1. 八年级下人教英语unit4~12知识点和语法
) 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。
2) 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。
说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如:
We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。 (having是实义动词。)
He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约。
(has是助动词。)
3) 动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。
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英语动词是句子的核心。它既决定着句子意思的表达同时又决定着句子的语法结构。难怪有人说,英语是动词和介词的语言。可见研究动词的用法在英语学习中是十分重要的。
(一、) 分清及物不及物:
分清动词的及物不及物是在英语学习中必须解决的首要问题。动词及物与不及物通常有以下几种情况:
a.主要用作及物动词。及物动词后面必须跟宾语。可以用于:"主+谓+宾";"主+谓+双宾";"主+谓+宾+宾补"结构。如:
He reached paris the day before yesterday.
Please hand me the book over there.
They asked me to go fishing with them.
类似的还有:buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell....
b.主要用作不及物的动词。不及物动词后面不跟宾语。只能用与:"主+谓"结构。
This is the room where I once lived.
类似的还有:agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed....
c.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词,其意义不变。如begin 都是作"开始"讲。everybody , our game begins. let us begin our game. 类似的还有:start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve....
d.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词,其意义完全不同。
这类动词作不及物动词是一个意义;而作及物动词时却是另一个意义。如lift作不及物动词时是指烟雾的"消散"。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted. 作及物动词时是"升高;举起"。
He lifted his glass and drank.
类似的还有:beat vi.跳动 vt. 敲、打; grow vi.生长 vt. 种植
play vi.玩耍 vt. 打(牌、球),演奏 smell vi.发出(气味) vt. 嗅
ring vi.(电话、铃)响vt.打电话 speak vi.讲话 vt. 说(语言)
hang vi. 悬挂 vt. 绞死 operate vi.动手术 vt. 操作
(二、) 辨别表动作与表结果的动词
表动作的动词强调动作的发生,不涉及该动词的结果。如:
He looked at the picture. He saw a picture .
前一句中的动词强调"看"这一动作;而后一句中的动词表示"看到"这一结果。类似的还有:tear at; tear, look for; find, try to do sth.; manage to do sth., prepare for; be prepared for, advise; persuade 等。
(三、) 记住瞬间动词
英语中不少动词所表示的动作在瞬间就可以完成.如:
He arrived in paris yesterday.
而另一些动词所表示的动作则可以延续.如:
They worked until 12 o'clock last night.
特别是在现在完成时态的句子中,瞬间动词的完成时态不能跟表示一段时间的时间状语连用。瞬间动词有:arrive, borrow, buy, close, fall, finish, go, join, kill, hit, leave, lend, die, marry, open, reach, return, start, stop, recognize....等。
(四、) 掌握好表状态的连系动词与表变化的连系动词
英语中的连系动词主要分为两大类:
a.表状态的连系动词。如:he is a good worker. 除了be 而外,还有:stand(位于),lie(位于),stay, have, consist of, belong to, exist, weigh, own....等。
b.另一类连系动词表示动作或变化,是由行为动词转化而来的。一般在这些连系动词后跟形容词作表语如:his hair grows grey. 这类连系动词还有: turn, become, taste, smell, sound, look, feel, get...等。
(五、) 注意词义相近,用法不同的动词
a.表主观与客观的动词
I received his invitation last night, but i didn't want to accept it.
该句中,动词receive, accept 都表示"接受"但前者表示客观地接收到什么东西;后者表示 "I" 的主观意愿。类似用法的动词还有:listen to; hear, look at; see, must; have to等。
b.表直接与间接的动词
He heard that the scientist would come to our school.
He heard of the news that the scientist would come to our school.
前句中hear的表示直接听说的,而后一句中hear of 的表示间接听说的。类似用法的动词还有:know; know of, speak; speak of, talk; talk of等。
(六、) 重视多字动词的用法
所谓多字动词是指动词与某些副词、介词构成的动词词组。一般有四种形式:
a."动词+介词"结构。 该结构中的动词是不及物动词,当和一些介词搭配后,则把它看成一个整体,即把它看成一个及物动词。如:
We never thought of such success when we first started.
类似用法的还有:agree to, ask for, attention to, break into, call upon, deal with, laugh at, dream of, listen to, look at, operate on, talk about, rely on, refer to...
b."动词+副词"结构。该结构中的动词是及物动词的,该结构及物;是不及物的,则不及物。如:
We put off the sports meet.
