A. 英语基本语法
一个句子一般皆由两部分组成，即主语部分（ group）和谓语部分（predicate group）。如：
⑴Professor Ward teaches English to university students.
沃德教授给大学生教英语。
句中的Professor Ward即是主语部分，teaches English to university students 即是谓语部分。
句子成分（members of the sentence ）是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。句子由各个句子成分所构成。
句子的组成部分，包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、补语、状语、表语七种。
主语是句子叙述的主体，可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。
谓语说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语由动词来承担。
宾语是动作的对象或承受者，常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。
主语和谓语是英语句子的两大成分，除少数句子（如祈使句和感叹句等）外，一句话必须同时具有主语和谓语所表达的意思才能完整。主语是针对谓语而言的，是一句话的主题，谓语用来说明主语的情况，为主语提供信息。例如：They are working.主语是they(他们），那么他们在做什么呢？看来没有谓语are working 是不行的。在正常情况下，英语的主语和谓语的位置与汉语一致，也就是说主语在前，谓语紧跟其后。那么，哪些词语可以做主语，谓语，何时主谓倒置，主语与谓语的一致情况如何，我将一一讲述。
折叠主语
主语（subject） 是一句的主体，是全句的述说对象，常用名词或相当于名词的词担任，一般置于句首。如：
⑵The plane has just taken off at the airport。
飞机刚刚从机场起飞。
⑶I respect his privacy。
我尊重他的隐私权。
主语是句子陈述的对象，说明是谁或什么。表示句子说的是"什么人"、“什么事”、“什么东西”、“什么地方”等等。
名词、代词、数词、动名词、to do不定式、一个句子 都可以做主语。
折叠谓语
谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明，指出“做什么”和“是什么”或“怎么样”.谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。
折叠宾语
宾语，又称受词，是指一个动作（动词）的接受者。宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语（间接宾语也称宾语补足语）两大类，其中直接宾语指动作的直接对象，间接宾语说明动作的非直接，但受动作影响的对象。一般而言，及物动词后面最少要有一个宾语，而该宾语通常为直接宾语，有些及物动词要求两个宾语，则这两个宾语通常一个为直接宾语，另一个为间接宾语。名词、代词、数词、动名词、to do不定式、一个句子 都可以做宾语，而to do不定式用于宾语补足语。
折叠定语
定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。主要有形容词此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。汉语中常用 ‘的’ 表示。定语和中心语之间是修饰和被修饰、限制和被限制的关系。在汉语中，中心语与定语二者之间有的需要用结构助词 “的” ，有的不需要，有的可要可不要。“的” 是定语的标志。
折叠状语
英语中，修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语（adverbial）。
状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。
状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、to do不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。
折叠补语：
英语补语的作用对象是主语和宾语,具有鲜明的定语性描写或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺的。补语是起补充说明作用的成份。最常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、to do不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。
折叠表语：
表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、to do不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当，它常位于系动词（be, become, appear, seem, look ,sound, feel, get, smell等词）之后。如果句子的表语也是由一个句子充当的,那么这个充当表语的句子就叫做表语从句。
英语语法中的时态（tense）是一种动词形式，不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式。
是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。
下面就英语中常见的十六种基本时态进行阐述，其它的时态都是在这十六种时态的基础上结合而成的。
所谓“时”就是行为发生的时段或状态存在的时段，即：现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种；所谓“态”就是行为或状态发生时所呈现的状态，有一般状态、进行状态、完成状态或完成进行状态四种。由时态结合，便形成下列十六种时态：
一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时以及一般过去将来时；
现在进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时以及过去将来进行时；
现在完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时以及过去将来完成时；
现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时以及过去将来完成进行时．
折叠一般现在时
1.概念：表示经常发生的情况；有规律出现的情况；总是发生的；和事实真理。
2.时间状语：Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…），once a week(day, year, month…），on Sundays（on Mondays …），
3.基本结构：①主语+动词的单数第三人称+其他【当主语是第三人称单数（单三）时】
②主语+动词原形+其他 【当主语不是第三人称单数（单三）时】
4.否定形式：主语 + am/is/are + not + 其他； 此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't，如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。
6.例句：It seldom snows here.这里很少下雪。
He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于帮助别人。
Action speaks louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。
折叠一般过去时
1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month…），in 1989,just now, at the age of 5,one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
3.基本结构：主语 + 动词的过去式或be的过去式+名词
4.否定形式：主语 + was/were + not + 其他；在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。
6.例句：She often came to help us in those days.那些天她经常来帮助我们。
I didn't know you were so busy.我不知道你是这么忙。
折叠一般将来时
1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
2.时间状语：Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…），soon, in a few minutes, by…，the day after tomorrow, etc.
