『壹』 所有初中英语时态语法及其结构
初中英语时态及结构 一般现在时: 句子结构: 肯定句 主语+be (am, is, are ) + 其他 否定句 主语+be not +其他 疑问句 Be+主语+其他 或: 肯定句 主语+动词原型+其他 ( 第三人称单数作主语动词要加"s" ) 否定句 主语+don't+动词原型+其他(第三人称单数作主语don't改为doesn't) 疑问句 DO+主语+动词原型+其他(第三人称单数作主语do改为doess) 关键词: sometimes, often, usually, always, every day, on Sunday afternoon, at 10 o'clockin the morning, five days a week, three times a month等. 注:在时间壮语从句,条件壮语从句中,常用一般现在时表示将来时,这时一般从 句用一般现在时,主句用将来时 现在进行时: 句子结构:肯定句 主语+be +动词的现在分词+其他 否定句 主语+be not+动词的现在分词+其他 疑问句 Be +主语+动词的现在分词+其他 关键词:now, right now, at the moment, It's+几点钟等的句子.或look, listen, keep quiet等提示语. 一般将来时: 句子结构: 肯定句 主语+will+动词原型+其他 否定句 主语+will not +动词原型+其他 疑问句 Will +主语+动词原型+其他 (will 可改为be going to ,当主语是第一人称时will可用shall) 关键词:tomorrow, tomorrow morning, at seven o'clock tomorrow evening, next year, at ten o'clock next Sunday, this year, at the end of this term, from now on, in the year 2008, soon, in a few days' time, in the future 等. 一般过去时: 句子结构:肯定句 主语+be(was,were)+其他 否定句 主语+be not+其他 疑问句 Be+主语+其他 或: 肯定句 主语+动词的过去式+其他 否定句 主语+did not+动词原型+其他 疑问句 Did+主语+动词原型+其他 关键词:yesterday,yesterday morning等 ,last week, last year, at the end of last term, 一段时间+ago如:ten years ago, five hours ago, on January 1st,2004, in the 1980s等. Just now,in the old days, long ago, a moment ago等. 过去进行时: 句子结构: 肯定句 主语+was/were+动词的现在分词+其他 否定句 主语+was/were not +动词的现在分词+其他 疑问句 Was/Were + 主语+ 动词的现在分词+其他 关键词:具体时间+过去的时间壮语 如:at ten o'clock yesterday morning, at this time last Sunday等. 现在完成时: 句子结构:肯定句 主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他(第三人称单数用has) 否定句 主语+have/has not+动词的过去分词+其他 疑问句 Have/Has + 主语 + 动词的过去分词+其他 关键词:already, yet, just, ever, never ,so far, for +一段时间,since+过去的 时间或过去时从句.或this year alone"今年以来",these five years alone"这五年 以来",in the last ten years "在过去的十年中"等. 过去将来时: 句子结构: 肯定句 主语+ would+ 动词原型+其他 否定句 主语+ would not + 动词原型+ 其他 疑问句 Would+主语+动词原型+其他 (would可改为was/were going to ,主语第一人称时would可用should) 过去将来时主要用在宾语从句中. 过去完成时: 句子结构: 肯定句 主语+had + 动词的过去分词+其他 否定句 主语+had not +动词的过去分词+其他 疑问句 Had+主语+动词的过去分词+其他 关键词:by+过去某一时间点 如:by last year, by the end of+过去某一时间点 如: by the end of last year, before+过去某一时间点,by the time +从句,或宾语从 句中.
『贰』 求英语各种语法,时态。从小学到高中的英语知识。 最好图(结构图)文并茂
名词性从句(主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句)
修饰性从句(定语从句状语从句)
语气(真实语气虚拟语气)
语态(主动语态被动语态)
语调(陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句)
『叁』 英语十六种时态结构和概念
时态 - 定义
英语语法中的时态(tense)是一种动词形式,不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式。
是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此,当我们说时态结构的时候,指的是相应时态下的动词形式。
英语时态分为16种:一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时,以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时
下面就英语中常见的十种基本时态进行阐述,其它的时态都是在这十种时态的基础上结合而成的。
时态 - 一、 一般现在时
1.概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
2.时间状语: always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,
3.基本结构:动词 原形 (如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要改为第三人称单数形式)
4.否定形式:am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。
6.例句:. It seldom snows here.
He is always ready to help others.
Action speaks louder than words..