After he grew up, he went to london to work for a company.
类似用法的还有: bring about, bring up, call up, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, help out, look up, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put down, put away, put down, put off, put on, ring up, set up, take up, think over, turn down, use up, work out..., wake up, shut up, come about, break out, carry on, come up, fall over, get away, get back, look out, go up, go out, stay up....
在这类结构中,必须注意有的多字动词即及物又可不及物。有的甚至汉语意义也完全不相同。如:
He looked up and saw his teacher in front of him. (vi. 抬起头看)
He looked up the word in the dictionary. (vt. 查找)
类似的有break down vi.(车等)坏了 vt. 分解,分为 ;
go over vi. 走过去 vt. 复习,仔细查看等。
c."动词+副词+介词"结构。如:
We should do away with that sort of thing.
类似的有:give in to, catch up with, look down upon, make up for, put up with....
d."动词+名词+介词"结构。该结构是最多,最常见的多字动词。如:
We will take care of them.
类似的有:catch sight of, keep an eye on, make use of, make a fool of, make fun of, make room for, make sure of, knock out of, have a word with, pay attention to, put an end to, set fire to, take advantage of, take hold of, take note of, take notice of, take part in, take pride in, take possession of, play a trick on, play a part in....
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说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如:
She can dance and sing.
她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)
She can sing many English songs.
她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)
4) 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词(Finite Verb)、非限定动词(Non-finite Verb)例如:
She sings very well.
她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。)
She wants to learn English well.
她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词。
说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)。
2. 八年级下册第1~4单元语法焦点翻译(新目标)
Unit 1
怎么了?我来胃痛。下次你不应该吃那源么多。
本怎么了?他自己受伤了。他背痛。他应该躺下休息。
你发烧吗?是的,我发烧。/不,我不发烧。/我不知道。
他牙痛吗?是的,他牙痛。他应该去看牙医,并做个X光检查。
她该怎么办?她应该量体温。
我应该在上面敷点药吗?是的,你应该。/不,你不应该。
Unit 2
我想帮助无家可归的人。
你可以请求医院让你去看望孩子们,让他们振作起来。
她自愿一去周去那里一次帮助孩子们学习阅读。
她决定尝试参加一个志愿者课外阅读项目。
马里奥认为,这可以帮助他得到未来梦想的工作。
我在制作一些标牌 张贴在学校周围。
Unit 3
我可以和朋友们出去吃饭吗? 当然可以,那应该是可以的。
我们可以看完电影后去买些喝的吗? 不,你不能。你明天有一场 篮球赛。
请你带着狗去散步好吗? 好的,但我想先看个节目。
请你倒一下垃圾 好吗? 好的,当然可以。
Unit 4
你看起来很累。怎么了? 昨晚我一直学习到半夜,因此睡眠不足。
我该怎么办? 你为什么不忘掉它呢?虽然她错了,但这没什么大不了的。
他应该做些什么? 他应该跟他的朋友谈一谈,以便他可以说他很抱歉。
也许你可以去他家。 我想我可以,但我不想让他吃惊。
3. 人教版八年级下英语unit4重点
直接引语在转换成间接引语时,要注意人称的变化、句子结构的变化、主从句时态的一致、语序的变化、指示代词的变化、时间状语的变化、地点状语的变化以及部分动词的变化等事项。
1、人称的变化
直接引语在转换成间接引语时,人称的变化规则是:一随主,二随宾,三不变。
1) 一随主:即直接引语中的代词是第一人称时,在间接引语中必须和主句的主语相一致。例如:
Tom says, “I’m from America.” 汤姆说:“我来自美国。”
→Tom says (that) he is from America. 汤姆说他来自美国。(I变成了和主语Tom相一致的he)
2) 二随宾:即直接引语中的代词是第二人称时,在间接引语中必须和主句的宾语相一致。例如:
She asked me, “Where do you live?” 她问我:“你住在哪里?”
→She asked me where I live. 她问我我住在哪里。(you变成了和宾语me相一致的I)
3)三不变:即直接引语中的代词是第三人称时,在间接引语中保持不变。例如:
Kate said,” They like reading.” 凯特说:“他们喜欢阅读。”
→Kate said (that) they liked reading. 凯特说他们喜欢阅读。(they保持不变)
【注意】人称的变化包括人称代词、物主代词和反身代词等。
2、句子结构的变化
1)直接引语是陈述句时,用连词that引导,that通常可以省略,尤其是在口语中。例如:
He said, “I have been to Beijing.”
