Ⅰ 九年级英语基本语法知识
呵呵 希望对你有所帮助 祝楼主进步哈
By是个很常用的介词（有时也用作副词），在初中英语中的用法有以下几种： 1.意为“在……旁”、“靠近”。如： Some are singing and dancing under a big tree . Some are drawing by the lake. 有的在大树下唱歌跳舞，有的在湖边画画儿。 2.意为“不迟于”、“到……时为止”。如： Your son will be all right by supper time. 你的儿子在晚饭前会好的。 How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term? 到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲？ 3.表示方法、手段，可译作“靠”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”、“乘坐”等。如： The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.
猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑。 The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.
孩子的父亲是那么的感激，于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息。 4.表示“逐个”、“逐批”的意思。如： One by one they went past the table in the dark.
他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子。5.表示“根据”、“按照”的意思。如：What time is it by your watch? 你的表几点了? 6.和take , hold等动词连用，说明接触身体的某一部分。如： I took him by the hand. 我拉住了它的手。 7.用于被动句中，表示行为主体，常译作“被”、“由”等。如： English is spoken by many people. 英语被许多人所说。（即“许多人讲英语。”） 8.组成其它短语。 1) by the way : 意为“顺便说”、“顺便问一下”，常做插入语。如： By the way , where’s Li Ping , do you know?
顺便问一下，李平在哪儿。你知道吗？ 2) by oneself : 意为“单独”、“自行”。如： I can’t leave her by herself. 我不能把她单独留下。 3) by and by : 意为“不久以后”、“不一会儿”。如： But by and by , more and more people began to study English. 但是不久以后，越来越多的人开始学英语了。
二、动名词的构成动词后加动名词doing，相当于名词，在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语定语等。1）★作主语（这种用法常考）
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.南方与北方开战了。2）作宾语Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
请问你介意调小一点收音机的音量吗？3）作表语Babysister’s job is washing，cooking and taking care of the children。保姆的工作是洗衣服，作饭和照看孩子。
Unit2
used to 的用法：（1）肯定句：used这个词没有人称的变化，to后面接动词原形。 否定句是didn’t use to….
When I was a child, I didn’t use to like apples.当我还是孩子的时候我不喜欢苹果.
疑问形式是Did you use to…?Where did you use to live before you came here?当你来这儿之前你住哪儿？
（2）含有used to 的句子的反意疑问句不要usedn’t + 主语，而用didn’t ＋ 主语。He used to smoke, didn’t he? 他过去常常吸烟，是吗？Yes, he did./ No, he didn’t. 是的，他吸。/ 不，他不吸。
（3）used to 表示过去的习惯动作， 而不是现在的。I am used to the weather here. 我已经习惯于这里的天气了。He is used to hard work. 他习惯于艰苦的工作。
（4）used to 可以和be, have 以及其他状态动词连用，描写过去的状态。 I used to be a waiter, but now I’m a taxi-driver.我过去是一个服务员，但现在我是出租车司机。
★ 本单元的许多运用used to 的句子属于描述过去的状态。Mario used to be short. 马力奥过去总是很矮。Amy used to be outgoing. 爱米过去性格外向。Tina used to have long and straight hair.蒂娜过去有一头直的长头发。He used to wear black shoes. 他过去常穿黑鞋。
Unit3
本单元重点讲到了被动语态的用法 英语动词的被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。助动词be有时态，人称和数的变化，其变化规则与连系动词be完全一样。
一、被动语态的句式变化：
Unit4
虚拟语气：如果我们所说的不是事实，也不是要求、命令、劝告等，而只是一种假设、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想就用虚拟语气
注意：条件句分两种，真实条件句和虚拟条件句。只有在虚拟（非真实）条件句中，才用虚拟语气，而在真实条件句中，要用陈述语气。
请比较：
（1）If it is sunny tomorrow , we’ll go to the zoo.
如果明天天气好，我们将会去公园。在这句话中，明天天气好是完全有可能实现的，并非虚拟、幻想，因此是真实条件句。在本句中，适用“主将从现。”
（2）If I were you , I would go at once.
（如果我是你的话，我立刻就走。）在这句话中，条件句，“如果我是你”，但事实上，我不可能成为你，这只是假设的情况，没有实现的可能。当条件实现的可能性很小，甚至可以说没有时，就需要用虚拟语气来表示，动词发生了变化。
也就是说虚拟语气表示和现实的事实相反时，从句用一般过时。
主句用 “should/would/could/ might +动词原形。
1.If I had time, I would go for a walk.
2.If I were invited, I would go to the dinner party.
3.If I won a million dollars in the lottery, I would put it in the bank.
知识点2. He doesn’t know if he should bring a present.
此处if表示“是否”，引导宾语从句。Should此处表示“应该”。不是虚拟语气。
E.g.1. I don’t know if I should go to the party.
2.If I have enough money, I will go to Hainan .
知识点3.If I were you , I’d wear a shirt and tie.
if 引导的条件状语从句表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气时，be动词只能用were，而不能用was。
E.g. If he were here, he would not agree with you .
知识点4. I don’t have a present. What if everyone else brings a present?
What if… “如果……怎么办？”相当于 what would happen if…
E.g. What shall I do if it snows?
知识点5.Well, dogs can be a lot of trouble.
Trouble 麻烦事 ,名词
常用搭配 ：get (sb)into trouble get out of trouble what’s the trouble
定语从句
1. who 指人,作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）
The man who I talked with is our teacher.
A person who steals things is called a thief.
2. whom指人,作宾语 (作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省)
The man (whom/who) I nodded to is Mr. Li.
The man to whom I nodded is Professor Li.
3. which 指物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省)
These are the trees which were planted last year.
This recorder （which） he is using is made in Japan.
Is this the library (which) you borrow books from?
Is this the library from which you borrow books?
4. that 指人/物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）
A plane is a machine. It can fly.→A plane is a machine that can fly.
He is the man. I told you about him. →He is the man (that) I told you about.
The scientist is very famous in the world. We met her yesterday.
↓
The scientist Ø we met yesterday is very famous in the world.
who
whom
that
The dress is new. She is wearing it.
↓
The dress that she is wearing is new.
which
Ø
(3) He is the kind person. I have ever worked with him.
↓
He is the kind person that I have ever worked with.
who
whom
Ø
This is the best film. I have ever seen this film.
↓
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
Ø
在选择引导定语从句的关系代词时，有如下要点：
1 由于关系代词在主句与从句间既起到联系作用，又在从句中充当一个成分，因此， 要正确判断关系代词在从句中的功能，如作主语还是宾语等。
2 当先行词指人时，关系代词可用who（做主语，宾语），that（做主语，宾语），whom（作宾语），whose（作定语）
3 当先行词指物时，关系代词可用that（做主语，宾语），which（做主语，宾语）
4 再定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词长可省略，但在介词后面的关系代词不能省略。指人时，介词后只用whom，指物时，介词后只用which。
5 在非限制性定语从句中，指人时，只用who，指物时，只用which。Unit8
1、短语动词小结
常见短语动词结构有下面几种：
1.动词+副词 如：give up 放弃 turn off 关掉 stay up 熬夜
这种结构有时相当于及物动词，如果其宾语是代词，就必须放在动词和副词之间，如果是名词，则既可插在动词和副词之间，也可放 在短语动词后。
2. 动词+介词 如：listen of 听 look at 看 belong to 属于
这种结构相当于及物动词，后面跟宾语。
3. 动词+副词+介词 如：come up with 提出，想出 run out of 用完，耗尽
4. 动词+名词(介词) 如：take part in参加 catch hold of 抓住
2、倒装句
not only … but (also) … 不但… 而且… 用来连接两个并列的成分
(1)引导以 not only …but (also)… 开头的句子往往引起部分倒装。
因此 ⑴Not only do I feel good but (also)…. 是倒装句。也是说得要
把前面的句子中的助动词或者是情态动词放在主语的前面。如：
①Not only can I do it but (also) I can do best. 我不仅能做到而且做得最好。
⑵Not only…but (also)… 接两主语时，谓语动词随后面的主语人称和数的变化 也就是就近原则 如：
①Not only Lily but (also) you like cat. 不仅莉莉而且你也喜欢猫。
②Not only you but (also) Lily likes cat. 不仅你而且莉莉喜欢猫。
常见的就近原则的结构有：
Neither… nor…即不…也不… (两者都不)
Neither you nor I like him. 我和你都不喜欢他。
Either… or… 不是…就是… (两者中的一个)
Either Lily or you are a student.
Not only …but (also)…
There be
Unit 9 When was it invented ?
被动语态
被动语态基本用法：当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式是主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词be+过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来。
被动语态基本结构：be+及物动词的过去分词 (如果是不用物动词，其过去分词应带有相应的介词)
各种时态的被动语态构成
一般现在时：S（主语）+am/is /are +P.P（动词的过去分词）
一般过去时：S+was/were +P.P.
情态动词：S+ can/may/must/should + be+ P.P.
一般将来时：S+ will+be+ P.P.
现在进行时：S+am/is /are+being +P.P
现在完成时：S+ have/has + been+ P.P.
过去进行时：S+ was/were+being+ P.P.
被动语态基本结构：be+及物动词的过去分词
(如果是不用物动词，其过去分词应带有相应的介词)
被动语态中的be 是助动词，有人称、数和时态的变化。
被动语态中动作的发出者或执行者做介词by的宾语，放在句末，by 表示“由，被”的意思
汉语中含有“据说”、“据悉”、“有人说”、“大家说”等时。例如：
It is believed that …… 人们认为 …… It is said that …… 据说 ……
It is thought that …… 人们认为 …… It is known that …… 众所周知 ……
It is reported that ……据报道 …… It is proved that ……据证明 ……
It is announced that ……据宣布 …… It is suggested that ……据建议 ……
It is requested that ……据要求 …… It is demanded that ……据要求 ……
典型例题
1、 These eggs ______ in the Gobi Desert by a group of scientists.
A. are founded B. were founded C. found D. were found
此题应该选用D项。从“ These eggs… ”中可知前面的主语是“find”动词的承受者，而 “…by a group of scientists.”更加证明了这一点，“ were founded”意思为“被成立”，故应该选用“were found”。
2、 I _____ a present by my father on my birthday every year.