时态 - 二、 一般过去时
1.概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
2.时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week,last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
3.基本结构:be动词;行为动词 的过去式
4.否定形式:was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。
6.例句:She often came to help us in those days.
I didn't know you were so busy.
时态 - 三、 现在进行时
1.概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
2.时间状语:now, at this time, days, etc. look . listen
3.基本结构:be+doing
4.否定形式:be+not+doing.
5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。
6.例句: How are you feeling today?
He is doing well in his lessons.
时态 - 四、 过去进行时
1.概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2.时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
3.基本结构 s+was/were+doing
4.否定形式:s+was/were + not + doing.
5.一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写)
6.例句:At that time she was working in a PLA unit.
When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.
时态 - 五、 现在完成时
1.概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。
2.时间状语:yet,already,just,never,ever,so far,by now,since+时间点,for+时间段,recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.
3.基本结构:have/has + done
4.否定形式:have/has + not +done.
5.一般疑问句:have或has。
6.例句:I've written an article.
The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.
时态 - 六、 过去完成时
1.概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。
2.时间状语:before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.
3.基本结构:had + done.
4.否定形式:had + not + done.
5.一般疑问句:had放于句首。
6.例句:As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.
By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books
基本结构:主语+had+过去分词(done)
①肯定句:主语+had+过去分词+其他
②否定句:主语+had+not+过去分词+其他
③一般疑问句:Had+主语+过去分词+其他
④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
时态 - 七、 一般将来时
1.概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
2.时间状语:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
3.基本结构:主语+am/is/are+going to + do;will/shall + do.
4.否定形式:am/is/are not going to do ;will/shall not do。
5.一般疑问句:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。
6.例句:They are going to have a competition with us in studies.
It is going to rain.
时态 - 八、 过去将来时
1.概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。
2.时间状语:the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
3.基本结构:was/were+going to + do;would/should + do.
4.否定形式:was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.
5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;would/should 提到句首。
6.例句:He said he would go to Beijing the next day.
I asked who was going there .
时态 - 九、将来完成时
1.概念:在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态
2.时间状语:by the time of;by the end of+时间短语(将来);by the time+从句(将来)
3.基本结构:be going to/will/shall + have done
4例句:By the time you get back,great changes will have taken place in this area.
时态 - 十、现在完成进行时
1.概念:表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚刚开始,也可能仍在继续,并可能延续到将来。
2.基本结构:have/has +been+doing
3.时间状语:since+时间点,for+时间段等。
4.例子:I have been sitting here for an hour.
The chirdren have been watching TV since six o'clock.
时态 - 十一、 一般过去时与现在完成时的转换
在现在完成时中,延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用,瞬间动词却不能。但是,可用别的表达方式:①瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中;②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语,与一段时间连用;③瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中,表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思,主句一般用it is来代替It has been;④瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看:
A. He joined the League two years ago.
B. He has been in the League for two years.
C. It is two years since he joined the League.
D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.
时态 - 十二、 一般现在时与现在进行时的转换
在一般现在时中,at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”,如at work(在工作), at school(上学、上课)等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看:
Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.
Peter is working, but Mike is playing.
时态 - 十三、 现在进行时与一般将来时的转换
在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如:I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来,妈妈!”请看:
The train is leaving soon.
The train will leave soon.
时态 - 互相转换
英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换,以下是几种常见的转换形式:
时态 - 十六种时态
所谓“时”就是行为发生的时段或状态存在的时段,即:现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种;所谓“态”就是行为或状态发生时说呈现的状态,有一般状态、进行状态、完成状态或完成进行状态四种。由时和态结合,便形成下列十六种时态:
一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,一般过去将来时;
现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去将来进行时;
现在完成时,过去完成时,将来完成时,过去将来完成时;
现在完成进行时,过去完成进行时,将来完成进行时,过去将来完成进行时.追问哇、挺全的。谢谢额。 回答希望对你有帮助!满意的话就采纳啊!哈哈! 追问俄、帮助很大。
『肆』 英语八大时态详细语法
http://..com/question/54291821.html
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『伍』 初三英语语法时态结构
这个网站http://www.cnenglish.net/6yufa/里什么都有啊,你自己去看看吧,很详细的。。!!!
