海涛英语时态语法第4集视频

A. 初中英语时态和短语以及语法

（一）be动词。

1、be动词包括am, are, is。

2、be动词的用法。

am → 主语是单数第一人称（即I）。e.g. I am…

be are → 单数第二人称及所有复数。e.g. You are… The coats are…

is → 单数第三人称及不可数名词。 e.g. Your father is… The money is…

3、否定句式（即改否定句）：在be动词之后+not, 句子其它部位不变。

e.g. He is not a teacher.

4、缩写形式。

①主语+be，缩写be第一个字母为 ’，再与主语合并。

e.g. you are → you’re Jack is → Jack’s

② be+not否定形式的缩写，缩写not中“o”为 ’, 再与be合并。

e.g. is not→isn’t are not→aren’t

③不能缩写的情况：this is, these are, those are, am not及缩略的肯定回答。

e.g. Yes, I am. (I’m 误)

5、含be动词句子的疑问句型转换。

①一般疑问句：将be动词提前，其它照抄不变，最后+？，读升调。（一般第一人称改为第二人称）

e.g. The man in the car is her father. → Is the man in the car her father?

I’m a middle school student. → Are you a middle school student?

②一般疑问句的肯否定回答。

肯定回答： Yes, 主语+be. 否定回答： No, 主语+be+not.

e.g. Is he old? Are you a new student? Is your father at home?

Yes, he is. Yes, I am. Yes, he is.

No, he is not.(isn’t) No, I’m not. No, he is not.(isn’t)

注意：①主语必须用代词回答；②肯定回答不能缩写；③回答第二人称，用第一人称回答。

③特殊疑问句（就划线部分提问）。

1) 方法：将句子被提问(即被划线)的部分改为相对应的疑问词，然后置于句首，接着再将be动词或情态动词提前 (置于疑问词之后)，其它部分照抄不变，最后+？(即疑问词+一般疑问句？)

e.g. The man in a red cap is her brother. → Who is the man in a red cap?

I can sing English songs. → What can you do?

2) 注意：①被提问部分不能再写。

②提问动词(即提问做某事)，在改句子时注意还“do”，表示做什么？

3) 相应的疑问词。

1. 事物 → what e.g. That is a cat. → What is that?

2. 地点 → where He is at home? → Where is he?

3. 人 → who The man is his father. → Who is the man?

4. 怎样(程度，方式) → how She’s fine. → How is she?

He can go to school by bus. →How can he go to school?

5. 年龄 → how old Our grandpa is 80. → How old is your grandpa?

6. 班级 → what class We are in Class 2, Grade 1. → What class are you in?

7. 数字 → what My phone number is 2212121→What’s your phone number?

8. 颜色 → what color His car is yellow. → What color is his car?

9. 时间 → what time I can get there at six. → What time can you get there?

when I can go with you on Sunday. → When can you go with me?

10. 价钱 → how much The bag is twenty yuan. → How much is the bag?

（二）代词：

1、代词的形式

第一人称

第二人称

第三人称

单数

复数

单数

复数

单数

复数

主 格

I

we

you

you

he

she

it

they

宾 格

me

us

you

you

him

her

it

them

物主代词

my

our

your

your

his

her

its

their

我(的)

我们(的)

你们(的)

你们(的)

他(的)

她(的)

它(的)

他们(的)

2、代词的用法

①动作的发出者，代词用主格，(一般在句首，动词前)。 e.g. He often writes to me.

②动作的承受者，代词用宾格，(一般在句末，动词后、介词后)。

e.g. Let’s ask him. Let’s play with them.

③物的主人，用物主代词。(即代词所有格)

形容词性物主代词后一定要带物，不能单独使用，一般用在名词前。

e.g. This is their classroom. That is my bike. It is her red coat.