A. give B. was given C. will be given D. am given
此题应该选用D项。从“by my father ”中可知前面的主语是“give”动词的承受者，而 “… . every year”证明了要用现在时态的被动语态结构，故应该选用“am given”。
3、 He was _________ in the open air just now .
A. hearing singing B. heard sing C. heard to sing D. hearing sing
此题应该选用C项。从“He was… ”中可知前面的主语是“hear ”动词的承受者，而 动词不定式当中的“hear sb do sth”在被动语态中要加“to ”，故应该选用“heard to sing”。
4、 Several man-made satellites ________ by China in the last few years.
A. have been sent up B. have sent up C. are sent up D. were sent up
此题应该选用A项。从“…by China in the last few years. ”中可知前面的主语是“ send up”动词的承受者，而 “in the last few years.”意思为“在过去的几年中”，应该用完成时态， 而不是过去时态，故应该选用“have been sent up”。
5、 Another new road ______in our home town next year.
A. will build B. is built C. will be built D. has been built
此题应该选用C项。从“…next year. ”中可知是将来时态，而前面的主语是“ Another new road”是“ build”动词的承受者，故应该选用“ will be built”。
Unit 10 By the time I got outside, the bus had already left
1. 过去完成时
(1) 构成：由助动词had + 过去分词 构成
否定式：had not + 过去分词 缩写形式：hadn’t
(2) 用法
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了
的动作。
(3) 它所表示的时间是“过去的过去”。
①表示过去某一时间可用by, before 等构成的短语来表示
②也可以用when, before, after 等引导的时间状语从句来表示
③还可以通过宾语从句或通过上下文暗示。
When I got there, you had already eaten you meal.
当我到达那里时，你已经开始吃了。
By the time he got here, the bus had left.
到他到达这里时，汽车已经离开了
典型题例
1、He said he had never seen that film before. Instead,he_____many novels.
A. has read B. had readed C. had wrote D. had read
此题应该选用D项。从“He said he had never seen that film before ”中
可知是过去完成时态，而从“ Instead,”中可以知道与前面的宾语从句是并列的内容，故应该选用“had read”。
2、The train ______ for a while when they got to the station.
A. had left B. had been away C. had gone D. has been away
此题应该选用B项。从“for a while ”中可知要用完成时态的持续性动
词连接，而从“when they got to the station. ”中可以知道过去时间点以前的事情，应该用故应该选用“had been away ”。
3、A week later, I received a book that I _____ on line.
A. has ordered B. had ordered C. would order D. was ordering
此题应该选用B项。从“I received a book ”中可知与动词“order ”的
前后关系，应该是在“收到书以前已经预订了”，故应该用“order”的过去完成时态结构表示“过去的过去”这一概念。故应该选用“had ordered”。
4、The boy told his mother that he ____ ill since he came back from the school.
A. has been B. would be C. had been D. was
此题应该选用C项。从“ …since he came back from the school.”中可知前面的主句是完成时态，但是从“The boy told his mother ”结构中可以知道应该用相应的过去时态，，故应该选用“had been”。
5、When we got to the field, the football match ____ already ______.
A. has started B. had started C. will begin D. is going to start
此题应该选用B项。从“already ”中可知是完成时态，但是从“ When we got to the field”结构中可以知道应该用相应的过去时态，故应该选用“had started ”。
Unit 11 Could you please tell me where the restrooms are ?
1、宾语从句
A.宾语从句：宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导宾语从句的关联词有that, if/whether, what, who, whose, which, why, when, where, how等。
1、连接词
1)由连接词that引导陈述句，在口语中that常省略。
eg. He said that he would like to see the headmaster.
2)由连接词whether/if引导一般疑问句，whether和if 常可互换，但下列场合一般用whether.
①介词后的宾语从句：I'm thinking of whether he'll come.
②与or not连用：I don't know whether I should go or not.
3)由连接代词what, who(whom，whose)which或连接副词when, where, why，how引导特殊疑问句。 eg. Do you know who/whom she is waiting for?
2、语序：
不管宾语从句是陈述句、一般疑问句或特殊疑问句，都要用陈述句语序，也就是说主谓次序不能颠倒。连接词＋主谓结构
(1).Bill wanted to know who did this. (2).I don't know what's the matter with Bob?
(3).I don't know what's wrong with them?
3、时态：
一般说来，主从句时态要统一。如果主句是一般现在时，从句可根据需要用其它任何时态；如果主句是一般过去时，从句应该用相应的过去时态范畴（也就是用一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）。
eg.①Lily wanted to know whether her grandma liked the handbag. ②I asked the teacher where we would have the meeting. ③Could you tell me how I can get to the zoo?
如果从句表明的是一个客观事实或真理，那么无论主句是什么时态，从句都只能用一般现在时。 eg. The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound.
注意：在think后的宾语从句，如果需要表示否定意义，一般不在宾语从句中否定，而是在主句中否定。 eg. I don’t think that English is easy. I think that English is not easy. ( 误)
Could you tell me how to get to the park?
请你告诉我怎么才能去邮局好吗？中的how to get to the park
是疑问词与动词不定式连用，用作宾语，但不是宾语从句，可是
相当于how I can get to the park（宾语从句）如：
I don’t know how to solve the problem. ==
I don’t know how I can solve the problem.我不知道如何解决这个问题
Can you tell me when to leave? ==
Can you tell me when I ill leave? 你能告诉我什么时候离开？
Unit12 You are supposed to shake hands.
should have asked”是“情态动词＋现在完成时”表示过去本应该做某事，事实上没有做
I find it difficult to remember everything.
形式宾语 真正宾语
常见的形式宾语有：
find / think + it/them +形容词 to do sth. 如：
I think it hard to study English.
Unit 13 Rainy days make me sad.
make sb./sth. + adj. 使某人（感到），使……处于某种状态
（make的宾语之后可跟名词，形容词，分词来充当宾语的补足语）
make sb. / sth. + do …使某人做某事（不能带不定式符号to）
make it 习惯用语，及时赶到，到达目的地
make of /from./out of
★Make of 原材料制成成品后，原材料未经任何化学变化，仍保持原有性质. 例如： The chair is made of wood. At first people believed that air was made of only one gas.★Make from 当原材料制成成品后，经过了化学变化，失去了原有性质.
make up of 常用于被动结构：be made up of相当于consist of（由…组成） make up from 由…所制造
Unit 14 Have you packed yet?
现在完成时是由“助动词have（has）+动词过去分词”构成。
用法: 1.表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常与一些时间状语,如:already, yet, ever, never, just, before, once, twice等连用,也可以和包括现在在内的时间状语,如these days, today, this year, so far等连用.eg.I have already posted the letter. (信已经不在我这儿了)
★注意：在这里要注意already和yet的辨析:
★①already通常用于肯定句。 I have already told him.我已经告诉他了. I have already put it in my suitcase. 我已经把它放进我的手提箱了.
★②yet常用于疑问句和否定句。 ----Have you watered the tree yet? 你浇树了吗? ----Yes，I have already watered it. 我浇了. ----Have you fed the dog? 你喂过狗了吗? ----No. I haven’t fed it yet.没有，我没喂. 2.表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,一直持续到现在,也许还将继续下去,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用,即for +时间段,since+时间点/从句, in the last ten years等,谓语只可用延续性动词.
解析： 1.英语动词根据词义可分为两种,一种是延续性的,一种是终止性的,终止性动词(也可称为非延续性动词,瞬间动词,或点动词),如begin,start,die,buy,leave, come等,表示动作的发生与结束于一瞬间完成,不能再延续,所以它的现在完成时不能和表示延续的时间状语连用,即不能与表示一段时间的状语,for+时间段, since+时间点/从句连用,也不能用在how long引导的特殊疑问句中.
eg. I've left Shanghai for three days.(×) I've been away from Shanghai for three days.( √ ).
I left Shanghai three days ago. ( √ ) It is /has been three days since I left Shanghai.( √ )
2.初中英语课本中常见终止性动词有:leave, go, come, arrive, begin, buy, borrow, die, join, become等.终止性动词要表示持续时, 可用以下方法:
⑴.将时间状语改为时间段 + ago,句中谓语动词用一般过去时.
eg.我弟弟参军两年了. My brother joined the army two years ago.
⑵.若保留for+时间段,since+时间点/从句, 或用在 how long 句型中,则需将终止性动词改为相应的状态动词或延续性动词
★常见终止性动词与延续性动词(或状态动词)的对应关系如下：
come/go/arrive/get/reach/move------be in/at open-----be open
die------be dead close----be closed become---be borrow---keep begin/start-----be on put on----wear leave-----be away (from)
buy-----have fall asleep----be asleep end/finish-----be over
catch a cold-----have a cold join the army----be in the army be a soldier
join the Party----be in the Party be a Party member
→My brother has been in the army for two years. →My brother has been a soldier for two years.
3.现在完成时中been to, gone to和been in/at been to去过某地,表示某人的一种经历,可以和once, twice, already, ever, never等连用.
4.现在完成时中的 for 与 since
for + 时间段 与延续性动词的现在完成时连用 since + 时间点/从句
I have kept the library book for a week.= I have kept the library book since a week ago. 5. It is /has been +一段时间 + since 从句.自从某事发生已有一段时间了. eg. It is /has been two years since my brother joined the army. 注意:1.since 引导的从句中动词用过去时
2.when 引导 的特殊问句不与现在完成时连用.