一般现在时的用法
一般过去时的用法
used
to/be
used
to
一般将来时
be
going
to/will
be
to和be
going
to
一般现在时表将来
用现在进行时表示将来
现在完成时
比较过去时与现在完成时
用于现在完成时的句型
比较since和for
since的四种用法
延续动词与瞬间动词
过去完成时
用一般过去时代替完成时
将来完成时
现在进行时
不用进行时的动词
过去进行时
将来进行时
一般现在时代替将来时
一般现在时代替过去时
一般现在时代替完成时
一般现在时代替进行时
现在进行时代替将来时
时态一致
时态与时间状语
『陆』 英语时态语法结构是怎么搭配的
一般现在时 (1) 一般现在时表示经常性的动作或状态 一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态时,常与often, always, usually, sometimes, every day等时间状语连用。如: The shop opens at nine every day. 这家商店每天九点开门。 It seldom snows here. 这儿很少下雪。 (2) 一般现在时表示客观存在或普遍真理 Light travels faster than sound. 光速比声速快。 Food easily goes bad in hot weather. 天气热时食物容易坏。 (3) 一般现在时表示主语的特征或状态 The picture looks very beautiful. 这幅画看起来很美。 Air contains oxygen and nitrogen. 空气含有氧和氮。 (4) 一般现在时在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态 I'll tell her about it as soon as I see her. When does the train arrive? 火车几点到? (5) 用于图片说明或剧本中的动作提示和背景说明 INSIDE THE SHELTER: Stockton slowly turns to face his wife. The angry screaming cries of the people ring in their ears even as they depart. 防空洞中:斯道克顿慢慢转过身,面对他的妻子。那群人正在离去,而他们愤怒的尖叫声却还回响在他们的耳边。 (6) 电视节目直播解说 It's Carter to serve- he needs just one more point. He serves. And Smith misses. What a great serve!So the championshipgoes to 19-year-old Harry Carter. 该卡特发球了,他只需再得一分就赢了。他发球了,史密斯接球失误。多漂亮的发球!冠军属于了19岁的哈利-卡特。 现在进行时 (1) 现在进行时表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作 表示现阶段正在进行的动作,通常有表示现阶段的时间状语,如:today, this week, this month, this year, this term,now等。 如: He is writing a novel now. 他目前正在写一部小说。 (2) 现在进行时表示经常性的动作 现在进行时在表示经常性、重复性或习惯性的动作时必须与only, merely, simply, really,fast, rapidly, steadily, forever, all the time, always, constantly, continually, repeatedly等频度副词连用。 如: She is always complaining. 她总是在抱怨。 (3) 现在进行时表示按计划或已安排好要做的事 这一用法只适用于某些动词,如:go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, spend, sail, meet, fly等。 如: The guest is leaving by train tonight. 客人今晚坐火车走。 (4) 补充说明 [1] 在不少情况下,表示正在进行的动作的汉语句子,并没有“正在”这样的字眼,但在译为英语时必须用进行时态。 如: It's raining heavily. 下大雨了。 How is everything going? 事情进展如何? [2] 有些动词通常不能用进行时。不能用进行时的动词有: 表示感觉或感情的词,如:hear, see, smell, taste, feel, seem, notice, hate, love, like, want, wish, refuse, prefer, forgive等。 表示存在或所属的词,如:exist, stay, remain, obtain, have, own, form, contain等。 表示认识或理解的词,如:understand, know, remember, forget, believe, think, doubt等。 现在完成时 (1) 现在完成时表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态 现在完成时的这种用法通常与由since或for引导的时间状语连用。 如: The old man have lived here for more than twenty years. 老人已在此住了20多年了。 (2) 现在完成时表示过去发生的对现在有影响的动作 [1] 现在完成时的这种用法有时不带时间状语,有时可以和already, before, ever, just, lately, never, once, recently, yet等一些所指时间不具体的时间状语连用。 如: Have you ever been to Australia? 你去过澳大利亚吗? [2] 有时现在完成时和now, today, this morning, this week, this year等表示现在的时间状语连用。 如: I haven' t seen him today. 我今天没见过他。 I have seen him only once this year. 我今年只见过他一次。 (3) 现在完成时在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来完成的动作 I'll go to the party as soon as (or when) I have finished my homework. 我完成作业后就去参加聚会。 (4) 现在完成时和until now, so far, in the past few years, up to the present等表示从某时到目前这段时间的状语连用 I have not heard from her so far. 到目前为止,我没有收到过她的信。 We have learned five hundred words up to the present. 到目前为止,我们已学了五百个生词。 但要注意:当意义明确时,适用现在完成时的句子可以不用时间状语。 如: He has done a lot of work. 他干了许多工作。 She has told me about her story. 她跟我讲过她的故事。 