（三）所有格：表示物或人的“所属”关系。

1、名词所有格的形式：

① 名词之后直接+’s e.g. Mary―Mary’s Kate―Kate’s

② 以s结尾的名词只加 ' e.g. students―students’

2、以上形式一般只用于有生命的名词，但也可用于表示时间、距离、国家、地点等无生命的名词。e.g. today’s newspaper; an hour’s walk; China’s city

3、注意： ①表示两者或多者共有，在最后一个名词+ ’s。

e.g. Mike and Jim’s room.（共用，用单数）

②如果不是共有，指各有，则各词都应+’s。

e.g. Mike’s and Jim’s rooms. (各有，用复数)

4、表示无生命的名词所有格用of短语表示，但注意词序与汉语习惯不同，形式为：名词+of+名词（前者属于后者）。

e.g. the door of the room. 那房间的门 the picture of my family. 我的家庭的照片

5、注意：有时’s 结构可以转化为of 短语。（对等）

e.g. his father’s friends → the friends of his father.

the girl’s new computer → the new computer of the girl.

the dog’s name → the name of the dog

但不是所有of 结构都有对等的’s结构。因为’s 只用于有生命的词。

（四）名词的数。

1、名词的概念：名词是指表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念名称的词，

如：teacher, school, morning, thanks, ty.

名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。

2、可数名词。

1）可数名词是指可以用数目计算是名词，有单复数两种形式。

可数名词包括个体名词：e.g. apple , student.

集体名词：e.g. class people

2）用法： ① 单数名词前可用a, an修饰；

② 之前可以直接用数词；

③ 之前可用a lot of, lots of，many, some等修饰；

④ 提问其数量用How many + 复数名词；

3）可数名词的复数形式： 英语名词复数的构成有规则变化和不规则变化两种形式。

A 规则变化：

① 一般在单词的结尾直接+s； book ― books

② 如果单词以s, x, ch, sh等结尾，+es； bus ― buses

③ 若以辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i+es； city ― cities story ― stories

④ 以f或fe结尾，变f或fe为ves；wife ― wives knife ― knives

⑤ 以o结尾， tomato — tomatoes； photo— photos；

⑥ 两个名词用在一起构成合成名词变复数时，只把合成名词的主体名词变成复数。 e.g. banana trees

⑦ 但是以woman, man等名词与其后面的名词构成合成名词变复数时，里面所含的成分全部要变成复数。three women teachers

B 不规则变化：

① 单复数同形 Chinese中国人 Japanese日本人

② 只作复数 trousers clothes chips thanks people(人们)

③ 特殊变化：

man―men woman―women foot―feet child―children

3、不可数名词。

1）不可数名词是指不可以用数目计算是名词，它一般没有复数形式。

不可数名词包括物质名词：broccoli. 抽象名词：work, homework.

2）用法：① 不用a, an修饰；

② 前面可用a lot of, lots of, much, some, a little等修饰；

③ 作主语时，都视为单数；

④ 提问其数量时用How much；

e.g. How much money do you have?

（五）祈使句：

1、祈使句表示请求，命令，建议等，它没有主语（其实是省略了主语you），

以动词开头，动词要用原形，句末用“！”或“.”，读降调。有时为了使语气比较委婉，常在句首或句末加上please.在句末时要用逗号隔开。

e.g. Sit down, please! Let’s go to school.

2、祈使句的否定形式：

一般在句首加Don’t. e.g. Play the piano. → Don’t play the piano.

（七）一般现在时。

1、一般现在时的用法：

①表示现在的状态或特征，谓语动词一般是be。

e.g. They are at work. She is very old.

②表示经常性或习惯性动作，谓语动词一般是实义动词。

e.g. We go to school from Monday to Friday.

③表示主语具备的性格和能力。

e.g. I like swimming. Do you speak English?

④普遍真理。e.g. Two plus four is six. The earth goes around the sun.