3.基本结构：主语 + am/is/are + going to + do + 其它；主语 + will/shall + do + 其它
4.否定形式：主语 + am/is/are not going to do ；主语 + will/shall not do + 其它
5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。{首字母大写}
6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies.他们将有一场比赛和我们一起研究。
It is going to rain.天要下雨了。
折叠一般过去将来时
1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。
2.时间状语：The next day (morning \, year…），the following month(week…），etc.
3.基本结构：主语 + was/were + going to + do + 其它；主语 + would/should + do +其它
4.否定形式：主语 + was/were + not + going to + do; 主语 + would/should + not + do.
5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。
6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day.他说他第二天要去北京。
I asked who was going there.我问，谁要去那里。
折叠现在进行时
概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
时间状语：Now, at this time, days, etc. look, listen
基本结构：主语+be+动词ing〔现在分词形式）第一人称单数I+am+动词ing.第一人称复数We+are+动词ing.第二人称单(复)数 You+are+动词ing第三人称单数 He（She，it）+is+动词ing第三人称复数 They+are+动词ing
肯定句:主语+be（is/am/are）+现在分词
否定句：主语+be（is/am/are）+not+现在分词
一般疑问句:be（is/am/are）+主语+现在分词
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+相应be动词+主语+现在分词+Sth?间接引语中改为过去进行时。
例句：How are you feeling today? 你今天感觉如何？He is doing well in his lessons.在课上他表现得很好。
折叠过去进行时
1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
3.基本结构 主语+was/were +doing +其它
4.否定形式：主语+was/were + not +doing+其它
5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。（第一个字母大写）
6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit.那段时间她在人民解放军部队工作。
When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.他进来时，我正在读报纸。
折叠将来进行时
1.概念：表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时间开始，并继续下去的动作。常用来表示询问、请求等。
2.时间状语：Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，in two days, tomorrow evening
3.基本结构：主语 + shall/will + be + 现在分词 + 其它
4.否定形式：主语 + shall/will + not + be + 现在分词 + 其它
5.例句：This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.下一天的这个时间，他们正坐在电影院。
He won’t be coming to the party.他不去参加聚会了。
折叠过去将来进行时
1.概念：表示就过去某一时间而言，将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作，主要用于宾语从句中，尤其多用于间接引语中。
2.基本结构：should/would + be + 现在分词
3.例句：They said they would be coming.他们说了他们将要来。
He said he could not come because he would be having a meeting.他说他不能来因为要开会。
折叠现在完成时
1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
2.时间状语：yet, already ,just, never, ever, so far, by now, since + 时间点，for + 时间段，recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.
3.基本结构：主语 + have/has + p.p（过去分词） + 其它
4.否定形式：主语 + have/has + not + p.p（过去分词） + 其它
5.一般疑问句：have或has放句首。
6.例句：I've written an article.我已经写了一篇论文。
The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.在过去的几年，农村发生了巨大的变化。
折叠过去完成时
1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
2.时间状语：Before, by the end of last year (term, month…），etc.
3.基本结构：主语 + had + p.p（过去分词） + 其它
4.否定形式：主语 + had + not +p.p（过去分词） + 其它
5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。
6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.当我们到车站的时候，火车已经开走了。
By the end of last month, we had reviewed four books.到上个月底，我们已经复习了四本书。
基本结构：主语 + had + p.p（过去分词） + 其它
①肯定句：主语 + had + p.p（过去分词） + 其它
②否定句：主语 + had + not + p.p（过去分词） + 其它
③一般疑问句：Had +主语 + p.p（过去分词）+其它
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句
折叠将来完成时
1.概念：在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态
2.时间状语：by the time of; by the end of + 时间短语（将来）；by the time + 从句（将来）
3.基本结构：主语 + be going to/will/shall + have + p.p（过去分词） + 其它
4例句：By the time you get back, great changes will have taken place in this area.到你回来的时候，就将发生巨大的变化。
折叠过去将来完成时
1.概念：表示在过去某一时间对将来某一时刻以前所会发生的动作，常用在虚拟语气中，表示与过去的事实相反。
2.基本结构：should/would have done sth.
