repaired.
收音机被修好了。
The students cleaned the classroom.
学生们打扫了教室。
The classroom was cleaned by the students.
教室被学生们打扫了。
被动语态的构成：
be + 过去分词
A building was damaged by the storm.
暴风雨毁坏了一座建筑物。
Our plate was made in China.
我们的盘子是中国生产的。
My bike was stolen.
我的自行车被盗了。
常用的被动语态的时态变化如下，以 ask 为例：
一般 进行 完成
现在I am asked, I am being asked, I have been asked
过去I was asked,I was being asked,I had been asked
将来I shall be asked, I shall have been asked
过去将来I shall be asked
被动语态的疑问句是把助动词提前到句首。
Has your TV set been repaired?
你的电视机修了吗？
Was the kite broken?
风筝破了吗？
Has the work been done?
工作结束了吗？
被动语态的否定式是在助动词后面加 not.
The letter has not been sent out.
信还没有发出去。
The little boy has not been found out.
小孩还没有找到。
The cap has not been mended yet.
帽子还没有补好。
Their money has not been sent to them.
他们的钱还没有送到他们手中。
被动语态的用法：
被动语态表示一种主语和谓语之间的关系，当主语是动作的承受者时， 就需要用到被动语态，汉语中所说的，“汽车被撞坏了”“钢笔被修好了” 等句子就是一种被动语态的句子，在汉语中常用“被”“由”等词来表示这种被动语态。在英语中则用动词的被动语态形式来表示。被动语态中还可用 by 短语加在句后表示被动语态中动作的发出者。也就是谓语动词动作的逻辑上的主语，被动语态常用在下列情况。
1) 不知道谁是谓语动词动作的执行者时，或者没有必要说出谁是执行者时。
The glass was broken last night.
玻璃昨天被打破了。
His bike has been stolen.
他的自行车被偷了。
He was asked to go there once more.
他被要求再去那儿一次。
The bag was put into the box.
袋子放在了箱子里。
2) 为了强调或突出动作的承受者时。
The plan has been sent to the headmaster.
计划已经送给校长了。
Kilinton was elected the President of U.S.A.
克林顿被选为美国总统。
Five people were hurt in the explosion.
五个人在这次爆炸中受伤。
A new building was set up in a short time.
新大楼短期就建成了。
3) 被动语态也可以说出动作的执行者，构成如下：
动作承受者 + be + 过去分词 + by + 动作执行者。
The picture was praised by everybody.
照片得到了大家的好评。
The classroom was cleaned by us.
教室被我们打扫过。
The bridge was built by workers from Shanxi.
这座桥是山西的工人建的。
The little boy was found by the police.
小孩被警察找到了。
有关被动语态的几个问题：
1) "be + 过去分词" 并非都是被动语态，系动词 be, feel, seem,look,等词后面的过去分词已转化为形容词，作表语用，表示某种状态。
I'm interested in mathematics.
我对数学感兴趣。
He seems unsatisfied with his work.
他看起来对他的工作不满意。
We are determined to catch up with the developed countries.
我们决心要赶上发达国家。
The song is called "Don't forget me".
歌曲的名字叫“勿忘我”。
某些动词用主动语态来表示被动含义。
The food tastes good.
食物很香。
It smells strange.
这有怪味。
The stone feels very cold.
石头摸起来很冷。
The woman's clothes sell well.
女装卖的快。
3) 一般情况下，及物动词才能构成被动语态，但有些不及物动词组成短语后，也可构成被动语态。
He was looked down upon because of his egoism.
他因自私而受人冷落。
The children were taken good care of in the the orphanage.
孩子们在孤儿院受到了良好的照顾。