2、一般时态（一般现在时）的谓语形式。

①动词be 的人称变化： （略）

②实义动词的变化：主语为单数第三人称，实义动词应+s或es。

(其变化类同于名词的复数形式)

主语为其他人称时，实义动词不变。

3、一般现在时的句型变化。

1）be动词的句式：（略）

2）实义动词的句式：改否定句及疑问句都应借助助动词do或does。

(当主语为单数第三人称时，用does, 同时应将其后的谓语动词还原形)。

① 改否定句：在实义动词之前+don’t或doesn’t.

e.g. We go to school on Sundays. → We don’t go to school on Sundays.

He does his homework after supper.

→ He doesn’t do his homework after supper.

② 改一般疑问句：在句首添加Do或Does，其他照抄，最后加问号。

e.g. They speak English. → Do they speak English?

He goes home at five every day.

→ Does he go home at five every day?

③ 一般疑问句的肯否定回答。

Yes, 主语do. No, 主语don’t. Yes, 主语does. No, 主语doesn’t.

e.g. Do they speak English? Does he go home at five every day?

Yes, they do. Yes, he does.

No, they don’t. No, he doesn’t.

④ 改特殊疑问句：疑问代词＋一般疑问句？(do/does＋其他？)

e.g. I like to eat apple. What do you like to eat?

He goes to school every day. Where does he go every day?

4、often, five days a week, every day, on Sundays, sometimes等表示频度的状语通常位于be动词之后，实义动词之前，若句子出现频度副词，通常用一般现在时。

B. 怎么练习英语口语

怎么练习英语口语?首先，我们要知道的是，口语这们技术，更多的是一门肌肉记忆，想要学好口语，周围的环境是至关重要。就好像小时候我们学习的母语一样。而你想要学习纯正的英语口语的，可以来我们试试阿西吧的外教【点击领取】，我们一直立志于打造一个完美的学习环境，采用的也是一对一的沉浸式教学，专业的外教老师，更能够保证你的纯正口语。

而想要成功的学习英语口语，这两个方法是可行的：

方法一，找声音

寻找那些纯正的英语发音，像是英语电影，动画，故事，新闻，这些都可以，不过我更推荐故事，现在很多年的英语口语成功者都是在这种状态下学会的，大家同样也使用，而唯一需要的，大概就是坚持了。

方法二，找一个外国朋友，甚至到国外生活一段时间。

不要觉得这很夸张，我可以很负责任的告诉你，这是学习英语最快，也是最正确的方法。人类是随着环境而改变的生物，你没有相关的环境，即使你强行的学习。出来的也只是传说中的中国英语。所以，言尽于此，想要学习英语的，或者想要选择英语学习机构的。都可以参考上面的两种方法。