3.have got,has got 虽然是现在完成时,但have got=have has got==has
Ⅱ 初三英语重点短语和语法
自己整理！！！！
Ⅲ 初中英语重点语法
我是转载的 看看吧：
11. 动词的时态
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如：
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
3） 表示格言或警句。例如：
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
返回动词的时态目录
11.2 一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went ring their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。
3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ，例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。）
Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）
注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：
Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2）情态动词 could, would。例如：
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？
返回动词的时态目录
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如：
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。
be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。例如：
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。
典型例题
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。
返回动词的时态目录
11.4 一般将来时
1） shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：
Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？
2） be going to +不定式，表示将来。
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be proced next month。这出戏下月开播。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。
3） be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4） be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
返回动词的时态目录
11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如：
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
返回动词的时态目录
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如：
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排）
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排）
返回动词的时态目录
11.7 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。
2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3）在时间或条件句中。例如：
When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如：
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。
返回动词的时态目录
11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如：
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？
返回动词的时态目录
11.9 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have （has） +过去分词。
返回动词的时态目录
11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：
I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）
Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）
He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续）
He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续）
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
返回动词的时态目录
11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如：
This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
典型例题
（1） ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。
（2） ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。
注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
（错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
返回动词的时态目录
11.12 比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如：
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。）
I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）
注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
1）（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2）（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
返回动词的时态目录
11.13 since的四种用法
1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。例如：
I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。
2） since +一段时间+ ago。例如：
I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。
3） since +从句。例如：
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。
4） It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如：
It is two years since I became a postgraate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。
返回动词的时态目录
11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1） 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如：
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 （表结果）
I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历）
2） 用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"。例如：
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。
返回动词的时态目录
11.15 过去完成时
1） 概念：表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如：
She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"。例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。
3） 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：
He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
注意： had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如：
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门，他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如：
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。
返回动词的时态目录
11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1） 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：
When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。
2 ） 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如：
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3） 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
返回动词的时态目录
11.17 将来完成时
1） 构成will have done
2） 概念
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时，你已经到达上海了。
返回动词的时态目录
11.18 现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法：
a. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如：
We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）
c. 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：
The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。
典型例题
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。
返回动词的时态目录
11.19 不用进行时的动词
1）表示事实状态的动词，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。
2）表示心理状态的动词，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。
He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。
3）瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如：
I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。
4）系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如：
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。
返回动词的时态目录
11.20 过去进行时
1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。
3） 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如：
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。
It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正下着雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。
典型例题
1） Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。
2） As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read；was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell（fall的过去时），是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。
Ⅳ 初三英文语法（要最详细的~）
初三语法讲义
一．动词（一）名词
名词分类：可数名词，不可数名词可数名词变复数
1． 在名词词尾加-s
girl, girls; table, tables; roof, roofs; school, schools
2.以o, s, sh, ch, x结尾的名词，加-es
tomato, tomatoes; class, classes; watch, watches; bush, bushes
3.以o结尾加-s
piano, pianos; photo, photos
4.以辅音字母加y结尾的，去掉y，加-ies
baby, babies; family, families; university, universities
5.以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s
toy, toys; monkey, monkeys; guy, guys
6.以f或者fe结尾的，去掉f, fe加-ves
wife, wives; life, lives; wolf, wolves; calf, calves
7. 改变形式的复数
man, men; child, children; foot, feet; mouse, mice; tooth, teeth
8.单数复数形式一样
fish, fish; sheep, sheep; deer, deer; swine, swine
9.特殊词汇的复数
looker-on, lookers-on; passer-by, passers-by
不可数名词没有数的概念
名词所有格
1．一般情况’s
2．表示时间、距离、城市、国家
today’s paper at arms’ length a mile’s journey
Beijing’s weather China’s economy
3．of表示所有格 4．双重所有格
a friend of mine a child of hers
（二）代词
人称代词 人称 单数 复数 主格 宾格
第一人称
I me we us
第二人称
you you you you
第三人称
he him
they them
she her
it it
物主代词
单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称
形容词性物主代词
My Your His Her Its Our Your Their
名词性物主代词
Mine Yours His Hers Its Ours Yours Theirs
反身代词人称第一人称第二人称第三人称单数
myselfyourselfhimself herself itself
复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves
相互代词each other/one another
不定代词another/other/others
（三）数词
基数词
One two three four five six…..Hundreds of 正确数词+hundred 正确
Hundred of 错误数词+hundreds 错误数词+hundreds of 错误
序数词First second third fourth….
分数1/3 one third2/3 two thirds
（四）冠词不定冠词
例句用于可数名词单数形式前
usan is a scientist.Pass me an orange, please.
不特指某人或某物
A boy is looking for you.
We work five days a week.
表示“一”的数量，但没有one强烈
We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow.
I have a mouth, a nose, two eyes and two ears.
用于固定词组中
A few, a little, a lot of, a moment ago
定冠词
例句特指某人或者某物
Show me the photo of the boy.
双方都知道的事物或人
Where are the new books, Jim?
They are on the small table.
上文提过的人或物
Ji Wei lives on a farm. The farm is not big.
独一无二
The sun is bigger than the moon.
序数词和形容词最高级前
The first month of the year is January.
普通名词构成的专有名词前
The Great Wall
习惯用语
In the morning
On the left
零冠词
用法
例句
专有名词和不可数名词前
China
名词已经有定语this, that, my, your, some, any等
That letter is in her bag.
复数名词表示一类人或物
My father and mother are teachers.
星期、月份、季节、节日前
It is Sunday today.
称呼前
What colour are Mrs. Green’s shoes?
三餐和球类运动前
He went to school before breakfast this morning.
（五）介词
多数考察为固定搭配，需要死记硬背
（六）形容词与副词
规则变化
构成方法
原级
比较级
最高级
单音节和少数双音 节词
一般在词尾加-er/est
Cold
Strong
Fast
slow
Colder
Stronger
Faster
slower
Coldest
Strongest
Fastest
slowest
以字母e结尾的形容词，在词尾加-r/-st
Nice
large
Nicer
larger
Nicest
largest
重读闭音节词只有一个辅音字母时双写辅音字母，加-er/-est
Big
Thin
hot
Bigger
Thinner
hotter
Biggest
Thinnest
hottest
以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词改y为i加-er/est
Easy
happy
Easier
happier
Easiest
happiest
部分双音节词
在词前面加more/most
Delicious
Interesting
Easily
Carefully
More Delicious
More Interesting
More Easily
More Carefully
Most Delicious
Most Interesting
Most Easily
Most Carefully
不规则变化
原级
比较级
最高级
Good/well
Bad/badly/ill
Many/much
Little
far
Better
Worse
more
Less
Father
further
Best
Worst
Most
Least
Farthest
furthest
形容词和副词比较级和最高级的用法
级
用法
例句
比较级
表示两者的比较
Mr. King is taller than Mr. Read.
最高级
表示三者或者三者以上的比较
Whose drawing is the best of all?
She is the youngest in the class.
同级比较
I think science is as important as maths.
It is not as(so) warm today as yesterday.
二．动词
（一） 时态
1．一般现在时
三单变形
情况
变化规则
例词
一般情况
加-s
come, comes; learn, learns
以o,s,x,ch,sh结尾的词
加-es
pass, passes; do, does
以辅音加y结尾的词
变y为i加-es
fly, flies; cry, cries
2.现在进行时
现在分词构成方法
情况及变化
例词
一般情况，在动词原形后加-ing
go, going; see, seeing
以不发音的e结尾的动词去掉e加-ing
take, taking; live, living
以重读闭音节结尾的词，如果词尾只有一个辅音字母，先把词尾的辅音字母双写，再加-ing
plan, planning; cut, cutting; forget, forgetting
以ie结尾的词变ie为y加-ing
die, dying; lie, lying; tie, tying
以ye和oe结尾的词，直接加-ing
eye, eyeing; dye, dyeing
3.一般将来时
shall
will
be going to
4一般过去时
规则动词过去构成
构成规则
原形
过去式
一般动词在尾加-ed
look
play
start
looked
played
stared
结尾是e的动词加-d
live
hope
use
lived
hoped
used
末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，双写辅音字母，加-ed
stop
plan
trip
stopped
planned
tripped
结尾是辅音字母+y的动词，变y为i加-ed
study
carry
worry
studied
carried
worried
词尾 –ed的读音
读音
例词
浊辅音和元音后
/d/
called borrowed
moved enjoyed
welcomed answered
清辅音后
/t/
finished helped
passed cooked
在t, d后面
/id/
wanted shouted
needed counted
5．过去进行时
was/were+现在分词
6．现在完成时
have/has+过去分词
用法一：表示从过去发生一直到现在，特点：用延续动词，加段时间状语
用法二：表示过去发生的事情而不用一般过去时，特点：不用延续动词，不加段时间状语
构成
7．过去完成时
时间轴：
--------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------à
A B C
过去的过去 过去 现在
（过去完成时态）
用法一：表示从过去发生一直到过去一时间，特点：用延续动词，加段时间状语
用法二：表示过去的过去发生的事情
8．过去将来时
不是考试的重点
（二） 被动语态
使用情况：不知道谁是主语
不强调主语
用来表示客观的表达
构成：助动词be+过去分词
有些动词主动语态中省略了不定式在变为被动语态时要讲TO补充出来（非谓语动词重点讲解）
（三） 情态动词
can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would)
dare/need
dare
肯定
否定
情态动词
dare do
dare not do
实意动词
dare/dares to do
do/does not dare to do
need
肯定
否定
情态动词
need do
need not do
实意动词
need / need s to do
do/does not need to do
may/can
may表示许可
can 表示自身能力
can/be able to区别
a) Can只有现在和过去两个时态，be able to可以是任何时态
b) Can 不强调结果一定成功，be able to暗示结果一定成功
must表示必须，否定用needn’t
mustn’t表示禁止
（四） 非谓语动词
1． 不定式to do
否定不定式为not to do
可以省略不定式to的词
let/make/have/see/hear/watch/notice/feel/look at/listen to
注意：在以上词出现在被动句中时要将to补充出来
2． 现在分词与过去分词
flying bird可以表达成the bird is flying.
broken arm可以表达成 the arm is broken
现在分词强调过程，过去分词强调结果
falling leaf/fallen leaf
boiling water/boiled water
3.动词后加动词的不同形式
(1)、加to doing
devote to doing/ get down to doing/ object to doing/ look forward to doing/ be used to doing
(2)、加to do
afford/agree/ask/attempt/choose/decide/hope/expect/intend/learn/manage/offer/plan/pretend/promise/refuse/wish
(3)、加doing
admit/appreciate/avoid/can’t help/stand/enjoy/escape/put off/risk/give up
(4)、加to do/doing都可以的但是意思有区别的
forget/remember/stop
(5)、加do/doing都可以但是意思有区别的
see/notice/hear
三．简单句
（一） 反意疑问句
反意疑问句
反意疑问句用来表示提问者有一定的主见，但是没有把握，希望对方来证实。
The weather here is very cold, isn’t it? Yes, it is.
You’re from Australia, aren’t you? yes, I am.
对反意疑问句回答，不管问题的提法如何，事实是肯定的就用肯定回答，否定的就要用否定的回答。
He isn’t going to the meeting, is he?