3.例句：I thought you'd have left by this time.我想这会儿你已经走了。
He told them he would have finished it by 8 o'clock.他告诉他们他会在8点以前干完。
折叠现在完成进行时
1.概念：表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚刚开始，也可能仍在继续，并可能延续到将来。
2.基本结构：主语 + have/has + been + doing + 其它
3.时间状语：since + 时间点，for + 时间段等。
4.例子：I have been sitting here for an hour.我已经在这里坐了一个小时。
The children have been watching TV since six o'clock.从6点起，孩子们一直看电视。
折叠过去完成进行时
1.概念：表示某个正在进行的动作或状态，持续到过去某个时刻，还未完成，一直持续到之后的当前才结束。
2.基本结构：主语 + had + been + doing + 其它
3.例子：She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.她在考试之前一直患重感冒。
Had they been expecting the news for some time? 他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧？
4.特殊含义：①尚未完成：He had been writing the novel.他已经在写小说了。（他没写完）
②企图：He had been studying the meaning of this proverb.他曾经学习过这个谚语。（他曾努力学习过它）
③未得结果：We had been studying what our enemy had said.我们一直致力于敌人所说的。（但是我们没有理解）
④最近情况：He had been quarrelling with his wife.他和他的妻子吵了一场架。（最近）
⑤反复动作：He had been asking me the same question.他一直问我相同的问题。（屡次）
⑥情绪：What had he been doing？他做了什么？（不耐烦）
折叠将来完成进行时
1.概念：表示动作从某一时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间。是否继续下去，要视上下文而定。
2.基本结构：shall/will have been doing
3.例子：I shall have been working here in this factory for twenty years by the end of the year.到今年年底，我将在这个工厂工作20年了。
If we don't hurry up the store will have been closing before we get there. 咱们如不快一点儿，等我们到了那儿，店门就会关了。
折叠过去将来完成进行时
1.概念：表示从过去某时看至未来某时以前会一直在进行的动作。
2.基本结构：should/would + have + been +现在分词
3.例子：He told me that by the end of the year he would have been living there for thirty years.他告诉我，到年底时，他就在那住了30年了。
B. 求几个英语语法类型句子
主语+谓语；He
died
。
主语+谓语+宾语；专i
like
dogs。
主+系+表：the
cake
smells
nice。
主+谓+双宾；I
gave
you
an
apple.
这里you和an
apple就是双属宾语
主+谓+宾+宾补足语i
don't
know
how
to
explain.其中how
to
explain是宾语补足语
I
find
the
clock
broken.
I
saw
him
playing
football.
They
made
the
boy
work
16
hours
a
day.
They
ask
us
to
work
hard.
C. 关于英语中的基本语法句型的归类！
句型一：主语（）+谓语（V）
The sun sets in the west.
He is coming.
句型二：主语（S）+系词谓语（V）+表语（P）
He is a student.
He is clever.
句型三：主语（S）+谓语（V）+宾语（O）
I study English.
I like basketball.
句型四：主语（S）+谓语（V）+间接宾语（inO）+直接宾语（dO）
I gave him a book.
He wrote me a letter.
He gave a book to me.
句型五：主语（S）+谓语（V）+宾语（O）+宾语补足语（C）
He wants me to do that thing.
The teacher lets me do my homework.
We heard him singing in the next roo.
备注：1. 区别及物动词和不及物动词
2. 区别直接宾语和间接宾语
3. 说明什么是宾语补足语，它和双宾语的区别
简单句的五种句型
句型一：主语（S）＋不及物动词谓语（V）
Birds fly.
The sun rises.