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C. 初中英语语法大全

1 (see 、 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump
2 （比较级 and 比较级） 表示越来越怎么样
3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人
5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个 世界
7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去
the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树
8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的
10 ask for ……求助 向…要…（直接接想要的东西） eg : ask you for my book
11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么
12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事
13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen
14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始
15 at the end of +地点/+时间 最后；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day
16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候
17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句 感觉/对什么有信心，自信
eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test
18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时
19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原） 能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing
20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing
21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog
22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么
eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视
23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me
24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气
25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高
26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开
29 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好
30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于……
32 be careful 当心；小心 33 be different from…… 和什么不一样
34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好
36 be from = come from 来自 eg ：He is from Bejing He comes from Bejing Is he from Bejing ? Does he come from Bejing ?
37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满 eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water
38 be glad+to+do/从句 39 be going to + v(原） 将来时
40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于……
41 be good for 对什么有好处 eg : Reading aloud is good for your English
42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事
43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处
eg : Reading aloud is helpful to you 大声朗读对你有好处
Exercising is helpful to your bady 锻炼对你的身体有好处
44 be in good health 身体健康
45 be in trouble 处于困难中 eg : She is in trouble They are in tronble
46 be interested in 对某方面感兴趣
47 be late for = come late to 迟到 eg: Be late for class 上课迟到
48 be like 像…… eg : I'm like my mother
49 be mad at 生某人的气
50 be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不见原材料)
51 be made of 由……制成(制成以后还看得见原材料) 52 be not sure 表不确定
53 be on a visit to 参观 54 be popular with sb 受某人欢迎
55 be quiet 安静 56 be short for 表**的缩写 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰
57 be sick in bed 生病在床 58 be sorry to do sth be sorry for sb eg : I am sorry for you
59 be sorry to hear that 60 be sorry to trouble sb eg : I am sorry to trouble you
61 be strict in doing sth 严于做某事 eg : He's strict in obeying noles
62 be strict with sb 对某人要求严格 eg: Some students are not strict with them selves 这些学生对自己不严格
63 be strict with sb in sth 某方面对某人严格 64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么
65 be sure 表确定 66 be sure of doing sth 对做某事有信心 eg: He is sure of winning I am sure of learning English well
67 be sure of sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I'm sure of my head (my teacher 我相信我的大脑（老师）
68 be sure that sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I'm suer that he can pass the test 我相信他能通过考试
69 be sure to do sth一定会做某事eg: We are sure to pass the test 我们一定会通过这次考试 We are sure to learn English well 我们一定能学好英语
70 be terrified of + 名/动doing 害怕…… 71 be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事
72 be the same as … 和什么一样 73 be used to doing sth 习惯做某事
eg: My father is used to getting up early 我爸爸习惯早He is used to sleeping in class 他习惯上课睡觉
74 be worth doing 值得做什么 75 be(feel) afraid to do sth 害怕做某事be afraid of sth 害怕某物 be afraid that 丛句
76 because+句子 because of +短语
eg : He was late because he had a headache He was late because of his headache
77 begin to do = start to do 开始做某事 start…with…=begin…with… 以什么开始什么
eg : Let's begin the game with the song I begin to go home
78 between…and… 两者之间
79 borrow sth from sb 向……借…… lend sth to sb ( lend sb sth 借给……什么东西
eg : I borrowed a pen from him he lent a pen to me ( he lent me a pen
80 both = the same(as) = not different(from) 表相同
81 bother 打扰 bother sb to do sth
eg : I'm sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the station
我十分道歉打扰你，但是你能告诉我怎么去车站
the problem has been bothering me for weeks 这个问题困扰了我几个周了
He's bothering me to lend him money
82 by the end of 到……为止 83 call sb sth eg : We call him old wang
84 care 关心 eg : Don't you care about this country's future ?你为什么不关心国家的未来
85 catch up with sb 赶上某人 86 chat with sb 和某人闲谈 take sb to + 地点 带某人去某地
87 come in 进88 come over to 过来
89 come up with 提出 eg: Can you come up with a good idea 你能想出一个好办法吗？
90 communicate with sb 和某人交流
91 consider + doing 考虑做什么 eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou 为什么不考虑去泸州？
92 dance to 随着……跳舞 eg : She likes dancing to the music 她喜欢随着音乐跳舞
93 decide to do sth 决定做某事 94 do a survey of 做某方面的调查 95 do better in 在……方面做得更好
96 do wrong 做错 97 Don't forget to do sth 不要忘了做某事 98 Don't mind +doing /从句 /名词 不要介意……
99 each +名（单）每一个…eg : Each student has many books 每一个学生都有一些书 100 end up +doing 101 enjoy +doing喜欢 102 escape from 从……逃跑eg: The prisoners have escaped from the prison犯人从监狱里逃跑出来 103 expect to do sth 期待做某事 104 fall down 摔下来 fall off 从哪摔下来 105 fall in love with sb /sth 爱上什么
106 far from 离某地远 eg : The school is far from my home 107 find +it +adj +to do 发现做某事怎么样
108 find sb/sth +adj 发现什么怎么样 eg : I find the book interesting 109 finish 完成+doing（名词）
110 fit to sb = be fit for sb 适合某人 111 forget to do 没有做而忘了 forget doing 做了而又忘了 eg: Don't forget to go home I forget closing door 112 from…to… 从某某到某某 eg: From me for her
113 get /have sth down 做完，被（别人）做…eg: I have my hair cut 我理了发(头发被剪了）
Tom got his bad tooth pulled out 汤母把他的坏牙拔掉了（被牙医拔掉了）
114 get a part-time job= find a part-time job 115 get along well with sb = get on well with sb 与某人相处得好
116 get along with sb = get on with sb 与某人相处 117 get ready for = be ready for为什么而准备eg : I get ready for math I am ready for math 118 get sb in to trouble 给某人麻119 get sb to do sth
120 get…from… 从某处得到某物 121 give a talk 做报告 eg: He is give a tall
122 give sth to sb give sb sth 给某人某物 123 go fish 钓鱼 go swimming 游泳
124 go on to do 去做下一件事 go on doing 继续做这件事 125 go out away from go out of
126 go to school 上学（用于专业的）go to the school 去学校（不一定是上学） 127 good way to 好方法
128 hate to do 讨厌没做过的事 hate doing 讨厌做过的事
129 have a party for sb 举办谁的晚会 130 have a talk 听报告 谈一谈
131 have been doing 现在完成进行时 eg : You have been talking You have been sleeping since
132 have been to …( 地方）……去过某过地方 have gone to …（地方） 去了某地还没回来
133 have fun +doing 玩得高兴 134 have sth to do 有什么事要做
eg: I have a lot of homework to do 我有很多家庭作业要做 I have nothing to do 我没什么事情做
135 have to do sth 必须做某事
136 have trouble (problem) (in) doing sth 做什么事情有麻烦
137 have…time +doing
138 have…(时间)…off 放……假 eg: I have month off 我请一个月得假
139 hear sb +do/doing 听见某人做某事/正在做某事
140 help a lot 很大用处
141 help sb with sth \one's sth 帮助某人某事（某方面） help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事
142 hope to do sth 希望做某事
143 How about(+doing) = What about(+doing)
144 how do you like = what do you think of 你对什么的看法
145 if : 是否＝wether
eg: I don't know if (wether) I should go to the party 我不知道我是否应该去参加晚会
He don't know if (wether) we will arrive on time tomorrow morning 他不知道我们明天早上是否能准时到达
146 if :如果，假如（全部接一般时态）＋条件语态从句
eg: I'll go to LuZhou if it does't rain 假如明天不下雨，我就去泸州
If they change the plan they will let me know 假如他们要改变计划，他们会让我知道的
I'll go to England ,if I have enough money next year 如果我明年由足够的钱，我就要去英国
147 in one's opinion = sb think 某人认为
148 in some ways 在某些方面
149 in the end = finally(adv) 最后
150 in the north of… 什么在什么的北方 （north 北 sowth 南 west 西 east 东 ）