Yes, he is. 不，他要去的
No, he isn’t. 对，他不去
反意疑问句通常由一个陈述句和一个疑问句组成。当陈述句为肯定时，疑问句为否定；当陈述句为否定时，疑问句为肯定。但是以下几个要注意：
1. 陈述部分主语 I, 疑问部分要用aren’t I
I am as tall as your sister, aren’t I ?
2. 陈述部分谓语是wish, 疑问部分要用may+主语
I wish to have a word with you, may I ?
3. 陈述部分用no, nothing, nobody ,never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定。
The Swede made no answer, did he?
4.有ought to的，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn’t/oughtn’t+主语
He ought to know what to do, oughtn’t he?
5. 陈述部分有have to疑问部分用don’t+主语
we have to get there at eight tomorrow, don’t we?
6．陈述部分谓语是used to，疑问部分用didn’t+主语或者didn’t+主语
He used to take pictures there, didn’t he?
7．陈述部分有had better疑问句用hadn’t you?
You’d better read it by yourself, hadn’t you?
8.陈述部分有would rather疑问句用wouldn’t +主语
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn’t he?
9．陈述部分有．陈述部分有you’d like to疑问部分用wouldn’t+主语
You’d like to go with me, wouldn’t you?
10．感叹句中，疑问部分用谓语+主语
What colours, aren’t they?
what a smell, isn’t it?
11陈述部分由neither…nor, either…or疑问部分根据实际逻辑意义而定
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
12． 陈述部分主语是指示代词或者不定代词everything, that, nothing, this疑问部分主语it
Everything is ready, isn’t it?
13.陈述部分为主语从句，疑问部分要根据情况而定
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn’t he?
He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
I don’t think he is bright, is he?
14陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等疑问部分常用复数they
Everyone knows the answer, don’t they?
15.省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you
don’t do that again, will you?
16.陈述部分是there be结构，疑问部分用there省略主语代词
There is something wrong with your watch, isn’t here?
17．否定前缀不能视为否定词
it is impossible, isn’t it?
18．Must表示推测时，根据其推测情况来确定
He must be there now, isn’t he?
（二）感叹句
How cold it is today!
What a good idea!
（三）祈使句
肯定类型
Be careful!
Come in, please.
Let me have a look.
否定类型
Don’t be lazy.
Don’t throw the ball like that.
Let him not go there./ Don’t let her go there
四．复合句
（一） 定语从句
We all like Old Fish that is handsome.
先行词 关系词
关系代词： which, who, whom, whose, that
关系副词：when, why, where
1．先行词指人，用who/whom
（1）who可以做主语、宾语、或者表语，但who之前不能有介词
（2）whom只能做宾语或者表语，但在all of/many of加先行词时后只能加whom
注意：who.whom做宾语可以省略
2．先行词为物，用which
（1）which可以代单词
（2）which可以代短语
（3）which可以代句子
3．that与which区别
（1）只能用that情况
先行词有人有物
先行词为 all, little, few, much, none, the first, etc
先行词为不定代词
先行词前修饰词为 any, only, every, no, some, much, few, little, the first, the best, the only, the on, the very, the right, the last
（2）只能用which情况
非限定性定语从句
关系词前有介词
4．whose表示所属关系
（1）whose后加名词
（2）可以代人可以代物
（3）先行词加whose加名词=先行词加名词 of which结构
介词+关系代词=关系副词
关系代词后加不完整句
关系副词/介词+关系代词后加完整句
主系表： 主系表都有， 完整句
主系表缺一个，不完整句
主谓宾：谓语动词为及物动词：主谓宾都有，完整句
主谓宾缺一个，不完整句
谓语动词为不及物动词： 主+动词+介词+宾语，完整句
主+动词，完整句
主+动词+介词，不完整句
（二） 状语从句
时间状语从句：when, before, after, while, since, as, till, as soon as, the moment….
地点状语从句: where, wherever
条件状语从句：if, unless, so long as, as long as, in case, if only, provided that….
原因状语从句：because, since, as, now that
结果状语从句：so, so that, so…that, such…that
让步状语从句：though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever
目的状语从句: that, so that, so, in order that, in case, for fear that, lest
比较状语从句：than, as…as, so…as
五．主谓一致
就近原则
or, nor, either or, neither nor, not only…but also
就前原则
as much as, rather than, more than, no less than, as well as, in addition to, with, along with, together with, except
集体名词的主谓一致
people, cattle, youth, police+复数谓语
machinery, equipment, furniture+单数谓语
audience, committee, crew, family, government, army, enemy, group, staff, team, couple, band+可单可复
时间、地点等数量概念的主谓一致
谓语用单数
Ten miles is a long way to go.
a of b结构中的主谓一致
按照A来确定谓语
a pair of trousers is enough.
Two pair of trousers are enough.
以S结尾的主谓一直问题：地理名词、群岛山脉等风景、学科名词
国家加单数谓语： the United States
地理名词，群岛山脉等风景加复数谓语： the West Indies, Himalayas, Straits of England
学科名词加单数谓语： politics, economics
六．习惯用语
七．固定搭配
八．介词搭配
（一） 介词＋名词
against one’s will
at a loss
at one time
at home
at the same time
at work
at night
beside the point
by chance
by the way
by the end of
by all means
for the time being
for the sake of
from beginning to end
from time to time
in the end
in surprise
in trouble
in the street
in English
in a word
in the meantime
in vain
in need
in half
in no time
in a low voice
in the least
in public
in life
in a minute
in the eyes of
in time
in sight of
in place of
in detail
in a hurry
in any case
in case
in charge of
in bed
in addition to
in the course of
in particular
in time of
in return
in spite of
in reply to
in memory of
in honour of
in fear of
influence on
off hand
on guard against
on the ground
on the radio
on the way
on the right
on purpose
on strike
on account of
on sale
on the air
on time
out of work
out of order
on behalf of
on watch
on the whole
on show
on day
out of sight
out of repair
out of place
out of practice
out of date
out of breath
over the radio
to this day
thousands of
on the one hand, on the other hand
（二）形容词＋介词
absent from
aware of
apart from
according to
anxious for
angry at
afraid of
busy with
careful of
cruel to
e to
different from
equal to
be familiar to sb
be familiar with sth
be famous for
far from
fond of
full of
fussy about
grateful for
good at
hard on
interested in
instead of
kind to
keen on
late for
opposite to
once for all
polite to
proude of
ready for
responsible for
short of
sorry for
strict with
thankful to
wrong with
（三）动词＋介词
act on
answer for
agree to
agree with
agree on
arrive at
aim at
ask after
ask for
borrow from
believe in
belong to
break into
beat down on
begin at
base on
consist of
congratulate on
come to an end
compare with
compare to
care for
change for
change from to
clear up
catch up with
come across
come into
call up
call for
catch hold of
call on
depend on
do away with
disagree with
die of
die from
die for
devote to
engaged in
end with
fit in with
fail in
find out
give up
get over
get on
get on
get in touch with
get ready for
get in
go in for
grow up
give in
give lessons to
get up
go on
go all out
go through
go over
go down
go on with
go without
hand in
have nothing to do with
have something to do with
have a look at
head for
help with
have a word with
have words with
hope for
introce to
be inspired by
insist on
interfere with
join in
keep on
knock at
keep up with
long for
look up to
look up
learn by heart
leave for
look for
lie in
live on
laugh at
look down upon
look forward to
look through
meet with
make up one’s mind
make friends with
make room for
owe to
operate on
pay attention to
play with
put up
put off
point out
put up with
prevent from
persist in
put into practice
run out of
reply to
recover from
rely on
rob of
run over
result from
result in
set an example to
set about
set out
succeed in
speak of
supply with
share in
share with
settle in
see through
send for
stand by
stand for
stop from
spend on
show around
talk about
tide over
turn against
turn into
turn to
think of
think about
take care of
take off
turn out
turn round
turn up
take part in
to begin with
wait for
watch out for
write to
wake up
watch over
（四）过去分词＋介词
be absorbed in
be burdened with
be connected with
be covered with
be crowded with
be dressed in
be engaged to
be equipped with
be experienced in
be filed with
be furnished with
be interested in
be joined to
be known as
be known for
be made into
be made up of
be married to
be pleased with
be prepared for
be regarded as
be satisfied with
be ashamed of
be tired of
be terrified at
（五）动词＋名词＋介词
apply ones’ mind to
catch sight of
do harm to
do wrong to
feel pity for
fix one’s eyes on
form the habit of
get a good hold of
give advice on
have none of
have trust in
have difficulty in
have trouble in
have effect on
have mercy on
have the honour of
keep a record of
make fun of
make best use of
make an apology
make one’s way to
make preparations for
make a mistake about
pass a judgment on
set fire to
put one’s heart and soul into
shake hands with
take aim at
take the side of
throw light on
take pride in
take delight in
take a message for
（六）动词＋副词＋介词
add up to
break away from
be up to
cut down on
come up to
do well in
drop in on
face up to
fit in with
fall back on
get though with
get down to
get along with
go out of
go on with
go back on
go out of
go in for
grow out of
go ahead with
keep away from
keep up with
live up to
make up for
make up with
make out of
think highly of
watch out for
work hard at
（七）动词＋介词＋名词
arrive at a conclusion
burst into pieces
burst into tears
burst into laughter
come to the rescue
come into use
come into power
come into effect
come into light
come to a conclusion
get in a word
set to work take on a new look
Ⅳ 初三英语语法
呵呵 希望对你有所帮助 祝楼主进步哈 记得采纳O(∩_∩)O哈！
九年级英语复习---语法讲解（1-7单元）
Unit1
By是个很常用的介词（有时也用作副词），在初中英语中的用法有以下几种： 1.意为“在……旁”、“靠近”。如： Some are singing and dancing under a big tree . Some are drawing by the lake. 有的在大树下唱歌跳舞，有的在湖边画画儿。 2.意为“不迟于”、“到……时为止”。如： Your son will be all right by supper time. 你的儿子在晚饭前会好的。 How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term? 到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲？ 3.表示方法、手段，可译作“靠”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”、“乘坐”等。如： The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.
猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑。 The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.
孩子的父亲是那么的感激，于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息。 4.表示“逐个”、“逐批”的意思。如： One by one they went past the table in the dark.