现在完成进行时 (1) 现在完成进行时表示从过去一直持续到现在的动作或刚刚结束的动作 I've been writing letters all this morning. 我写了一上午信。(动作不再继续) O'Neil is ill. He' s been lying in the bed for three weeks. 奥尼尔在病中,已卧床3个星期了。(动作会继续下去) (2) 现在完成进行时表示从过去到现在的重复性动作 现在完成进行时的这种用法所表示的并不是一直在进行的动作,而是断断续续地反复发生的动作。 如: What have you been doing all this time? 你一直都在干什么来着?(动作可能继续下去) That reporter has been contributing articles to this magazine all these years. 这些年那个记者一直为这家杂志撰稿。(断断续续地反复发生的动作) 一般过去时 (1) 一般过去时表示过去的动作或状态 [1] 一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。 与一般过去时连用的时间状语有:yesterday, last night(week, year, month, Sunday),then, at that time, at that moment, just now, a few days(weeks, months, years) ago等。 例句: Lucy turned off all the lights before she went out. 出门前露茜关了所有的灯。 [2] 一般过去时也可以与today, this week(month, year)等时间状语连用,但这些时间状语应指过去。 如: Did you see him today? 你今天见他了吗?(today指今天已过去的某一时刻) [3] 一般过去时还可以和for或since引导的时间状语连用。 如: I stayed there for two months. 我在那里呆了两个月。 Nothing happened since then. 打那以后什么事都没有发生。 (2) 有时一般过去时的时间状语或是在上下文、或是暗含于句中 Who was that? 那人是谁? I saw Ker in town. 我在城里看见了克尔。 (3) 一般过去时在时间和条件状语从句中表示过去将来的动作或状态。 Hans said he would let us know if he got any news. 汉斯说要是得到消息就告诉我们。 过去进行时 (1) 过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作 [1] 过去进行时通常和时间状语连用。 如: We were having dinner when they came. 他们来的时候,我们正在吃饭。 [2] 过去进行时表示过去某段时间内持续的动作。 如: Carlos was staying at home all last week. 上周整整一周卡洛斯都在家呆着。 They were building a dam last spring. 去年春天他们一直在修一个水坝。 [3] 过去进行时表示与过去某个动作同时发生的动作。 如: I was reading while she was writing. 我在读书,她在写字。 [4] 有 时过去进行时用于主句,位于其后的when引导的从句表示意外发生的情况 : I was walking in the street when it began to rain. 我正在街上走着,突然下起了雨。 (2) 过去进行时表示过去将来的动作 过去进行时的这种用法多表示过去的打算,通常仅限于come, go, leave, depart, start等一些表示移动的动词。 如: He didn't know whether she was coming. 他不知道她是否会来。 The delegation was departing three days later. 代表团打算三天后动身。 过去完成时 (1) 过去完成时表示过去某时之前结束的动作或状态 When he got there, the train had already left. 他到了那儿时火车已经离开了。 Ina realized she had made a mistake. 艾娜意识到她犯了个错误。 (2) 过去完成时与when等从句连用 had+just / barely / hardly / scarcely+done...when..., no sooner...than... 是表示“刚……就……”或“不等……就……”的固定句型。 如: No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain. 我们刚离开家就开始下雨了。 I had not gone much farther before I caught them up. 我没有走多远就赶上他们了。 (3) 过去完成时表示持续到过去某时之前的动作或状态 We had finished the work by nine o'clock yesterday. 昨晚九点前我们已完成了工作。 The company had completed the project by the end of 1999. 到1999年底公司已完成了那个项目。 过去完成时表示未实现的愿望 过去完成时表示未实现的愿望的用法仅限于expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, think,want等动词,过去时间往往由一般过去时表达 。如: I had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 我本想发言,可是时间不允许。 I had hoped you might know. 我本希望你会知道的。 过去完成进行时 过去完成时主要表示持续到过去某时之前的动作。 如: I had been looking for it for days before I found it. 这个东西,我找了好多天才找着。 The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered. 电话铃响了三分钟才有人接。 He was tired. He'd been working all day.他累了。他工作了一整天。 After he'd been lecturing for half an hour, Professor Brown had a drink of water. 布朗教授讲了半小时课之后,他喝了一点水。 编辑本段动词的将来时 一般将来时 (1) 基本用法 [1] 一般将来时常用来表示将来时间的动作或状况。 如: Helena will be twenty next year. 海伦娜明年就二十岁了。 [2] 一般将来时用于真实条件句和时间状语从句的主句中表示将来的情况。 如: I'll tell you as soon as he comes. 他一来我就告诉你。 [3] 用于条件状语从句表示愿望或意愿。 如: If you will wait for me, I shall come back soon. 如果你愿意等我,我马上就回来。 [4] 一般将来时可用来表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。 