D. 初中英语语法

定义
动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它可以支配宾语，也能被副词修饰。动名词有时态和语态的变化。

解释：动词的ing形式如果是名词，这个词称动名词。

一、动名词的作用
动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。

1、作主语
Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。
Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山是真有趣。
Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 在这种工作条件下工作不是愉快而是痛苦。

动名词作主语，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。如：
It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 洒掉的牛奶哭也没用。
It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。
It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上这种拥挤的车真难。
It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。
There is no joking about such matters. 对这种事情不是开玩笑。

动名词作主语的几种类型
动名词可以在句子中充当名词所能充当的多种句子成分。在这里仅就动名词在句子中作主语的情况进行讨论。
动名词作主语有如下几种常见情况：

1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如：
Swimming is a good sport in summer.

2. 用 it 作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。
动名词做主语时，不太常用 it 作先行主语，多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如：
It is no use telling him not to worry.
常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有：better，wonderful，enjoyable，interesting，foolish，difficult，useless，senseless，worthwhile，等。
注意：important，essential，necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。

3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如：
There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。

4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如：
No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ).
No parking.
5. 动名词的复合结构作主语
当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格，构成动名词的复合结构(——这时，名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如：
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
6.例词
shopping fishing cycling这些都是很常见的动名词
二、动名词作主语与动词不定式作主语的比较
动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相近。但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作，不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。比较：
Smoking is not good for health.
It is not good for you to smoke so much.