他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子。5.表示“根据”、“按照”的意思。如：What time is it by your watch? 你的表几点了? 6.和take , hold等动词连用，说明接触身体的某一部分。如： I took him by the hand. 我拉住了它的手。 7.用于被动句中，表示行为主体，常译作“被”、“由”等。如： English is spoken by many people. 英语被许多人所说。（即“许多人讲英语。”） 8.组成其它短语。 1) by the way : 意为“顺便说”、“顺便问一下”，常做插入语。如： By the way , where’s Li Ping , do you know?
顺便问一下，李平在哪儿。你知道吗？ 2) by oneself : 意为“单独”、“自行”。如： I can’t leave her by herself. 我不能把她单独留下。 3) by and by : 意为“不久以后”、“不一会儿”。如： But by and by , more and more people began to study English. 但是不久以后，越来越多的人开始学英语了。
二、动名词的构成动词后加动名词doing，相当于名词，在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语定语等。1）★作主语（这种用法常考）
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.南方与北方开战了。2）作宾语Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
请问你介意调小一点收音机的音量吗？3）作表语Babysister’s job is washing，cooking and taking care of the children。保姆的工作是洗衣服，作饭和照看孩子。
Unit2
used to 的用法：（1）肯定句：used这个词没有人称的变化，to后面接动词原形。
否定句是didn’t use to….
When I was a child, I didn’t use to like apples.当我还是孩子的时候我不喜欢苹果.
疑问形式是Did you use to…?Where did you use to live before you came here?当你来这儿之前你住哪儿？
（2）含有used to 的句子的反意疑问句不要usedn’t + 主语，而用didn’t ＋ 主语。He used to smoke, didn’t he? 他过去常常吸烟，是吗？Yes, he did./ No, he didn’t. 是的，他吸。/ 不，他不吸。
（3）used to 表示过去的习惯动作， 而不是现在的。I am used to the weather here. 我已经习惯于这里的天气了。He is used to hard work. 他习惯于艰苦的工作。
（4）used to 可以和be, have 以及其他状态动词连用，描写过去的状态。 I used to be a waiter, but now I’m a taxi-driver.我过去是一个服务员，但现在我是出租车司机。
★ 本单元的许多运用used to 的句子属于描述过去的状态。Mario used to be short.马力奥过去总是很矮。Amy used to be outgoing.爱米过去性格外向。Tina used to have long and straight hair.蒂娜过去有一头直的长头发。He used to wear black shoes. 他过去常穿黑鞋。
Unit3
本单元重点讲到了被动语态的用法英语动词的被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。助动词be有时态，人称和数的变化，其变化规则与连系动词be完全一样。
一、被动语态的句式变化： 以一般现在时和动词invite为例，列表说明被动语态的句式变化：
二、各种时态的被动语态结构总结如下： 被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的，be是什么时态，全句就是什么时态，be动词后面的过去分词不变。一般现在时的被动语态为：主＋am / is / are （not）＋过去分词一般过去时的被动语态为：主＋was / were ＋过去分词
例如：我们学过的was / were born 生于，就是一个被动语态.born是个过去分词（bear）－When were you born ? －I was born in 1989. 现在进行时被动语态的构成为: 主语＋is / am / are + being ＋过去分词
现在完成时被动语态的构成为: 主语＋have / has ＋been ＋过去分词
情态动词的被动语态: 情态动词＋be＋过去分词
一般将来时的被动语态: 主语＋will ＋be ＋过去分词
过去将来时的被动语态: 主语＋would / should + be ＋过去分词
过去进行时的被动语态: 主语＋was / were + being ＋过去分词
过去完成时的被动语态: 主语＋had + been +过去分词
三、被动语态的用法：（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁，不用by＋动作执行者短语 Football is played widely all over the world. 全世界都广泛地踢足球。
（2）强调动作的承受者，这时应用by短语。The bank was robbed yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午这家银行遭到抢劫。
（3）作客观说明时，常采用一种被动语态句型It is reported that about twenty children have died of flu in the USA.
据报道美国大约二十名儿童死于流感。
四、主动语态的句子变为被动语态的方法是：（1）把原句中的宾语变为主语（2）动词改为被动形式，即be+过去分词（3）原来的主语，如果需要的话，放在by后面，如果没必要，可省略。请看下表:
主动语态 被动语态
They make trains in Zhuzhou． They use this key for locking the classroom door．Many people speak English．He wrote a letter．They are building a road． Trains are made in Zhuzhou．This key is used for locking the classroom door(by them)．English is spoken by many people．A letter was written by him．A road is being built (by them)．
Unit4
虚拟语气：如果我们所说的不是事实，也不是要求、命令、劝告等，而只是一种假设、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想就用虚拟语气
注意：条件句分两种，真实条件句和虚拟条件句。只有在虚拟（非真实）条件句中，才用虚拟语气，而在真实条件句中，要用陈述语气。
请比较：
（1）If it is sunny tomorrow , we’ll go to the zoo.
如果明天天气好，我们将会去公园。在这句话中，明天天气好是完全有可能实现的，并非虚拟、幻想，因此是真实条件句。在本句中，适用“主将从现。”
（2）If I were you , I would go at once.
（如果我是你的话，我立刻就走。）在这句话中，条件句，“如果我是你”，但事实上，我不可能成为你，这只是假设的情况，没有实现的可能。当条件实现的可能性很小，甚至可以说没有时，就需要用虚拟语气来表示，动词发生了变化。
也就是说虚拟语气表示和现实的事实相反时，从句用一般过时。
主句用 “should/would/could/ might +动词原形。
1.If I had time, I would go for a walk.
2.If I were invited, I would go to the dinner party.
3.If I won a million dollars in the lottery, I would put it in the bank.
知识点2. He doesn’t know if he should bring a present.
此处if表示“是否”，引导宾语从句。Should此处表示“应该”。不是虚拟语气。
E.g.1. I don’t know if I should go to the party.
2.If I have enough money, I will go to Hainan .
知识点3.If I were you , I’d wear a shirt and tie.
if 引导的条件状语从句表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气时，be动词只能用were，而不能用was。
E.g. If he were here, he would not agree with you .
知识点4. I don’t have a present. What if everyone else brings a present?
What if… “如果……怎么办？”相当于 what would happen if…
E.g. What shall I do if it snows?
知识点5.Well, dogs can be a lot of trouble.
Trouble 麻烦事 ,名词
常用搭配 ：get (sb)into trouble get out of trouble what’s the trouble
“if”引导的条件句。
Unit5
It must be--- (肯定是,100%)
It might/could be… (有可能,20-80%)
It can’t be… (肯定不是,0%)
程度 肯定句 否定句 疑问句
must ★ ★ ★ ★ √
may ★ ★ ★ √ √
might
/could ★ ★ √
√
√
√
can’t
can ★ √
√
1. --- Whose book is this?
--- It must be Mary’s. (肯定; 一定)
It must belong to Mary.
2. --- Whose French book is this?
--- It could be Ali’s. She studies French. (可能)
3. The hair band might belong to Linda.
might be Linda’s. (可能)
4. The T-shirt can’t be John’s. (不可能)
It’s much too small for him.
练习：1. --- Whose pen is this?
--- It ____ Liu Mei because I saw her use it the other day.
A. can’t be B. might be C. must belong to
2. That’s a piece of good news. They ___ glad to hear that.
A. can be B. might be C. must be D. can’t be
3. Mary ______ be in Paris. I saw her in town only a few minutes ago.
A. mustn’t B. shouldn’t C. can’t D. may not
Unit6
定语从句
1. who 指人,作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）
The man who I talked with is our teacher.
A person who steals things is called a thief.
2. whom指人,作宾语 (作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省)
The man (whom/who) I nodded to is Mr. Li.
The man to whom I nodded is Professor Li.
3. which 指物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省)
These are the trees which were planted last year.
This recorder （which） he is using is made in Japan.
Is this the library (which) you borrow books from?
Is this the library from which you borrow books?
4. that 指人/物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）
A plane is a machine. It can fly.→A plane is a machine that can fly.
He is the man. I told you about him. →He is the man (that) I told you about.
The scientist is very famous in the world. We met her yesterday.
↓
The scientist Ø we met yesterday is very famous in the world.
who
whom
that
The dress is new. She is wearing it.
↓
The dress that she is wearing is new.
which
Ø
(3) He is the kind person. I have ever worked with him.
↓
He is the kind person that I have ever worked with.
who
whom
Ø
This is the best film. I have ever seen this film.
↓
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
Ø
在选择引导定语从句的关系代词时，有如下要点：
1 由于关系代词在主句与从句间既起到联系作用，又在从句中充当一个成分，因此， 要正确判断关系代词在从句中的功能，如作主语还是宾语等。
2 当先行词指人时，关系代词可用who（做主语，宾语），that（做主语，宾语），whom（作宾语），whose（作定语）
3 当先行词指物时，关系代词可用that（做主语，宾语），which（做主语，宾语）
4 再定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词长可省略，但在介词后面的关系代词不能省略。指人时，介词后只用whom，指物时，介词后只用which。
5 在非限制性定语从句中，指人时，只用who，指物时，只用which。
1．定语从句中that与who、which的区别
2．定语从句中关系词的省略
典型例题
1. The first job ________I found was to be a cleaner.
A. where B. why C. which D. that
解析：指事物的先行词前有序数词修饰时，只能用关系代词that。故本题的正确答案是D。
2. I don’t think history is as interesting as English.（改为同义词）
I think history is ___________ interesting _________ English.
解析：答案是：less; than。意思是“我认为历史不如英语有趣”。
3. The woman who is wearing the hat is my mother.（改为同义句）
The woman ________ the hat is my mother.
解析：读题后可知：上句含义是“戴帽子的那个妇女旭我的妈妈”，对应下句，可知空格处应填“戴”，故正确答案是in。
选择填空
1. The poor boy ________ lost both his parents last year is called Mike．
A．which B．what C．who D．／
2. The bridge ________ has been there for nearly fifty years still looks nice．
A．which B．what C．／ D．who
3. I’m one of the students _______well in English in my class．
A．who does B．who do C．which does D．who did
4. Is this factory ________ some foreign friends visited last Friday?
A．that B．where C．which D．the one
5. All______ they have done is good for us．
A．what B．which C．why D．that
Unit7
表达意愿的几个基本句子
a. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
b. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
c. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
d. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
答案：a. I hope to b. I’d like to c. I’d love to d. I want to
She would like to go to New York. （对划线部分提问）
答案：Where would she like to go?