→He said (that) he had been to Beijing.
【注意】如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列宾语从句,第一个连词that可以省略,以后的连词that一般不省略,以免造成句子结构上的混乱。例如:
Doctor Li said, “You are nothing wrong. You’ll be better soon.”
→Doctor Li said(that)I was nothing wrong and that I would be better soon.
2)直接引语为疑问句时,要注意将注意原主句中的谓语动词say改为ask (sb.)、wonder或want to know等,且间接引语中必须使用陈述句的语序(即宾语从句中的主语之前不能任何动词)。至于说连词的确定,情况如下:
a) 直接引语为一般疑问句、反意疑问句或选择疑问句时,间接引语中用连词if或whether引导。例如:
He said, “Do you have any music CDs?”
→He asked(me)whether/if I had any music CDs.
→He wondered whether/if I had any music CDs.
→He wanted to know whether/if I had any music CDs.
I asked, “Will you take a bus or a train?”
→I asked him whether he would take a bus or a train.
→I wondered whether he would take a bus or a train.
→I wanted to know whether he would take a bus or a train.
b)直接引语为特殊疑问句时,就由原来的疑问词来充当间接引语的连词,注意原特殊疑问词的被修饰语必须紧随其后,不可分开。如:
He asked, “How many bowl of rice did you have, Lucy?”
→He asked Lucy how many bowl of rice she had had.
c) 直接引语形式上是疑问句,但表示请求,建议意义时,可ask sb. to do sth.,suggest doing,advise sb. to do sth. 等形式来转述。如:
“Could you open the door, please?” he asked.
→He asked me to open the door.
“Why not going out for a walk?” he asked us.
→He advised us to go out for a walk.
→He suggested going out for a walk.
3)直接引语为祈使句时,改为间接引语时,一般用带to的不定式表达,原主句中的谓语动词通常要改为ask, advise, beg, tell, order, offer, request, suggest, warn等。如ask sb. to do(由肯定祈使句变成),ask sb. not to do(由否定祈使句转变),并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。如:
He said,“Jane,be careful, please.”
→He asked Jane to be careful.
“Don’t be late for class again.” He said the boy.
→He told the boy not to be late for class again.
He said, “Let's have a walk.”
→He suggested our having a rest.
He said, “Let me help you.”
→He offered to help me.
4)直接引语是感叹句时,转间接引语可用what或how引导,也可用that引导,如:
The policeman said, “How clever you are!”
→The policeman said how clever I was.
→The policeman said I was very clever.
3、主从句时态的一致
1) 如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,直接引语变为间接引语时,从句的动词时态保持不变。例如:
He says, “China is very great.” →He says (that) China is very great.
Mum says, “I’ll be back in a minute.” →Mum says she’ll be back in a minute.
2) 如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,直接引语变为间接引语时,从句的谓语动词通常要改成相应的过去时态。具体情况见下表:
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 一般过去时
一般过去时 一般过去时/过去完成时
现在进行时 过去进行时
一般将来时 过去将来时
现在完成时 过去完成时
过去完成时 过去完成时
过去进行时 过去进行时
过去将来时 过去将来时
3)直接引语陈述的如果是客观事实、真理、名言、警句、谚语等,在变为间接引语时,时态保持不变。
Our teacher said, “The earth goes around the sun.”
→Our teacher said (that) the earth goes around the sun.
4、指示代词,时间状语,地点状语和动词等的变化
直接引语中的一些指示代词,时间状语,地点状语和部分动词须作如下相应的变化:
直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 this这 that那
these这些 those那些
时
间
状
语 now现在 then那时
today 今天 that day 那天
tonight 今晚 that night那天晚上
this week 这星期 that week那个星期
yesterday 昨天 the day before前一天
last week 上星期 the week before前一个星期
ago以前 before 以前
tomorrow明天 the next/following day第二天
next week 下星期 the next week 第二个星期
地点状语 here 这里 there 那里
动 词
come来 go 去
Bring带走,拿走 take 带来,拿来
【注意】直接引语中的时间状语根据实际情况转述为间接引语时,有时不需要改变。
如tomorrow,转述的动作发生在说话的当天,就不用改变;但如果转述的动作不发生在说话的当天,则要将tomorrow变为the next day.