注意：
1)在口语中，用动名词作主语位于句首的较不定式多见。
2)在“It is no use...”，“It is no good...”，“It is fun...”，“It is a waste of time...”等句型中，通常用动名词作真实主语：
It is no use/good/a waste of time talking about that.
*It is no use/good/a waste of time to talk about that.

3)在疑问句中，通常用动名词的复合结构，而不用不定式的复合结构作主语：
Does your saying that mean anything to him?
*Does for you to say that mean anything to him?

4)在“There be”句型中，只能用动名词，而不能用不定式作主语：
There is no telling what will happen.
It is impossible to tell what will happen.

5)当句子中的主语和表语都是非限定动词时，要遵循前后一致的原则，主语和表语在形式上要求统一：
Seeing is believing.
*To see is to believe.

2、作宾语
（1）作动词的宾语
某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off, delay, practise, resist, suggest, depend on, think about, set about, succeed in, worry about, burst out, insist on, can’t stand, be used to, get used to, devote…to…, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to等。如：
They went on walking and never stopped talking. 他们继续走，说个不停。
I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海滩上走真是乐事。

（2）作介词的宾语
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活？

（3）作形容词的宾语
The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。
We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。

3、作表语
动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。
Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。(Cleaning the windows is your task.)
What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。 (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)

4、作定语
动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如：
a walking stick ＝a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing
a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading
a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring
sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping

二、动名词的逻辑主语
带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动名词的复合结构。其中物主代词（名词所有格）是逻辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。如：

Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 他来帮忙鼓舞了我。 (=That she came to help encouraged all of us.)
Jane’s being careless caused so much trouble. 简这么粗心惹来了不少麻烦。 (=That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.)
What’s troubling them is their not having enough food. 烦扰他们的是食物不足。 (=What’s troubling them is that they have not enough food.)

在口语中，如果动名词复合结构作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格，名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替，但在句首作主语时不能这样来代替。如：
Would you mind my/me using your computer? 用下你的电脑介意吗？
The father insisted on his son’s/his son going to college. 爸爸坚决要求儿子上大学。
Mary’s (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset. 玛丽病了，使她妈妈很着急。
His (不可用Him)smoking made his family angry. 他抽烟使他一家人非常生气。

在下列情况下动名词的逻辑主语必须用名词的普通格或人称代词宾语：
a.无命名词
The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 这个婴儿被猛烈的关门声吵醒。
b. 有生命名词但表示泛指意义
Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你听说过妇女练拳击吗？
c. 两个以上的有生命名词并列
Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 你记得你父母和我都告诉过你这事吗？

三、动名词的时态和语态
动名词的时态和语态如下：

时态
主动语态
被动语态

一般式
writing
being written

完成式
having written
having been written

其否定形式是在doing前加上not

1、动名词一般式表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作，或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作。如：
I hate talking with such people. 我讨厌与这样的人说话。
Being careless is not a good habit. 粗心不是一个好习惯。

2、动名词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。如：
I don’t remember having met him before. 我记不得以前见过他。
Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help. 谢谢你费力帮忙。

3、动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者，动名词用被动语态。
（1）它的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，或在其前发生。如：
I don’t like being laughed at in public. 在公共场合下，我不喜欢被别人嘲笑。

（2）它的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如：
I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 我很高兴你能获得这样的奖牌。

（3）在某些动词，我们常用动名词的一般式表示完成式，尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，这似乎是一种强大的习惯。如：
Excuse me for being late. 我来晚了请你原谅。
I don’t remember ever meeting somewhere. 我记不得原来在什么地方见过。
Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢给我们这么大的帮助。

（4）在多数情况下都避免使用动名词被动语态完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子显得累赘，尤其是在口语中。如：
I forget once being taken (having been taken ) to the city zoo. 我曾被带到过这个动物园，可我忘了。