注意：where在本句中为副词，go后面不能再加to，而Which city would she like to go to? 中which为代词。
九年级英语复习---语法讲解(Units8-15)
Unit8
1、短语动词小结
常见短语动词结构有下面几种：
1.动词+副词 如：give up 放弃 turn off 关掉 stay up 熬夜
这种结构有时相当于及物动词，如果其宾语是代词，就必须放在动词和副词之间，如果是名词，则既可插在动词和副词之间，也可放 在短语动词后。
2. 动词+介词 如：listen of 听 look at 看 belong to 属于
这种结构相当于及物动词，后面跟宾语。
3. 动词+副词+介词 如：come up with 提出，想出 run out of 用完，耗尽
4. 动词+名词(介词) 如：take part in参加 catch hold of 抓住
2、倒装句
not only … but (also) … 不但… 而且… 用来连接两个并列的成分
(1)引导以 not only …but (also)… 开头的句子往往引起部分倒装。
因此 ⑴Not only do I feel good but (also)…. 是倒装句。也是说得要
把前面的句子中的助动词或者是情态动词放在主语的前面。如：
①Not only can I do it but (also) I can do best. 我不仅能做到而且做得最好。
⑵Not only…but (also)… 接两主语时，谓语动词随后面的主语人称和数的变化 也就是就近原则 如：
①Not only Lily but (also) you like cat. 不仅莉莉而且你也喜欢猫。
②Not only you but (also) Lily likes cat. 不仅你而且莉莉喜欢猫。
常见的就近原则的结构有：
Neither… nor…即不…也不… (两者都不)
Neither you nor I like him. 我和你都不喜欢他。
Either… or… 不是…就是… (两者中的一个)
Either Lily or you are a student.
Not only …but (also)…
There be
Ⅵ 人教版初三英语上册语法重点，主要是时态。。
Unit1
By是个很常用的介词（有时也用作副词），在初中英语中的用法有以下几种： 1.意为“在……旁”、“靠近”。如： Some are singing and dancing under a big tree . Some are drawing by the lake. 有的在大树下唱歌跳舞，有的在湖边画画儿。 2.意为“不迟于”、“到……时为止”。如： Your son will be all right by supper time. 你的儿子在晚饭前会好的。 How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term? 到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲？ 3.表示方法、手段，可译作“靠”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”、“乘坐”等。如： The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.
猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑。 The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.
孩子的父亲是那么的感激，于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息。 4.表示“逐个”、“逐批”的意思。如： One by one they went past the table in the dark.
他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子。5.表示“根据”、“按照”的意思。如：What time is it by your watch? 你的表几点了? 6.和take , hold等动词连用，说明接触身体的某一部分。如： I took him by the hand. 我拉住了它的手。 7.用于被动句中，表示行为主体，常译作“被”、“由”等。如： English is spoken by many people. 英语被许多人所说。（即“许多人讲英语。”） 8.组成其它短语。 1) by the way : 意为“顺便说”、“顺便问一下”，常做插入语。如： By the way , where’s Li Ping , do you know?
顺便问一下，李平在哪儿。你知道吗？ 2) by oneself : 意为“单独”、“自行”。如： I can’t leave her by herself. 我不能把她单独留下。 3) by and by : 意为“不久以后”、“不一会儿”。如： But by and by , more and more people began to study English. 但是不久以后，越来越多的人开始学英语了。
二、动名词的构成动词后加动名词doing，相当于名词，在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语定语等。1）★作主语（这种用法常考）
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.南方与北方开战了。2）作宾语Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
请问你介意调小一点收音机的音量吗？3）作表语Babysister’s job is washing，cooking and taking care of the children。保姆的工作是洗衣服，作饭和照看孩子。
Unit2
used to 的用法：（1）肯定句：used这个词没有人称的变化，to后面接动词原形。
否定句是didn’t use to….
When I was a child, I didn’t use to like apples.当我还是孩子的时候我不喜欢苹果.
疑问形式是Did you use to…?Where did you use to live before you came here?当你来这儿之前你住哪儿？
（2）含有used to 的句子的反意疑问句不要usedn’t + 主语，而用didn’t ＋ 主语。He used to smoke, didn’t he? 他过去常常吸烟，是吗？Yes, he did./ No, he didn’t. 是的，他吸。/ 不，他不吸。
（3）used to 表示过去的习惯动作， 而不是现在的。I am used to the weather here. 我已经习惯于这里的天气了。He is used to hard work. 他习惯于艰苦的工作。
（4）used to 可以和be, have 以及其他状态动词连用，描写过去的状态。 I used to be a waiter, but now I’m a taxi-driver.我过去是一个服务员，但现在我是出租车司机。
★ 本单元的许多运用used to 的句子属于描述过去的状态。Mario used to be short.马力奥过去总是很矮。Amy used to be outgoing.爱米过去性格外向。Tina used to have long and straight hair.蒂娜过去有一头直的长头发。He used to wear black shoes. 他过去常穿黑鞋。
Unit3
本单元重点讲到了被动语态的用法英语动词的被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。助动词be有时态，人称和数的变化，其变化规则与连系动词be完全一样。
一、被动语态的句式变化： 以一般现在时和动词invite为例，列表说明被动语态的句式变化：
二、各种时态的被动语态结构总结如下： 被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的，be是什么时态，全句就是什么时态，be动词后面的过去分词不变。一般现在时的被动语态为：主＋am / is / are （not）＋过去分词一般过去时的被动语态为：主＋was / were ＋过去分词
例如：我们学过的was / were born 生于，就是一个被动语态.born是个过去分词（bear）－When were you born ? －I was born in 1989. 现在进行时被动语态的构成为: 主语＋is / am / are + being ＋过去分词
现在完成时被动语态的构成为: 主语＋have / has ＋been ＋过去分词
情态动词的被动语态: 情态动词＋be＋过去分词
一般将来时的被动语态: 主语＋will ＋be ＋过去分词
过去将来时的被动语态: 主语＋would / should + be ＋过去分词
过去进行时的被动语态: 主语＋was / were + being ＋过去分词
过去完成时的被动语态: 主语＋had + been +过去分词
三、被动语态的用法：（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁，不用by＋动作执行者短语 Football is played widely all over the world. 全世界都广泛地踢足球。
（2）强调动作的承受者，这时应用by短语。The bank was robbed yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午这家银行遭到抢劫。
（3）作客观说明时，常采用一种被动语态句型It is reported that about twenty children have died of flu in the USA.
据报道美国大约二十名儿童死于流感。
四、主动语态的句子变为被动语态的方法是：（1）把原句中的宾语变为主语（2）动词改为被动形式，即be+过去分词（3）原来的主语，如果需要的话，放在by后面，如果没必要，可省略。请看下表:
主动语态 被动语态
They make trains in Zhuzhou． They use this key for locking the classroom door．Many people speak English．He wrote a letter．They are building a road． Trains are made in Zhuzhou．This key is used for locking the classroom door(by them)．English is spoken by many people．A letter was written by him．A road is being built (by them)．
Unit4
虚拟语气：如果我们所说的不是事实，也不是要求、命令、劝告等，而只是一种假设、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想就用虚拟语气
注意：条件句分两种，真实条件句和虚拟条件句。只有在虚拟（非真实）条件句中，才用虚拟语气，而在真实条件句中，要用陈述语气。
请比较：
（1）If it is sunny tomorrow , we’ll go to the zoo.
如果明天天气好，我们将会去公园。在这句话中，明天天气好是完全有可能实现的，并非虚拟、幻想，因此是真实条件句。在本句中，适用“主将从现。”
（2）If I were you , I would go at once.
（如果我是你的话，我立刻就走。）在这句话中，条件句，“如果我是你”，但事实上，我不可能成为你，这只是假设的情况，没有实现的可能。当条件实现的可能性很小，甚至可以说没有时，就需要用虚拟语气来表示，动词发生了变化。
也就是说虚拟语气表示和现实的事实相反时，从句用一般过时。
主句用 “should/would/could/ might +动词原形。
1.If I had time, I would go for a walk.
2.If I were invited, I would go to the dinner party.
3.If I won a million dollars in the lottery, I would put it in the bank.
知识点2. He doesn’t know if he should bring a present.
此处if表示“是否”，引导宾语从句。Should此处表示“应该”。不是虚拟语气。
E.g.1. I don’t know if I should go to the party.
2.If I have enough money, I will go to Hainan .
知识点3.If I were you , I’d wear a shirt and tie.
if 引导的条件状语从句表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气时，be动词只能用were，而不能用was。
E.g. If he were here, he would not agree with you .
知识点4. I don’t have a present. What if everyone else brings a present?
What if… “如果……怎么办？”相当于 what would happen if…
E.g. What shall I do if it snows?
知识点5.Well, dogs can be a lot of trouble.
Trouble 麻烦事 ,名词
常用搭配 ：get (sb)into trouble get out of trouble what’s the trouble
“if”引导的条件句。
Unit5
It must be--- (肯定是,100%)
It might/could be… (有可能,20-80%)
It can’t be… (肯定不是,0%)
程度 肯定句 否定句 疑问句
must ★ ★ ★ ★ √
may ★ ★ ★ √ √
might
/could ★ ★ √
√
√
√
can’t
can ★ √
√
1. --- Whose book is this?
--- It must be Mary’s. (肯定; 一定)
It must belong to Mary.
2. --- Whose French book is this?
--- It could be Ali’s. She studies French. (可能)
3. The hair band might belong to Linda.
might be Linda’s. (可能)
4. The T-shirt can’t be John’s. (不可能)
It’s much too small for him.
练习：1. --- Whose pen is this?
--- It ____ Liu Mei because I saw her use it the other day.
A. can’t be B. might be C. must belong to
2. That’s a piece of good news. They ___ glad to hear that.
A. can be B. might be C. must be D. can’t be
3. Mary ______ be in Paris. I saw her in town only a few minutes ago.
A. mustn’t B. shouldn’t C. can’t D. may not
Unit6
定语从句
1. who 指人,作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）
The man who I talked with is our teacher.
A person who steals things is called a thief.
2. whom指人,作宾语 (作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省)
The man (whom/who) I nodded to is Mr. Li.
The man to whom I nodded is Professor Li.
3. which 指物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省)
These are the trees which were planted last year.
This recorder （which） he is using is made in Japan.