1. Time flies. 时间飞逝。
2. Birds sing. 鸟儿歌唱。
3. The lion roared. 狮子吼叫。
4. My tooth is aching. 我的牙疼。
5. Who is speaking? 谁在说话（您是哪一位）?
6. The sun sets in the west. 太阳从西方落下。
7. This machine works well. 这台机器运转得好。
8. Why does the wind blow? 风为什么吹?
9. The bottle has broken to pieces. 那个瓶子已打成了碎片。
10. History advances. 历史在前进。
D. 学英语最基础的语法是什么句子是什么结构
哦 还有就是 目前我在学的ABC天芐英语的老师和我提到，如果要学好英语回是不难的~必然要拥有答一个恰当的研习空间以及熟练口语对象，外教水平很重要 纯正欧美口音(非东南亚)才行，保持经常口语沟通 1对1家教式辅导才可以有更.好.的学习效果 学习后需要重复复习课程录音音频 把所学知识融会贯通 不过实在无对象可练习的状况下，只能上听力室或爱思得到课余教材研习 多说多问一下子口语能力会进步许多，学习效果肯定会最佳的。买本语法书，按部就的来，给自己制定计划，不会的问老师或同学，应该没问题得
E. 英语 语法 句子
because引导的是前面主句的状语从句，不是后面宾语从句的状语从句
F. 英语语法点三十个有例句，谢谢
以下三十个句子的语法内容包含虚拟语气、强调句型、定语从句、it做形式主语、非谓语动词等等。 在读句子时 要注意这些语法内容的运用， 最好把句子中的重点单词全部掌握住！
1. If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures.如果没有发现透视法,人们就不可能画出如此逼真的画。
2. Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous.没有新的颜料和新的(绘画)手法，我们就不能看到很多使这一时代著名的杰作。
3. Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of paining were the Impressionists，who lived and worked in Paris.在那些突破传统画法的画家中，有生活和工作在法国巴黎的印象派画家。
4. At the time they were created，the Impressionist paintings were controversial，but today they are accepted as the beginning of what we call "modern art".
在印象派作品的创建初期,它们是存在着争议的,但是如今己被人们接受而成为现在我们所说的"现代艺术"的始祖了。
5. You can also explore Frick's beautiful home and garden which are well worth a visit.
你还可以好好考察一下弗里克美丽的故居和花园，它们是很值得一看的。
6. When you walk into the gallery, you feel as if you were inside a fragile, white seashell. 当你走进画廊的时候，你会觉得你进入了一个易碎的白色贝壳之中。
7. It is amazing that so many great works of art from the late 19th century to the 21st century are housed in the same museum. 令人惊奇的是，在同一家博物馆里竟能容纳下19世纪后期到21世纪的如此众多的名家巨作。
8. There are various reasons why people write poetry. 人们写诗有着各种各样的理由。
9. The language is concrete but imaginative, and they delight small children because they rhyme, have strong rhythm and a lot of repetition.（童谣的）语言具体但富有想象力，这能使小孩子们快乐，因为它们押韵，节奏感强,并较多重复。
10. By playing with the words in nursery rhymes, children learn about language.
通过童谣中的文字游戏，孩子们学习了语言。
11. Another simple form of poem that students can easily write is the cinquain, a poem made up of five lines. 另外一种学生容易写的简体诗是由五行组成的,叫做五行诗。
12. With so many different forms of poetry to choose from，students may eventually want to write poems of their own. 有了这么多可供选择的诗歌类型,学生们最终也许想自己作诗了。
13. I think my long and active life must be e to the healthy life I live. 我想我之所以长寿而且精力充沛,要归功于我的健康生活。
14. First, you can become physically addicted to nicotine, which is one of the hundreds of chemicals in cigarettes.首先,你会在身体上对尼古丁有瘾，它是香烟里几百种化学物质之一。
15. I didn't know, for example, that it could do terrible damage to your heart and lungs or that it was more difficult for smoking couples to become pregnant.
例如，我不知道抽烟能严重侵害人的心脏和肺部，也不知道吸烟的夫妇生育能力会下降。
16. It isn't easy to stop smoking, but millions have managed to quit and so can you.
戒烟不容易，但许许多多的人都成功地戒掉了烟，所以你也能戒烟。
17. Every time you feel like smoking a cigarette, remind yourself that you are a non-smoker.
每当你想要吸烟的时候,你就提醒你自己,你(已经)是不吸烟的人了。
18. It is only when the disease has progressed to AIDS that a person beginsto look sick. 只有当这种病毒发展成艾滋病时,人才会显出病态。
19. All scientists subscribe to the view that the increase in the earth's temperature is e to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil to proce energy.