又如here,转述地点就是说话时的地点时,不须变化。
5、标点符号
整个复合句的标点符号必须与主句一致,即主句是陈述句时用句号,主句是问句时用问号。
4. 八年级下册英语单词的Unit 4
Why don't you talk to your parents?
1allow v.允许;准许
2 wrong adj.错误的,不对的
3 guess v.猜测;估计
4 deal n.协议;交易
5 work out解决
6get on with和睦相处;关系良好
7 relation n.关系;联系;交往
8 communication n.交流;沟通
9 argue v.争吵;争论
10 cloud n.云;云朵
11 elder adj.年纪较长的
12 instead adv.代替;反而;却
13 whatever pron.任何;每一
14 nervous adj.焦虑的;担忧的
15 offer 主动提出;自愿给予
16 proper adv.正确地;恰当地
17 secondly adv.第二;其次
18 communicate v.交流;沟通
19 explain v.解释;说明
20 clear adj.清楚易懂;晴朗的
21 v.复制;复印
22 return v.回来;回去
23 member n.成员;分子
24 pressure n.压力
25 compete v.竞争,对抗
26 opinion n.意见;想法;看法
27 skill n.技艺;技巧
28 typical adj.典型的
29 football n.足球;(美式)橄榄球
30cut out 删去;删除
31 continue v.持续;继续存在
32 compare v.比较
33 compare…with… 比较;对比
34 crazy adj.不理智的;疯狂的
35 push v.推动;移动
36 development n.发展;发育;成长
37 cause v.造成;引起
38 usual adj.通常的;寻常的
39 perhaps adv.可能;大概;也许
40 quick adj.快的;迅速的;时间短暂的
41 in one's opinion 依...看
42What' s wrong? 哪儿不舒服?
44look through快速查看; 浏览
45big deal 重要的事
46 anymoread v. (常用于否定句和疑问句末)再也(不); (不)再
47Cathy 凯茜 (女名)
48Taylor 泰勒 (姓)
5. 新目标英语八年级下册unit4中出现了那些短语
Unit 4 He said I was hard-working
1. soap opera 泡沫剧,电视(连续)剧
2. on Friday night 在星期五晚上
3. be mad at 生……的气
4. have a surprise party 举行一个惊喜晚会
5. not… any more 不再,再也不
not… any more
no more
not… any longer
no longer
6. Young Lives 《年轻的生命》
7. direct speech 直接引语
reported speech 间接引语
8. first of all 首先
9. do a homework project 设计作业计划
10. pass on 传递
11. work on 从事,设计,演算,操作
12. be supposed to do sth.被期望(要求)做……,应该做……
13. be good at 擅长……
14. do well in 在……方面表现得好
15. report card 成绩单
16. have a (bad) cold 患(重)感冒
17. in good health 身体健康
18. end-of-year exams = final exams 期末考试
19. have a big fight 大吵了一架
20. in/at school 在学校,上学
21. forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事
forget doing sth. 忘记做了某事
22. get over克服,恢复,原谅
23. a poor mountain village 一个贫穷的山村
24. sound like 听起来像
25. the Peking University 北京大学
26. the Ministry of Ecation 教育部
27. the Chinese Young Pioneers 中国少年先锋队
28. China’s rural areas 中国的偏远地区
29. sea level 海平面
30. the thin air 稀薄的空气
31. agree with sb./sth. 同意, 与……相符(一致)
agree on/about sth. 同意,赞成
32. both…and………和……都
33. most of… 大多数……,大部分……
34. open up 打开,展开,开发,揭露
35. a good start 一个良好的开端
36. care for照料,照顾,计较,关心
37. in danger 处于危险之中
6. 新目标八年级英语下册Unit4
Dear grandma, How's it going?I hope that grandpa is well now.I was sorry to hear that he had a cold last week.I hope you are in good health. Things are fine here.I finish my end-of-year exams last week and got my report card today.I always get nervous when I see the envelope from school in the mail, but luckily I did OK this time.I had a really hard time with science this semester,and I wasn't surprised to find that my worst report was from my science teacher.She said I was lazy,which isn't true.It's just that I find science really difficult.Another disappointing result was in hisrory.My history teacher said I could do better. The goos news is that my math teachersaid I was hard-working.And my Spanish teacher said my listening was good. Well,that's about all the news I have for now.Mom and Dad send their love. Love, Alan.