Is this the library (which) you borrow books from?
Is this the library from which you borrow books?
4. that 指人/物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）
A plane is a machine. It can fly.→A plane is a machine that can fly.
He is the man. I told you about him. →He is the man (that) I told you about.
The scientist is very famous in the world. We met her yesterday.
↓
The scientist Ø we met yesterday is very famous in the world.
who
whom
that
The dress is new. She is wearing it.
↓
The dress that she is wearing is new.
which
Ø
(3) He is the kind person. I have ever worked with him.
↓
He is the kind person that I have ever worked with.
who
whom
Ø
This is the best film. I have ever seen this film.
↓
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
Ø
在选择引导定语从句的关系代词时，有如下要点：
1 由于关系代词在主句与从句间既起到联系作用，又在从句中充当一个成分，因此， 要正确判断关系代词在从句中的功能，如作主语还是宾语等。
2 当先行词指人时，关系代词可用who（做主语，宾语），that（做主语，宾语），whom（作宾语），whose（作定语）
3 当先行词指物时，关系代词可用that（做主语，宾语），which（做主语，宾语）
4 再定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词长可省略，但在介词后面的关系代词不能省略。指人时，介词后只用whom，指物时，介词后只用which。
5 在非限制性定语从句中，指人时，只用who，指物时，只用which。
1．定语从句中that与who、which的区别
2．定语从句中关系词的省略
典型例题
1. The first job ________I found was to be a cleaner.
A. where B. why C. which D. that
解析：指事物的先行词前有序数词修饰时，只能用关系代词that。故本题的正确答案是D。
2. I don’t think history is as interesting as English.（改为同义词）
I think history is ___________ interesting _________ English.
解析：答案是：less; than。意思是“我认为历史不如英语有趣”。
3. The woman who is wearing the hat is my mother.（改为同义句）
The woman ________ the hat is my mother.
解析：读题后可知：上句含义是“戴帽子的那个妇女旭我的妈妈”，对应下句，可知空格处应填“戴”，故正确答案是in。
选择填空
1. The poor boy ________ lost both his parents last year is called Mike．
A．which B．what C．who D．／
2. The bridge ________ has been there for nearly fifty years still looks nice．
A．which B．what C．／ D．who
3. I’m one of the students _______well in English in my class．
A．who does B．who do C．which does D．who did
4. Is this factory ________ some foreign friends visited last Friday?
A．that B．where C．which D．the one
5. All______ they have done is good for us．
A．what B．which C．why D．that
Unit7
表达意愿的几个基本句子
a. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
b. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
c. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
d. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
答案：a. I hope to b. I’d like to c. I’d love to d. I want to
She would like to go to New York. （对划线部分提问）
答案：Where would she like to go?
注意：where在本句中为副词，go后面不能再加to，而Which city would she like to go to? 中which为代词。
九年级英语复习---语法讲解(Units8-15)
Unit8
1、短语动词小结
常见短语动词结构有下面几种：
1.动词+副词 如：give up 放弃 turn off 关掉 stay up 熬夜
这种结构有时相当于及物动词，如果其宾语是代词，就必须放在动词和副词之间，如果是名词，则既可插在动词和副词之间，也可放 在短语动词后。
2. 动词+介词 如：listen of 听 look at 看 belong to 属于
这种结构相当于及物动词，后面跟宾语。
3. 动词+副词+介词 如：come up with 提出，想出 run out of 用完，耗尽
4. 动词+名词(介词) 如：take part in参加 catch hold of 抓住
2、倒装句
not only … but (also) … 不但… 而且… 用来连接两个并列的成分
(1)引导以 not only …but (also)… 开头的句子往往引起部分倒装。
因此 ⑴Not only do I feel good but (also)…. 是倒装句。也是说得要
把前面的句子中的助动词或者是情态动词放在主语的前面。如：
①Not only can I do it but (also) I can do best. 我不仅能做到而且做得最好。
⑵Not only…but (also)… 接两主语时，谓语动词随后面的主语人称和数的变化 也就是就近原则 如：
①Not only Lily but (also) you like cat. 不仅莉莉而且你也喜欢猫。
②Not only you but (also) Lily likes cat. 不仅你而且莉莉喜欢猫。
常见的就近原则的结构有：
Neither… nor…即不…也不… (两者都不)
Neither you nor I like him. 我和你都不喜欢他。
Either… or… 不是…就是… (两者中的一个)
Either Lily or you are a student.
Not only …but (also)…
There be
Ⅶ 初三英语语法点
独立主格结构
独立主格结构由名词或代词加上其他成分(分词、不定式、名词、代词、形容词、副词或介词短语)构成。
独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，所以在语法上不是句子。但多有名词或代词表示的逻辑主语，分词或不定式表示的逻辑谓语，有时还有其他修饰成分。(判断一个结构是否是句子的标准就是看看这个结构是否有谓语动词。)这种结构通常在句子中起方式、时间、原因、条件等状语或状语从句的作用，主要用于书面语。使用动词非谓语形式的独立主格结构可以改为句子形式(从句):独立主格结构加上连词，非谓语动词改为谓语动词形式，这样就成为从句了。
例如:
Today being Sunday, the library isn' t open.今天星期天，图书馆不开放。
(原因)改为从句:
As (Since) today is Sunday, the library isn' t open.
例如:
There being no buses，we had to take a taxi. 没有汽车了，我们只好坐出租车了。
Because there were no buses, we had to take a taxi.
The signal given，the bus started.信号发出后，公共汽车就启动了。
(时间)改为从句:
After the signal was given, the bus started.
The boy followed that man here，and climbed in，sword in hand.少年跟那个人到这里，并爬了进来，手里拿着剑。
The boy followed that man here，and climbed in，and had a sword in his hand.
The mid-term examination is over, the end-of-term examination to come two months later.期中考试结束了，两个月之后进行期末考试.
The mid-term examination is over, and the end-of-term examination is to come two months later.
Weather permitting, we' 11 visit the Great Wall.如果天气允许的话，我们就去参观长城。
If weather permits, we' 11 visit the Great Wall.
The boy followed that man here, and climbed in, sword in hand.少年跟那个人到这里，并爬了进来，手里拿着剑。(伴随状语)
上文例句中sword in hand是由“名词+介词短语”构成，表示伴随的情况。这种表示伴随情的独立主格结构，有时可以用with引出，二者的意思是一样的，with结构更加口语话，更加常用。
She left the office with tears in her eyes.她眼里含着泪水，离开了办公室。
The teacher walked into the classroom, with a ruler under his arm and some books in his hand.老师胳膊底下挟着一把尺子，手里拿着几本书，走进了教室。
The teacher walked into the classroom. He was holding a ruler under his arm and some books in his hand.
Tian' anmen Square looks magnificent with all the lights on.华灯齐放，天安门广场显得美丽动人。
With the boy leading the way, we found his house with no difficulty.由这孩子领路，我们毫不费劲地找到他的家。
With him to give us a lead, our team is bound to turn out well.有他给我们带头，我们对一定能搞好。
1、指出下列句子中的独立主格结构:
1) My work having been finished, I went home.
---My work having been finished
2)The woman sat smiling, surrounded by her flowers, a faraway look in her eyes.
---A faraway look in her eyes
3) My watch having been lost, I didn' t know what time it was.
---My watch having been lost
4) He came into the room, his face red with cold.
--- his face red with cold
5) There an elderly patient was sitting in her wheelchair alone, head bowed, her back to most of the others.
--- Head bowed. her back to mast of the others
6) A man came in, his face hidden by an upturned coat collar and a cap pulled law over his brow.
--- His face hidden by an upturned…….
用独立主格结构改正下列句子:
1) Being cold, he put on his overcoat.
---It being cold, …
2) Being no bus, we had to walk home.
--- There being no bus, ...
3) Getting colder, same birds are flying away to the south.
--- It getting colder, ...
4) Being ill, Mr. Li taught the lesson in place of Mr. Wang.
--- Mr. Wang being ill, Mr. Li taught..
5) Asia is the largest continent, being about 43 million square kilometer.
---…，its size (area) being about 43….
用独立主格结构将括号内的汉语译成英语填空:
1)Bing Bing entered the room, _____ (手里拿着一个大苹果).
---- (with) a big apple in his hand.
2) _____(下课了)，the children ran out of the class room.
---The class being over
3） The little girl waited at the bus stop for a long time, _____(鼻子冻得通红).
---her nose red with cold
4) Here comes the Shanghai train, _____ (从福州来的火车)
---the Fuzhou train to come half an hour later.
5) He was doing his homework._____ (他的父亲坐在旁边)
6) ____(谁也没有什么可说的), the meeting was closed.
-----Nobody having any more to say
一致
英语的一致有三种:主谓一致，代词一致，肯定与否定一致
一、主语与谓语的一致
英语语法要求，主语如果是单数，谓语动词也要用单数形式;主语若是复数，谓语动词也要用复数形式
例如:
She likes to eat well.她好吃
We all like good food.我们都喜欢好饭菜。
Everybody was happy with the decision. 人人都对这个决定感到高兴。
I am a doctor.我是个医生。
二、概念一致
1. And连接的两个或多个单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式
His opinion and mine are different他的观点和我的是不同的。
Bob and Peter are deadly rivals. Bob和peter是死对头。
What she says and what she does are totally different. 她说的和做的完全不同。
但是如果and连接的是指一个单一概念时，谓语动词用单数。
Bread and milk has been my breakfast for years. 牛奶面包多年来一直是我的早餐。
Her lawyer and old friend is going to marry her.她的律师和老朋友要娶她。
All this effort and sacrifice has come to nothing. 所有这些努力和牺牲都白费了。
由and连接的单数主语分别有many a，ever y，each，no修饰时，动词用单数。
如：During the holidays, every train and every plane was crowded.假期期间每列火车及每架飞机都非常拥挤。
No boy and no girl has the right to refuse ecation. 男孩和女孩都没有拒绝教育的权利。
Man a man and man a woman was moved b this picture。许多男男女女都被这幅画感动。
2.如果主语是一个抽象概念(如不定式、动名词、主语从句等)谓语动词用单数形式。如果主语是用and连接的两个或多个抽象概念，谓语动词用复数形式。
如：Swimming jogging and cycling are all goad farms of sports exercises.游泳、慢跑和骑自行车都是很好的运动形式。
To live to eat is not a very goad attitude toward life. 活着就是为了吃不是好的生活态度。
To live to eat and to eat to live are very different attitudes toward life.