所有的科学家赞同这种观点：人们为了生产能量而燃烧化石燃料如煤、天然气和石油，从而引起了地球温度的升高。
20. It means that more heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up. 这意味着更多的热量被困在大气层中，从而引起全球温度上升。
21. It was a scientist called Charles Keeling, who made accurate measurements of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 1957 to 1997. 是一位名叫查尔斯·基林的科学家曾经把1957-1997年期间大气层中二氧化碳的含量作了精确的统计。
22. They also agree that it is the burning of more and more fossil fuels that has resulted in this increase in carbon dioxide. 他们还赞同下述观点，正是燃烧越来越多的化石燃料导致了二氧化碳的增加。
23. On the other hand, there are those, like George Hambley, who are opposed to this view, believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbondioxide in the air.
另一方面，还有一些人，像科学家乔治·汉布利，反对上面的观点，他们认为我们不必担心空气中会有高含量的二氧化碳。
24. It's OK to leave an electrical appliance on so long as you are using it — if not, turn it off! 在用电器设备时你可以让它开着，如果不用就把它关掉!
25. Having collected and evaluated the information, I help other scientists to predict where lava from the volcano will flow next and how fast.
收集和评估了这些信息之后，我就帮助其他科学家一起预测下次火山熔岩将往何处流去，流速是多少。
26. I was about to go back to sleep when suddenly my bedroom became as bright as day. 我刚要再睡,突然我的卧室亮如白昼。
27. Having studied volcanoes now for many years, I am still amazed at their beauty as well as their potential to cause great damage.
虽然我从事火山研究很多年了,但是我对火山的壮丽景色以及它那潜在的巨大破坏力至今仍然感到惊愕不已。
28. The height of the land varies from 700 metres above sea level to over 2,000 metres and is home to a great diversity of rare plants and animals.
这里地面的高度从海拔700米到2000多米不等,是多种多样稀有动植物的生长地。
29. When you arrive you are rewarded not only with the sight of its clear waters, but also by the view of the other sixteen mountain peaks that surround Tianchi.
你一到达山顶就会得到回报一一你不仅可以看到天池那清澈如镜的湖水，而且还可以看到天池四周的16座山峰。
30. It is said that this boy, who had a great gift for language and persuasion, is the father of the Manchu people. 据说这个男孩就是满族人的祖先，具有语言天赋和很强的说服力。
G. 英语语法·句子·短语
咱给您打出来!
work with friends/a group make flash cards ask the teacher for help
watch English language moives practice conversations with friends read the test book
read aloud to pracice pronunciation improve my English skills it helps a lot
i learn a lot that way
考试关键:
1.ask sb about sth. ask (sb.)for ask sb.(not) to do sth.
2.the best way to do
3.memorize the words of pop songs
4.it dosen't help at all
5.feel/watch/see/hear sb. doing(感觉到某人正在做某事,没有感觉某人把动作做完时用)
feel/watch/see/hear sb. do (感觉到某人将全部做完,或者是经常感觉某人做某事时用)
6.practice/finish/mind/keep/enjoy/miss/suggust doing sth.(见到这些词,你后面就用ING)
7.say+内容 比如:say the words . say it in English say that.....
speak : 1.speak Engish 2.speak to sb. 3.speak in class 上课发言
tell sb. sth.
8.look them up in a dictionary
9.find sth. difficut find it difficut to do (这东西考试都相当常见)
10.deal=do with
11.unless=if....not
12.the solution to...
13.be afraid to do be afraid of sth. be afraid that
i'm afraid so 恐怕
14.be mad at = be angry with = be annoyed at
15.regard...as.... 将...视为... change ...into.... 将...转化为... (这俩千万别混了!)