（5）动名词被动语态一般式与现在分词被动语态一般式同形，但无进行意义，being不可省略。如：
She is afraid of being taken to the public. 她怕被领到大众面前。

四、常见题型：
1） 动名词做主语时，谓语动词为单数
2） 在动名词和不定式中，作为介词的宾语是动名词
3） 动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词，通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语
例：
I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon.
A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you’re calling（Key：C；换成your calling也对）
4） 有些词后只能接动名词
admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can’t help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...
5） 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法
it’s no good; it’s no/little/hardly any/ use; it’s not/hardly/scarcely use; it’s worthwhile; spend money/time; there’s no; there’s no point in; there’s nothing worse than; what’s the use/point...
6） 有些词后面加不定式和动名词均可
remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式，但意义截然不容。
例：
remember to do/doing：
①I remembered to post the letters.（指未来/过去未来将要做的动作）
②I remembered posting/having posted the letters.（我记得做过这个动作）
forget与remember的用法类似。
regret的用法：
①I regret to inform you that…（我很遗憾地通知你……）
②I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.（为了“二十年前的离开”而遗憾。）
try to（努力）与try +–ing（试验）：
①You really must try to overcome your shyness.
②Try practicing five hours a day.

五、动名词与现在分词的同与不同
动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同，都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中，这两种形式同视为"-ing形式"。 这两种形式的另一个相同之处是：它们都是由动词变化而成的，它们都保留了动词的某些特征，它们都能带自己的宾语、状语，而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。例如：
Speaking in the public , he will surely be very cheerful .
（现在分词短语，作状语）他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。
She hates speaking in the public.
（动名词短语，作宾语）她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。

区别：
1､动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是:
①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如:
My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换)

②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如:
The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story.

2､动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于:
动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质､状态或动作等｡试比较:
①a swimming boy和a swimming suit
前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming ,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming , 动名词swimming表示suit 的用途｡

②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car
前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping ,现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态;而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping ,动名词 sleeping 表示car 的用途｡
被动语态
一、 被动语态的用法：

1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词

Our classroom is cleaned everyday.

I am asked to study hard.

Knives are used for cutting things.

2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词

A new shop was built last year.

Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.

3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词

This book has been translated into many languages.

Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.

4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词

A new hospital will be built in our city.

Many more trees will be planted next year.

5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词

Young trees must be watered often.

Your mistakes should be corrected right now.

The door may be locked inside.

Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.

6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词

Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→

My bike is being repaired by Tom now.

They are planting trees over there. →

Trees are being planted over there by them.

7. 不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词

There are two books to be read. →

There are twenty more trees to be planted.

二、 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态?

把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：

1. 先找出谓语动词；

2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语；

3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语；

4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。

例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week.

2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.

3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far.

4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.

5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now.

6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave.

三、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：

1. 不及物动词无被动语态。

What will happen in 100 years.

The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.

2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。

This pen writes well.

This new book sells well.

3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。

例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something

see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something

A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.

The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.

4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定,或是间接宾语加被动语态再加只接宾语。

He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. 或是I was given a book by him.

He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him. 或是i was shown a ticket by him.

My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father. 或是Lwas bought a new bike by my father.

5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。

We can’t laugh him. →He can’t be laugh by us.

He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.

The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.</CA>

E. 求英语高手人工翻译三段话 注意时态和语法！别拿在线翻译糊弄人哦，那都没时态

I love to watching happy camp Every Saturday, I like the host wich is hejiong(何炅）, he cultural level is high,Also his reaction capacity is good,his the most important host in happy camp. Then I also like XieNa, her wacky and savage really attracted me, she made most of the punchline
. Finally, there are clever d jia, lovely WuXin, silly HAITAIO海涛,
给你翻译了一半下面太懒了 呵呵 我也超喜欢看快本！版！！！！！ 最喜欢何炅和谢娜权！！ 每个星期我还会逼我同学看！！