以what，who，why，haw, whether等wh一词引起的从句做主语时，谓语动词通常用单数;由and连接的两个主句如果指两件事，动词用复数。
例如:What he is doing is not clear yet他在干什么还不清楚
What he is doing and whether I know him are two different things.他在干什么和我是否认识他是两件不同的事。
What she told me is none of your business. 她和我说的什么用不着你管。
What she told me and what she told you are totally different things.
以what从句为主语的“主一系一表SVC"句型中，如果主句的表语是复数，主句谓语动词用复数形式;what从句本身是复数意义，主句谓语动词也可用复数。
如：What I need buy now are four tea cups and a pair of sports shoes.
我需要买的是四只茶杯和一双运动鞋。
What were thought to be five dogs were actually five sheep.
被认为是五条狗的东西实际上是五只羊。
3.集体名词family，class，crew(全体船员或机组人员)，crowd, group, committee, audience, government, public, team, staff, population等做主语时，若作为一个整体看待，后面谓语动词用单数; 如就其中每一个成员来考虑时，则用复数。
例如: My family is a big one.我家人多。
My family are all music lovers. 我全家人都爱好音乐。
Eighty percent of China' s population are peasants. 百分之八十的中国人口是农民。
China has a huge population. 中国有众多的人口。
The population of China is the largest in the world. 中国的人口是世界上最多的。
People, police, cattle,(牛)，militia(民兵)，poultry(家禽)，vermin(害出)等作主语时，后面的动词要用复数。
如：There were many people waiting outside. 有许多人在外面等着。
The police are searching far the murderer. 警察在搜捕凶手。
The cattle are grazing in the fields. 一群牛在田野里吃草。
Foliage(树叶)，machinery(机械)，equipment(设备) ,furniture(家具)，merchandise(商品)等通常做不可数名词，动词用单数，
如:The merchandise has arrived undamaged滴品已经到达，毫无损坏。
All the machinery in the factory is made in China. 本工厂里的所有机械都是中国制造的，
4.不定代词either，neither，ever y，each，one，the other, another以及所有的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词只用单数，包括“every/each/no……and every/each/no……”作主语时。
如：Every/Each plane and every/each pilot is ready to take off.
每架飞机和每个飞行员都已准备好起飞。
No plane and no pilot is ready to take off.
没有一架飞机、没有一个飞行员已准备好起飞。
Here are two books. Either of them is worth reading.
这有两本书，都值得一读。
Neither of these two dictionaries contains this ward.
这两本词典都没收入这个字
Everyone is here. No one is absent. 大家都到了，没有人缺席。
Somebody is using the phone. 有人在用电话。
I have two sisters. One is here, and the other is not here.
我有两个姐妹，一个在这儿，一个不在这儿。
Each day is better than the one before. 一天比一天好。
Either day is OK. 两天中哪一天都行。
5. what，who，which，any，mare，some，half，mast，all，none.等代词可以是单数，也可以是复数，主要靠意思决定。但指不可数名词时作单数看待。
例如：Which is your book? Which are your books?
Here' s same mare (coffee). Here' re same more (tomatoes).
None of the books are/is easy enough for us.
Most of Most of
All of All of
Some of The money was stolen Some of The member was there.
Half of Half of
None of None of
Two thirds of Two third of
由Many a或mare than one所修饰的词做主语时，意义上虽然是复数，但谓语动词用单数形式。none在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数.
如：Many a person is far his plan. 很多人赞成他的计划。
Mare than one people is against his plan. 不止一个人反对他的计划。
6.表示时间、重量、长度、价值等的单位名词，尽管是复数形式，如果作整体看待，动词都用单数形式。如果看作组成该数量的一个一个的个体，则动词用复数。
如：Twenty miles is a long way to walk. 走二十英里可是很长的一段路。
Ten years is a long time。十年很长。
Eight minutes is enough. 八分钟够了。
Twelve dollars is too dear. 十二美圆太贵了。
There are six silver dollars in each of the stacking. 每只袜子里有六个一美元的银币。
7. “the+形容词”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数。表示抽象概念或指个别事物时谓语动词用单数。
如：The old are well taken care of. 老人得到很好的照顾。
The beautiful is laved by all. 人人都爱美，
The difficulty we do at once. The impassible takes a little loner.
困难的事情我们马上做。不可能的事情需要稍微长一点的时间。
还有the unknown(未知的事物)，the unexpected(出乎意料的事)，等等。
8. 如果主语由"a kind/sort/type of this kind/sort/type of +名词”组成，不管名词是单数还是复数，动词通常用单数。
如：This kind of man annoys me. =This kind of men annoys me. 这种人让我烦。
This kind of apple is very expensive. = This kind of apples is…这种苹果很贵。
类似的还有:a portion of(一部分)，a series of(一系列)，a pile of(一堆)，a panel of (一个小组委员会)，
如：A series of accidents has happened here. 这里发生过一系列事故。
9. Means作“方法、手段”讲时，单复数同形，其前面有each, every, neither, either,等单数a念的定语时，谓语动词用单数;若有all, both，these等复数概念的定语时谓语动词用复数。
“None of the means”作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。
如：There is/are no means of learning what is happening. 没法知道正在发生什么事。
No means is /are left untried. 没有没试过的方法了。
Every means is to an end. 每一种手段都能达到一种目的。
A bicycle is a means of transport. 自行车是一种交通手段。
All possible means have/Every possible means has been tried.所有的方法都试过了。
三、就近一致
1.当主语由either...... or. neither...... nor , not only ...... but(also) 或or连接时，谓语动词通常和最临近的那个主语一致。
例如：Either you or he is to do the work. 不是你就是他来做这件事。
Not only you but also Tom often comes late to class. 不光是你，汤姆上课也迟到。
Neither the children nor the teacher knows anything about it.
孩子们和老师都不知道这件事。
2.当there be结构后面有并列主语时，谓语也和最临近的那个一致。
如：There is a dictionary and many books on the table.
桌子上有一本词典和许多本书。
There' re ten chairs and a table in the house.
屋子里有十把椅子和一张桌子。
Here is a pen, a few envelopes and same paper far you.
这儿有一支笔，几个信封和一些纸给你。
这种就近一致的情况在非正式文体中越来越普遍。但在下列情况不提倡模访。
如：Where is your mother and sisters?
你妈妈和你姐妹到哪儿去了?
Is your sister and her husband coming to see you?
你姐姐和姐夫要来看你吗?
One in ten are expected to take part in the contest.
预计每十个人就有一个要来参加这次比赛。
3.做主语的名词或代词后接with，together with，along with，as well as等短语时，谓语动词一般和前面名词或代词一致。这些短语前后可用可不用逗号。
如：A woman with a baby is coming to the hospital
一个妇女抱着个婴儿正向医院走来。
The girl, as well as the bays , has learned to drive a car.
这个姑娘和那些那孩子一样也学会了开汽车。
二、代词一致
代词一致是指句子中代词应在数、性、人称等方面彼此保持一致，
如：One must do one' s best to increase proction.
Everybody talked at the tap of his/their voice.
If anyone calls, tell him I' 11 be back in a moment. (him也可用him or her代替)
在写作中，如果表示不定的人，可以用you, we, one等，需要注意的是：同一篇文章中，只用同一个不定代词，而且所有格要与其一致。
三、肯定与否定一致
下列形容词、副词、代词从肯定句变成否定句时，须作相应的变化:
肯定句 否定句
We've had some money. We haven't had any money.
I was talking to someone I wasn't talking to anyone.
They sometimes visit us. They rarely (never, seldom) visit us.
He has arrived already. He hasn't arrived yet.
Li is coming too. Li isn't coming either.
Both of us are going. Neither of us are going.
He likes both of them. He doesn't like either of them.
注意：“so/neither+助动词/情态动词+名词/代词”结构中须用倒装语序，
如：My wife likes classical music very much and so do.
She doesn' t like jazz and neither do.
Ⅷ 九年级英语所有语法
不定代词（some any,all both,either neither,no none,each every,many much,few little的区别与联系）
A复合不定代词 12个
Bsome any的用法
时态
A一般现在、过去、将来时
B现在、过去完成时
C过去、现在、将来进行时
D现在完成进行时
宾语从句（3种）
定语从句（以that为主）
构词法，主要词缀（un dis bi ab inter tele re ful tion less ese y ing ed ly able al等）
主要缩写
形容词与副词的比较级，最高级
A特殊变化与一般变化
B用法
动词的种类
行为、情态、联系、助动词
句子的成分
主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语
简单句5大基本句型（顺便掌握及物与不及物动词的区别）
动词不定式
A基本结构（to+动词原型，否定式为not to+动词原型）
B用法
C疑问词+不定式
被动语态
A主动与被动的概念
B构成
C情态动词被动语态
虚拟语气（以“现在不可能发生”为主）
结构为If+主+V-ed,主+would do。
注意从句里面be用were
双宾语
情态动词
caN could,should,would,would like,might may,have to must,need
特别注意掌握情态动词表推测
直接引语，间接引语
注意指示代词、时间与地点词、动词转换的情况
注意不转换的情况
注意主从一致
状语从句（特别是IF ，WHEN和UNTIL）
注意主句一般将来时，从句用一般现在表将来。
名词
A专有名词与普通名词
B可数与不可数
C可数名词单数与复数
D所有格
19.代词
A人称代词
B物主代词
C指示代词
20.数词
A基数词
B序数词
21.动词缩略形式
介词
A时间介词
B地点介词
C其他
冠词
分词
A现在与过去分词
B现在分词做主语等
C分词做定语
倒装
A so+动词+主语
B部分倒装
呵呵 希望对你有所帮助 祝楼主进步哈
特殊
A季节，星期，月份，年份读法
B报时
C动词+介词，动词+副词的各种特殊意义
推荐楼主看看这个重点的：
http://wenku..com/view/298b9a5277232f60ddcca1e0.html
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Ⅸ 初三英语语法知识点（只问一个很简单的）要快
1. be used to do是被动语态，表示“抄被用作…” 例如：The knife is used to cut things.小刀是被用作切东西的。
2. used to do是主动语态，意思是“过去常常做某事”，表示现在不这样做了。
例如：He used to get up early.他过去常常早起。