16.compare ..with(to)...
provide sth. for.sb. povide sb. with sth.
dream about sth. dream of doing
hold on to sth/doing. do a survey about it seems that...
hope to do. go on vacation.
take it easy to do. be suppose to do =should do
be convenient to do.
the capital of....
consider sth./doing/as/that......
translate ...into..... translate sth.for sb.
teck through...
wish: wish sb. to do wish to do wish that.... wish sb a good luck.
to be honest.
be lucky to do.
would like sth. would like to do.
get noisy
remind sb. of sth
prefer sth. prefer to do prefer A to B.(和B相比更喜欢A) prefer doing...to doing.
add...to...(把...加到...上) add up to...(总计)
put.....to use.
send sb sth send sth to sb.
think up think of come up with (这三个都是想出的意思)
be home to
use up=run out of
sb spend time doing sth,
mind sth mind doing
annoy sb get annoyed.
rather than = instead of
be in a moive.
get in the way of..
agree with sb. agree to+名词 agree on ...(在...上意见一致)
enjoy sth. enjoy oneself =have a good time =have fun enjoy doing.
be worried about worry about sth. worry that.
这是我上课的笔记,希望能帮助到您
H. 基本英语语法掌握、句子的
系动词
系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
说明：
有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语，例如：
He fell ill yesterday.
他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）
He fell off the ladder.
他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。
1）状态系动词
用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）
2）持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：
He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3）表像系动词
用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
4）感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet.
这朵花闻起来很香。
5）变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如：
He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。
6）终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, trun out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。
His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）
宾语
是接受句子主体(主语)所做的动作或行为的对象。如“我写字”中的“字”，就是宾语(客体)。
1) 宾语的格：
Ich packe meine Buecher in die Mappe. (第四格，最常见) 我把书装进书包。
Ich helfe meiner Mutter. (动词宾语第三格) 我帮妈妈的忙。
Wem gehoert das Fahrrad. (动词宾语第三格) 这车是谁的？
Hol bitte ein Bier aus dem Kuehlschrank. (介词宾语第三格，常见)
请从冰箱拿一瓶啤酒来。
Dieses Gesetz bedarf der Zustimmung des Bundesrats. (动词宾语第二格，极罕见) 此法律须联邦议会同意。
Des Geldes wegen arbeitet sie noch immer. (介词宾语第二格，常见)
为了钱，她还得工作。
2) 宾语的复合形式：
Ich schenke meiner Freundin einen Mantel. (间接/第三格宾语 + 直接/第四格宾语) 我送了我女友一件大衣。
Der Lehrer lehrt uns die deutsche Sprache. (第四格宾语 + 第四格宾语)
老师教我们德文。
Ich wasche mich morgens und abends. (第四格反身代词)
我早晚洗脸。
Ich kauf mir einen Mantel. (三格反身代词 + 第四格宾语)
我给自己买了件大衣。
sich naehern, sich ergeben, sich entziehen等接第四格反身代词 + 第三格宾语
Das Semester naehert sich dem Ende. (第四格反身代词 + 第三格宾语)
学期即将结束。
Er ergibt sich dieser Arbeit. (第四格反身代词 + 第三格宾语)
他致力于这项工作。
Man hat ihn der Freiheit beraubt. (第四格反身代词 + 第二格宾语)
人们剥夺了他的自由。
Sie hat mich an mein Versprechen erinnert. (第四格宾语 + 介词结构)
她提醒我许下的诺言。
Wir beginnen zu arbeiten. (不定式做宾语)
我们开始工作。
3) 能担任宾语的词类或形式：
Ich repariere das Fahrrad. (名词)
Ich will ihn rufen. (代词)
还有名词化了的形容词，分词，数词，副词等
Wir wollen dem Kranken helfen. (形容词)
Er beobachtet die Voruebergehenden. (第一分词)
Glaubt er an seinen Erfolg? Er glaubt daran. (副词)
Von vier Fuenftel der Leute in Afrika sind arm. (数词做介词宾语)
英语中六大从句用法总结
1.主语从句
1）主语从句可直接位于主语的位置，如果从句较长，谓语又较短，可用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末。常见的句型有：
*It is a fact\a pity\a question\good news that...
*It seems\appears\happened\has turned out that...
*It is clear\important\likely\possible that...
*It is said\reported\estimated\has been proved that...