如: The shop won't open until nine. 这家商店九点才会开门。 Children will be children. 孩子就是孩子。 (2) be going to +动词原形 这一结构表示打算或准备好要做的事或有迹象表明要发生的天气变化等情况。 如: What are you going to do ring the summer holiday? 你暑假打算做什么? The train is going to arrive. 火车就要到了。 (3) 现在进行时(be +现在分词) 有些动词的现在进行时可以表示将要发生的动作,表示按计划或安排即将发生的事。这类动词有:go, come, leave,start, arrive, return, spend, sail, meet, fly等。 如: Annie is coming to supper this evening. 安妮今晚要来吃饭。 (4) be to +动词原形 这一结构可表示约定、命令或按计划要做的事。 如: When are they to come? 他们什么时候来? We are to meet at the school gate. 我们约好在校门口见。 (5) be about to +动词原形 这一结构表示“即将做”或“马上做”的意思。 如: He is about to leave. 他马上就要动身。 The vacation is about to start. 假期即将开始。 将来进行时 将来进行时表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作。常表示已安排好之事,给人一种期待感。 如: What will you be doing this time tomorrow? 明天这个时候你将做什么? The train will be leaving in a second. 火车马上就开。 将来完成时 (1) 将来完成时表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作,往往对将来某一时间产生影响。 如: I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week. 我将在本周末前读完这本书。 Before long,he will have forgotten all about the matter. 过不久,他很快就会把这件事全然忘记。 (2) 将来完成时表示持续到将来某时的动作或状态。 如: By the time he graates, he will have studied French for four years. 到他毕业的时候,他学法语就满四年了。 By the time Pierce comes back from the meeting, we will have waited here for three hours. 到皮尔斯开会回来的时候,我们已经在这儿等了三个钟头了。 过去将来时 (1) 过去将来时表示过去某时之后将出现的情况,通常用于宾语从句中。 如: I thought he would come. 我以为他会来。 Jenny never imagined that she would become a doctor. 詹妮从没想到自己会当医生。 (2) 表示从过去某时看将要发生的事情。 如: The old lady was fifty-eight then. In two years she would be sixty. 老太太当时五十八岁,再过两年就六十了。 I didn’t think they would have any objection to it. 我想他们不会有什么反对意见。 (3) 表示过去习惯性动作(不管什么人称都用would)。 如: Whenever he had time, Harris would go to see his grandmother. 哈里斯一有时间就去看他奶奶。 Joanna would go for a walk after 十六种时态:所谓“时”就是行为发生的时段或状态存在的时段,即:现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种;所谓“态”就是行为或状态发生时所呈现的状态,有一般状态、进行状态、完成状态或完成进行状态四种。由时和态结合,便形成下列十六种时态: 一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,一般过去将来时; 现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去将来进行时; 现在完成时,过去完成时,将来完成时,过去将来完成时; 现在完成进行时,过去完成进行时,将来完成进行时, 过去将来完成进行时.
『柒』 英语的时态我老分不清..谁能帮我列个清晰的结构和语法.最好有例子
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『捌』 求英语的16种时态结构!
以Study为例:
一般时:1、现在 study 2、过去 studied 3、将来 will study 4、过去将来 would study
进行时:1、现在 studing 2、过去 was/were studing 3、将来 will be studing 4、过去将来 would be studing
完成时:1、现在 have studied 2、过去 had studied 3、将来 will have studied 4、过去将来 would have studied
完成进行时:1、现在 have been studying 2、过去 had been studying 3、将来 will have been studying 4、过去将来 would have been studying
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 完成进行时态
现在 do/does am/is/are doing have/has done have/has been doing
过去 did was/were doing had done had been doing
将来 shall/will do shall/will be doing shall/will have done shall/will have been doing
过去将来 should/would do should/would be doing should/would have done should/would have been doing
英语时态
英语共有16种时态,主要有:完成时态——现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时;进行时态——现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、完成进行时;一般时态。
一般现在时
(1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态,常和副词 usually,often,always sometimes, regularly,near,occasionally,every year, every week 等连用。例如: The moon moves round the earth..
Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.
(2)在由after,until,before,once,when,even if,in case,as long as,as soon as,the moment 以及 if,unless 等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如: I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.
I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.
I will have arrived by the time the meeting begins.
(3)某些表示起始的动词,可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,这类动词有:be,go,come,start,depart,arrive,begin,leave 等。例如:
The plane leaves at three sharp. The new teachers arrive tomorrow.
(4)在由why,what,where,whoever,who,that,as 等引导的从句中,也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如:
Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
You’ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.
一般过去时
(1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态,常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。如 yesterday, last year, in 1949, a minute ago, just now
例如: We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.
(2)表示过去习惯性动作。例如:
He always went to class last.
I used to do my homework in the library.
(注意与be used to doing短语的区别)
(3) 在since 引导的状语从句多用一般过去时.主句中一般用完成时
He has changed much since I saw him last.
一般将来时
(1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如:
I shall graate next year.
(2)几种替代形式:
1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用,表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如:
I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money.
2)be to +v表示计划安排要做的事,具有“必要”的强制性意义。例如:
I am to play tennis this afternoon.
3)be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。例如: He was about to start.
4)be e to +v表示预先确定了的事, 必定发生的事。例如:
The train is e to depart in ten minutes.
5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing 强调即将发生的某种事态。例如:
The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.
6) 有些动词用现在进行时,表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作,多和表示未来时间的状语连用 We are leaving on Friday.
现在进行时
(1)表示现在正在进行的动作,常与now,right now,at the moment,for the time being,for the present等连用。例如:
Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.
(2)表示现阶段经常发生的动作, 常与always,continually,forever,constantly等连用。例如: My father is forever criticizing me.
(3)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有:go,come,leave,start,arrive,return等。例如:
They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.
(4)有些动词不能用进行时,这是一类表示“感觉,感情,存在,从属”等的动词。如:see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,look,appear,(表示感觉的词);hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive(表示感情的动词);be,exist,remain,stay,obtain(表示存在状态的动词);have,possess,own,contain,belong,consist of,form(表示占有与从属的动词);understand,know,believe,doubt,forget,remember(表示思考理解的动词)。但是如果它们词义改变,便也可用进行时态。例如: Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him?
(look 在此为联系动词,意为“显得,看上去”)
Tom is looking for his books. (look 在此为实义动词,意为“寻找”)
过去进行时
过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后,另一个过去的动作正在进行,或表示过去反复的习惯,常与always,continually,constantly等动词连用。例如:
We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.
Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.
将来进行时
将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作,或表示要在将来某一时刻开始,并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。例如:
This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.
What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?
完成进行时
(现在、过去、将来)完成进行时是(现在、过去、将来)完成时的强调形式,将放在完成时态部分讲述。
现在完成时
(1)现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的,刚刚完成的动作(常与yet,already,just连用),或者过去某一时刻发生的,持续到现在的情况(常与for,since连用)。例如:
I have just finished my homework. Mary has been ill for three days.
(2)常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有:since, for, ring, over等引导出的短语;副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等;状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如:
I haven’t been there for five years.
So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.
There have been a lot of changes since 1978.
(3)完成时态可用在下列结构中:
This (That) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句;This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句;This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时;如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时,从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如:
This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
There was a knock at the door. That was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
过去完成时
(1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况,这个过去的时间可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示;或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如:
We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
(2)动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时,表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如:
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.
另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是:
1)was / were + to have done sth, 例如:
We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.
2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth, 例如:
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
(3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型:
1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如:
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如:
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
3)by (the end of ) +过去时间,主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如:
The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
将来完成时
将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作;也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有:by (the time / the end of ) + 表示将来时间的短语和句子;before (the end of ) + 表示将来时间的词语或句子;when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如:
By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.
When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.
完成进行时
完成进行时是完成时的强调形式,有现在完成进行时,过去完成进行时,将来完成进行时。
(1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如:
I have been looking for my lost b here?
但就大多数动词而言,在不用表示一段时间地状语的情况下,现在完成时表示动作的完成,而现在完成进行时表示动作的继续. ook for three days, but I still haven’t found it.
有少数动词如work, study, live, teach 等, 用现在完成时和现在完成进行时意思相差无几.
How long have you studied here?
How long have you been studying
They have widened the road.
They have been widening the road.
(2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如:
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.
(3)将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如:
By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.