It is said that comic books create a connection between people of the same generation.
It seems that the performance is very useful.
2)what引导的主语从句表示“...的东西时”，一般不用it作形式主语。
What we lack is experience.
3)what,who,when,why,whether等词含有各自的疑问意义，但它们引导的主语从句，都用陈述语序。
How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again.
I did know why I felt like crying.
2.宾语从句
1）宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。in that(因为),except that(除了),but that(只是）已构成固定搭配，其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。
*I promised that I would change the situation.
*All this is different from what American young people would say about friendship.
*He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children.
*This article is well-written except that it is a bit too long.
2)宾语从句后如有宾补，要用形式宾语it来代替，而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。
He has made it clear that he would not change his mind.
3)在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词后的宾语从句中，如果谓语是否定的，一般将否定词移至主句谓语上，宾语从句则变成肯定形式。
He didn't think that the money was well spent.
3.表语从句
表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that,what,when,why,whether,how等引导外，还可由because,as if(though)等引导。that常可省略。如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句，不可用because.
Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there is no one common type of life in America.
The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies.
It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller.
4.同位语从句
同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明，一般用连词that引导，由于先行名词的意义不同，也可用whether,who,when,where,what,why,how等引导。常见的先行名词有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短，将同位语从句位于谓语之后。
She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show.
I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time.
The news came that their team had won the championship.
5.定语从句
定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是一个句子。定语从句通常位于先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。
*限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句修饰先行词，对先行词起修饰作用，紧接先行词之后，无逗号，若省去，原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等。who,whom,whose用于指人，whose有时也可指物，相当于of which；which用于指物；that既可指人也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。关系代词除了引导定语从句，替代先行词外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等。
The computers and cables which make up the Internet are owned by people and organizations.
Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in getting close to other people.
The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother.
1)当先行词是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词that引导从句。
That is all that I've heard from him.
He's the first person that I'm going to interview this afternoon.
2)关系代词的省略
在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which或whom引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that，也可省略。
This is one of those things with which we have to put up.
This is one of those things (which\that) we have to put up with.
3)引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why等。关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。
Even in comic books where(=in which) there are no words,the stories are fully expressed through the drawings.
No one knows the reason why(=for which) he was so angry that day.
5.定语从句
*非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句意思不受影响。不可用that引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。
Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism.
*“介词+which\whom\whose”引导的定语从句
“介词+which\whom\whose”可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，或先行词的习惯搭配。
This is the computer on which he spent all his savings
It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.
*as引导的定语从句
as引导的定语从句主要用于“such...as”及“the same...as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。
These are not such problems as can be easily solved.(as代替先行词problems)
As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主语)
6.状语从句
*时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有：
1）when,whenever,while,as,after,before,since,till,until,once等。
We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here.
2)as soon as,hardly(scarcely)...when,no sooner...than,each(every) time,the moment,immediately(that)等。
As soon as I sent an e-mail message,I received positive responses.
The moment he heard the good news,he jumped with joy.
*地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的连词是where,wherever.
Wherever she went,she took her little daughter with her.
*原因、结果和目的状语从句
1）引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because,as,since,now(that),seeing that,considering that,in that等。
Considering that he is a freshman,we must say he is doing well.
2)引导结果状语从句的连词有：so...that,such...that
,so that,that,so等。
Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave.
3)引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that,in order that,for fear that,lest等，从句常使用may,might,can,could,would等情态动词。
We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station.
*条件和让步状语从句
1）引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if,unless,as(so) long as,on condition that,in case,provided(providing) that,supposing等。
As long as you have the right equipment,you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data.
2)引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有though,although,whether,even though,even if,no matter what(when,how...),whatever(whenever,wherever,however....)等。though,even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构，具有强调意义。其结构为“形容词（副词、动词、名词）+as+主语+谓语”。
No matter what you may say,I would not change my mind.
Young as he is,he is quite experienced in this work.(=though he is young)
Child as he is,he can speak English fluently.(=though he is a child)
*方式状语从句
引导方式状语从句的连词有as,just as,as if,as though等。as if,as though引导的状语从句中，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反。
The young man made the experiment just as the teacher had taught him.
Everything went on as usual as if nothing had happened